全国商务英语专业八级考试样题听力录音文字稿

M: Hey, Cathy, did you read this article in the magazine? I can't believe how much man is changing the planet.男：嘿，凯西，你看过杂志上的这篇文章了吗？我简直不敢相信人类改变了这个星球这么多。

W: Yeah, I had a look at it. Quite interesting I suppose if you believe that sort of thing.女：是的，我看了一眼。

我觉得很有趣，如果你相信那档子事的话。

M: What? What do you mean,"if you believe that sort of thing"? Are you saying you don't believe that we are damaging the planet?男：什么？你说的“如果你相信那档子事的话”是什么意思？你是说你不相信我们正在破坏这个星球吗？W: To be honest, Mark, not really.女：说实话，马克，不太相信。

M: What are you saying? Are you saying global warming isn't a fact, deforestation isn't a fact, the greenhouse effect isn't actually happening?男：你在说什么？你是说全球变暖不是事实，砍伐森林不是事实，温室效应也没有真的发生？W: Hey, calm down Mark. I just think too many people takethese things as being definitely true without knowing all the facts.女：嘿，马克，冷静点。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2008)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task, some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.The Popularity of EnglishI. Present status of EnglishA. English as a native/first languageB. English as a lingua franca: a language for communi cation among people whose (1)______ are different (1)_______C. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language:— 320-380 million native speakers — 250- (2) _____ million speakers of English as a second language (2)_______ II. Reasons for the popular use of EnglishA. (3) ____ reasons (3)_______— the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America; — British settlers brought the language to Australia;— English was used as a means of control in (4)_____ (4)_______B. Economic reasons— spread of (5) _____ — language of communi cation iii the international business community (5)_______C. (6)______ in international travel (6)_______— use of English in travel and tourism — signs in airports— language of announcement — language of (7) ______ (7)_______D. Information exchange— use of English in the academic world — language of (8) _____ or journal arti cles (8)_______E. Popular culture— pop music on (9)______ — films from the USA (9)_______ III. Questions to think aboutA. status of English in the futureB. (10) ______ of distinct varieties of English (10)_______ SECTION B CONVERSATIONIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on a conversation. At the end of the conversation you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. Mary doesn't seem to favour the idea of a new airport because _________.A. the existing airports are to be wastedB. more people will be encouraged to travel.C. more oil will be consumed.D. more airplanes will be purchased.2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Mary as a potential disadvantage?A. More people in the area.B. Noise and motorways.C. Waste of land.D. Unnecessary travel.3.Freddy has cited the following advantages for a new airport EXCEPT _______.A. more job opportunities.B. vitality to the local economy.C. road construction.D. presence of aircrew in the area.4.Mary thinks that people don't need to do much travel nowadays as a result of _______.A. less emphasis on personal contact.B. advances in modern telecommunications.C. recent changes in people's concepts.D. more potential damage to the area5.We learn from the conversation that Freddy is Mary's ideas,_____.A. strongly in favour ofB. mildly in favour ofC. strongly againstD. mildly againstSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.6.What is the main idea of the news item?A. A new government was formed after Sunday's elections.B. The new government intends to change the welfare system.C. The Social Democrati c Party founded the welfare system.D. The Social Democratic Party was responsible for high unemployment.Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer thequestions. Now listen to the news.7. The tapes of the Apollo-11 mission were first stored in _______.A. a U.S. government archives warehouse.B. a NASA ground tracking station.C. the Goddard Space Flight Centre.D. none of the above places.8.What does the news item say about Richard Nafzger?A. He is assigned the task to look for the tapes.B. He believes that the tapes are probably lost.C. He works in a NASA ground receiving site.D. He had asked for the tapes in the 1970s.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.9.The example in the news item is cited mainly to showA. that doctors are sometimes professionally incompetentB. that in cases like that hospitals have to pay huge compensations.C. that language barriers might lower the quality of treatment.D. that language barriers can result in fatal consequences.10. According to Dr. Flores, hospitals and clinicsA. have seen the need for hiring trained interpreters.B. have realized the problems of language barriers.C. have begun training their staff to be bilinguals.D. have taken steps to provide accurate diagnosis.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheetTEXT AAt the age of 16, Lee Hyuk Joon's life is a living hell. The South Korean 10th grader gets up at 6 in the morning to go to sc hool, and studies most of the day until returning home at 6 p.m. After dinner, it's time to hit the books again—at one of Seoul's many so-called cram schools. Lee gets back home at 1 in the morning, sleeps less than five hours, then repeats the routine—five days a week. It's a grueling schedule, but Lee worries that it may not be good enough to get him into a top university. Some of hi s classmates study even harder.South Korea's education system has long been highly competitive. But for Lee and the other 700,000 high-school sophomores in the country, high-school studies have gotten even more intense. That's because South Korea has conceived a new college-entrance system, whi ch will be implemented in 2008. This year's 10th graders will be the first group evaluated by the new admissions standard, whi ch places more emphasis on grades in the three years of high school and less on nationwide SA T-style and other selection tests, whi ch have traditionally determined which students go to the elite colleges.The change was made mostly to reduce what the government says is a growing education gap in the country: wealthy students go to the best colleges and get the best jobs, keeping the children of poorer families on the social margins. The aim is to reduce the importance of costly tutors and cram schools, partly to help students enjoy a more normal high-school life. But the new system has had the opposite effect. Before, students didn't worry too much about their grade-point averages; the big challenge was beating the standardized tests as high-school seniors. Now students are competing against one another over a three-year period, and every midterm and final test is crucial. Fretful parents are relying even more heavily on tutors and cram schools to help their children succeed.Parents and kids have sent thousands of angry online letters to the Education Ministry complaining that the new admissions standard is setting students against each other. "One can succeed only when others fail,” as one parent said.Education experts say that South Korea's public secondary-school system is foundering, while private education is thriving. According to critics, the country's high schools are almost uniformly mediocre—the result of an egalitarian government education policy. With the number of elite schools stri ctly controlled by the government, even the brightest students typi cally have to settle for ordinary schools in their neighbourhoods, where the curriculum is centred on average students. To make up for the mediocrity, zealous parents send their kids to the expensive cram school s.Students in affluent southern Seoul neighbourhoods complain that the new system will hurt them the most. Nearly all Korean high schools will be weighted equally in the college-entrance process, and relatively weak students in provincial schools, who may not score well on standardized tests, often compile good grade-point averages.Some universities, particularly prestigious ones, openly complain that they cannot select the best students under the new system because it eliminates differences among high schools. They've asked for more discretion in picking students by gi ving more weight to such screening tools as essay writing or interviews.President Roh Moo Hyun doesn't like how some colleges are trying to circumvent the new system. He recently criticized "greedy" universities that focus more on finding the best students than faying to "nurture good students". But amid the crossfire between the government and universities, the country's 10th graders are feeling the stress. On online protest sites, some are calling themselves a “cursed generation”and “mice in a lab experiment”. It all seems a touch melodramatic, but that's the South Korean school system.11.According to the passage, the new college-entrance system is designed toA. require students to sit for more college-entrance tests.B. reduce the weight of college-entrance tests.C. select students on their high school grades only.D. reduce the number of prospective college applicants.12.What seems to be the effect of introducing the new system?A. The system has given equal opportunities to students.B. The system has reduced the number of cram schools.C. The system has intensified competition among schools.D. The system has increased students' study load.13.According to critics, the popularity of private education is mainly the result of ___.A. the government's egalitarian policy.B. insuffi cient number of schools:C. curriculums of average quality.D. low cost of private education.14.According to the passage, there seems to be disagreement over the adoption of the new system between the following groups EXCEPT ____.A. between universities and the government.B. between school experts and the government.C. between parents and schools.D. between parents and the government.15.Whi ch of the following adjectives best describes the author's treatment of the topic?A. Objective.B. Positive.C. Negative.D. Biased.TEXT BWilfred Emmanuel-Jones was a teenager before he saw his first cow in his first field. Born in Jamaica, the 47-year-old grew up in inner-city Birmingham before making a career as a television producer and launching his own marketing agency. But deep down he al ways nurtured every true Englishman's dream of a rustic life, a dream that his entrepreneurial wealth has allowed him to satisfy. These days he's the owner of a thriving 12-hectare farm in deepest Devon with cattle, sheep and pigs. His latest business venture: pushing his brand of Black Fanner gourmet sausages and barbecue sauces. “My background may be very urban,” says Emmanuel-J ones. “But it has given me a good idea of what other urbanites want.”And of how to sell it. Emmanuel-Jones joins a herd of wealthy fugitives from city life who are bringing a new commercial know-how to British farming. Britain's burgeoning farmers' markets -numbers have doubled to at least 500 in the last five years—swarm with specialty cheesemakers, beekeepers or organic smallholders who are redeploying the business skills they learned in the city. "Everyone in the rural community has to come to terms with the fact that things have changed." Says Emmanuel-Jones. "Y ou can produce the best food in the world, but if you don't know how to market it, you are wasting your time. We are helping the traditionalists to move on."The emergence of the new class of superpeasants reflects some old yearnings. If the British were the first nation to industrialize, they were also the first to head back to the land. "There is this romantic image of the countryside that is parti cularly English," says Alun Howkins of the University of Sussex, who reckons the population of rural England has been rising since 1911. Migration into rural areas is now running at about 100,000 a year, and the hunger for a taste of the rural life has kept land prices buoyant even as agricultural incomes tumble. About 40 percent of all farmland is now sold to "lifestyle buyers" rather than the dwindling number of traditional farmers, according to the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.What's new about the latest returnees is their affluence and zeal for the business of producing quality foods, if only at a micro-level. A healthy economy and surging London house prices have helped to ease the escape of the would-be rustics. The media recognize and feed the fantasy. One of the big TV hits of recent years, the "River Cottage" series, chronicled the attempts of a London chef to run his own Dorset farm.Naturally, the newcomers can't hope to match their City salaries, but many are happy to trade any loss of income for the extr a job satisfaction. Who cares if there's no six-figure annual bonus when the land offers other incalculable compensations? Besides, the specialist producers can at least depend on a burgeoning market for their products. Today's eco-aware generation loves to seek out authenti c ingredients. "People like me may be making a difference in a small way," Jan McCourt, a onetime investment banker now running his own 40-hectare spread in the English Midlands stocked with rare breeds.Optimists see signs of far-reaching change: Britain isn't ca tching up with mainland Europe; it's leading the way. “Unlike most other countries, where artisanal food production is being eroded, here it is being recovered," says food writer Matthew Fort.“It may be the mark of the next stage of civilization that we rediscover the desirability of being a peasant.” And not an investment banker.16.Whi ch of the following details of Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones i s INCORRECT?A. He was born and brought up in Birmingham.B. He used to work in the television industry.C. He is wealthy, adventurous and aspiring.D. He is now selling his own quality foods.17.Most importantly, people like Wilfred have brought to traditional British farmingA. knowledge of farming.B. knowledge of brand names.C. knowledge of lifestyle.D. knowledge of marketing.18.Whi ch of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of a new class of farmers?A. Strong desire for country life.B. Longing for greater wealth.C. Influence of TV productions.D. Enthusiasm for quality food business.19.What is seen as their additional source of new income?A. Modern tendency to buy natural foods.B. Increase in the value of land property.C. Raising and selling rare live stock. VD. Publicity as a result of media coverage.20.The sentence in t he last paragraph “...Britain isn't catching up with mainland Europe; it's leading the way" implies thatA. Britain has taken a different path to boost economy.B. more authentic foods are being produced in Britain.C. the British are heading back to the countryside.D. the Europeans are showing great interest in country life.TEXT CIn Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren't stereotypi cal castles in Spain. These castles are made up of human beings, not stone. The people who perform this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observe a marvel of human cooperation.First the castellers form what looks like a giganti c rugby scrummage. They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other people press together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushing muscle: flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lighter castellers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand, barefoot, on their shoulders—then still others, each time adding a higher "story".These human towers can rise higher than small apartment buildings: nine “stories”, 35 feet into the air. Then, just When it seems this tower of humanity can't defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges from the crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below.Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis arid the Mediterranean's most dynamic city. But when you observe-them tip close, in their street clothes, at practice, you see there's nothing easy about what the castellers do - and that they are not merely reenacting an ancient ritual.None of the castellers can-give a logical answer as to why they love doing this. But V ictor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and says in English: "We do it because it's beautiful. We do it because we are Catalan."Barcelona’s mother tongue is Catalan, and to und erstand Barcelona, you must understand two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny pretty much translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrange things, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words “raucous” and “ruckus”.What makes the castellers revealing of the city is that they embody rauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa—it defies common sense—but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success is based on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal.The success of Carlos Tusquets' bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work in everyday life. The bank started as a family concern and now employs hundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelona is different.Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia—the ancient region of which Barcelona is the capital—are distinct from the rest of Spain yet essential to Spain's emergence, after centuries of repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia, with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse. Making up 6 percent of Spain’s territory, with a sixth of its people, it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain's production—everything from textiles to computers—even though the rest of Spain has been enjoying its own economi c miracle.Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there's no better place to see rauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerabl e, tree-shaded boulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelona down to the port. There are two narrow l anes each way for cars and motorbikes, but it’s the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblas a front-row seat for Barcel ona's longest running theatrical event. Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in one of them, and an attendant will come and charge you a small fee. Performance artists throng the Ramblas—stilt walkers, witches caked in charcoal dust, Elvis impersonators. But the real stars are the old women and happily playing children, millionaires on motorbikes, and pimps and women who, upon closer inspection, prove not to be.Aficionados (Fans) of Barcelona love to compare notes: “Last night there was a man standing on the balcony of his hotel room,” Mariana Bertagnolli, an Italian photographer, told me. "The bal c ony was on the second floor. He was naked, and he was talking into a cell phone."There you have it, Barcelona's essence. The man is naked (rauxa), but he is talking into a cell phone (seny).21. From the description in the passage, we learn thatA. all Catalonians can perform castells.B. castells require performers to stand on each other.C. people perform castells in different formations.D. in castells people have to push and pull each other.22. According to the passage, the4mplication of the performance is thatA. the Catalonians are insensible and noisy people.B. the Catalonians show more sense than is expected.C. the Catalonians display paradoxical characteristi cs.D. the Catalonians think highly of team work.23. The passage cites the following examples EXCEPT __________ to show seny at work.A.development of a bankB.dynami c role in economyC.contribution to national economyparison with other regions24. In the last but two paragraph, the Ramblas is described as “a fro nt-row seat for Barcelona’s longest running theatri cal event”. What does it mean?A. On the Ramblas people can see a greater variety of performances.B. The Ramblas provides many front seats for the performances.C. The Ramblas is preferred as an important venue for the events.D. Theatri cal performers like to perform on the Ramblas.25. What is the main impression of the scenes on the Ramblas?A. It is bizarre and Outlandish.B. It is of average quality.C. It is conventional and quiet.D. It is of professional standard. TEXT DThe law firm Patrick worked for before he died filed for bankruptcy protection a year after his funeral. After his death, the firm's letterhead properly included him: Patri ck S. Lanigan, 1954-1992. He was listed up in the right-hand corner, just above the paralegals. Then the rumors got started and wouldn't stop. Before long, everyone believed he had taken the money and disappeared. After three months, no one on the Gulf Coast believed that he was dead. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up.The remaining partners in the law firm were still together, attached unwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages and the bank notes, back when they were rolling and on the verge of serious wealth. They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus the bankruptcy. Since Patri ck's departure, they had tried every possible way to divorce one another, but nothing would work. Two were raging alcoholics who drank at the office behind locked doors, but nevertogether. The other two were in recovery, still teetering on the brink of sobriety.He took their money. Their millions. Money they had already spent long before it arrived, as only lawyers can do. Money for their richly renovated offi ce building in downtown Biloxi. Money for new homes, yachts, condos in the Caribbean. The money was on the way, approved, the papers signed, orders entered; they could see it, almost touch it when their deadpartner—Patrick—snatched it at the last possible second.He was dead. They buried him on February 11, 1992. They had consoled the widow and put his rotten name on their handsome letterhead. Y et six weeks later, he somehow stole their money.They had brawled over who was to blame. Charles Bogan, the firm's senior partner and its iron hand, had insisted the money be wired from its source into a new account offshore, and this made sense after some discussion. It was ninety million bucks, a third of whi ch the firm would keep, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi, population fifty thousand. Someone at the bank would talk. Soon everyone would know. All four vowed secrecy, even as they made plans to display as much of their new wealth as possible. There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seater.So Bogan took his share of the blame. At forty-nine, he was the oldest of the four, and, at the moment, the most stable. He was also responsible for hiring Patrick nine years earlier, and for this he had received no small amount of grief.Doug V itrano, the litigator, had made the fateful decision to recommend Patrick as the fifth partner. The other three had agreed, and when Patrick Lanigan was added to the firm name, he had access to virtually every file in the office. Bogan, Rapley, V itrano, Havarac, and Lanigan, Attorneys and Counselors-at-Law. A large ad in the yellow pages claimed "Specialists in Offshore Injuries." Specialists or not, like most firms they would take almost anything if the fees were lucrative. Lots of secretaries and paralegals. Big overhead, and the strongest political connections on the Coast.They were all in their mid- to late forties. Havarac had been raised by his father on a shrimp boat. His hands were still proudly calloused, and he dreamed of choking Patrick until his neck snapped. Rapley was severely depressed and seldom left his home, where he wrote briefs in a dark office in the attic.26. What happened to the four remaining lawyers after Patrick's disappearance?A. They all wanted to divorce their wives.B. They were all heavily involved in debts.C. They were all recovering from drinking.D. They had bought new homes, yachts, etc.27. Whi ch of the following statements contains a metaphor?A. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up.B. …they could see it, almost tou ch it when their dead partner...C. …, attached unwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages...D. …, and for this he had received no small amount of grief.28. According to the passage, what is the main cause of Patrick stealing the money?A. Patrick was made a partner of the firm.B. The partners agreed to have the money transferred.C. Patri ck had access to all the files in the firm.D. Bogan decided to hire Patrick nine years earlier.29. The lawyers were described as being all the following EXCEPTA. greedy.B. extravagantC. quarrel some.D. bad-tempered.30. Whi ch of the following implies a contrast?A. …, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi, population fifty thousand.B. They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus the bankruptcy.C. There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seater.D. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The largest city in Canada is____.A. V ancouver.B. Montreal.C. TorontoD. Ottawa.32. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in ____.A. the Federal Government.B. the Supreme Court.C. the Cabinet.D. the Congress.33. Whi ch of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. Baseball.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. American football.34. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is _____.A. the President.B. the Governor-General.C. the British monarch,D. the Prime Minister.35. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by _____.A. William Langland.B. Geoffrey Chaucer.C. William Shakespeare.D. Alfred Tennyson.36. Who wrote The Ameri can?A. Herman Melville.B. Nathaniel Hawthorne.C. Henry James.D. Theodore Drei ser.37. All of the following are well-known female writers in 20th -century Britain EXCEPT _____.A. George Eliot.B. Iris Jean Murdoch.C. Doris Lessing.D. Muriel Spark.38. Whi ch of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Di splacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ____.A. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE wor d is。

