1-1试述热电偶的测温原理，工业上常用的测温热电偶有哪几种？什么热电偶的分度号？在什么情况下要使用补偿导线？
答：a、当两种不同的导体或半导体连接成闭合回路时，若两个接点温度不痛，回路中就会出现热电动势，并产生电流。
b、铂极其合金，镍铬-镍硅，镍铬-康铜，铜-康铜。
c、分度号是用来反应温度传感器在测量温度范围内温度变化为传感器电压或电阻值变化的标准数列。
d、在电路中引入一个随冷端温度变化的附加电动势时，自动补偿冷端温度变化，以保证测量精度，为了节约，作为热偶丝在低温区的替代品。
1-2热电阻测温有什么特点？为什么热电阻要用三线接法？
答：a、在-200到+500摄氏度范围内精度高，性能稳定可靠，不需要冷端温度补偿,测温范围比热电偶低，存在非线性。
b、连接导线为铜线，环境温度变化，则阻值变，若采用平衡电桥三线连接，连线R使桥路电阻变化相同，则桥路的输出不变，即确保检流计的输出为被测温度的输出。
1-3说明热电偶温度变送器的基本结构，工作原理以及实现冷端温度补偿的方法。在什么情况下要做零点迁移？
答：a、结构：其核心是一个直流低电平电压-电流变换器，大体上都可分为输入电路、放大电路及反馈电路三部分。
b、工作原理：应用温度传感器进行温度检测其温度传感器通常为热电阻，热敏电阻集成温度传感器、半导体温度传感器等，然后通过转换电路将温度传感器的信号转换为变准电流信号或标准电压信号。
c、由铜丝绕制的电阻Rcu安装在热电偶的冷端接线处，当冷端温度变化时，利用铜丝电阻随温度变化的特性，向热电偶补充一个有冷端温度决定的电动势作为补偿。桥路左臂由稳压电压电源Vz（约5v）和高电阻R1（约10K欧）建立的恒值电流I2流过铜电阻Rcu，在Rcu 上产生一个电压，此电压与热电动势Et串联相接。当温度补偿升高时，热电动势Et下降，但由于Rcu增值，在Rcu两端的电压增加，只要铜电阻的大小选择适当，便可得到满意的补偿。
d、当变送器输出信号Ymin下限值（即标准统一信号下限值）与测量范围的下限值不相对应时要进行零点迁移。
1-5力平衡式压力变换器是怎样工作的？为什么它能不受弹性元件刚度变化的影响？
答：a、被测压力P经波纹管转化为力Fi作用于杠杆左端A点，使杠杆绕支点O做逆时针旋转，稍一偏转，位于杠杆右端的位移检测元件便有感觉，使电子放大器产生一定的输出电流I。此电流通过反馈线圈和变送器的负载，并与永久磁铁作用产生一定的电磁力，使杠杆B 点受到反馈力Ff，形成一个使杠杆做顺时针转动的反力矩。由于位移检测放大器极其灵敏，杠杆实际上只要产生极微小的位移，放大器便有足够的输出电流，形成反力矩与作用力矩平衡。b、因为这里的平衡状态不是靠弹性元件的弹性反力来建立的，当位移检测放大器非常灵敏时，杠杆的位移量非常小，若整个弹性系统的刚度设计的很小，那么弹性反力在平衡状态的建立中无足轻重，可以忽略不计。
1-7试述节流式、容积式、涡流式、电磁式、漩涡式流量测量仪表的工作原理，精度范围及使用特点。
答：a、节流式
工作原理：根据流体对节流元件的推力或在节流元件前后形成的压差等可以测定流量的大小。
差压流量计：根据节流元件前后的压差测流量。
精度：正负0.5%到1%
使用特点：保证节流元件前后有足够长直管段
靶式流量计：使用悬在管道中央的靶作为节流元件
精度：2%到3%
使用特点：可用于测量悬浮物，沉淀物的流体流量
转子流量计：以一个可以转动的转子作为节流元件
使用特点：可从转子的平衡位置高低，直接读出流量数值
b、容积式
工作原理：直接安装固定的容积来计量流体。
精度：可达2%较差时亦可保证0.5%~1%
使用特点：适用于高黏度流体的测量
c、涡轮式
工作原理：利用导流器保证流体沿轴向推动涡轮，并且根据磁阻变化产生脉冲的输出。
精度：0.25%~1%
使用特点：只能在一定的雷诺数范围内保证测量精度。由于有转子，易被流体中的颗粒及污物堵住，只能用于清洁流体的流量测量。
d、电磁式
