Chapter 11 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Managers in large organizations have to Array delegate some decisions to those who are at lower levels in the organization. This chapter explains how responsibility accounting systems, return on investment (ROI), residual income, operating performance measures, and the balanced scorecard are used to help control decentralized organizations. I.Decentralization in organizations A. A decentralized organization does not confine decision-making authority to a few top executives; rather, decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization. The advantages and disadvantages of decentralization are as follows: i.Advantages of decentralization 1.It enables top management to concentrate on strategy, higher-level decision making, and coordinating activities. 2.It acknowledges that lower-level managers have more detailed information about local conditions that enable them to make better operational decisions. 3.It enables lower-level managers to quickly respond to customers. 4.It provides lower-level managers with the decision-making experience they will need when promoted to higher level positions.
1、在你编制以下哪项之前，现金预算必须先被编制好 A、预测的资产负债表 B、资本支出预算 C、生产预算 D、预测的损益表 试题解析： 现金预算确定预测的借、支付、投资、收到或支付的利息。这些信息都是预测资产负债表所需要的。 2、Holland公司正在预测它在2季度末的现金状况。以下Holland的记录提供了相关的信息
从以上的数据中，判断Holland在2季度末的预计现金余额 A、$0 B、$95,000. C、$25,000. D、$60,000. 试题解析：
3、以下哪项是模拟财务报表的最好用途? A、向潜在投资者显示他们将如何挣到一个合理的回报率 B、回顾过去5年公司的财务报表 C、使高层管理者能够控制下级经理的活动 D、使财务主管能够进行合理的短期投资 试题解析： 潜在投资者使用财务报表，不管是历史的还是模拟的，来估计发行者未来的经济表现(现金和利润) 以及估计投资发行者证券的预期回报。潜在投资者将发行者的预期回报他/她自己的期望回报进行比较，看是否合理。 4、Steers公司刚完成它来年的模拟财务报表。相关信息如下所示 预计净利润$100,000
预计资本支出50,000 增加的营运资本25,000 折旧费用15,000 假设增加的营运资本是应付款减少所造成的，在不向外融资的情况下，Steers最多可以进行多少资本支出? A、$100,000 B、$50,000 C、$90,000 D、$40,000 试题解析： 在不向外融资的情况下，Steers最多可以进行多少资本支出等于它的模拟经营现金流。模拟经营现金流等于模拟净利润加上模拟折旧再减去模拟营运资本的增加 5、Richmond公司正在检查它的政策和流程，努力增强整个组织的目标一致。最可能鼓励这种行为的流程是 A、参与式预算编制，交叉成本分摊和目标管理绩效评估
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Making decisions is one of the basic functions of a manager. To be successful in decision making, managers must be able to perform differential analysis, which focuses on identifying the costs and benefits that differ between alternatives. The purpose of this chapter is to develop these skills by illustrating their use in a wide range of decision-making situations. Learning Objective 1: Identify relevant and irrelevant costs and benefits in a decision. I. Decision making: six key concepts A. Key concept #1 i. Every decision involves choosing from among at least two alternatives. Therefore, the first step in decision-making is to define the alternatives being considered . B. Key concept #2 i. Once you have defined the alternatives, you need to identify the criteria for choosing among them. 1. Relevant costs and relevant benefits should be considered when making decisions. 2. Irrelevant costs and irrelevant benefits should be ignored when making decisions.