2021年英语专八听力真题和原文答案PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]2021英语专八真题音频.mp3SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, please complete the gap-fulling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammaticallyand semanticallyacceptable.You may use the blank sheet for note taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.Current Challenges Confronting U.S. Higher EducationSection B InterviewThis is the end of Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on what you have just heard. Question 6, what did Maureen think about socializing with writers?Question 7, what was Maureen's view about a community for poets?Question 8, why did her sections have concluding stanzas?Question 9, what did Maureen think about her way of poetry reading?Question 10, what is the interview mainly about?This is the end of Part One of the interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on what you have just heard. Question 1, what is Maureen McLean, according to the interviewer?Question 2, when did Maureen first begin to read poetry?Question 3, who were the most important teachers to Maureen?Question 4, which of the following did Maureen feel more strongly about when she returned to teach at Harvard?Question 5, why did Maureen bring recordings to class?答案解析和原文1、MINI-LECTURE 录音原文Current Challenges Confronting U.S. Higher EducationGood morning, everyone. In our last lecture, we discussed challenges that face universities and colleges worldwide. Today, we'll take a special look at U.S. higher education and see what challenges U.S. higher education is facing. OK, let's get started.The first challenge we are examining in today's lecture is the force of the marketplace on higher education. Many people believe that the marketplace has overtaken state government as the dominant external force, shaping and reshaping American higher education, even for public colleges and universities. You may ask, why is it so? Well, as is always the case, government support is not keeping pace with educational expenditures. So, in many ways the market is having more bearing on higher education than government. In order to create more flexibility, many public colleges and universities are now asking for less government regulation and supervision. In some instances, they are even asking for less state money in return for more autonomy. And, their argument is that the current structures and accountability requirements have hindered their capacity to be effective and efficient. The ability to set their own tuition fees and secure freedom from state policies and regulations in areas, such as purchasing and building, represent just some of the additional autonomy that public institutions are seeking. And many are pressing for new legislation to provide this freedom through a range of innovations, including public corporations, charter colleges, state enterprise status and performance contracts.So, what is the result of these efforts? Well, the result is that activities and research in certain fields and disciplines, for example, engineering, applied natural science and agricultural science become higher institutional priorities because they have stronger market value than other programs such as humanities do. So, what has happened is that institutions create new programs, alter academic calendars and pursue differentfinancial aid policies to capture more and better students, in particular those who can afford to pay high tuition. For instance, executive MBA programs are increasingly popular. Also, institutions seek contracts and partnership agreements and enhance research programs with practical applications that have large financial payouts. In order to do so, they are changing their institutional structures. And how do they do it? Let me tell you, institutions would add new units that focus on generating external grants and bringing new technology to market. They would build conference centers and create for profit subsidiaries. All of these are done to generate more revenue for institutions. What are the implications of this? Well, the implications are that academic research is increasingly focused on marketable knowledge. Entrepreneurial priorities are taking precedence, services are being outsourced, and students are carrying an increasing burden to pay higher tuition fees for their education.Then how do university administrators view this trend? That is, the marketplace is showing stronger impact on how institutions are run. In fact, university administrators see little option except to respond to the marketplace. The reason is if their institution does not react effectively, it will not have the necessary resources to offer high quality and diverse academic programs. Institutions unable to compete may face hard circumstances because government support continues to fall, students become better informed consumers and advances in technology also widen the number and reach of competitors. In turn, the ability to compete for students, resources, faculty and prestige becomes a driving strategic force. At its extreme, competition can overtake more traditional academic values. However, the downside of pursuing market goals without appropriately balancing them against the public good is, is that institutions will no longer be able to fulfill their social responsibility to produce well-educated citizens and face the threat of losing their privileged place in society as they resemble more closely other market driven organizations.Now, let's move on to the second challenge facing U.S. higher education, that is the tension between competition and equality in admissions decisions. Since World War Two, U.S. higher education has been engaged in a process of massification, that is expanding to serve students from all walks of life. Motivating this effort is a widespread belief in the power of education to create social and economic mobility, and a belief in the morality and social value of making higher education accessible to everyone. Research data bear out public perceptions. When young people from low-income backgrounds complete a bachelor's degree. Their income and employment characteristics after graduation are equivalent to their peers from more affluent backgrounds. So, education can truly be the great equalizer.Although there is widespread public faith in the value of higher education, the progress of massification has been slow and uneven. And why is it slow and uneven? Well, one, higher education did not admit significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities until after the civil rights of the 1960s forced change. Second, despite significant expenditures on financial aid, minority and low-income individuals are still less likely to attend college than whites or students from middleand upper-income families. Although access gaps have nowadays narrowed somewhat, large gaps remain between completion rates. Low-income students come to college less prepared and must balance academic demands with work and family responsibilities.Finding ways to increase the enrollment rates of low-income students and encourage their success once enrolled are two of the most important problems facing American higher education. One of the challenges to meet these goals is that they can conflict with the other central tenets of American higher education, that is, market competition and resistance to government control. As I said before, for example, institutional competition for the most academically talented students is likely to encourage increased use of tuition discounting for students who have no financial need. And this could divert resources away from low-income students who need financial aid. Similarly, institutions may seek to distinguish themselves in the academic marketplace by becoming more selective in admissions decisions, thus reducing the number of low-income students admitted. However, a primary role of government is to mediate the potentially negative effects of competition by insisting that institutions adhere to their missions, and that institutions provide need-based financial assistance to students. So, a constant preoccupation of American higher education is this tension between the competitive, ambitious natureof institutions and the interests of government in promoting important public goals, primary among them, broad access and widespread success for all students.OK, for today's lecture, we have briefly discussed some of the major challenges facing U.S. higher education, such as the impact of the marketplace on institutions and the tension between competition and promoting public goals.2、MINI-LECTURE 答案解析1. dominant / prevailing / governing 等解析：美国高等教育所面临的两大挑战之一便是市场的力量。

