Passage 3
While anything can happen in the world of gold, no one expects bullion（金条金块）price to rise anytime soon. Desperation sales by Asian citizens and governments have been depressing gold prices for months. At this autumn's price of about $290 an ounce, gold is going for 10 percent less than last fall and 25 percent less than in 1996.
American jewelry counters barely reflect that steep decline. A survey by the World Gold Council found that Americans paid about $83 for the typical piece of gold jewelry this summer, down about $2 from what they paid in 1996. "Most retail jewelers have lowered prices," says Michael Paolercio, CEO of Michael Anthony Jewelers, one of the nation's largest manufacturers of gold jewelry. "Have they lowered them dollar for dollar? No."
Shoppers elsewhere buy gold jewelry with the sharp eye of an investor. But U.S. shoppers grab gold like blinded magpies【喜鹊）, and they seem to disregard prices. In a 1997 survey of 2,107 Americans, the World Gold Council found that 85 percent didn't know about the daily price of gold. Worse, almost half of those who thought they knew were way off.
As a result, the cheaper cost of raw gold has generally meant higher profits for retailers. Zale Corp., the nation's largest jewelry retailer, for example, saw profits rise 36 percent in the year ending July 31, while sales rose only 9 percent.
The gold business has a long history of taking advantage of consumers. While today most jewelers won't outright lie, many hold back information to make it difficult to comparison-shop. When a U.S. News reporter visited 10 jewelers, department stores, and discount outlets last week, only two shops were willing to reveal the weight of a gold necklace.
Still, it is possible to buy low.
绝望的销售由亚洲人民和政府几个月来一直压抑的黄金价格。在约每盎司290美元，今年秋季的价格，黄金是百分之10低于去年秋天和百分之25小于1996。美国珠宝柜台几乎反映了急剧下降。世界黄金协会的一项调查发现，美国人支付了大约83美元，今年黄金首饰的典型件，下降了2美元，从他们所支付的1996。”大多数零售珠宝商的价格已经下降了，说：“迈克尔paolercio，首席执行官迈克尔安东尼的珠宝商，一个全国最大的黄金首饰制造商。”他们降低了他们对美元美元？号”消费者在购买黄金首饰和投资的锐眼。但美国购物者抢黄金像盲鹊【喜鹊），他们似乎无视价格。1997 2107人的调查显示，世界黄金协会发现，百分之85不知道黄金每日价格。更糟糕的是，几乎一半的人认为他们知道了。因此，原金成本低廉，通常意味着更高的利润，零售商。扎莱公司，全国最大的珠宝零售商，例如，看到利润在截至七月三十一日的一年上升百分之36，而销售仅增长百分之9。黄金企业有长期利用消费者的历史。而今天大多数珠宝商不会彻头彻尾的谎言，许多抱回来的信息很难比较商店。当一个美国新闻记者访问了10个珠宝店，百货店和折扣店，上周，只有两个商店都愿意揭示金项链的重量。然而，它是可能的低买。
Passage5
Travel is broadening. At least here, where it seems some of the hundreds of passengers who take the downtown-to-Vashon Island Ferry have gotten too big for their seats.
Ferry officials recently cut passenger capacity on the Puget Sound shuttle after deciding the boat was carrying a greater number of commuters than they considered safe. the move has sparked Seattle's own battle of the bulge-all because of the 18-inch rule.
Long ago, in a younger, slimmer America, the Coast Guard settled on 18 inches as the standard width of the national rear. The measure has been the gauge for some 50 years, since the New Haven Railroad studied the matter and concluded 18-inch seats best fit the average American bottom.
But times, and buttocks（臀部）, have changed-for the bigger. As Americans beefed up. ferry captains began noticing their benches filling up faster and passengers rushing for spots on the floor and steps-a safety no-no. "Everyone has to have a seat," explains a Washington State Ferries spokeswoman. So officials cut capacity for each of the boat's 17 daily runs from 250 to 230.
You'd think passengers would welcome the wider berths. Instead, more than 100 commuters signed a complaint protesting that they're getting a useless punishment. They insist safety is not an issue. And they don't care if they're comfortable. They just want to get to work on time-something that's tougher now that fewer passengers are allowed on each ferry.
the signs of discontent are everywhere. Some commuters have brought tape measures to the dock to ridicule the change. Someone revised a sign to instruct passengers not to sit in seats "unless your butt measures 18 inches or less, by order of the butt police. " And riders say they may put on "Big Butt" or "Little Butt" buttons.
Officials last week upped capacity t0 240 for two weeks' to see how that works. And they say a 275-person boat will be added to the route by September. But riders are doubting. "It's only going to get worse," predicts attorney Lori Gustavson. "They're going to sit on the problem."
至少在这里，在那里有数百乘客在乘坐市区Vashon岛渡轮已经为他们的座位太大。渡口的官员最近削减载客量在普吉特海湾穿梭在决定船运载更多乘客比他们认为是安全的。此举引发了西雅图的凸起所有战斗因为18英寸规则。很久以前，在一个年轻的，苗条的美国，海岸警卫队决定18英寸作为国家后的标准宽度。该措施已约50年计，由于新的港口铁路对该问题进行研究并得出结论18英寸的座位最适合美国人的平均底。但时代，和臀部（臀部），有更大的改变。美国人登月。渡轮的船长开始注意到他们的长凳填充更快，乘客赶在地板上和步骤的安全禁忌。“每个人都要有一个安全点，”解释了华盛顿州渡轮发言人。所以官员削减每船17日运行容量从250到230。你认为乘客欢迎更广泛的泊位。相反，超过100人签署了一份投诉抗议，他们得到一个无用的惩罚。他们坚持认为安全不是问题。他们不在乎他们舒适。他们只是想准时上班的东西的强硬现在少乘客每次渡轮允许。不满的迹象随处可见。一些上班族带来了卷尺到码头去嘲笑的变化。有人修改了标志指示乘客不要坐在座位，“除非你的对接措施18英寸或更小，通过对接警察的秩序。”者说他们可以穿上“大屁股”或“小屁股”按钮。官员上周增加容量到240两周看到它如何工作。他们说，一个275人的船将于九月加入航线。但骑士的怀疑。”它只会变得更糟，”预测的律师洛里版。”他们会坐在的问题。”
Passage2
A project likely to evolve in the near or intermediate future is space tourism, a purely commercial activity that would not have to rely on unpredictable government decisions.it would therefore put space operations on a much more solid ,dependable footing and would enormously expand man’s space activity .while some people see space tourism as a potential multibillion-dollar business,difficult technical problems remain to be solved.