工作原理：以电磁感应定律为基础，在管道两侧安放磁铁，以流动的液体当作切割磁力线的导体，由产生的感应电动势测管内液体的流量。
精度：0.5%~1%
使用特点：只能测导电液体的流量
e、漩涡式
工作原理：根据漩涡产生的频率与流量的关系测定流量
精度：正负0.2%~正负1%
使用特点：量程比达到30:1，可测液体和气体。
2-3 PID调节器中，比例度p，积分时间常数Ti,微分时间常数Td,积分增益Ki,微分增益Kd 分别有什么含义？在调节器动作过程中分别产生什么影响？若令Ti取∞，Td取0，分别代表调节器处于什么状态？
答：1在比例积分运算电路中，RI,CI组成输入电路，CM为反馈元件
1）比例度P=Cm/CiX100%表示在只有比例作用的情况下，能使输出量做满量程变化的输入量变化的百分数。
2）积分时间Ti=RICI Ti愈小，由积分作用产生一个比例调节效果的时间愈短，积分作用愈强。Ti越大，积分作用越弱。
3）积分增益Ki=CM/CIXA A 为放大器增益，Ki越大，调节静差越小。
比例微分运算电路中，由Rd Cd及分压器构成无源比例微分电路
4）kd为比例微分调节器输出地最大跳变值与单纯由比例作用产生的输出变化值之比。
5）微分时间Td=KdRdCd
2,Ti取无穷时，调节器处于PD状态。Td取零时调节器处于PI状态。
2-4 什么是PID调节器的干扰系数
答：用PI，PD串联运算获得PID调节规律时，在整定参数上存在相互干扰的现象，常用干扰系数F=1+Td/Ti表示
2-5调节器为什么必须有自动/手动切换电路？怎样才能做到自动/手动双向无扰切换？
为了适应工艺过程启动、停车或发生事故等情况，调节器除需要“自动调节”的工作状态外，还需要在特殊情况时能由操作人员切除PID运算电路，直接根据仪表指示做出判断，操纵调节器输出的“手动”工作状态。
在DDZ-III型调节器中，自动和手动之间的平滑无扰切换是由比例积分运算器上的开关S1实现的，如下图所示
其中开关接点“A”为自动调节；“M”为软手动操作；“H”为硬手动操作。
切换分析：“A”→“M”为保持，无扰切换。“M”→“A”：S1、2在M，S2把CI接VB，VO2以10V起对CI充电，但CI右端电位被钳位不变（10V），A3的V-≈V+ =10V，当“M”→“A”，两点电位几乎相等，所以为无扰切换。“M”→“H”：断开前，必然先断开S4，M为保持。切换后，接入“H”，V-与RH的电位相同时，则为无扰切换，所以切换前应平衡RPH，有条件无扰切换。“H“→”M“：切换后，S41~S44瞬间是断开的，CM和V-为保持状态，所以为无扰切换。
2-7什么是调节器的正\反作用？调节器的输入电路为什么要采取差动输入方式？输出电路是怎样将输出电压转换成4-20mA电流的？
（1）测量值增加(偏差信号e减少)，调节器输出增加，则调节器静态放大放大系数为负，KC为负值，称正作用调节器；
反之，测量值增加（偏差减小），调节器输出减小，则调节器静态放大系数为正，KC为正值，称反作用调节器。
（2）由于所有的仪表都用同一个电源供电，在公共电源地线上难免出现电压降，为了避免这些压降带来误差，输入电路需要采用差动输入方式。
（3）调节器的输出电路是一个电压-电流转换器，它将PID电路在1-5V间变化的输出电压转换为4-20mA的电流，输出电路实际就是一个比例运算器，通过强烈的电流负反馈使输出电流保持在4-20mA，输出电路的电路图如下：
其中经过运算得出
取R f=62.5，则当V03=1-5V时，输出电流为4-20mA。
3-2 集散控制系统中，哪些功能是集中的？哪些功能是分散的？这样的设计有何优点？
答：操作监视与管理为集中，控制功能为分散。优点：①开放系统：互操作、可移植等②分级递阶控制：垂直方向和水平方向分级③分散控制：危险分散④自制和协调：相对独立⑤集中管理：管控一体化等
3-6 什么是“现场总线”，现场总线控制系统与集散控制系统相比，有哪些优点？
