Chapter 7 Ergonomics
Unit 1 Introduction to Ergonomics
Definition of Ergonomics
What is ergonomics (sometimes called human factors)? Most people think it is something to do with seating or with the design of car controls and instruments. It is…but it is much more! Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interaction among humans and other element of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human being activities and overall system performance. In other words, ergonomics is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use. Ergonomics is an effective approach which puts human needs and capabilities at the focus of designing technological system. Until now, Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people, such as work systems, sports and leisure, health , safety , and so on.
人体工程学的定义
什么是人体工程学(有时称为人为因素)?大多数人认为这是什么与阀座或设计的汽车控制和仪器。这是…但它是更多!人体工程学是科学学科关心理解人类和其他元素之间的交互的系统,和行业应用的理论、原则、数据和方法来设计以优化人类活动和整个系统的性能。换句话说,人类工程学是应用程序的科学信息涉及人类设计的对象、系统和环境给人类使用。人体工程学是一种有效的方法将人类的需求和能力的重点技术系统设计。直到现在,人类工程学进入所有涉及的人,比如工作系统、运动、休闲、健康、安全,等等。
Aim of Ergonomics
Why do some car seats leave you aching after a long journey? why do some computer workstations result in eyestrain and muscle fatigue ? such human inconveniences are not inevitable? what is the aim of ergonomics ? the aim of ergonomics is to ensure that humans and technology work in complete harmony , with the equipment and tasks aligned to human characteristics.人体工程学的目的
为什么有些汽车座椅让你疼痛的经过一段漫长的旅程吗?为什么有些电脑工作站导致眼睛疲劳和肌肉疲劳吗?这样的人类不便并不是不可避免的吗?人体工程学的目的是什么?人体工程学的目的是确保人类和技术工作水乳交融,设备和任务对齐到人类的特性。
The ergonomist work in teams which may involve a variety of other professions: design engineers, production engineers, industrial designers, computer specialists, industrial physicians , health and safety practitioners ,and specialists in human resources . the overall aim is to ensure the knowledge of human characteristics is brought to bear on practical problem of people at work and in leisure . in many case ,unsuitable conditions lead often to inefficiency ,error , unacceptable stress ,and physical or mental cost.
在团队中工作的工作可能涉及到各种各样的其他职业:设计工程师、生产工程师、工业设计师、电脑专家、工业医师、健康和安全从业人员,人力资源和专家。整体目标是要确保人类特征的知识是施加了实际问题的人在工作中以及在休闲。在许多情况下,不合适的条件下领导经常效率低下,错误,不可接受的压力、身体或精神上的成本。
Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands , contribute to the
design and evaluation of tasks , jobs , products , environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs , abilities and limitations of people . Practicing ergonomists must have a board understanding of the full scope of the discipline . Ergonomics promotes a complete approach which takes considerations of physical , cognitive , environmental , organizational , social and other relevant factors into account .
人类工程学家研究人类的能力在工作要求的关系,为设计和评估的任务、工作、产品、环境和系统以使其兼容的需要、能力和局限性的人。练习生物工程学者们必须有董事会的理解纪律的充分的范围。人体工程学促进一个完整的方案需要考虑身体、认知、环境、组织、社会及其它相关因素考虑在内。
Origins of Ergonomics
The term “ergonomics” is derived from the Greek words ergon ( means work ) and nomoi (means natural laws ) to express the systems-oriented discipline which now extends across all aspects of human activity .人体工程学的起源
“人体工程学”这个词来源于希腊语单词ergon(意味着工作)和nomoi(意味着自然法则)来表达成现在的纪律,跨越了所有方面的人类活动。
Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science Which originated in the middle of 20th century , but relies on research carried out in many other older, established scientific areas , such as engineering, physiology and psychology in world war 2 ,when scientists designed advanced new and potentially improved systems without fully considering the people who would be using them , it gradually became clear that systems and account if they are to be used safely and effectively . this awareness of people’s requirements resulted in the discipline of ergonomics . the multi-disciplinary nature of ergonomics is immediately obvious.
人体工程学是一种相对较新的科学的分支,起源于20世纪中期,而是依靠开展的研究在许多其他年长的、确定的科学领域,如工程、生理学和心理学在二次世界大战,当科学家们设计先进的新的潜在改进系统没有充分全面考虑将使用它们的人,它渐渐清晰,系统和帐户,如果要使用安全并且有效的。这对于人们的需求导致人体工程学的纪律。人体工程学的多学科的本质是显而易见的。
Ergonomics deals with the interaction of technological and work situations with the human being .The basic human sciences involved are anthropometry ,physiology and psychology .These sciences are applied by the ergonomist towards two main objectives :the most productive use of human capabilities ,and the maintenance of human health .In a phrase ,the job must “fit the person ” in all aspects ,and the work situation should b e beyond human capabilities and limitations 人体工程学处理交互的技术和工作情况与人类。人类的基本科学涉及人体测量学、生理学和心理学。这些科学所应用对两个主要目标改善:最高效地利用人类的能力,和维护人类健康。在一个短语,这项工作必须“合适的人”在所有方面,和工作情况应该超越人类能力和局限性.
Anthropometry contributes to improve “ physical fit ” between people and the things they use ranging from hand tools to aircraft cockpit design .Achieving good “physical fit ” is no mean feat when one considers the range in human body sizes across the postures .
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人体尺寸有助于改善“身体健康”与人类之间的事情,他们使用从手工具对飞机座舱设计。达到好的“身体健康”是得不偿失的,当一个人考虑人体大小不等的整个姿势。
Anthropometry provides data on dimensions of the human body ,in various postures .人体测量提供了数据在人体的尺寸,在各种姿势。
Physiology supports two main technical areas . Work physiology deals with the energy requirements of the body and sets standards for acceptable physical work-rate and workload, and for nutrition requirements ,Environmental physiology analyses the impact of physical working conditions-thermal , noise and vibration ,and lighting –and sets the optimum requirements for these.
生理支持两种主要技术领域。工作与能源需求的生理交易的身体并制定了可接受的物理的跑动和工作负载,为营养需求,环境生理分析了影响的物理工作情况-热气流、噪音和振动,和照明——集最优要求这些。
Psychology is concerned with human information processing and decision-making capabilities. In simple terms, this can be seen as aiding the ‘cognitive fit’ between people and the things they use. Relevant topics are sensory processes, understanding, long-and short-term memory, decision-making and action. The importance of psychological dimensions ergonomist ergonomics should not be underestimated in today’s ‘high-tech’ word. The ergonomist advis es on the design of interfaces between people and computers, information displays for industrial processes, the planning of training materials, and the design of human tasks and jobs. The concept of information overload is familiar in many current jobs. Increasing automation will frequently increase the mental demands in terms of monitoring, supervision and maintenance
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心理学是有关人类信息处理和决策能力。简单来说,这可以被视为帮助“认知健康的人与他们使用的东西。相关主题是感官的过程,理解,长短期记忆、决策和行动。心理维度的重要性不应低估改善人体工程学在今天的“高科技”字。改善的建议人们之间的接口的设计和计算机,对工业过程的信息显示,计划的培训材料,设计的人工任务和工作。信息超载的概念在许多现在的工作很熟悉。增加自动化经常会增加精神需求方面的监测、监督和维护。