The popularity of EnglishGoo.morning.everyone.Today'.lectur.i.abou.th.popularit.o.English.rges.numbe.o.nat ng municatio.be?nguage.ar.differen.fro.e nguag..Q1).in.English.the.Englis.i.th.lingu.franca.nguage.Som.re?searche.suggeste.tha.. nguage.An.anywa.betwee.2 nguag..Q...An.o.cours..i.w.includ.peopl.wh.ar.learnin.Englis.a..fore nguag.al.ove.th.world.tha.numbe.ma.increas.dramatically.The.w.ma.as..question.ho.di.Englis. ge.there.Tha.i.ho.di.Englis.gai.th.presen.statu.o.popularity?Ther.ar.i.fac..numbe.o.interlockin.reason.fo.th.popularit.o.Englis.a..lingu.franca.Man.o.th.reason.ar ngu age.Let'.g.throug.th.reason.on.b.one.First.it'nd e.o.th.Massachusett.coas.i.162.afte.thei.journe.fro.England.the.brough.wit.the.no.jus..se.o.religiou. ter.th.Amer nguag.o.Englis.remaine.an.stil.does.I.wa.th.sam.i.Austra mande.Philipp.plante.th.Britis.fla.i.Sydne.curv.o.th.26t.o.Januar.178..i.wa.no.jus..b nguage.I.othe.part.o.th.forme.Britis.Empire.Englis.ra pidl.becam..unifyin.o.dominatin.mean.o.control.Fo.example.i.becam..lingu.franc.i.Indi.wher..varie .o.an.on.o.the.a..whol.countr.syste.problemati..Q4).S.th.impositio nguag.o..ministratio.help.maintai.th.colonizers.contro.an.power.Thu.Englis.trav e.a nguag.i.countrie.a.fa.apar.a.Jamaic.an.Pakistan..Ugand.an.Ne.Zealand.Tha.i.th.firs.factor.merc.through?ou.th.world.Th.spr merc.ha.take.Englis.alon.wit.i..Q...Thi.i.th.2023.centur.phenomeno.o.globali zation.Therefore.on.o.th.firs.sight.man.traveler.se.whe.arrivin.i.countrie.a.divers.a.Brazil.Chin.fo.e xample.it'.th.yellow.twi.ar.sig.o..Macdonald'.fas.foo.restauran.o.som.othe.famou.brand'.outlets.An. munity. .o.Englis.i.th.boo.i.internationa.trave..Q6).An.yo.wil.fin.tha.mu c.trave.an.touris.i.carrie.o.aroun.th.worl.i.English.O.cours.thi.i.no.alway.th.case.A.th.multi-linguali s.o.man.touris.worker.i.differen.countrie.demonstrate.Bu..visi.t.mos.airport.o.th.glob.wil.sho.sign. nguag.o.tha.countr.bu.als.i.English.Jus.a.man.airlin.announcement.ar.broadcas.i.Engli nguag.o.air municatio..Q.).rmatio.exchang.aroun.th.world.A.w.al.know..grea.dea.o.ac ademi.discours.aroun.th.worl.take.plac.i.English.I.i.ofte..lingu.franc.o.conferences.fo.example.An. man.journa.article.i.field.a.divers.a.astronomy.tria.psycholog.an.zoolog.hav.Englis.a..kin.o.defaul.l anguag..Q8).nguag.i.po pula.culture.Po.musi.i.Englis.ca.b.hear.o.man.radio..Q9).Thu.man.peopl.wh.ar.no.Englis.speaker.ca.sin.word.fro.thei.favorit.Englis.mediu.songs.An.man.pe A.Now.t.su.up.i.today'.lecture.w.hav.reviewe.som.o.th.reason.o.factor.tha.li.be?.o.En nguage.Befor.w.finish..woul.lik.t.leav..fe.question.fo.yo.t.thin.about.I.th.statu. nguag.assure.i.th.future.Wil.i.spli.int.varietie.tha.becom.les.mutuall.intelli nguag.i.futur..Q.).Thes.question.ar.no.eas.t.answer..know.bu.the.ar.definitel.wort.ponderin.ove.afte.th.lecture.OK.let'.brin.u.t.th.en.o.today'.lecture.Than.yo.fo.you.attention.SECTION B CONVERSATIONW Hello! 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( Q2)M.But.th.airpor.infrastructur.relie.o.housin.an.othe.facilitie.fo.th.grea.numbe.o.peopl.wh.woul.b.e mploye.i.th.airport.th.pilo.even.th.stewardnesses.The.hav.t.liv.somewher.nea.th.airport.right?W.Yeah.bu.it's.it'.jus.s.damagin.t.th.whol.area..think.airports.fro.m.poin.o.view.th.whol.concep.i.outdate.really.Wit.moder.technology.we'r.goin.t.mak..lo.o.trave.unnecessary.reall. (Q4).Fo.example.i.won'.b.necessar.fo.businessma.t.fl.ou.t..foreig.countr.t.tal.t.somebody.The.ca.jus.lif.u. telephon.i.th.office.pres.th.but?to.an.se.th.perso.the.wan.t.d.busines.with.Yo.see.busines.deal.ca.b. mad.with?ou.havin.t.trave.bac.an.forth.right?M.Yes.you'r.right.But.fo..lo.o.people.'persona.contac.i.important.An.thi.mean.travel.an.mean.quic.travel.ai.'trave.an.w.jus.nee..ne.airpor.(Q5).SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (for question 6)ernmen.o.Monday.I.Sunday'.Election..th.Ne.Moderate.Part.defeate.th.Socia.Democrats.Th.Socia.Democrati.Part.ha.controlle.Swede.fo.al.bu.nin. year.sinc.193..buildin.u.th.country'.generou.welfar.state.Bu.th.Ne.Moderate.want.t.chang.it..Q..Sweden'.welfar.syste.i.fame.aroun.th.world.bu.th.syste.enco panie.whic.make.i.difficul.t.emplo.ne.people.News Item 2 (for questions 7 and 8)Much of the world was watching on television when the command of the Apollo-11 mission Neal Armstron.too.th.firs.step.o.th.moo.i.Jul.1969.Th.picture.o.tha.histori.footste.an.?nding.wer.recorde.o.magneti.tap.a.thre.NAS.gr oun.trackin.station.aroun.th.world.Th.tape.wer.the.shippe.t..NAS.operatio.centr.nea.Washington—t.196..th.spac.agenc.bega.transferrin.the.an.ten.o.thousand.o.ta ernmen.archive.warehouse.NAS.say.i.aske.fo.the.bac.i.th. 1970s.bu.no.doe.no.kno.wher.the.are.".probabl.a.overl.sensitiv.t.th.wor.`lost...di.no.fee.the.ar.lost..s ai.Richar.Nafzger..Goddar.Spac.Fligh.Centr.enginee.wh.wa.i.charg.o.televisio.processin.fro.al.o.N ASA'.groun.receivin.sites.Th.Spac.Agenc.ha.authorize.hi.t.se.a?sid.hi.othe.dutie.fo.th.foreseeabl.f utur.an.devot.hi.tim.t.th.hun.fo.th.tapes.Nafzge.says.the.ar.store.somewhere..Q.)News Item 3 (for questions 9 and 10)lio.peopl.wh.liv.i.th.Unit.Stat.don'.spea.o.understan.Englis.ver.wel.an.tha.ca.b.deadly ngu municatin.wit.health-car.provider.wit.seriou.consequences..Q.. Docto.Flore.record.on.inciden.i.whic.English-speakin.doctor.`though..Spanish-speakin.ma.wa.suff erin.fro..dru.over-doze."H.wa.i.th.hospita.basicall.fo.tw.day.bein.worke.u.fo.dru.abus...Flore.says.. The.finall.di..hea.C.sca.an.realize.h.ha.ha..majo.blee.int.hi.brain.H.ende.u.bein.paralyze.an.h.go..7. millio.dollar.settlemen.awar.fro.th.hospital..Docto.Flore...professo.a.th.Medica.Colleg.o.Wisconsin .say.tha.despit.example.lik.that.th.majorit.o.U.health-car.facilitie.stil.d.no.hav.traine.interpreter.o.si ght.bu.h.acknowledge.tha.increasin.number.o.healt.car.worker.ar.bilingua.an.tha.mor.clinic.an.hosp ital.d.mak.sur.thei.staf.an.patient.understan.eac.other..Q10)参考答案SECTION A MINI-LECTURE（1）native languages (2).350 (3).Historical (4).India (5).commerce (6).Boom (7).sea travel communication (8).conferences (9).many radios (10).splitSECTION B&C1.C2.A3.D4.B5.D6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.D。

专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷188(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：Body Language in BusinessGood morning, everyone. Today, we are going to talk about body language and its importance in business. As we all know, body language accounts for over 90% of a conversation! Body language can be used to help conduct an interview, give a presentation or make that important sale: a conversation stretches so much further than speech. Body language is the reason why selling face-to-face has a huge advantage over selling by ually when we communicate with or see people, we only respond to what is being said, heard or generally seen. There is so much more involved and most of us do not pick up on it it’s our body language and it can express a thousand words.[l]/[2]Our body language will give others an impression of ourselves or show our emotions. You’re probably using it right now to listen to this lecture. Our body language is an important aspect of running a successful business as we cannot always say what we really feel. This means we have to act positively in negative situations. You can also identify other people’s body language and know what they really mean: whatever they may be saying.First of all, posture. You may immediately think of this as standing tall and up right as much as possible. In fact, it is the natural alignment of your head and body without the use of tension and ‘locking’. Everyone has a different posture and it usually develops through habit over the years. This may be slumping your shoulders forward or hanging your head: anything that has come to feel natural.[3]Your posture may show how you will approach a situation. For example,[4]if you stand with your shoulders hanging, arms folded, and leaning to one side, it will look as if you aren’t ready for or interested in the task in question. Should you stand with strong shoulders, head up, arms out by the side and closed fists, you will look as if you are ready for anything no matter how much stress is involved. Looking at a person’s feet when they are sitting down will tell you who is an extrovert and who is an introvert. Extrovert—toes pointing out, introvert—toes pointing in.Secondly, the space around you.[5]Those who stand always look more powerful than those people who are sitting down. This is because they are taking up more space. So if you feel comfortable standing, use it to look as though you have a higher status then those around you.[6]When you move around, the more space you take up can make others seemthreatened by your presence. This is because those around you may feel that their presence in the area is less significant. In such case, they may move around using as little space as possible. If you are sitting, you can still give an image of power.[7]If standing isn’t appropriate, use more space by stretching your legs out or by having your arms at the side of the chair. When you are on the phone and you need to be assertive, standing up will project your urgency.[8]Thirdly, hand-to-face movements. Look out for customers that use hand-to-face movements such as holding their chin or scratching their face.[9]This can usually show that they are thinking of making a purchase but they have concerns, for example, “can I afford it” or “what if I pick the wrong size”, etc. This may be a cue for you to move in before they leave and inform them that they can “buy on credit if preferred” or that they can “exchange the product if it is not suitable”, etc. It is a fact that many customers do not ask to solve their queries and therefore leave if they are unsure. This is why it is important to recognise this common form of body language.Now, about facial expression[10]A simple smile can make others feel more at ease[11]while a frown can make people see that you are aggressive or unsure of something. We use facial expressions to get our points across in the right context. For example, your message would suffer if you were saying how angry you are with a huge smile.Next, eye contact. When someone talks to you, do they look directly at you or look away?[12]Maintaining eye contact when talking or listening to someone gives an impression that you or they are confident and honest. Making little eye contact can say that the other person doesn’t like you, is nervous or shy,[13]or perhaps believe that they are higher in status and think that eye contact isn’t necessary.Also, look out for it if you believe that someone isn’t being truthful, as most people can’t keep eye contact when they are bending the truth. However, someone looking at you nonstop is stressful and in these situations you should throw your hands around a bit more or point to brochures and objects to distract them.If talking to people outdoors,[14]avoid wearing sunglasses as this can be very uncomfortable for the other person and can give an image of trying to hide your identity. In addition,[15]try to blink less as this can make it difficult for the other person to understand you. Blinking less also gives an image of confidence.OK. That’s pretty much what I want to say. Let me finally remind you that body language comes in many forms, as you have seen above. Different people have their own ability to recognize body language and they will recognize it with different meanings to other people. You can always use body language to make you appear more confident, powerful and trusting. All right, you may video yourself tonight and check for clues of positive body language. Next time, we shall talk about gender differences in body language.Body Language in BusinessI. Importance of Body Language—Give others a(n)【T1】_____【T1】______—Show our【T2】_____【T2】______—Find out what others really meanII. Five Types of Body Languages ExplainedA. Posture—Natural alignment of head and body—Showing how one will【T3】_____ a situation【T3】______a. Posture of shoulders, arms, head and fists when standing showswhether you’re ready for or【T4】_____ a task.【T4】______b. Feet show whether your are extrovert or notB. Space—Taking up more space looks more【T5】_____【T5】______a. Standing > sittingb. Moving around: others might feel【T6】_____【T6】______c. Sitting:【T7】_____; arms at the side of the chair【T7】______d. Stand up over the phoneC.【T8】_____【T8】______—Holding one’s chin or scratching one’s face shows one has【T9】_____【T9】______—Cue to offer solutions D. Facial expression—Smile: feel【T10】_____【T10】______—Frown:【T11】_____ or unsure of something【T11】______—Get messages across with right facial expression E. Eye contact—Maintaining eye contact an impression of confidence and【T12】_____【T12】______—Little eye contact dislike, nervous, shy, or feel【T13】_____ to you 【T13】______—Non-stop eye contact: stressful—Wearing sunglasses: uncomfortable; attempts to hide one’s【T14】_____【T14】______—【T15】_____: easier to be understood; confident【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：impression//impression of ourselves解析：讲座在讲身体语言的重要性时，首先说到的是身体语言之所以重要，是因为它会给别人留下印象，因此本题可以填impression或impression of ourselves。