答:现场总线（fieldbus）是连接智能测量与控制设备的全数字式、双向传输、具有多节点分支结构的通信链路，它是用于工业自动化领域的许多局域网之一。
优点：1.可以在现场构成完整的基本控制系统；2.可以与多个现场智能设备互换信息；3.可以很方便地构成复杂的过程控制系统4与集散控制系统相比，具有控制功能更加分散，智能化与功能自治性更高、系统的构成更加灵活、可扩展性与可互换性更强、可靠性与可维护性更好等诸多优点。
4-3 什么是调节阀的固有流量特性和工作流量特性？为什么流量特性的选择对控制系统的工作至关重要？
答：①在调节阀前后压差固定的情况下得出的流量特性称为固有流量特性，也叫理想流量特性。
在各种具体的使用条件下，阀芯位移对流量的控制特性，称为工作流量特性。②从自动控制的角度看，调节阀一个最重要的特性是他的流量特性，即调节阀阀芯位移与流量之间的关系，值得指出调节阀的特性对整个自动调节系统的调节品质有很大的影响
4-4为什么合理选择调节阀的口径，也就是合理确定调节阀的流通能力C非常重要？
答：在控制系统中，为保证工艺操作的正常进行，必须根据工艺要求，准确计算阀门的流通能力，合理选择调节阀的尺寸。如果调节阀的口径选的太大，将是阀门经常工作在小开度位置，造成调节质量不好。如果口径选的太小，阀门完全打开也不能满足最大流量的需要，就难以保证生产的正常进行。
4-5电-气阀门定位器（含电-气转换器和阀门定位器）是怎样工作的？它们起什么作用？答:①由电动调节器送来的电流I通入线圈，该线圈能在永久磁铁的气隙中自由地上下运动，当输入电流i增大时，线圈与磁铁产生的吸引增大，使杠杆作逆时针方向旋转，并带动安装在杠杆上的挡板靠近喷嘴，改变喷嘴和挡板之间的间隙②使气动执行器能够接收电动调节器的命令，必须把调节器输出的标准电流信号转换为20~100kPa的标准气压信号。
4-8 防爆栅的基本结构是什么？它是怎样实现限压限流的？
分齐纳式和隔离式两种
齐纳式安全栅电路中采用快速熔断器、限流电阻或限压二极管以对输入的电能量进行限制，从而保证输出到危险区的能量。它的原理简单、电路实现容易，价格低廉，但因由于其自身原理的缺陷使其应用中的可靠性受到很大影响，并限制了其应用范围，其原因如下：
1、安装位置必须有非常可靠的接地系统，并且该齐纳式安全栅的接地电阻必须小于1Ω，否则便失去防爆安全保护性能，显然这样的要求是十分的苛刻并在实际工程应用中难以保证。
2、要求来自危险区的现场仪表必须是隔离型，否则通过齐纳式安全栅的接地端子与大地相接后信号无法正确传送，并且由于信号接地，直接降低信号抗干扰能力，影响系统稳定性。
3、齐纳式安全栅对电源影响较大，同时也易因电源的波动而造成齐纳式安全栅的损坏。
4、由于齐纳式安全栅的电路原理需要吸收输入回路的能量，所以易造成输出不稳定。隔离式安全栅
采用了将输入、输出以及电源三方之间相互电气隔离的电路结构，同时符合本安型限制能量的要求。与齐纳式安全相比，虽然价格较贵，但它性能上的突出优点却为用户应用带来了更大的受益：
1.由于采用了三方隔离方式，因此无需系统接地线路，给设计及现场施工带来极大方便。
2.对危险区的仪表要求大幅度降低，现场无需采用隔离式的仪表。
3.由于信号线路无需共地，使得检测和控制回路信号的稳定性和抗干扰能力大大增强，从而提高了整个习题可靠性
4.隔离式安全栅具备更强的输入信号处理能力，能够接受并处理、热电阻、频率等信号，这是齐纳式安全栅所无法做到的。
5.隔离式安全栅可输出两路相互隔离的信号，以提供给使用同一信号源的两台设备使用，并保证两设备信号不互相干扰，同时提高所连接设备相互之间的电气安全绝缘性能。
因此，对比齐纳式和隔离式安全栅的特点和性能后可以看出，隔离式安全栅有着突出的优点和更为广泛用途，虽然其价格略高于齐纳式安全栅，但从设计、施工安装、调试及维护成本来考虑，其综合成本可能反而低于齐纳式安全栅。在要求较高的工程现场几乎无一例外地采用了隔离式安全栅作为主要本安防爆仪表，隔离式安全栅已逐渐取代了齐纳式安全栅，在安全防爆领域得到了日益广泛的应用.