Syllabus for undergraduate of OUC Course name：Management Accounting Course time：48/3 Course teacher：Cheng Liubing 1.Course Overview The course starts by introducing the nature, the source and purpose of cost accounting and the costing techniques used in business which are essential for any management accountant. The course then looks at the preparation and use of budgeting and standard costing and variance analysis as essential tools for planning and controlling business costs. The course concludes with an introduction to measuring and monitoring the performance of an organization. 2.Student Learning Outcomes To develop knowledge and understanding of management accounting techniques to support management in planning, controlling and monitoring performance in a variety of business context. 3.Course Expectations On successful completion of this paper, candidates should be able to: A Explain the nature, source and purpose of management information B Explain and apply cost accounting techniques C Prepare budgets for planning and control - 2 -
1. Which of the following costs would be considered a period rather than a product cost in a manufacturing company A. Manufacturing equipment depreciation. B. Property taxes on corporate headquarters. C. Direct materials costs. D. Electrical costs to light the production facility. E. Sales commissions. 2. If your inventory balance at the beginning of the month was $1,000, you bought $100 during the month, and sold $300 during the month, what would be the balance at the end of the month A. $1,000. B. $ 800. C. $1,200. D. $ 200. 3. Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used A. $276,000 B. $272,000 C. $280,000 D. $ 2,000 4.Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month A. $555,000 B. $835,000 C. $655,000
CMA P2中文课程 开门或关门决策
理性人都是懂得止损的，任何情况下都会尽量减少自己的损失。作为一个理性的管理者，当发现公司的某分店或某生产线是亏损的时候，我们应该怎么办？？
Alfa Beta Gama 合计收入$420,000$250,000$370,000$1,040,000销货成本 $315,000$187,500$314,500$817,000毛利 $105,000$62,500$55,500$223,000经营成本 订单和发货费用$15,000$10,500$13,500$39,000运输费用 $37,000$16,000$29,000$82,000仓库租金a $28,000$17,500$24,500$70,000营销支持费用 $13,000$9,000$11,000$33,000成本合计 $93,000$53,000$78,000$224,000营业利润$12,000$9,500($22,500)($1,000)a ：仓库是ABC 公司租赁的，并无偿地提供给代理商使用。租金费用在期初支付，并根据代理商使用的面积进行分配。 ABC 公司目前有3个代理商，分别是Alfa 、Beta 和Gama ，业绩如下所示：
判断对错 公司整体的亏损是由于Gama亏损$22,500造成的。一旦解除了与Gama的代理业务关系，公司就可以盈利。这种说法正确吗？？ Gama 收入($370,000) 销货成本$314,500 订单和发货费用$13,500 运输费用$29,000 仓库租金$0 Array营销支持费用$11,000 成本合计$368,000 营业利润($2,000)
CMA P1 中文课程 应收账款
应收账款 - 专指因出售商品或劳务，进而对顾客所发生的债权
贸易型应收账款 ?应收账款 ?应收票据 非贸易型应收账款 ? 备用金 ? 预存用以支付潜在损失或者保证经营活动的资金 ? 投资股息或利息收入
ABC 公司在11/2 销售了$10,000产品给不同的客户, 折扣为2/10, n/30. 11/11,ABC公司收到了$7,000账单对应的款项. ABC公司在11/30收到$2,000账单对应的款项，剩余的$1,000年底没有收回 现金折扣 Gross method总额法Net method净额法 11/2DR:应收账款 10，000 CR:销售收入 10，000 DR:应收账款 9,800 CR:销售收入 9,800 11/11DR:现金 6,860 销售折扣 140 CR:应收账款 7,000 DR:现金 6,860 CR:应收账款 6,860 11/30DR:现金 2,000 CR:应收账款 2,000 DR:现金 2,000 CR:应收账款 1,960 销售折扣 40 期末调整DR:应收账款20 CR:销售折扣20
销售退回和销售补贴 销售退回和销售补贴 ? 当销售的产品发现存在质量缺陷时，客户会要求保留产品的同时，降低采购价格，这种情况称之为销售补贴 ?当出现客户将产品退回给卖家的情况，即销售退回如果企业预计的销售退回为2%，计提：借 销售退回费用 贷 预计的销售退回，实际发生，借 预计的销售退回 贷 应收账款