2019专八真题听力练习Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I ‘d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. We’re really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re sometimes interested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in 1___________________—that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance. And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about 2________. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you are basically o pening up. And… and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cr oss the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. 3_________________________. We make ou rselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. What I mea n is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to 4__________________________________. We don’t 5________________. We do the opposite.I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to 6________________. When they sit down, they’re sort of 7________________. They raise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves 8________, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. I also notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women feel chronically 习惯性地_9_______________ than men, so this is not surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that 10___________________________________________? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological生理学上的things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, 11____________________________________________. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot ofdifferences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: one is dominance hormone, and the other is stress hormone. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone. What does that mean? That means power is also about 12________________.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment. These people adopted, for two minutes, either 13______________________ or 14__________________________________. We, for two minutes, say, “You need to do this or this.” And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will ask them “Ho w powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we 15________________________________________. Before and after the experiment, we take their sample of saliva for a hormone test. That’s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found—16___________________________, which is 17________. What we find is t hat when you’re 18_________________________________________, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you’re 19_________________________________________, it’s down to only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty significant difference. Here’s what we find on 20___________________________. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20 percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Concerning 21___________________________, high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low power people experience about a 15 percent increase. Once again, two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we’ve all had that feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds. So, power posing for a few minutes really changes your life in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this, that that our bodies change our minds, and our minds can change our behavior, and 22_____________________________________, they say to me, “I don’t believe that. It feels fake. Right?” so I said, “fake it till you make it.” I ‘m going to live you with this. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for example, a job interview, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, o r at your desk behind closed doors and say to yourself “that’s what I want to do.” Configure your brain to_23_______________ in that situation. Get your dominance hormone up, and get your stress hormone down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.To sum up, today, we talk about the “nonverbal expressions of power and dominance” and the strong effects of the change of behavior. I suggest you try power posing, which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life. Ok, next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.2019专八真题听力练习Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I ‘d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. We’re really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re sometimes interested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in power dynamics—that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance. And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you are basically opening up. And… and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We make ours elves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. What I mean is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite.I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. I also notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women fell chronically 习惯性地less powerful than men, so this is not surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological生理学上的things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two keyhormones: one is dominance hormone, and the other is dominance hormone. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone. What does that mean? That means power is also about how you react to stress.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment. These people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses. We, for two minutes, say, “You need to do this or this.” And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will ask them “Ho w powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble. Before and after the experiment, we take their sample of saliva for a hormone test. That’s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found—risk tolerance, which is gambling. What we find is that when you’re in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you’re in the low-power pose condition, it’s down to only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty significant difference. Here’s what we find on dominance hormone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20 percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Concerning stress hormone, high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low power people experience about a 15 percent increase. Once again, two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we’ve all had that feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds. So, power posing for a few minutes really changes your life in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, “I don’t believe that. It feels fake. Right?” so I said, “fake it till you make it.” I ‘m going to live you with this. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for example, a job interview, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, or at your desk behind closed doors and say to yourself “that’s what I want to do.” Configure your brain to do the best in that situation. Get your dominance hormone up, and get your stress hormone down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.To sum up, today, we talk about the “nonverbal expressions of power and dominance” and the strong ef fects of the change of behavior. I suggest you try power posing, which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life. Ok, next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.。