5-1.为什么说研究自动控制系统的动态比研究其静态更为重要？
答: 再连续生产过程中，最基本的关系是物料平衡和能量平衡，在静态条件下，单位时间流图对象的物料或能量等于从系统中流出的物料或能量，然而，对象的动特性是研究参数随时间而变化的规律，在动态条件下，物料平衡和能量平衡的关系是：单位时间内进入系统的物料（或能量）之差等于系统内物料（或能量）储存量的变化率
5-3测定对象动特性飞升曲线的方法及注意要点。
答：飞升特性是指输入为阶越函数时的输出量变化曲线。采用时域方法，输入量作阶越变化，测绘输出量随时间变化曲线就得到飞升特性。实验时，可以让对象在某一稳态下稳定一段时间后，快速的改变它的输入量，是对象达到另一稳定状态。
注意要点：①采取措施防止其他干扰的发生，否则将影响实验结果。
②为克服其他干扰影响，同一飞升曲线应重复测试两三次。
③求出其中合理部分的平均值，据此平均曲线来分析对象的动态特性。
④需特别注意被调量离开起始点状态时的情况，应准确记录加入阶越作用的计
时起点，以便计算对象滞后的大小。
5-8为什么要用闭路测定对象的频率特性？
答：因为正弦波方法和频率特性相关测试法都是在开路状态下输入周期信号x(t)，测定其输出y(t)，这种测定方法的缺点是，被调量y(t)的震荡中线――零点的漂移不能消除，误差大，因而不能长期进行试验。另外，它要求输入的振幅不能太大，以免增大非线性的影响，降低测定频率特性的精度。采用闭路系统则可以避免上述缺点。
优点：精度高：①削弱了对象的零漂。②减少了开路测定时的非线性环节所引起的误差。
安全：调节器串接在系统中，即使突然有干扰加入，也不会产生过大的偏差而发
P21 Pronouns 1)She me 2)Me 3)Him 4)She 5)Who 6)Whoever 7)Who/whom 8)Whom P25 2 1)play a minor role 2) That’s Greek to me 3) belated action 4)Where there is smoke there is fire 5) be a utility man 6)walk into the trap 7) one’s face glowing with health 3 1)We must practice economy. We must reduce unnecessary expenditures. 2)It is essential to control environmental pollution. 3)We must arrive at the station on time. 4)Financial expenditures should be arranged in order of priority. 5)We should speed up construction of urban housing, so as to improve the housing conditions. 6)Private capital has to meet two conditions. First, the profits must be legal. Second, they must be excessive. 7)During the period of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan we must never neglect grain production. Instead, we must steadily increase it. P26 5 1)me 2)who 3)I 4)me/myself 5)me 6)each other’s 7)who 8)us 9)whom 10)Some 11)one’s 12)his 13)his 14)his his
Unit 1 Part Ⅱ Reading Task Vocabulary Ⅰ1. 1)respectable 2)agony 3)put down 4)sequence 5)hold back 6)distribute 7)off and on 8)vivid 9)associate 10)finally 11)turn in 12)tackle 2. 1)has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2)was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3)a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4)gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5)buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out. 3. 1)reputation; rigid; to inspire 2)and tedious; What’s more; out of date ideas 3)compose; career; avoid showing; hardly hold back Ⅱviolating Ⅲ;in upon Comprehensive Exercises ⅠCloze back; tedious; scanned; recall; vivid; off and on; turn out/in; career ; surprise; pulled; blowing; dressed; scene; extraordinary; image; turn; excitement ⅡTranslation As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2)His girlfriend advised him to get out of /get rid of his bad habits of smoking before it took hold. 3)Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4)It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. /Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5)It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 2.Susan lost her legs because of/in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye/she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be able to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Part ⅡReading Task Vocabulary Ⅰ1. 1)absolutely 2)available 3)every now and then 4)are urging/urged 5)destination 6)mostly 7)hangs out 8)right away 9)reunion 10)or something 11)estimate 12)going ahead 2. 1)in the examination was still on his mind. 2)was completely choked up by the sight of his team losing in the final minutes of the game. 3)was so lost in study that she forgot to have dinner. 