First, a manned @sable rocket like the Venture Star must be built. Then, a second serious problem must be addressed: Even today's most-advanced space rockets are able to lift only about 2.5% of their launch weight into orbit-a ratio that has hardly changed in the last 40 years. This fact is a result of the material characteristics and can be expected in these areas in the foreseeable future.
Operational cost may be somewhat reduced by the use of air-breathing engines to helped a reusable rocket penetrate Earth's atmosphere. Today the lowest cost attainable to lift a payload to orbit is more than $4,000 per pound. Even with a very optimistic assumption of costs on the order of $200 per pound, the price of a ticket to space would have to be at least $50,000. It is questionable whether a sufficient number of customers could be tempted to pay such a high price for a short trip around the world. However ,space tourism may become more attractive once space facilities are built that offer tourists a longer and more interesting stay in space. When the international space station becomes a center for all kinds of space activities ,service and repair functions will be required, as well as the refueling of manned and unmanned probes. These developments will eventually lead to space assembly and manufacturing and will indicate the start of an industrial park on the station, consisting of space hotels, recreation centers, and other fantastic facilities. Once such attractions can be offered and longer stay in space is possible, more people will be inclined to pay the expense for an extended trip into space. We could even imagine hospitals for wealthy patients whose suffering may be relieved in the weightlessness of space.
一个项目可能在不久的或中间的将来演变为太空旅游，这将不必依赖于不可预知的政府decisions.it因此会把空间上的操作更加坚实，可靠的基础和将大大拓展人类空间一个纯粹的商业活动活动。而一些人看到太空旅游作为一个潜在的数十亿美元的业务，技术难题有待解决。
首先，载人火箭@sable像创业之星必须建立。然后，第二个严重的问题必须解决：即使是当今最先进的太空火箭能够解除只有约2.5％的其发射重量送入轨道，一个已经几乎在过去的40年变化率。这个事实是的材料特性的结果，预计可以在这些区域中可预见的未来。
运营成本可以通过使用空气呼吸引擎，以帮助一个可重复使用的火箭穿透地球的大气层有所减少。今天，以最低的成本达到解除的有效载荷送入轨道是4000多美元每磅。即使有200元一斤的顺序对成本非常乐观的假设，一票空间的价格将有至少5万美元。这是值得怀疑的客户有足够数量能否被诱惑支付这么高
的价格，为世界各地的短途旅行。然而，太空旅游可能会变得更加有吸引力，一旦太空设施都建了游客提供一个更长，更有趣的住宿空间。
当国际空间站将成为各种空间活动的中心，服务和维修的功能将被要求，以及载人和无人探测器的加油。这些发展最终会导致空间组装和制造，并指示该站上的工业园区开始，包括太空旅馆，休闲中心等一流的设施。一旦这样的景点，可以提供和更长的逗留在太空中是可能的，更多的人会倾向于支付费用的扩展太空之旅。我们甚至可以想象医院富裕患者的痛苦可能会在太空失重得到缓解。
Passage 4
The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on-line service.
"But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future," Steven Case, chairman of America On-line, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by The Freedom Forum (讨论会), though other speakers say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources.
"You don't have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper anymore," Sam Meddis, on-line technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users.
But the speakers noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. "Anyone can say anything they want, whether it's right or wrong, said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. "In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not Jess," Case said.
The internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago, he said .but it is growing rapidly because it provides people fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.
He forecast increased political participation on –line in this year and in 2000 with politicians able to answer directly to the public-an opportunity to increase voter turnout and for politicians to raise funds from the public.
互联网可以使新闻更加民主，让公众有机会提出问题，并寻求和故事背后的候选人事实，据美国最大的在线服务的负责人。
“但对于公众参与的最大潜力还是在未来，”史蒂芬案，董事长美国上线，告诉最近的一次会议上的新闻和自由论坛（讨论会）主办的互联网，但其他发言者说，新计算机技术正在改变新闻业的面貌，使记者获得更多的信息和他们的读者有机会提出问题，并转向不同的来源。
“你不必买报纸，再被局限在四个角落的纸，”萨姆Meddis认为，在线技术编辑在今日美国，观察有关各种可用的计算机用户的信息。
但发言人指出，容易上网也意味着任何人都可以发布信息，给别人看的。“任何人都可以说任何他们想要的，无论是对还是错，说案例，读者有权决定自己该相信谁。”在几乎是无限的声音，尊重记者和推崇的品牌名称的世界可能会变得更加重要，而不是杰斯，“凯斯说。
今天的互联网是在哪里收音机是80年前，电视或50年前或电缆25年前，他说。
但它正在迅速增长，因为它给人们提供快速访问的消息，并有机会对此发表评论。
他预测，今年增加了政治参与的直插并于2000年与政治家能够直接回答公众的机会，以增加投票率和政客从公众筹集资金。
Passage4
divorces in Japan have more than doubled, from just over 95,000 in 1970 to 206955 in 1996, according to health ministry statistics.one in three Japanese marriages now ends in divorce. Atsuko okano was in one of those failed marriages. Three years ago, she found herself alone in her 30s,with children to raise and a future full of question marks and social shame .but she also saw an opening-and became a consultant helping people like herself.
My husband was cheating on me," she recalls. "I aid everything to bring him back to me but it didn't work, so I dumped him." Such frankness is a major characteristic of Japan's recently divorced-and a striking break with the past.