坏账准备-直接核销法 坏账准备-直接核销法 该方法下，当公司发生特别款项无法收回时，直接计入坏账损失费用 科目一般在坏账金额不大的时候考虑使用该方法 11/10 ABC 核销了 XYZ $10,000 的一笔坏账 借：坏账费用 10,000 贷： 应收账款 10,000
管理会计专业术语词汇大全(英文版)
changes. Batch-level activities Activities that are performed each time a batch is produced. Benchmarking An approach that uses best practices as the standard for evaluating activity performance. Best-fitting line The line that fits a set of data points the best in the sense that the sum of the squared deviations of the data points from the line is the smallest. Binding constraints Constraints whose resources are fully utilized. Break-even point The point where total sales revenue equals total costs; the point of zero profits. Activity output The result or product of an activity. Activity output measure The number of times an activity is performed. It is the quantifiable measure of the output. Activity reduction Decreasing the time and resources required by an activity. Activity selection The process of choosing among sets of activities caused by competing strategies. Activity sharing Increasing the efficiency of necessary activities by using economies of scale. Activity volume variance The cost of the actual activity capacity acquired and the capacity that should be used. Activity-based cost (ABC) system A cost system that first traces costs to activities and then traces costs from activities to products. Activity-based costing (ABC) A cost assignment approach that first uses direct and driver tracing to assign costs to activities and then uses drivers to assign costs to cost objects. Activity-based management (ABM) A systemwide, integrated approach that
管理会计（高等教育出版社） 于增彪（清华大学）改编 余绪缨（厦门大学）审校 CHAPTER 17 TACTICAL DECISION MAKING QUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 1. A tactical decision is short-run in nature; it involves choosing among alternatives with an immediate or limited end in view. A stra-tegic decision involves selecting strategies that yield a long-term competitive advantage. 2.Depreciation is an allocation of a sunk cost. This cost is a past cost and will never differ across alternatives. 3.The salary of a supervisor in an accept or reject decision is an example of an irrelevant future cost. 4.If one alternative is to be judged superior to another alternative on the basis of cash-flow comparisons, then cash flows must be ex-pressed as an annual amount (or periodic amount); otherwise, consideration must be given to the time value of the nonperiodic cash flows. 5.Disagree. Qualitative factors also have an important bearing on the decision and may, at times, overrule the quantitative evidence from a relevant costing analysis. 6.The purchase of equipment needed to pro- duce a special order is an example of a fixed cost that is relevant. 7.Relevant costs are those costs that differ across alternatives. Differential costs are the differences between the costs of two alterna-tives. 8.Depreciation is a relevant cost whenever it is a future cost that differs across alternatives. Thus, it must involve a capital asset not yet acquired. 9.Past costs can be used as information to help predict future costs. 10.Yes. Suppose, for example, that sufficient materials are on hand for producing a part for two years. After two years, the part will be replaced by a newly engineered part. If there is no alternative use of the materials, then the cost of the materials is a sunk cost and not relevant in a make-or-buy decision.