4)has come up and I am afraid I won’t be able to accomplish the project on time. 5)of equipping the new hospital was estimated at﹩2 million. 3. 1)were postponed; the awful; is estimated 2)reference; not available; am kind of 3)not much of a teacher; skips; go ahead Ⅱ;on Ⅲor less of/sort of 4. kind of/sort of 5. more or less 6. or something Comprehensive Exercises ⅠCloze up; awful; practically; neighborhood; correspondence; available; destination; reunion; Mostly; postponing; absolutely ; savings; embarrassment; phone; interrupted; touch; envelope; signed; message; needed ⅡHalf an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home. 2)Mary looks as if she is very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by
综合教程1课后答案 Unit 1 College Life Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action 1. (P.23) 1) deliver 2) polish 3) available 4) latter 5)file 6) thrive 7) undertook 8) practical 9) fulfill 10) perceived 11) accumulated 12) multiplied 2. (P.24) 1)compromise 2) self-induced 3) steered 4) frame 5)demonstrated 6) employ 7) promote 8) impressed 9)contribution 10) deliberately 11) financial 12) economic 3.(P.24) 1)makes a point of 2) refresh my memory 3) lead to 4) at hand 5) working out 6) under pressure 7) Last but not least 8) down 9) In addition to 10) were involved 11) in other words 12) pointed out 13) pay off 4. (P.25) 1) scored 2) scheduled 3) assigned 4) motivated 5) crucial 6) promote 7) perform 8) debate 9) scanned 10) devised 11) advocated 12) clarify 13) priorities 14) compromised 15) context 16) undertook Final sentence: academic excellence Increasing Your Word Power 1.( P.26~27) 1)principal/ major 2) top 3) major 4) top 5)principal 6) major 7) schedule 8)advocate/have advocated 9) top 10) approach 11)blame 12) major/ principal 13) advocate 14) schedule 15)blame 16) approaching 17) pressure 18) pace 19)pressured 20) pace Cloze (P.31) 1)academic 2) priorities 3) conducted 4) principles 5)begin 6) priority 7) compromised 8) addition 9)filling 10) Speaking 11) formula 12)Participation/ Participating 13) based 14) least 15)way 16) pressure
UNIT 6 P75 1）The enraged father threatened to throw the screaming boy out of the room. 2）You can use the frequently used method. 3）Tommy, filled with despair, left the office. 4）Smiling through the window, the girl is enjoying one of the happiest days in her life. 5）The boy was sitting at his desk, his feet gently tapping the floor. 6）The computers damaged by an unknown virus, the employees are happy to take the day off. P76 Task1 Sentences 1) and 2) participles as attributes Sentences 3) and 4) participles to indicate simultaneous actions Sentences 5) and 6) as absolute constructions P78 1. smiling 2. Reading 3. Swimming 4. competing broken informing 8. Having exhausted relieved P80 Task 2 1.The computer bought last week brings happiness to everyone in my family. 2.Being back in my hometown, I didn’t know that my professor had \assigned another 5000-word paper. 3.Standing in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, many people pretended that they could understand it. 4.Looking out of the window of the train, the boy was amused by the power lines dancing up and down in the air. P81 Classroom Activities Task 1 1.Kate fell asleep when reading Bo b’s letter. 2.She started to chat with her friend after finish/ having finished her work. 3.Although having seen it a thousand and one times, the old man still watches the video from time to time. 4.Though closely watched by the guards, the prisoner plans to escape. 5.It is believed that if read many times, an article will naturally be understood. 6.if buying more, you can pay less. P82 B a. 2) P83 Classroom activities Task 1 1)Thinking about her kid at home, Judy… 2)Racing along the street, the car sent… 3)Born in educated in …, she is now working …