Divorced people-particularly women-have long been looked down upon in Japan,where self-sacrifice and family stability are regarded as ideals. In the past, bored housewives remained bored. Philandering (逢场作戏) husbands philandered Without being blamed. The security of the family unit was the most important thing. Now, young Japanese are increasingly choosing satisfaction in life over the demands of tradition. And more women are financially independent. As a result, Japanese divorce rates are flying. Experts attribute this to the erosion of a long-standing double standard that granted divorced men respectability, but branded divorced women as damaged goods.
Over the past decade, growing numbers of highly educated and successful professional women have challenged that assumption by turning their backs on unhappy marriages and disregarding ;the taboo(禁忌) of divorce. The majority of divorce proceedings now are initiated by women, and statistics suggest that Japanese women are becoming more cautious about marriage in general.
The average age for marriage in Japan has risen from 26.1 in 1970 t0 28.7 in 1996. The average age for remarriage among women jumped from 33.2 t0 37 in the same period. Arranged marriages have become less common as young people make their own choices.
在日本离婚了一倍多，从刚刚超过95,000 1970年206955在1996年，根据三个日本现在的婚姻以离婚结束卫生部statistics.one。
冈野敦子在那些失败的婚姻之一。三年前，她发现自己独自在她30多岁，有孩子要抚养和未来充满了问号和社会。但她也羞看到了开放，成为一个顾问，帮助人喜欢自己。
我的丈夫欺骗我，“她回忆道，”我帮助的一切把他还给我，但它没有工作，所以我把他甩了。“这样的坦诚是一大特点日本最近离婚，并配有醒目的突破过去的。离婚的人，特别是妇女，早就被人瞧不起在日本，自我牺牲和家庭的稳定被视为理想。在过去，无聊的家庭主妇仍乐此不疲。打情骂俏（逢场作戏）的丈夫philandered不被指责。以家庭为单位的安全是最重要的事情。现在，日本年轻人越来越多地选择生活满意度比传统的需求。多的女性在经济上的独立。这样一来，日本的离婚率飞。专家认为这对与授予离婚男人可敬的长期双重标准的侵蚀，但品牌的离婚妇女为损坏的货物。
在过去的十年中，高学历，成功的职业女性越来越多已通过打开他们的背上就
不幸的婚姻，不顾质疑这个假设;离婚的禁忌（禁忌）。大多数离婚诉讼的，现在是由妇女发起的，而统计数据显示，日本女性正在成为对婚姻普遍比较谨慎。婚姻在日本的平均年龄已经从26.1升至1970年的28.7 T0在1996年的平均年龄妇女再婚从33.2 T0 37同期跃升。包办婚姻已变得不那么常见，因为年轻人做出自己的选择。
Passage 6
Should the United States support a "Man In Space" program? Opponents and proponents present strong arguments on both sides.
The opponents point out how enormously expensive manned space operations are: Every shuttle flight costs taxpayers about $500 million, and the anticipated bill for the
international space station is $35 billion-$40 billion. They also think that the returns from such space investments so far do not justify the expense. They suspect that much of the space testing of new materials and purer crystals could be performed on Earth at a much Iower cost, either through automated systems, on less-expensive unmanned rockets, or even in laboratories. They believe it is reckless to spend such enormous sums of money in space for an uncertain return, when there are so many unmet needs here on Earth.
The proponents of manned space programs have difficulty countering these strong arguments. However, they point out that since the space shuttle now exists we might as may make use of it. They believe that new materials created in the space environment may prove extremely useful and that the perfect crystals which cannot be made in Earth's gravity will allow us to understand the molecular structure of viruses. As a result, we may be able to create powerful new drugs, perhaps overcoming critical diseases, even AIDS. They also argue that the space station represents the first truly international endeavor on a great scale and that it will promote cooperation and understanding between nations and help eliminate future wars.
Taking a broader view, there is no doubt that exploration of new lands and conquests of new frontiers have always been creative forces throughout the history of humanity and have promoted the advancement of knowledge and culture. In 1993, when congress saved the international space station from being abandoned, a decisive event occurred in man’s
conquest of space. This critical act may deeply affect humanity's future. It was the discovery of the New World that gave Western civilization the impetus for the explosive growth in science and technology that took place during the succeeding centuries. Exploring space and colonizing other planets is not an option. It is a necessity if humanity is to evolve and not become an inactive species with no room and no incentive for further development.
美国应该支持“人在太空”计划？反对者和支持者提出双方强有力的论据。
反对者指出，昂贵的载人太空行动如何巨大的：每个航天飞行花费纳税人约5亿美元，并为预计的议案
国际空间站是35美元亿到$ 40十亿。他们还认为，从这样的太空投资的回报，到目前为止没有理由为代价。他们怀疑多的新材料和更纯的晶体的空间的测试，可以在地球上以非常Iower成本，甚至在实验室进行，或者通过自动系统，就不太昂贵的无人驾驶的火箭。他们认为这是鲁莽花这样的钱大笔大笔的空间不确定的回报，当有在地球上这么多的未满足的需求。
载人航天计划的支持者们很难对付这些有力的论据。不过，他们指出，由于航天飞机存在，现在我们不妨可以利用它。他们认为，在空间环境创造了新的材
料可以证明非常有用，并且不能在地球引力进行了完美的晶体将让我们了解病毒的分子结构。因此，我们或许可以创建功能强大的新的药物，也许克服关键的疾病，甚至艾滋病。他们还认为，空间站代表了一个规模宏大的第一个真正的国际努力，并认为这将促进各国之间的合作和了解，有助于消除未来的战争。以更广阔的视野，这是毫无疑问的新的土地和新领域勘探的征服一直创造力在整个人类历史，并促进了知识和文化的进步。1993年，当国会保存在国际空间站被抛弃，一个决定性的事件在人的发生
征服空间。这个关键的行为可能会深深影响着人类的未来。这是新大陆的发现给了西方文明的动力爆发式增长的科学和技术，在随后的几个世纪发生了。探索空间和殖民其他星球不是一个选项。这是必要的，如果人类要发展，而不是成为一个无效的物种没有空间和进一步发展没有动力。
Passage2
It was September of 1620 when their ship, called the "Mayflower" left port with 102 men, women and children on board. This was the worst season of the year for an ocean crossing, and the trip was very uneven. After sixty-five days at sea, she landed in Provincetown Harbor. Massachusetts.