1、以下哪项是收益质量的要素 I. 在选择会计原则时管理层的决定 II. 管理层与净收益相关的薪酬 III. 资产维护的程度 IV. 周期和其他经济力量对收益稳定性的影响 A、I和III B、II和IV C、I, III和IV D、I, II, III和IV 试题解析： 收益质量的基本因素是管理层和会计师在选择会计原则上的决定，提供资产的维护程度，以及周期性或其他经济力量对收益稳定性的影响。 2、ABC公司销售收入$5,000,000，有净利润率15%。经营现金流是$1,300,000，它的总资产是$6,000,000 (流动资产是$1,500,000)，总负债是$2,500,000 (流动负债是$500,000)。权益是$3,500,000，其中$500,000时优先股股东权益。ABC公司有1,000,000发行在外的股普通股。ABC公司的经营现金流与利润比率? A、0.22 B、0.26 C、1.73 D、0.58 试题解析： 经营现金率对利润比率是经营现金流除以利润。净利润是$5,000,000x15%，或$750,000。经营现金流对利润比率是1.73 ($1,300,000经营现金流/$750,000利润)。 3、ABC公司有销售收入$5,000,000，净利润是$750,000。总资产是$6,000,000 (流动资产是$1,500,000)，总负债是$2,500,000 (流动负债是$500,000)。权益是$3,500,000。其中$500,000是优先股权益。ABC公司有1,000,000股发行在外的股票。ABC公司的每股账面价值是多少? A、$1 B、$3 C、$2
CMA P1 中文课程 学习曲线
考纲要点 理解学习曲线分析应用（选择题/简答题） 计算累积平均时间学习模式的结果（选择题/简答题） 学习曲线的局限性
学习曲线分析 定性： 经验增长-----工作效率提高，时间减少-----成本降低 01020300200040006000 单位工时 生产数量 定量： 学习曲线率，通过双倍累计生产量，单位产品所减少时间的百分比来衡量。 学习模式： 累计平均时间学习模式 增量单位时间学习模式
DONEHART 公司是生产拖拉机的企业，绝大部分的生产部件从供应商进行采购，该公司负责最后的组装。Donehart 公司的工程部门设计了一套系统使得公司更好地利用产能。第一次试运转之后发现：生产80个产品，每个产品要花60个直接人工小时，学习曲线率为80%，在完成第640个产品时学习曲线停止，那么现在有几个问题 1.做640个产品的单位平均时间是多少？ 2.321-640个的单位平均时间是多少？ 3.在学习曲线的影响下做1000个产品我一共需要多少时间？
1.做640个产品的单位平均时间是多少？ 2.321-640个的单位平均时间是多少？ 3.在学习曲线的影响下做1000个产品我一共需要多少时间？产品数单位平均时间总时间 80 60 4800 160 60*0.8 7680 320 48*0.8（38.4） 12288 640 38.4*0.8（30.72） 19660.8
学习曲线局限性 适用劳动密集型产业 学习曲线率难以确定 假定学习曲线率是不变的，与实际有出入 生产力的提高仅来源于学习过程，这个是不现实的的。
The definition of accounting: Management accounting is that companies to strengthen internal management and the realize of the aim of maximum profit in western , using various methods, collecting, processing and manage authorities’plan reasonably and information needed to control the economic process effectively , around three centers: cost, profit and capital, analysis the thing in the past, a branch of accounting that plan for the future. The brief history of development of Management accounting: (1) The era of the efficiency of the management accounting (the beginning of the 20th century to the '50 s) (2)The era of benefit of management accounting (the 80 s and 1950 s), (3)The era of management accounting’s reflection (1980 s), (4)The era of management accounting”s transition (1990 s) The functions of managers: (1) Planning, planning is that managers identify and select appropriate goals and put into effect. (2) The functions of organization, the organization is a process that managers to build a framework of a working relationship so as to enable
1、如果一个公司有产品销售成本$180,000，销售和管理费用$40,000，产品生产成本$220,000，以及销售$450,000，营业收益是多少? A、$10,000 B、$230,000 C、$20,000 D、$190,000 试题解析： 销售减去产品销售成本再减去销售与管理费用等于营业收益($450,000 - $180,000 - $40,000 = $230,000) 2、在一个制造型企业的损益表上，销售是$50,000,000，产品生产成本是$25,000,000。如果期初和期末产成品存货分别是$3,000,000和$4,000,000。以下哪个表述是正确的? A、毛利等于$25,000,000 B、毛利等于$26,000,000 C、边际贡献等于$25,000,000 D、毛利等于$24,000,000 试题解析： 毛利等于销售收入减去产品销售成本。产品销售成本又等于期初产成品存货加产品生产成本减去期末产成品存货。($3 + 25 - 4 = $24)。因此，毛利是$50,000,000- $24,000,000= $26,000,000 3、Bluebird公司有两个生产部门(P1和P2)和两个服务部门(S1和S2)。当期的期间成本和每个部门使用的服务如下分解