《全新版大学英语综合教程1 课后翻译及答案》Unit 1 Growing Up 为自己而写 ——拉塞尔·贝克 从孩提时代，我还住在贝尔维尔时，我的脑子里就断断续续地转着当作家的念头，但直等到我高中三年级，这一想法才有了实现的可能。在这之前，我对所有跟英文课沾边的事都感到腻味。我觉得英文语法枯燥难懂。我痛恨那些长而乏味的段落写作，老师读着受累，我写着痛苦。弗利格尔先生接我们的高三英文课时，我就准备着在这门最最单调乏味的课上再熬上沉闷的一年。弗利格尔先生在学生中以其说话干巴和激励学生无术而出名。据说他拘谨刻板，完全落后于时代。我看他有六七十岁了，古板之极。他戴着古板的毫无装饰的眼镜，微微卷曲的头发剪得笔齐，梳得纹丝不乱。他身穿古板的套装，领带端端正正地顶着白衬衣的领扣。他长着古板的尖下巴，古板的直鼻梁，说起话来一本正经，字斟句酌，彬彬有礼，活脱脱一个滑稽的老古董。 我作好准备，打算在弗利格尔先生的班上一无所获地混上一年，不少日子过去了，还真不出所料。后半学期我们学写随笔小品文。弗利格尔先生发下一张家庭作业纸，出了不少题目供我们选择。像"暑假二三事"那样傻乎乎的题目倒是一个也没有，但绝大多数一样乏味。我把作文题带回家，一直没写，直到要交作业的前一天晚上。我躺在沙发上，最终不得不面对这一讨厌的功课，便从笔记本里抽出作文题目单粗粗一看。我的目光落在"吃意大利细面条的艺术"这个题目上。
这个题目在我脑海里唤起了一连串不同寻常的图像。贝尔维尔之夜的清晰的回忆如潮水一般涌来，当时，我们大家一起围坐在晚餐桌旁——艾伦舅舅、我母亲、查理舅舅、多丽丝、哈尔舅舅——帕特舅妈晚饭做的是意大利细面条。那时意大利细面条还是很少听说的异国食品。多丽丝和我都还从来没吃过，在座的大人也是经验不足，没有一个吃起来得心应手的。艾伦舅舅家诙谐有趣的场景全都重现在我的脑海中，我回想起来，当晚我们笑作一团，争论着该如何地把面条从盘子上送到嘴里才算合乎礼仪。 突然我就想描述那一切，描述当时那种温馨美好的气氛，但我把它写下来仅仅是想自得其乐，而不是为弗利格尔先生而写。那是我想重新捕捉并珍藏在心中的一个时刻。我想重温那个夜晚的愉快。然而，照我希望的那样去写，就会违反我在学校里学的正式作文的种种法则，弗利格尔先生也肯定会打它一个不及格。没关系。等我为自己写好了之后，我可以再为弗利格尔先生写点什么别的东西。 等我写完时已是半夜时分，再没时间为弗利格尔先生写一篇循规蹈矩、像模像样的文章了。第二天上午，我别无选择，只好把我为自己而写的贝尔维尔晚餐的故事交了上去。两天后弗利格尔先生发还批改过的作文，他把别人的都发了，就是没有我的。我正准备着遵命一放学就去弗利格尔先生那儿挨训，却看见他从桌上拿起我的作文，敲了敲桌子让大家注意听。 "好了，孩子们，"他说。"我要给你们念一篇小品文。文章的题目是： 吃意大利细面条的艺术。"
Unit 1 . The little boy was chicken-hearted. 2)That statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena. 3)We sat down by the oak tree ,enjoying the breeze coming from the lake. 4)We need to drink the milk before it sours. 5)The child had difficulty finding his way to school. 6)The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts. 7)My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him. 8)Our university can accommodate 4,000 students. 9)Social customs vary greatly from country to country. experienced 2)elapsed 3)attempting 4)with 5)take up 6)made 7)endeavor 8)true The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted. 2)We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested. 3)Tony can hit a ball farther than I can. 4)We must pursue this matter farther. 5)The principle behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success. 6)All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest. 7)The federal government comprises the legislative,judicial,and executive branches. 8)The whole region was struck by an economic disaster. 9)(correct) 10)He was awaked to the risk. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for. 2)The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly. 3)Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications. 4)Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was at fault.. 7)He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest. 8)The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial. 9)Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display. 10)The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case. 11)He believes that athletics improves school morale. 12)Up goes the starter”s gun,and each of the runners becomes tense. 13)Either The Moning Post or The City News is a reliable sourse of news. 14)The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines. 15)She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.
Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus Vocabulary Ⅰ. 1. 1.respectable 2.agony 3.put…down 4.sequence 5.hold back 6.distribute 7.off and on 8.vivid 9.associate 10.f inally 11.t urn in 12.t ackle 2. 1.has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2.was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’ time.
4.gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5.buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out. 3. 1.reputation, rigid, to inspire 2.and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas https://www.doczj.com/doc/603441547.html,pose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ. https://www.doczj.com/doc/603441547.html,posed 2.severe 3.agony 4.extraordinary 5.recall https://www.doczj.com/doc/603441547.html,mand 7.was violating 8.anticipate Ⅲ. 1.at 2.for 3.of 4.with 5.as 6.about
Key to Exercises (unit 1) Vocabulary: I. 1). respectable 2) .agony 3). put down 4). sequence 4). rigid 5). hold back 6). distribute 7). off and on 8). vivid 9). associate 10). finally 11). turn in 12). tackle 2. 1) has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office 2) was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not 3) a clear image of how she would look in twenty year s’ time 4) gave the command the soldiers opened fire 5) buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out 3.1) reputation/rigid / to inspire 2) and tedious / what’s more / out of date ideas 3) compose / career / avoid showing / hardly hold back II. 1). composed 2). severe 3) agony 4). extraordinary 5). recall 6). command 7). was violating 8). anticipate III. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as 6. about 7. to 8. in 9. from 10. on/upon Comprehensive Exercises (A) (1) hold back (2) tedious (3) scanned (4) recall (5) vivid (6) off and on (7) turn out/in (8) career (B) (1) last (2) surprise (3) pulled (4) blowing (5) dressed (6) scene (7) extraordinary (8)image (9)turn (11) excitement II. Translation 1 1) As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2) His girlfriend advised him to get rid of /get out of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3) Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4) It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s
Unit 1 PART Ⅱ FOCUS Denotation and Connotation Suggested answer to the question If it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings. Reference for the Classroom Activities 1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotes protection but in a serious fashion. wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness. 2. a. In the West, every male person has the good qualities of males, such as bravery, spirit, and toughness. b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty and delicacy. Attitude Reference for the Classroom Activities 2. a. unique b. pigheaded c. flattered d. fossil e. spinster Collocation Suggested answers to the exercise
写作教程2 课后题答案提示：页码有部分错误，但答案内容正确。 P2 . PART1 Advantages : It is very convenient . You can make a call whenever and wherever you want to. It is especially helpful in an emergency . It saves time .You don't have to search for or await the turn for the public phone. You can always be reached when you are needed by others. In an information age ,it can help you to get the information you want in the quickest way. It may help you to grasp any chance to succeed. You can play games and surf the net through the phone. ....... Disadvantages : It is quite expensive Its radiation is harmful to health Answering calls in public places such as on a bus is embarrassing Making or answering calls while driving is
【一】全新版大学英语综合教程1课后 题 Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus Vocabulary Ⅰ.1. 1.Respectable 2.agony 3.put…down 4.sequence 5.hold back 6.distribute 7.off and on 8.vivid 9.associate 10.finally 1.turn in 2.tackle 2. 1.has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2.was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’ time. 4.gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5.buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out. 3. 1.reputation, rigid, to inspire 2.and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas https://www.doczj.com/doc/603441547.html,pose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ. https://www.doczj.com/doc/603441547.html,posed 2.severe 3.agony 4.extraordinary 5.recall https://www.doczj.com/doc/603441547.html,mand 7.was violating 8.anticipate Ⅲ. 1.at 2.for 3.of 4.with 5.as 6.about 7.to 8.in, in
Appendix I Key to Exercises (Units 1-8) Unit 1 Part I Pre-reading Task Script for the recording: Have you ever heard of the pop singer, John Lennon? Here he is singing a song he wrote for his son. It's called Beautiful Boy. Close your eyes Have no rear The monster s tone He's on the run and your daddy's here Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boy Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boy Before you go to sleep Say a little prayer 1 John Lennon (1940-1980): First became famous as a singer and guitarist in the Beatles, a British rock group, writing many of their most successful hits. Later he left the group, but continued to be popular as a singer and songwriter.