专业英语八级（听力）练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION B INTERVIEWDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.听力原文：W: Today I’d like to welcome Edward Fox, a seasoned real estate agent, who is going to talk to us about buying a house. Hello, Edward.M: Hello.W: Now Edward, for most people buying a house is a major life event, and probably the single most expensive item they are ever likely to buy. What precautions do they have to take before a real purchase? Can you give some suggestions?M: You are right in saying buying a house costs a lot. But as to me, the most important thing to consider before buying any property is the location.W: Location?M: Right. Because it is where you plan to spend a large part of your life. Or, indeed, the rest of your life in some circumstances. (1) Therefore, consider the type of life you enjoy leading. If you are a very sociable person who enjoys nightclubs and discos, you may consider something close to a city. Anyway, a city is convenient for all types of nightlife.W: Then, for those who seek a quiet life, do you recommend a house in the countryside?M: Well, countryside is a tranquil place. However, do remember that proximity to the place of work also counts. Indeed, we spend most of our life at work, and you don’t want to have to spend two or more hours every day traveling to work, do you? Therefore, transport is of the utmost importance. (2) City suburbs, however, are often conveniently located for commuting to work, or for shopping, without being in the heart of a busy city.W: But houses in the suburbs are far more expensive than those in cities.M: They seem to be. But actually houses located in cities can often exceed the price of suburban houses. So cheek out the prices. You may be surprised.W: Really?(1) So we should consider our places of work and personalities in choosing the location. Is that so?M: I’m afraid you have to take family into consideration as well. You may prefer a house that is away from a busy street or main road. (1) And, of course, remember that children have to attend school: is there a good school in the area, or would your children have to travel a long distance to get to school? Therefore, if you have children, or you plan to have children, location is a very important factor. And, of course, remember that a family influences the size of the property.W: Oh, I see. How many types of houses can we choose?M: There are various types of houses. The first is called detached houses, which stand alone, and are not joined by another building. (3) Then there are semi-detached houses, which are the most common. This is because they are, in fact, two houses joined together, and therefore take up lessspace. And there are town houses, too, which are many houses joined together to form a hmg row. But don’t think that town houses are less expensive than semi-detached houses. They rarely are. This is because they are usually built in cities where the price of property is very expensive.W: Then what about old houses? (4) They must be cheaper than new ones.M: (4) Maybe they are. But if the house is too old, you may be faced with expensive repairs and renovation bills. So have a house thoroughly checked by a professional surveyer before you decide to buy. But then again there are things you can look for yourself. Things such as the condition of the woodwork, especially doors and windows that can be expensive to replace. But more importantly make sure all the fixtures and fittings, things such as cupboards, sinks, taps and bath tubs arc all in good working order because replacing kitchens and bathrooms can he very costly.W: I agree. It’s economical to buy old houses only when they are in good condition. By the way, a lot of property has a garden attached to it. Do you think it’s a good choice?M: It’s true that a lot of property has a garden. If you enjoy gardening, that’s fine. But if you don’t enjoy gardening then you may prefer a small garden, as opposed to a big one. But even if you do enjoy gardening it is important to remember that gardens take up a lot of your time. (5) So keeping a garden in good order may be veU difficult if you work long hours.W: You are quite right. Any other suggestions?M: One final thing is the general feel of the place. Does it have a good atmosphere? And most important of all, would you feel comfortable living there?W: Edward, I never knew I had to consider so many things while buying a house. Thank you very much for talking with us.M: My pleasure.1．According to Edward, in deciding the location of a house, people should consider all the following EXCEPTA．the type of life they enjoy.B．the price of the house.C．the distance between the house and the place of work.D．the school their children can attend.正确答案：B 涉及知识点：听力2．Which of the following is an ideal place for quiet people to live in?A．City.B．Downtown.C．Countryside.D．Suburb.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：听力3．According to the interview, ______ are the most common type of houses.A．detached housesB．semi-detached housesC．town housesD．old houses正确答案：B 涉及知识点：听力4．What does Edward think of old houses compared to new ones?A．They are definitely cheaper.B．They are too old to live in.C．They may be cheaper but repairs and renovation cost much.D．They need to he checked professionally from time to time.正确答案：C 涉及知识点：听力5．Edward shows ______ when talking about gardens attached to houses.A．disapprovalB．excitementC．uncertaintyD．indifference正确答案：A 涉及知识点：听力SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.听力原文：Foreign pilots are to be drafted into Chinese airlines to relieve the shortage of qualified flyers. CAAC statistics show that about 11, 000 pilots are employed to fly more than 770 aircraft operated by the major Chinese commercial airlines, which industry experts consider as inadequate to cope with the rocketing demand for passenger services. Around 145 new aircraft will be delivered for operation this year in China, and the new planes alone will push aircraft numbers beyond the capacity of training schools to supply new pilots. (6) Industry experts estimate China needs between 1, 200 and 1, 600 new pilots every year since 2000, while the nation’s major training schools for commercial airline pilots can provide a maximum of 600 pilots annually.6．Industry. experts estimate China needs between ______ and ______ new pilots annually since 2000.A．770; 1,200B．1,200; 1,300C．1,200; 1,600D．1,300; 1,600正确答案：C 涉及知识点：听力听力原文：West Aft’lean leaders say they are cautiously in favor of using genetically modified crops. But non-governmental organizations are calling for a five-year moratorium so more research can be done. The issue is being discussed at a U. S. -sponsored conference in Burkina Faso. During the three-day conference, which started Monday, West African leaders said they want assurances that genetically modified products are safe for the people who eat or use them, and for the environment. (7) But the leaders say that in general they believe the genetically modified crops will lead to higher agricultural productivity and therefore should be used. But non-governmental organizations in West Africa remain unconvinced. A protest by non-governmental organization is planned for Wednesday, when the conference ends.7．West African leaders who want assurances believe the genetically modified crops will lead toA．higher financial earnings.B．more genetically modified crops.C．higher agricultural productivity.D．more genetically modified products.正确答案：C 涉及知识点：听力听力原文：China’s automobile revolution is accelerating; (8) despite efforts by the government to slow what many economists believe is an overheating of its economy. China is the fastest growing ear market in the world, and sales next year are expected to climb 20 percent from last year. Meanwhile, the world’s automakers have announced they will launch massive expansion projects in China. In recent months, banks have started to tighten their lending criteria, in part a response to what analysts say are the government’s efforts to stop China’s rapidly growing economy from overheating, but ear sales are skyrocketing, with many Chinese using their savings to purchase new cars.8．Many economists believe that the fast-paced growth of car market in China is A．a proof of abundance.B．an overheating of its economy.C．an attraction of investment.D．a result of foreign expansion projects.正确答案：B 涉及知识点：听力听力原文：(9) A 12-storey building has collapsed in the Egyptian capitalCairo after a fire in the lower floors. A number of people are trapped in the wreckage and about 30 people were injured. The fire broke out in the ground floor of the 12-storey building in the modern suburb of Cairo. Police officials say it started in a fast food restaurant or possibly in an adjacent home appliances shop. Hundreds of residents lived in the apartment block. They were able to leave before the building collapsed 3 hours after the fire started. (10) Policemen and firemen, however, were trapped when the upper floors came crashing down. Working under floodlights, their colleagues have been battling to free them from the rabble. The governor of Cairn said the collapsed building had planning permission for 4 floors only. But at least 7 other floors were added on illegally.9．The fire broke out in ______ of the 12-storey building.A．the ground floorB．the second floorC．the fourth floorD．the seventh floor正确答案：A 涉及知识点：听力10．Who were the majority in the people trapped in the wreekage?A．Residents nearby.B．Clients in the fast-food restaurant.C．Shoppers.D．Policemen and firemen.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：听力。

2018年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture原文(1)Language and Humanity语言和人类Good morning, everyone.大家早上好。

In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.在今天的课上，我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。

众所周知，语言是非常强大的。

It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind.它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。

Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.语言就像会说话的基因，得到他们想要的东西。

And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.你可以想象，当一个婴儿第一次发现，仅仅通过发出一个声音，它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动，甚至可能进入它的嘴里。

Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征，也就是人类用语言做事的能力，是如何进化的，为什么进化，为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化？In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.为了得到这个问题的答案，我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。