Bluebird使用直接法来分摊服务费用，分摊给两个生产部门(P1和P2)的总服务成本是多少？ A、$19,800 给P1和$15,400给P2 B、$20,000给P1和$15,200给P2 C、$25,000给P1和$19,000给P2 D、$24,000 给P1和$20,000给P2 试题解析： 直接法不考虑服务部门之间的分摊。S1 的成本($24,000 total)有5/8给P1，3/8给P2，分别是$15,000和$9,000。S2的成本($20,000 total) 在两个生产部门之间平摊。因此，分配给P1的总成本是$15,000 + $10,000 = $25,000，分摊给P2的总成本是$9,000 + $10,000 = $19,000 4、一个公司有期初材料存货$50,000，采购了$20,000，有期末存货$30,000。如果期初在制品(WIP)存货是$100,000，期末在制品(WIP)存货是$60,000，转换成本是$80,000，这个期间的产品生产成本是多少? A、$160,000 B、$180,000 C、$220,000 D、$360,000 试题解析：
管理会计中的英文字母含义《管理会计》是会计专业一门相当重要的课程，书中有许多英文字母的缩写（特别在各种各样的公式中），它们其实并不是编者随意指定的，而是有着其内在的含义。了解它们的含义不仅有助于对书中内容的理解，还能增强对内容的记忆，不至于在考试中引起混淆。下面笔者就这些字母作了一些注解，希望能给大家的学习带来帮助。 注：这些字母基本上都取自指示该意的单词或词组的中心词的第一个字母。 1、利息I interest（n.兴趣，关心，重要性，影响，利息，[常pl.]利益，利害） 2、现值P present value（adj.现在的，出席的，当面的） 3、终值F final value（adj.最后的，最终的，决定性的） 4、天数、期数N number（n.数，数字，数量，号码，算术，诗，韵律、v.遍号码，共计……，计入，计算，算入） 5、年金A annuity（n.年金，养老金，年金享受权） 6、概率P probability（n.可能性，或然性，概率） 7、期望值E expectation（n.期待，预料，指望，展望， [数]期望（值）） 8、变动资产A asset（n.资产，有用的东西） 9、变动负债B debt（n.债务，罪过）
10、销售额S sale（n.出售，卖出，贱卖，廉价出售，销路，销售额） 11、销售净利润P profit（n.利润，益处，得益） 12、收益留存比率E earning （n.所赚的钱，收入） 13、香港上市的股票H股/纽约上市的股票N股] Hongkong （香港）、New York （纽约） 14、现金折扣CD 其中的C是指：cash（n.现金）、其中的D是指：discount （n.折扣） 15、债券成本的计算公式 其中的K是指：key（n.钥匙，关键，解答，要害等）、其中的b是指：bond（n.结合（物），粘结（剂），联结，公债，债券，合同）、其中的T是指：tax（n.税，税款，税金）、其中的f是指：fee（n.费（会费、学费、手续费等），酬金）、其中的i是指利息，注解同第1条 16、银行借款成本的计算公式 其中的L是指：lend（v.借给，贷（款））、其它字母的注解同上文所指 17、优先股成本的计算公式 其中的D是指：dividend （n.被除数，股息，红利，额外津贴，奖金，年息）、其中的P是指：preferred stock（n.<美>优先股）。普通股成本的计算公式中V是指value（n.价值，估价，评价，价格，[数]值，确切涵义、vt.估价，评价，重视）、其中的s是指：stock（n.股票，股份，托盘，祖先，血统，原料）、其中的g是指：gain（n.财物的增加，财富的获取，利润，腰槽，收获、vt.得到，增进，赚到，开腰槽于、vi.获利，增加）、其它字母的注解同上文所指 18、边际贡献及其计算
第二章产品成本计算 Exercises 2–1（指教材上的第2章练习第1题，下同） 1. Part #72A Part #172C Steel* $ 12.00 $ 18.00 Setup cost** 6.00 6.00 $ 18.00 $ 24.00 *($1.00 ? 12; $1.00 ? 18) **($60,000/10,000) Steel cost is assigned by calculating a cost per ounce and then multiplying this by the ounces used by each part: Cost per ounce = $3,000,000/3,000,000 ounces = $1.00 per ounce Setup cost is assigned by calculating the cost per setup and then dividing this by the number of units in each batch (there are 20 setups per year): Cost per setup = $1,200,000/20 = $60,000 2. The cost of steel is assigned through the driver tracing using the number of ounces of steel, and the cost of the setups is assigned through driver tracing also using number of setups as the driver. 3. The assumption underlying number of setups as the driver is that each part uses an equal amount of setup time. Since Part #72A uses double the setup time of Part #172C, it makes sense to assign setup costs based on setup time instead of number of setups. This illustrates the importance of identifying drivers that reflect the true underlying consumption pattern. Using setup hours [(40 ? 10) + (20 ? 10)], we get the following rate per hour: Cost per setup hour = $1,200,000/600 = $2,000 per hour
题目 1: 2B2-LS41 债券受托人的法律责任不包括以下哪项？ 确定偿债基金条款。 保证利息支付得当。 债券发行的合法性认证。 到期实施赎回。 优先股的股息支付先于普通股股息。 优先股的股息支付基于收益。 优先股没有到期日。 优先股发行可能标明赎回价格。 下面内容摘自阿尔比恩公司的资产负债表。 阿尔比恩债券的价格是1083.34美元，到期收益率为8%。优先股每股125美元，普通股以每股16美元出售，阿尔比恩财务主管估计公司的股权成本是17%。如果所得税税率是40%，公司目前的资本成本是多少?