Every day in every way It's getting better and better Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boy Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boy Out on the ocean sailing away I can hardly wait To see you come of age But I guess we’ll both just have to be patient ‘Cause it's a long way to go A bard row to hoe Yes it's a long way to go But in the meantime Before you cross the street Take my band Life is what happens to you While you're busy making other plans Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boy Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boy Before you go to sleep Say a little prayer Every day in every way It's getting better and better 1 A hard row to hoe: To hoe is to use a special farming tool, a hoe, to clear small weeds and break up the surface of the soil. The row referred to is a row of plants.
大学英语综合教程一 Unit 1 Growi ng Up Part II Lan guage Focus Vocabulary I. 1. respectable 2. agony 3. put …down 4. sequenee 5. hold back 6. distribute 7. off and on 8. vivid 9. associate 10. fin ally 11. turn in 12. tackle 2. 1. has been assigned to the newspaper 'Paris office. 2. was so extraordinary that I didn 'know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years ________
time. 4. gave the comma nd the soldiers ope ned fire. _____ 5. buying bikes we 'keep turning them out. 3. 1. reputati on, rigid, to in spire 2. and tedious, What 'more, out of date ideas 3. compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back □. 1. composed 2. severe 3. agony 4. extraordinary 5. recall 6. comma nd 7. was violating 8. anticipate m. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as
重庆正平工程造价咨询有限责任公司Chongqing Zhengping Engineering Consulting Co.Ltd. 全过程造价控制工作内容大纲 根据目前造价行业市场需求，结合我司以往工作开展积累的经验，经充分讨论，特制定本工作内容大纲供本企业员工在工作中参照执行。 一、全过程工程造价控制意义 全过程工程造价控制的意义：满足项目合理的质量标准和进度的前提下，在建设项目各阶段（设计阶段；工程招标、合同控制阶段；施工过程造价控制阶段；结算审核阶段），根据委托单位的要求行使造价控制的权利和造价咨询的义务，对工程项目造价进行控制管理，随时纠正发生的偏差，力求在项目中合理使用人力、物力、财力，取得较好的投资效益和社会效益。 二、工程造价控制的工作原则 1、公平、公正、客观的原则。 2、严格按照施工合同和招标文件的约定执行的原则。 3、遵循合法、平等、诚信的原则，并符合国家有关法律、法规和政策。 4、严格遵守中价协（2002）第015号文件颁发的《工程造价咨询单位执业行为准则》和《造价工程师职业道德行为准则》。 5、严格执行中价协（2002）第016号文件颁发的《工程造价咨询业务操作指导规程》。 6、严格执行保密原则，不外借本工程任何资料，不在工作外谈论本工程具体造价数据。 7、严格执行造价控制实施细则确定的工作流程。 三、工程造价控制的依据 1、委托方与咨询单位签定的工程造价咨询合同。 2、业主与施工单位签定的施工合同、协议（包括附件）。 3、委托方提交的本项目施工设计图及说明。 4、工程招标文件及答疑、补遗；投标文件。 5、各种会议纪要及所有的往来函件。 6、业主批准的工程施工方案及实施细则。 7、施工过程中涉及造价的隐蔽签证、设计变更、现场签证资料。 8、相关的核价资料。