The Pilgrim(清教徒) leaders knew that they were in unsettled territory which had no governing body. They also knew that in order to survive, every society needed a means of establishing and enforcing proper rules of conduct. Partly to protect themselves from others, forty-one men aboard the ship held a meeting to choose their first governor and sign the historic Mayflower agreement, the first one for self-government in America.
For about a month longer, the Pilgrims lived aboard ship and sent out parties to explore the coastline of the bay. They found a harbor, and cleared land, which was an Indian Village,but a disease a few years earlier had killed the entire Indian population. Coming ashore in their small boat the Pilgrims landed on a large rock later named Plymouth Rock. This was the beginning of the second permanent English settlement in America.
The Pilgrims were poorly trained and poorly equipped to cope with life in the wilderness. During their first winter in the new land, they suffered a great deal. Poor food, hard work, diseases, and bitterly cold weather killed about half of them. By the end of this terrible first winter, only about fifty Plymouth colonists remained alive.
One spring morning in 1621, an Indian walked into the little village of Plymouth and introduced himself in a friendly way. Later he brought the Indian chief. who offered assistance. The Indians taught the Pilgrims how to hunt fish, and grow food. Because of this help from the Indians. the Pilgrims had a good harvest. Then the first Thanksgiving dinner was cooked and served out-of-doors, and the holiday was a great success.
这是1620年九月，他们的船，被称为“五月花”左端口102的男人，妇女和儿童在船上。这是一年中最糟糕的赛季的海洋划线，而该行是很不平衡。经过65天在海上，她降落在普洛港。马萨诸塞州。
朝圣者（清教徒）领导人知道，他们是在不稳定领土上没有任何管理机构。他们也知道，为了生存，每个社会都需要建立和执行行为适当规则的一种手段。部分原因是为了保护自己免受他人，41人在船上召开会议，选择自己第一任总督，并签署历史性协议五月花，第一个自治的国家。
约一个月时间越长，朝圣者住在船上，并发出了各方探讨海湾的海岸线。他们发现一个港口和清除土地，这是一个印第安村庄，而是一种疾病在几年前杀害了整个印度的人口。上岸在他们的小船清教徒降落在一块大石头后来被命名为普利茅斯岩石。这是在美国的第二永久英国解决的开始。
朝圣者进行了培训不佳，设备简陋，以应付生活中的荒野。在新的土地他们的第一个冬天，他们吃了大苦头。粗劣的食物，拼搏，疾病，寒冷的天气杀了其中约一半。通过这个可怕的第一个冬季的结束，只有约五十普利茅斯殖民地仍然活着。
一个春天的早晨在1621年，印度的走进了普利茅斯的小村庄，并介绍了自己在一个友好的方式。后来，他带来的印第安酋长。谁提供援助。印第安人教朝圣者如何狩猎鱼，种植粮食。因为从印地安人这种帮助。朝圣者有一个好收成。然后第一个感恩节晚宴煮熟并担任外的门，节日是一个巨大的成功。
Passage 4
When Columbus reached the New World, corn was the most widely grown plant in the Americas.
A study by an American professor who was an important figure in the field of American history, has shown that this plant's range extended from what is now southern Canada to lower South America. At that time some tribes cultivated it at sea level, others at elevation of more than 11,000 feet. It could grow in almost every corner Of Americas simply because its strong flexibility to various weathers.
"Columbus had no way of knowing that com was far more valuable than the spices (香料) and gold he had hoped to find," said Frances B. King, a professor at a university of Pittsburgh. At Columbus time, corn was rather strong but short. Through human intervention, this plant has developed into several hundred races, or varieties.their
heights vary from 2 t0 12 feet, and their maturity ranges from little more than 2 months
to almost a year. Their ears vary not only in color, but also in size.
Unlike other cereals（谷类）, com bears little resemblance to its wild ancestors .in fact, it differs from the appearance of its immediate ancestors more than any other cultivated plant known. From humble origins as a lowland grass, corn developed into the western world's important grain, which is now widely used to feed cattle ,or domestic animals and even human beings. As its high yields allowed communities to grow far Beyond what early agriculture could feed, most scientists viewed corn as having largely Fueled pre-Columbian growth and civilization. Now, new findings are greatly altering Researcher’s notions about the time when com revolution occurred. The findings were Obtained through several years' research and field investigation by a great number of scientists. New dates for its emergence from Mesoamenrica do not support the widely Held view. The evidence now suggests that the signs of corn in Americas can date back 5500 years at least.
当哥伦布到达新大陆，玉米是美洲最广泛种植的植物。一项研究由美国教授谁是美国历史领域的重要人物，已经表明，这种植物的范围从加拿大现在的南部延伸，以降低南美。当时一些部落培养了海平面，在别人超过11000英尺抬高。它可以美洲几乎每一个角落生长在仅仅是因为其强大的灵活性，以各种天气。“哥伦布没有办法知道融为一体远比香料（香料）和黄金，他希望找到更有价值的，”弗朗西斯B.国王，在匹兹堡大学的教授说。在哥伦布时间，玉米是相当强劲，但短期。通过人为干预，这家工厂已经发展成为几百场比赛，或varieties.their
高度为2 T012英尺各不相同，从少2个多月到期范围
差不多一年的时间。他们的耳朵而异，不仅在颜色，而且在大小。
不同于其他谷类（谷类），玉米没有多少相似之处其野生祖先。事实上，它不同于它的直系祖先的外观比任何其他栽培植物已知的。从卑微的出身作为一个低地草，玉米发展成为西方世界重要的粮食，这是现在广泛用于喂牛，或家养动物，甚至人类。由于它的高收益率使社区成长远远超出了早期的农业可以养活，大多数科学家认为玉米为主要有燃料前哥伦布时期的增长和文明。现在，新的发现大大改变研究员的有关概念的时候COM的革命发生了。调查结果通过科学家的大量数年的研究和实地调查获得。新的日期从Mesoamenrica它的出现并不支持广泛持有的观点。现在的证据表明，玉米在美洲的迹象可以追溯到5500年最少。
Passage4
An Ohio State University study has linked behavior in young children with the type of job their mother has. Mothers with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other people tended to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems. The opposite held true when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt with things, rather than people.