Test 1听力原文SECTION A MINI-LECTUREHow Practice Can Damage Your EnglishGood morning, everyone. Today, I am going to talk about the negative role of practice in English learning.If you ask “How can I learn to speak English better?”, many people will tell you “Practice, practice, practice”. “Speak and write in English whenever you can”—they will say. All English classes are full of activities which involve speaking and writing which are supposed to help you with your English.We agree that practice can be very useful. It’s even necessary to learn English well. So what’s the problem? The problem is that for many learners, “speaking” or “writing” means “making a lot of mistakes”. Some people make a mistake in every sentence! If you don’t make many mistakes, then you can speak or write in English and it can only help. [1]But if you make many mistakes, then every time you write or speak, you reinforce your mistakes. As you write or speak, you repeat your mistakes constantly and your incorrect habits become stronger.Imagine this situation: You are writing an e-mail message in English. Your English is not perfect and you want to write the message quickly. You write incorrectly: “I want speak English.” When you write a sentence, you also read it. So the incorrect sentence goes into your head. The next time you write a message, you will be more likely to write “I want finish” or “I want be happy”. Why? Because “I want speak English” is fresh in your head—you’ve just used it! And when you write “I want do something” the second time, you’ve got a “bad habit”, or a reinforced mistake.Now do you see our point? You write—you make mistakes—those mistakes become your habit, they become your way of writing in English. [2]So, the more you write, the worse your English becomes. We have said that you need practice to learn English. We have also said that when you practice, you reinforce your mistakes.Michal suggests a simple solution to this paradox: Never make mistakes! According to what he says, it is close to the truth that you have never written an incorrect English sentence. You knew many grammatical structures and you used only those that you knew. Your sentences were similar to sentences which you knew to be correct. You followed good examples, so all your sentences were good. In the beginning, you could write only very simple sentences, but all the simple sentences were correct. [3]Then as you advanced, you added more and more complicated structures, and again all your sentences were correct. Because of this approach, you were never reinforcing bad habits. You never had any bad habits! From the beginning, you copied only correct sentences. With every sentence that you wrote, you reinforced your good habits.[4]On the other side, if you make many mistakes, speaking and writing is not the way to eliminate them! On the contrary, it reinforces them, as we have shown earlier.You have to realize that speaking does not improve your grammar or your vocabulary. It’s really very simple. Can you learn a new word from yourself? If you don’t know how to say “Good bye” in English, can you invent it by yourself? No, you can’t. You can only learn it by reading or listening to English. So what you should do if you can’t help but make mistakes in your Englishsentences? If you make mistakes, that means you don’t know how to say things in English. You need to learn how to say them. You won’t learn that by speaking or writing. [5]You must read and listen to correct English sentences. You can speak and write later—when you can already build correct English sentences and want to improve your fluency. Perhaps you can benefit from corrections if you get a few corrections per week. But when there are many mistakes, you become unable to concentrate on them. If a teacher returns your composition with 20 corrected mistakes, how many of these corrections can you keep in your mind? Besides, your teacher is not always there. What if you’re writing an e-mail message on your own or talking to someone else? Other people usually ignore your mistakes, and even your teacher does not point out all of them.[6]The conclusion would be that fighting your mistakes is not easy, so it’s better to avoid making mistakes altogether.First, try to be more careful by using the rules of error-free speaking. If you still make a lot of mistakes, or if you find that the rules are killing your motivation, you probably shouldn’t open your mouth just now. Instead, try to get more input by reading and listening in English. True, but believe us—you can learn English with almost no mistakes. How? [7]You can fill your brain with correct sentences and imitate them. You can simply follow good examples.Moreover, sometimes you can say or write something which you think is wrong. You can do it if you want to learn how to say something in English. [8]For example, if you are talking to a native speaker, you can do this: First, say “I’m not sure how to say this in English, but...” and then say your sentence which is probably wrong. And the other person can tell you how to say it in English correctly. From that you learn the correct way to say the sentence.[9]Notice that this technique is only safe if you know that you are saying something which may be wrong, or you are sure that the other person will correct you if you make a mistake. And [10]you use it only occasionally.In summary, it should be noted that practice can also serve as a negative factor in English learning. Hope all of you can find the solution to it from today’s lecture.SECTION B INTERVIEWM: It’s been nearly many years since Madonna first made headlines for trying to adopt a small child from the African nation of Malawi. And she’s since become a voice for the more than 1 million children or orphans in that country and now she’s behind the film on that subject. And tonight, we have Madonna here on our show. Welcome, Madonna.W: Thanks.M: Well... We watched your film I Am Because We Are last night... and it’s amazing. Why have you felt the commitment to help those children?W: [1]Something about their situation connected to me, and in a way I was going on my own journey and connecting to these children and wanting to in a way heal myself whilst helping them.M: And hearing about their suffering? Something opened to you?W: Yeah. [1]I grew up as a motherless child. I had a roof over my head and I had food and I had a school to go to. And I still thought that my world was going to collapse on me, so how could itbe for these children who, most of them, having lost both of their parents, having no roof over their head, no food to eat, how horrifying and frightening it must be for them!M: You know, I wonder how this revelation came to you, you know, this is going to be a thing, for you. [2]This is not how people see you.W: I think having children and having a family force you to think about people besides yourself, I mean you don’t really have a choice, I think I just got to a point in my life. I thought I have so much, and it’s a great tragedy if I don’t use what I have to make the world a better place. I know that sounds silly, or cheesy, or like a cliché, whatever... but it’s the truth. If I was challenging people to open up their minds and their hearts, then I had to be willing to stand at the front of the line. And... and I appreciate and understand how people could be cynical, that’s fine, I accept that.M: Why do you appreciate that people can be cynical?W: [3]Because I think we live in a society, that, where people are naturally suspicious of acts of altruism or generosity.M: Or maybe they might be suspicious because they might think, well, you know, Madonna changes all the time. Is this simply another fad, a trend, or just a new; is this something that is really core to Madonna.W: My re-inventions are part of my evolution and my growth as a person. They’re aspects of it that are full of lesson. They are aspects of it that are real. I don’t see how anybody who really understands how complicated it is to adopt a child could say that someone toasts to do that as a fad. It’s just too difficult... it’s too traumatic.M: It’s been hard then to adopt David.W: We have not even been granted the full adoption. It’s supposed to be happening in the next month. So for the last 18 months I have been a foster parent. [4]I have been visited every 6 weeks by social workers who come into the house and make sure that you are being a good parent, and David’s health is thriving, and asking you all kinds of invasive questions, and you have to put up with it and endure it and you know, I have been fingerprinted about 20 times, and[4]undergone psychological evaluations and I think everybody who goes through adoption hasto do this. I am not alone and, but you know, I’d do it again.M: You would?W: Yeah.M: Why?W: Because David is amazing, because he’s brought so much joy to our lives and more than about him. And so, it was worthy. I think most people will suffer for the things they love.M: And now at this point in your life, it seems you’re opening, to some part of you, it’s softening, something that is looking for wisdom, usefulness.W: Well, thank God.M: Em... what do you mean by that?W: Well, thank God I am searching for wisdom and usefulness. Em, one hopes that one gets to that point in their lives sooner or later.M: Do you wish that you could just be anonymous?W: No, no...M: No?W: I mean, yeah, I have moments of it, but I don’t wanna wish that I am not me, I don’t wish I were someone else.M: What is it that you want to feel about your life?W: [5]That my soul reached its true potential. And that I did everything that I was put on this Earth to do...M: Well, thank you, Madonna.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNEWS ITEM 1Stock markets in Europe and the United States have fallen sharply in response to further signs that the debt crisis in Greece is intensifying and could spread to other countries. Share prices in New York, London, Frankfurt and Paris fell by more than 2% after a major international credit rating agency Standard & Poor’s downgraded Greek debt to a level known informally as junk.[6]Standard & Poor’s downgraded its assessment of Greek bonds to the so-called junk status because of the growing danger that the bond holders will not be paid back in full. [7]Many big investment funds have rules that forbid them from holding junk bonds, says the move is likely to trigger a further round of selling. Share markets have taken fright, fearing that if Greece does default on its debts, it would hit many European banks which hold Greek bonds and could trigger a wider financial crisis. Already pressure is mounting on Portugal which has also seen its credit rating downgraded today, although it remains above junk status.NEWS ITEM 2Officials in the Philippines say at least a hundred people have died in floods and landslides in the north triggered by a week of heavy rain. This follows two storms in the past two weeks which have already left about 300 people dead. Reports said that even some evacuation centers had been flooded.[9]Officials say that 30 cities were hit by the landslide through the night where residents had taken to the rooftops of their houses for refuge. The northern Philippines have been pounded by heavy rain following the second typhoon in just over a week to hit the nation. Typhoon Parma has lingered in the north of the country turning into a tropical depression. It follows Typhoon Ketsana which killed more than 300 people when it hit on September 26.NEWS ITEM 3[10]The Supreme Court has upheld lethal injection as a method of execution. Justices rule 7 to 2 this morning rejecting a constitutional challenge brought by a case in Kentucky. [10]At issue was whether the most common method of capital punishment used by 35 states can cause excruciating pain for death row inmates, violating the constitution’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment. The ruling will likely allow states to resume executions which had been on hold pending the Supreme Court decision. Virginia’s governor has already lifted his state’s moratorium on executions.Test 2听力原文SECTION A MINI-LECTUREFive Main Literary Movements in American HistoryGood morning, everyone. Today’s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on the main literary movements in United States history. In this class, we are going to cover five different movements in literature and discuss the origins and common beliefs of each movement. In this, our first class, I’d like to take some time to give you an overview of these five movements as a starting point. I’ll go over the period of time each movement covers, the place in the US where it got its start, the key figures in each movement, and the core beliefs of each.We won’t have time in the course to cover all literary movements, so we’re going to be focusing on the general time period of the 19th and 20th centuries. More specifically, this course will cover most of the important literary movements from 1830 to around 1940.The first literary movement we’ll be looking at in detail is called Transcendentalism. The reason we choose this as our starting point is that writers of this movement or period are the first to show a clear difference from British writers and British cultural tradition and heritage. Before this time, American writers and British writers shared similar views of the world and saw the world through the same lens. We sometimes refer to Transcendentalism as American Transcendentalism to differentiate it from an earlier philosophical movement in Europe. [1]American Transcendentalism was born in New England, the north-eastern part of the United States around the 1830s. [2]Writers in this movement believed, in very general terms, that nature, God, and the individual human were united, were the same, and that individuals did not need organized religion. American Transcendentalists also extolled individualism and encouraged individuals to be reliant on themselves and their development as human beings. Transcendentalists very often were active in social