13.9%。 11.9%。 13.1%。 14.1%。
2B2-LS21 1分为3的股票分割方案对持有3,000股交易股、每股30美元的股东最可能造成的影响结果是什么？ 持股人将有9,000股每股10美元的股票。 股票总市值将下降。 持股人将有1,000股每股90美元的股票。 股票市场总价值会增加。 高度相关性，投资组合收益变化大。 高度相关性，投资组合收益变化小。 低相关性，投资组合收益变化大。 低相关性，投资组合收益变化小。
卡拉马祖公司发行了已授权的50000股普通股中的25000股，公司回购5000股普通股作为库存股。公司拥有10000股优先股，如果分派的普通股每股股息为0.60美元，需支付的普通股股息总额是多少? $21,000。 $15,000。 $30,000。 $12,000。 支付的股息总额等于每股0.60美元的股息乘以流通股的数量，流通股数量等于股票发行的数量减去回购为库存股的普通股票数量。 股票数量=股票发行的数量?库存股的数量= 25000?5000 = 20000支付的股息总额=0.60×20000= 12000美元。 题目 7: 2B3-AT10 年度报告中“管理层讨论与分析”（MD&A）这一部分的内容是： 不需要独立审计师的审查。 美国证券交易委员会（SEC）规则规定的内容。 财务会计准则委员会声明规定内容。 没有强制规定。 表明多元化的投资组合对市场风险的影响。 代表了构成组合的所有投资期望收益的加权平均。 提供了一个评估不同股票或投资组合优点的标准。
CHAPTER 11 Capital Budgeting 11-A1 (15-25 min.) Answers are printed in the text at the end of the assignment material. 11-29 (10-15 min.) 1. The present value is $480,000 and the annual payments are an annuity, requiring use of Table 2: (a)$480,000 = annual payment × 11.2578 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 11.2578 = $42,637 (b)$480,000 = annual payment × 9.4269 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 9.4269 = $50,918 (c)$480,000 = annual payment × 8.0552 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 8.0552 =$59,589 2. (a)$480,000 = annual payment × 8.5595 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 8.5595 = $56,078 (b)$480,000 = annual payment × 7.6061 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 7.6061 = $63,107 (c)$480,000 = annual payment × 6.8109 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 6.8109 =$70,475 3. (a) Total payments= 30 × $50,918 = $1,527,540 Total interest paid= $1,527,540- $480,000 = $1,047,540 (b) Total payments= 15 × $63,107= $946,605 Total interest paid = $946,605 - $480,000 = $466,605 11-36 (10 min.) Buy. The net present value is positive. Initial outlay * $(21,000) Present value of cash operating savings, from 12-year, 12% column of Table 2, 6.1944 × $5,000 30,972 Net present value $ 9,972 * The trade-in allowance really consists of a $5,000 adjustment of the selling price and a bona fide $10,000 cash allowance for the old equipment. The relevant amount is the incremental cash outlay, $21,000. The book value is irrelevant. 11-39 (10-15 min.) Copyright ?2011 Pearson Education 1