"A job that challenges and interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve problems clearly has positive consequences for her children’s behavior," indicates associate professor of sociology Elizabeth Menaghan.
Occupations with more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book-keeping, food service, and assembly line positions.
Women who are supervised closely at work and made to follow strict orders may be more likely to use this same style in raising their kids. They may emphasize obedience to parental authority and the potential for physical punishment. "We believe that the choice of such a parenting style may increase the frequency of behavior problems in children."On the other hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and who must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment, instead encouraging children to think about consequences of their actions and take responsibility for their behavior. Such an approach encourages youngsters to follow parental demands even when they aren't being supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover, mothers whose jobs don't involve constant supervision "develop problem-solving skills that they can bring to other parts of their life. "
The research also found-that those who have more challenging and interesting jobs provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their offspring more intellectual
职业与更积极的条件包括管理，销售，以及教学岗位。乔布斯认为可能与增加儿童行为问题包括簿记，食品服务，并装配生产线的位置。
谁是密切监督工作，并提出要遵循严格的命令，女性更可能使用同样的款式在提高他们的孩子。他们可能会强调服从父母的权威和体罚的潜力。“我们认为，这种管教方式的选择可能会增加儿童行为问题的频率。”而另一方面，母亲的就业机会较少受监管控制，谁必须密切与其他人可能较少依赖体罚，而不是鼓励孩子们去思考自己的行为后果，并采取为自己的行为承担责任。这种做法鼓励年轻人跟随父母的要求，即使他们没有被监督，因为他们已经接受了父母的价值观作为自己的。此外，妈妈们，他们的工作不涉及持续的监督“制定解决问题的技能，他们可以把自己生活的其他部分。”
研究还发现，那些谁拥有更多的挑战性和趣味性的工作为他们的孩子提供更好的家庭环境。母亲给他们的后代更多的智力刺激和情感上的支持，而这，反过来，是与较少的行为问题。
Passage 6
How often has one heard the expression, e6Damned if we do, and damned if we don't'."'Today, this dilemma is commonplace, as nearly everyone seems to be caught in the middle.
A manufacturer of car batteries sought to deny employment or give unpaid leaves of absence to pregnant women working on its assembly lines. The scenario is immediately clear If their babies suffer from lead poisoning-a distinct possibility because of the lead used in battery making-the company probably will be sued. The manufacturer immediately was attacked by women 'claiming this was discrimination of the worst kind. Law suits are likely to come. The essential question seems largely ignored-namely, does a woman have the right to inflict proximate possible injury on her fetus(胎儿? The issue of cocaine, crack, and alcoholic babies strikes me as parallel, but few seem to have guts to take a stand here.
Paramedics(护理火员), too, often find themselves in a dilemma. In large urban areas, they receive emergency calls from those living in poor housing projects. It is no secret that the medics' black bags contain drugs and needles that may be needed for the emergency patient. They often have been robbed of these, sometimes suffering a beating as well. It makes little difference whether the call was real or not.
In Chicago, this event was replayed, but this time the paramedics waited, locked in their vehicle, until they received a police escort. The victim (who had suffered a heart attack) died during waiting. Naturally, the paramedics were blamed for the death Charges of racism and murder circulated, but who really would have acted otherwise, given past experience?
A Denver suburban volunteer paramedic group came under fire for refusing to try mouth-to-mouth rescue for a person known to be infected with AIDS. They said this situation demanded a response from professional ambulance personnel, but they were severely criticized by the AIDS society. Why don't the latter set up their own paramedic system? I wonder. Could it be they are afraid?
如何常呈一听到表达，e6Damned如果我们这样做，并且诅咒，如果我们不这样做'。“”今天，这种困境是司空见惯的，因为几乎每个人似乎都被夹在中间。汽车电池制造商试图拒绝就业或孕妇工作的装配线给予无薪事假。该方案是立即清除。如果他们的孩子铅中毒，一个明显的可能性受到影响，因为在电池中使用的铅制作，该公司可能会被起诉。立即遭到妇女声称该生产商是最差的一
种歧视。诉讼很可能会。一个至关重要的问题似乎在很大程度上忽视，即，没有一个女人都对她的胎儿造成接近可能的伤害权（胎儿？可卡因，裂缝，和酒精婴儿的问题令我平行的，但很少有人有胆量拿站在这里。
护理人员（护理火员），也常常发现自己处于进退两难的境地。在大型城市地区，他们收到来自那些生活在贫困住房项目紧急呼叫。这不是什么秘密了医务人员的“黑袋含有药物和针头可能需要的紧急病人。他们往往被剥夺了这些，有时会遭受殴打和。这差别不大呼叫是真的还是假的。
在芝加哥，此事件重演，但这次的医护人员等待，锁定在他们的车辆，直到他们收到了警察护送。受害者（谁遭受了心脏发作）在等待死亡。当然，医护人员被指责为种族主义和谋杀死亡的收费为流传，但谁真的会采取行动，否则，鉴于过去的经验？
下火丹佛郊区的志愿医务组来拒绝尝试嘴对嘴为救援已知感染了艾滋病的人。他们说，这种情况从要求的专业救护人员的回应，但他们受到严重的艾滋病社会的批评。为什么不是后者建立了自己的医务系统？我想知道。难道他们害怕吗？
Passage 2
Radio programming varies from country to country. This section describes programming in the United States. About 90 percent of all programs broadcast in the United States are designed for entertainment. The other 10 percent provide some kind of information. Radio stations compete with one another for listeners. Most stations program broadcasts to appeal to a specific audience. For example, stations that play rock music try to attract teenage and young adult listeners. Recorded music is the chief kind of radio entertainment. Most stations specialize in one kind of music, such as rock, classical, country and western. or "old-time favorites."Some stations broadcast several kinds of music.
Radio stations that broadcast music have disc jockeys who introduce and comment on the music. They play an important role. Each station tries to hire disc jockeys whose announcing styles and personalities appeal to the station's largest audience.