movements. Arguably the most important figure of this movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose book called Nature, published in 1836, remains one of the movements most read works.The second movement we’re going to talk about is Romanticism, though it is more a series of movements in art, music and literature which lasted about 50 years and spread from Britain and Germany to other parts of the world. Basically, romanticism is centered on strong emotions and imagination rather than rational thought, [3]and there is an emphasis in American Romanticism to focus on the supernatural and on human psychology. Many works in this genre tell stories full of strong emotion, unexplained phenomenon, and unusual occurrences. [4]One of the most well known writers considered to be a Romantic writer is Edgar Allen Poe, who is known for his stories filled with mystery and who wrote many works we might now call psychological thrillers or horror stories. Poe thought that the human mind and imagination are factors in how we define reality.Our next movement is Realism, a movement which started in France in the mid 19th century before spreading to other areas, including the United States in the 1870s. This movement was, in many ways, a reaction to Romanticism in that it rejected strange and, indeed, romantic tales and aimed to show society and humanity as it was in real life. Realists focused on events that were ordinary, usual and typical rather than extraordinary or exotic. [5]Many writers of this movement were also involved with social change, and writing about real conditions of real people was seen asone way to educate the general public for the need for change. [6]One of this movement’s most easily recognizable names is Mark Twain, whose most famous stories were about everyday life in the American south, that is, the south eastern states of the US, and who worked throughout his life on a variety of social issues including ending slavery and giving workers more rights.Naturalism is an offshoot of Realism, and also had its roots in France. Both movements focused on the reality of everyday ordinary life, but Naturalism focused on how the outside world, that is, [7]a person’s environment, influences and, perhaps, determines that person’s behavior. Naturalism generally believes that a person has a destiny or fate, and that person can do little to change that destiny or fate. Many writers in this movement focused on problems in society, like poverty. [8]One of the movement’s most famous writers, Jack London, wrote books which compared animal behavior to human behavior, showing that human behavior is not all that different from animal behavior in extreme circumstances.The next movement we are going to look at is Modernism, which, of course, stretches beyond literature into music and art. The movement itself started in Europe in the late 19th century, as with many of the other movements, spread to America shortly after. The tumultuous period ending in World War I and World War II were seen by many as proof that the modern world was horrific and chaotic, and the end of World War II was seen as the start of a new era of humanity, either for good or for bad. Modernism reflects these thoughts, and writers in the Modernist era were looking, generally, to look beyond the old, the traditional, and were trying to find meaning in a new world.[9]If we have to choose one word to describe this movement, we would probably choose the word “progress”. Modernists were concerned with finding out what doesn’t work in the world and replacing it with what does. [10]One major figure of the American branch of Modernism was Ezra Pound, who, among other things, revolutionized poetry.OK. In today’s lecture, we’ve had a brief look at the origins and common beliefs of the five different movements in American literature. In our next lecture, we will discuss each movement in detail.SECTION B INTERVIEWW: Today I’d like to welcome Edward Fox, a seasoned real-estate agent, who is going to talk to us about buying a house. Hello, Edward, good to see you.M: Hello.W: Now Edward, I think for most people buying a house is a major life event, and probably the single most expensive item they are ever likely to buy. What precautions do they have to take before a real purchase? Can you give some suggestions?M: You are right in saying buying a house costs a lot. But as to me, the most important thing to consider before buying any property is the location.W: Location?M: Right. Because it is where you plan to spend a large part of your life. Or, indeed, the rest of your life in some circumstances. [1]Therefore, consider the type of life you enjoy leading. If you area very sociable person who enjoys nightclubs and discos, you may consider something close toa city. Anyway, a city is convenient for all types of nightlife.W: Then, for those who like to seek a quiet life, do you recommend a house in the countryside? M: Well, countryside is a tranquil place. [1]However, do remember that proximity to the place of work also counts. [2]Indeed, we spend most of our life at work, and you don’t want to have to spend two or more hours every day traveling to work, do you?W: Absolutely.M: Therefore, transport is of the utmost importance. [2]City suburbs, however, are often conveniently located for commuting to work, or for shopping, without being in the heart of a busy city.W: But houses in the suburbs are far more expensive than those in cities.M: [3]They seem to be, but actually houses located in cities can often exceed the price of suburban houses, so check out the prices. You may be surprised.W: Really? So we should consider our place of work and personality in choosing the location. Is that so?M: I’m afraid you have to take family into consideration as well. You may prefer a house that is away from a busy street or main road. And of course, remember that children have to attend school. If you have children, or you plan to have children, location is a very important factor.And of course, [1]remember that a family influences the size of the property.W: Oh, I see. How many types of houses can we choose?M: There are various types of houses. The first is called detached houses, which stand alone, and are not joined by another building. Then there are semi-detached houses, which are the most common. This is because they are, in fact, two houses joined together, and therefore take up less space. And there are town houses, too, which are many houses joined together to form a long row. But I don’t think that town houses are less expensive than semi-detached houses. They rarely are. [3]This is because they are usually built in cities where the price of the property is very expensive.W: Then what about old houses? They must be cheaper than new ones.M: Maybe they are. But if the house is too old, you may be faced with expensive repairs and renovation bills. [4]So have a house thoroughly checked by a professional surveyor before you decide to buy.W: I agree. It’s economical to buy old houses only when they are in good condition. By the way, a lot of property has a garden attached to it. Do you think it’s a good choice?M: It’s true that a lot of property has a garden. If you enjoy gardening, that’s fine. But if you don’t enjoy gardening then you may prefer a small garden, as opposed to a big one. But even if you do enjoy gardening it is important to remember that gardens take up a lot of your time. So keeping a garden in good order may be very difficult if you work long hours.W: You are quite right. Any other suggestions?M: [5]One final thing is the general feel of the place. Does it have a good atmosphere? And most important of all, would YOU feel comfortable living there?W: Edward, I never knew I had to consider so many things while buying a house. Thank you very much for talking with us.M: My pleasure.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNEWS ITEM 1Twenty-five miners are now known to have died and four are missing in an accident at a West Virginia coal mine. [6]The worst mine disaster in the US since 1984 was caused by an underground explosion at Upper Big Branch, about 30 miles south of Charleston. It happened at about 3 p.m. in a chamber 330m below ground, mine owner Massey Energy Company said. [7]The rescue operation has been suspended because rising methane gas levels have heightened the risk of another blast. The operation will resume as soon as conditions allow, Massey Energy said. There are plans to drill holes from the surface to monitor gas levels and attempt to ventilate the mine chamber. A mine safety official said rescue teams had reached one of the mine’s airtight chambers stocked with food, water and oxygen but found no-one there. US President Barack Obama offered his “deepest condolences” to the families and friends of those who had died.NEWS ITEM 2A landmark law which makes education a fundamental right for children has come into effect in India. It is now legally enforceable for every child to demand free and elementary education between the ages of 6 and 14 years. [8]Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said enough funds would be made available to ensure that children had access to education. An estimated eight million children aged between 6 and 14 do not currently attend school in India. Mr. Singh said that the government was committed “to ensuring that all children irrespective of gender and social category have access to education”. Recalling his own childhood, [8]Mr. Singh, a qualified economist, said: “I read under the dim light of a kerosene lamp. I am what I am totally because of education.” Mr. Singh added, “So I want that the light of education should reach to all.”NEWS ITEM 3Light exercise during pregnancy may improve the future health of a child by controlling weight in the womb, New Zealand and US researchers say. Overweight or obese mums are more likely to have larger babies which could be at higher risk of health problems later in life. [9]A study of 84 first-time mothers found exercise was associated with slightly lighter babies. UK guidelines recommend regular light exercise for pregnant women. The rising weight of the UK population over the years has led to a rise in the number of overweight mothers. There is increasing evidence that the future metabolism of a child may be influenced by its environment in the womb, [10]and that babies who are relatively heavy for their length may be more likely to be obese in future years. Official guidance in the UK tells doctors to encourage women not to overeat during pregnancy, and to, wherever possible, take light exercise on a regular basis.Test 3听力原文SECTION A MINI-LECTUREAdvice for Students: How to Talk to ProfessorsGood afternoon. Today I’d like to give you advice on how to talk to professors. A while back, I recommended that students get to know their professors. I realize, though, that many students are intimidated or put off by their professors. This is especially so when students need something—a favor, special help with an assignment, or a second chance on a test.It doesn’t need to be that way. [1]Professors are people, just like everyone else, and if you approach your professors with the same basic respect and decency you offer everyone else you interact with, you’ll probably find that they react with the same.There are, though, a few things that you should keep in mind when you talk to your professors, especially if you’re going to ask for a particular favor:[2]The first thing you should remember to do is: call them by the right title. A “Doctor” is someone with a PhD; not all professors have a PhD. “Professor” is usually appropriate, unless you’ve been told otherwise. I prefer to be called by my first name, and I make that point clearly on the first day of class; if your professor hasn’t said anything about this, you’re better off not using their first name. If you’re totally unsure, a “Mr.” or “Ms.” is usually fine. Do not use “Mrs.” unless the professor herself uses it.Secondly, no matter under what situations, tell the truth. After the first couple of semesters of teaching, your average professor has much heard it all. It’s a sad fact, but true nonetheless, that we grow jaded and take all students’ excuses with a grain of salt. If a professor thinks he or she is being played, they’re not going to respond very well to whatever request you have to make, [3]so you might as well be honest. If you feel you absolutely must lie, at least make it a huge flaming whopper of a lie, so the professor can get a good laugh when they share it at the next faculty meeting.Thirdly, be prepared to do the work. If you’ve missed an assignment or a test or are falling behind in your reading, [4]and you are seeking help to get caught up or a special dispensation to make up the assignment, you’d better be prepared to do the work—and generally under more difficult circumstances. I get the impression that a lot of students imagine I might just say “don’t worry about it, I’ll give you the points anyway”, which, of course, is not going to happen.[5]Fourthly, be clear and concise. Unless you’re paying a “social call”, get to the point quickly: tell your professor what you need or want and be done with it. Don’t spend 30 minutes explaining your childhood and family arrangements and how hard it is getting a job with a few felony convictions on your record and blah blah blah for a 10-point assignment. Simply say “Professor, I missed an assignment, can I make it up? Can I do something else?”Lastly, remember to pay social calls. Your professor is probably required by school policy to be in his or her office and available to students for a set number of hours per week. On top of that, most professors like talking to students—it’s part of the reason we took the job. Pay your professor a visit or two, just to talk. Tell him or her about the work you’re interested in or about problems you’re having. [6]Build relationships with your professors—at the very least, they’ll remember you when you call up three years later asking for a reference letter.。