Programs that provide information include newscasts, talk shows, and play-by-play (详细报道的) descriptions of sports events. Newscasts come on the air at regular times-every half-hour or hour on most stations. In addition, radio stations present on-the-spot news coverage of such special events as political conventions, space flights, Senate hearings, and speeches by the President. Radio stations also broadcast such specialized news as weather forecasts, traffic reports, and stock market and agricultural information. Other news features include public service announcements about community events, activities of community groups, and government services. A few stations broadcast only news to serve listeners who prefer news programs to music.
Talk shows present discussions on a variety of topics and interviews with people from many professions. Each show has a host or hostess who leads the discussion or does the interviewing. The subject of a program may be a current political topic, such as an election or a government policy, or it may deal with a social issue, such as crime,pollution, poverty, racism, or sexism. Many talk shows allow listeners to take part in the program. Listeners are.invited to telephone the station to ask questions or give their opinions about the topic.
广播节目从国家而异。本节将介绍在美国节目。约90％的广播在美国的所有程序都是专为娱乐。其他的10％提供某种信息。广播电台与听众相互竞争。大多数电视台节目播出，以吸引特定受众。例如，电台播放的摇滚音乐设法吸引青少年和年轻成人听众。
录制的音乐是那种首席无线娱乐。大多数站专注于一种音乐，如摇滚，古典，乡村和西部。还是“旧时代的最爱。”有些播出多种音乐。
无线电台播放的音乐有谁引进，在音乐评论节目主持人。它们发挥重要的作用。每个站将尝试聘请唱片骑师，其宣布的风格和个性吸引到车站最大的观众。
方案提供的信息包括新闻节目，谈话节目，和播放通过播放（详细报道的）体育赛事说明。新闻广播来对空气固定的时间，每半小时或一小时对大多数电视台。此外，广播电台等出现特殊事件的政治惯例，太空飞行，美国参议院听证会，并发表的演讲总统对现场新闻报道。广播电台还播放这种专门的新闻如天气预报，交通报告，以及股市和农业信息。其他新闻特点包括关于社区活动，社区团体的活动，和政府服务的公共服务公告。一些广播电台的新闻只服务于谁喜欢新闻节目音乐听众。
谈话节目在各种各样的题目和采访的许多行业人士的讨论存在。每个节目都有一个主人或女主人谁领导的讨论或做了采访。节目的主题可能是一个当前的政治议题，如选举或政府的政策，也可能涉及一个社会问题，如犯罪，污染，贫穷，种族主义，性别歧视或。许多谈话节目让听众参与节目。听众are.invited 打电话车站发问或给他们的话题的看法。
Passage 4
Career education is instruction intended to help young people identify, choose, and prepare for a career. Such instruction may focus on a person's role in work, leisure, or family life. Career education differs from vocational education, which is designed to teach specific occupational skills.
Career education includes the formal and informal learning that occurs in the family,in the community, and in schools. In school, career education consists of instructive activities included in many courses. These activities are designed to improve the attitudes, knowledge, and skills important for work roles. For example, a science class might investigate careers in environmental fields, health, and marine sciences. Career education helps students develop self-understanding and use it to plan their education and working life.
A complete career education program in school begins in kindergarten and continues at least through high school. Many colleges and universities also offer career education through their counseling programs. In kindergarten and elementary school, youngsters learn about different types of work. In middle school or junior high school, children begin to explore the occupations and leisure activities that interest them most.School counselors and teachers help children find educational and occupational opportunities that match their abilities and interests. In high school, students get more specific information about occupations and life styles. They may be in classroom, small group, or individual sessions where they learn how to make career decisions. They also should obtain the skills they need for further study or for a job after graduation. Counselors（顾问）provide information on such matters as how to locate and apply for jobs and how to be successful in interviews.
Teachers and counselors use a variety of methods to provide career education,including films
about occupations or industries. Children may invite parents or other adults to come to school and describe their jobs. A student may accompany a worker on the job. Cooperative education combines classroom study with practical work experience.
广播节目从国家而异。本节将介绍在美国节目。约90％的广播在美国的所有程序都是专为娱乐。其他10％的职业教育教学旨在帮助青少年识别，选择，并为职业生涯做准备。这样的指令可能集中在一个人的工作，休闲，或家庭生活中的作用。职业教育不同于职业教育，其目的是传授具体的职业技能。
职业教育包括发生在家庭，在社会上正规和非正式学习，并在学校。在学校，职业教育由包含在许多课程启发活动。这些活动旨在改善态度，知识和技能的工作角色很重要。例如，科学课可能调查环境领域，健康和海洋科学事业。职业教育有助于培养学生的自我理解，并用它来规划他们的教育和工作生活。
在学校一个完整的职业教育计划开始在幼儿园和至少持续到高中。许多高校还通过自己的咨询方案提供职业教育。在幼儿园，小学，青少年了解不同类型的工作。在初中或初中，孩子们开始探索职业和休闲活动，他们感兴趣的
most.School辅导员和教师帮助孩子找到适合自己能力和兴趣的教育和职业机会。在高中时，学生获得有关的职业和生活方式更具体的信息。他们可能是在课堂上，小团体或个人的会议，他们学会如何做职业决定。他们也应该获得他们需要进一步学习或毕业后工作的技能。辅导员（顾问）提供了对这些问题如何找到并申请工作，以及如何成功地采访信息。
教师和辅导员使用各种方法来提供职业教育，包括职业有关行业或电影。孩子们可以邀请父母或其他成年人来学校形容自己的工作。学生可以陪作业的工人。合作办学结合实际工作经验的课堂学习。
Passage 3
Thousands of gypsies have been trying to emigrate to Canada and Britain. They say they are fleeing persecution (迫害), but most have found they are not welcome in these countries either. Gypsies have never had a home.
Europe has experienced enormous upheavals this century. Wars, revolutions,separations and elections have changed the political map of the continent countless times And with each change, power has shifted, creating new winners and new losers.
But for one group-the gypsies-change has always meant losing. With each upheaval, the gypsies have been left worse off than they were before. Yet they have survived to become Europe's largest minority. Moreover, they have succeeded in preserving their culture and their way of life in the face of genocide(种族灭绝), political persecution and poverty.
In other cases where minorities have survived similar persecutions-like Jews during World War II, or blacks in South Africa-their cause has received international support. By contrast, the gypsies' success at preserving their culture is not regarded as an achievement at all. Instead, it's viewed as proof they are both unwilling and unable to change, and therefore irredeemable (不可救药的). Indeed, in 1993, the president of the Slovak Republic attacked their way of life and said steps should be taken to limit the extension of this socially unacceptable and mentally backward population.
If such a thing had been said about any other minority, the political protest would have been enormous. But, because the Slovak President was referring to gypsies, there were few complaints, except from a few small organizations who try to protect gypsies' rights.
There is little chance that attitudes towards the gypsies will change, at least in the near future. Protection under human rights' laws might come if Eastern Europe countries join the European Union. Such laws will never be enough to put an end to centuries of persecution, but for the time being, they are the gypsies' best hope.
成千上万的吉普赛人一直在试图移民到加拿大和英国。他们说，他们正在逃离迫害的（迫害），但大多数都发现，他们不欢迎在这些国家或地区。吉普赛人从未有过的家。
欧洲经历了巨大的动荡本世纪。战争，革命，离职和选举改变了大陆无数次的政治版图以及与每个变化，力量已经转移，创造新的赢家和输家新。
但一个组- 吉普赛人变化总是意味着失去。每动荡，吉普赛人已经离开更糟比以前。然而，他们都活了下来，成为欧洲最大的少数民族。此外，他们已经成功地在大屠杀（种族灭绝），政治迫害和贫穷面前保持自己的文化和他们的生活方式。
在少数幸存二战期间迫害相近似的犹太人，还是在南方的黑人其他情况非洲，他们的事业已经获得国际社会的支持。相比之下，吉普赛人“在保持其文化的成功是不被视为一项成就都没有。相反，它被视为证明他们既没有意愿也无法改变，因此不能赎回（不可救药的）。事实上，1993年，斯洛伐克共和国总统抨击他们的生活方式，并表示应采取措施限制这种社会不能接受的和精神上的落后群体的延伸。
如果这样的事情已经说任何其他少数民族，政治抗议将是巨大的。但是，由于斯洛伐克总统所指的是吉普赛人，很少有抱怨，除了从谁试图保护吉普赛人权利的一些小组织。
很少有机会对吉普赛人的态度会有所改变，至少在不久的将来。根据人权“的法律保护可能会来，如果东欧国家加入欧盟。这样的法律将永远不足以制止迫害几个世纪，但暂时，他们是吉普赛人的最佳希望。
Passage 5
Ethnocentrism is the view that one's own culture is better than all others; it is the way all people feel about themselves as compared to outsiders. There is no one in Our society who is not ethnocentric to some degree, no matter how liberal or open-minded he or she might claim to be. People will always find some aspect of another culture distasteful (讨厌的): be it sexual practices, a way of treating friends or relatives, or simply a food that they cannot manage to get down with a smile. This is not something we should be ashamed of, because it is a natural outcome of growing up in any society. However, as anthropologists (人类学家）who study other cultures, it is something we should constantly be aware of, so that when we are tempted to make value judgements about another way of life，we can look at the situation objectively and take our bias into account.
Ethnocentrism can be seen in many aspects of culture-myths, folktales, proverbs (谚语), and even language. Food preferences are perhaps the most familiar aspect of ethnocentrism. Every culture has developed preferences for certain kinds of food and drink, and equally strong negative attitudes towards others. It is interesting to note that much of this ethnocentrism is in our heads and not in our tongues, for something can taste delicious until we are told what it is. We have all heard stories about people being fed a meal of snake or horse meat or something equally repugnant in American culture and commenting on how tasty it was-until they were told
what they had just eaten, upon which they turned green and hurriedly asked to be excused from the table. Certain food preferences seem natural to us. We usually do not recognize that they are natural only because we have grown up with them; they are quite likely to be unnatural to someone from a different culture.
民族优越感的是，自己的文化比所有其它的更好的视图;事情是这样的人都觉得自己比外人。有没有人在我们的社会谁不是种族中心主义在一定程度上，无论多么宽松，或豁达，他或她可能算得上是。人们总是会找到另一种文化没意思的某些方面（讨厌的）：无论是性行为，对待朋友或亲戚，或只是一个食物，他们无法管理趴下面带微笑的方式。这是不是我们都应该感到羞耻，因为它是生长在任何一个社会的自然结果。然而，正如人类学家（人类学家）谁学习其他文化，这是我们应该不断地意识到，这样当我们禁不住要做出另一种生活方式的价值判断，我们可以看情况客观地把我们的偏压考虑。
民族优越感可以看出，在文化，神话，民间故事，谚语（谚语），甚至语言的许多方面。食物偏好也许是民族中心主义的最熟悉的方面。每一种文化都有开发的喜好对某些种类的食物和饮料，以及对他人同样强烈的消极态度。有趣的是，要注意的是这很多的民族优越感是在我们的头脑，而不是在我们的舌头，什么东西可以品尝到美味，直到有人告诉我们它是什么。我们约的人都听过的故事被蛇喂食或马肉或一些同样令人厌恶的美国文化和评论的一顿饭如何可口它，直到他们被告知，他们刚吃完，在他们翻绿，慌忙问从表中免除。某些食物的喜好似乎自然流露。我们通常不承认它们是天然的，只是因为我们已经长大了他们;他们很可能是不自然的人从不同的文化。
2017年考研英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 .：A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 ，t oday’s unem ployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting 9 poorly-educated，middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring 2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty 3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured 5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom 6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless 7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated 8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute 9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among 10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside 11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically 12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles 13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course 14. [A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield 15. [A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship 16. [A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce 17. [A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats 18. [A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved 19. [A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into 20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal
General English Qualifying Test for Non-English Major Graduate Students 2008 (A 卷) ******************************考试注意事项*************************** 一．本考试由两部分组成：试卷一（Paper One）包括听力理解、词汇与结构、阅读理解三部分，共70题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper Two）包括改错、写作。 二．试卷一的答案请按要求在答题卡上填涂，否则无效。试卷二的改错、写作部分请直接在试卷二上答题. Paper One Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A., B., C. and D., and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A. At the office. B. In the waiting room. C. At the airport. D. In a restaurant. From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A. "At the office" is the best answer. You should choose [A] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the center. 1. A. The weather has been warm lately. B. The furnace has broken down. C. The building’s heating system dries the air. D. The woman should put medicine on her lips. 2. A. A furnished house. B. A recent book. C. A refinished cellar. D. A new record. 3. A. They need to turn up ahead. B. She doesn’t know where State Street is. C. There was no left turn at the last intersection. D. The man missed the turn.