全国商务英语专业八级考试样题答案Part I Listening Comprehension (25%)Section A1. a huge quarterly loss 6. bankruptcy2.fourth 7. at their lowest level3.increase its stake 8. a further drop4.burning 9. home sales5.assets 10. 615,000 jobsSection B11. Develop long-standing relationships with customers12. manage production costs13. become more multinational14. 40%15. The potential market there is enormous / huge/ immense/large. Section C16-20: D B C A C 21-25: D A D A APart II Reading Comprehension (30%)Section A26. Ford’s business model needs to change (quickly and dramatically).27. Separation of operations/Ford has operated as four separate companies.28. Trucks and large SUVs.29. Fuel prices are high in Europe.30-36: B A D B C B C37-43: A C B D B C ASection B44-48: E B F A CPart III Translation (10%)Facing both opportunities and challenges, we will fully implement our sustainable development strategy, promoting development through innovation and raising our value through cost-effective operations. We will expand into new areas and push for scale development of mobile Internet and “Internet of Things” so as to achieve a new round of value increase. We will explore new models and create an open and win-win integrated platform and build a future competitive edge. We will fortify our customer orientation and push for business and service innovation to strengthen our leading position in the market. We will build an open, integrated and future-oriented communications network with high quality and high efficiency. At the same time, we will vigorously promote the operation of 3G networks. We will leverage our international influence and accelerate the worldwide development of TD-LTE technology.Part IV Writing (35%)Task 1 Data Commentary (15%)Task 2 Essay Writing (20%)。