Part VI Translation (10 points) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answ et Sheet. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the suff erer. He soon finds himself alone and miserable. There is, however, a cure so simple as t o seem, at first glance, ridiculous: if you don't feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Befor e long you will find that instead of pushing people away, you attract them. You discover h ow deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens filled with grateful friends. Part VII Writing (15 points) Directions: Write a composition of at least 150 words about the topic: The possibility of us ing the mobile phone to study English (or any other subject). You should write according t o the outline given below: 1.我认为手机（不）可以用来学习英语或其他知识。 2.理由是…… 3.结论
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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
江苏省委党校社会学专业在职研究生入学考试英语复习参考资料 一、完形填空（20分） 二、语句翻译（20分） 1、As far as ability is concerned,I am sure he will qualify for the job. 7、Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true. 14、In general,prices may be brought down by increasing supply or decreasing demand. 17、Jack didn’t know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf,so his choice was quite arbitrary. 18、We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems. 23、The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top manager. 27、Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their education. 32、We came to the meeting full of expectations,yet we left very disappointed. 34、The spokesman made in clear that the president would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 40、The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives,as a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all of the country. 43、It is not unusual for this scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning. 45、We didn’t like his attitude that he deserved special treatment. 48、These artists devoted all their lives to art,and made great contributions to the artistic field. 52、There are a lot of papers to sign,but the only urgent one is this contract. 53、The government is taking these measure in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses. 三、阅读理解（30分） 四、段落翻译（30分） 3、在1991年，巴西在全世界环保主义者的压力下改变了做法，它取消了鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠，批准了一个新雨林保护项目的资金计划。 牛场主、矿工、移民抗议这一行动并继续破坏雨林，尽管速度比以前要慢。去年当矿工为了夺取一群印第安人的土地而将他们杀死使得矛盾扩大了。政府承诺将保护该地区的原住民，问题是这一承诺真实的程度究竟多大。
2017年在职研究生考研英语二真题及答案解析 考研教育英语教研室 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.
江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期 末考试样卷 考试科目：文献阅读与翻译 考试时 间：XXXXXX Directions:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet. 1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%) 2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%) 3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%) 4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can the abstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%) 5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%) 6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%) Basic Point-Set Topology One way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it is
硕士学位英语考试试题 PAPER ONE PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 MINUTES, 15 points) Section A ( 1 point each ) 1. A. He was on vacation. B. He was moving furniture. C. He was sick. D. He was working for a new company. 2. A. He does not understand it. B. He does not like it. C. He is used to it. D. He does not have to take it. 3. A. He is interested only in her ideas. B. He will not accept a late paper from her. C. He wants her to hand in her paper immediately. D. He will accept a late paper from her. 4. A. In a kitchen. B. In a garden. C. At the pictures. D. In an office. 5. A. Five B. Four. C. Seven. D. Six. 6. A. She was experienced in riding a bicycle. B. She was riding very slowly at that moment. C. She was riding a new bike. D. Some passes-by help her. 7. A. She can't see. B. Her ears was hurt. C. She can’t hear. D. Her eyes hurt. 8. A. She feels that he won't accept anything. B. She thinks he has almost everything he wants. C. She's sure he already has a pocket calculator. D. She's afraid he wants more than she can afford. 9. A. At the jewelry store. B. Down the hall. C. From other customers. D. From a machine Section B ( 1 point each ) Question 10 through 12 are base on the following conversation. 10. A. Peter's research paper. B. Peter's composition. C.A library book. D. Peter's take-home exam. 11. A. By studying in the library. B. He was absent that day. C. He did very well. D. He did very poorly. 12. A. Talk to the professor. B. Quit working. C. Get a better-paying job. D. Try to get a job on the campus. Question 13 through 15 are base on the following passage. 13. A. The development of animals. B. The development of land animal. C. The origin of sea creatures. D. The origin of human beings 14. A. Stand on their heads. B. Swim backward. C. Move on their fins. D. Swim upside down. 15. A. The appearance of tile fish. B. The size and the color of fish. C. The way the fish swims. D. The way the Fish uses its fins. PART II VOCABULARY ( 10 MINUTES, 10 POINTS ) Section A ( 0.5 point each ) 16. Frank and Jauntier asked their science teacher to settle the dispute once and for all. A. temporarily B. permanently C. cautiously D. decisively 17.The police found it difficult to apprehend the criminal because of the incomplete details supplied by the witness. A. sketchy B. complicated C. stern D. artistic 18.In order to maintain physical well-being, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient exercise. A. fresh B. stale C. well-cooked D. healthful 19. Not afraid of being fired, John Smith continued to defy the boss. A. avoid B. admire C. oppose D. guide 20. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. A. properties B. behavior C. disadvantages D. performances 21. After a number of disagreements with the committee, the chairman decided to quit. A. resign B. dismiss C. retire D. desert 22. The experiment shows this cathode emits electrons in a controlled environment. A. submits B. gives off C. rejects D. passes by . 23. To what place are you going to haul the furniture that you no longer need. A. sell B. put C. transport D. paint 24. The zealous demonstrators were ignored by all the media of this country. A. passionate B. colorful C. rude D. clever 25. In prehistoric times, eclipses of the moon and Sun were probably terrifying to people.