July 1993
STEVEN FEINER
Columbia University
BLAIR MACINTYRE
Columbia University
DOREE SELIGMANN
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 Augmented Reality
An augmented reality present a virtual world that
enriches, rather than replaces, the real world,
Instead of blocking out the real world.
automate the design of presentations that explain
how to perform 3D tasks.
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 Goal of This Paper:
’Here, we discuss KARMA—Knowledge-based Augmented Reality
a test-bed system for exploring the automated design of
augmented realities that explain maintenance and repair tasks.’’
Unnur& Shaheen
Unnur
&
Shaheen
July 1993
The knowledge-based graphics component we use is based on IBIS (Intent-Based Illustration System)
IBIS
Rule-based Designs illustrations Some input Communicative
intent List of
Communicative
goals
July 1993 IBIS
Design
Style
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 IBIS
Methods Evaluators How to
Accomplished a particular
Style or Design
Determines whether
a particular Style or Design
Has been accomplished
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 Extending IBIS for Augmented Reality
Generates everything seen by user All communicative goals achieved by Enrich with additional information All control of viewing specification Consider changes in the real world The user becomes an active participant in achieving the communicative goals
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 The Experiment
Test-bed Application:
End-User Laser Printer Maintenance
KARMA is a prototype augmented reality system that explains simple end-user laser printer maintenance using a see-through head-mounted display
Presented by Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 The Experiment
Augmented reality intended to show toner cartridge and show location of and identify paper tray. ( Designed by KAMARA
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 The Experiment
Augmented reality intend4d to show action of pulling out paper tray and resulting change in try’s state. ( Designed by KAMARA
Unnur& Shaheen
July 1993 The Experiment
Presented by Unnur& Shaheen
Unnur & Shaheen
July 1993
The Experiment
t u r e
Unnur & Shaheen
July 1993
The Experiment
t u r e
July 1993 Implementation:
?IBIS is implemented in C++ and the CLIPS production system
?HPUX on an HP 9000 380 TurboSRX graphics workstation.
486DX-based PC.
Unnur& Shaheen
November/December2001 Ronald Azuma
HRL Laboratories
Yohan Baillot
NRL Virtual Reality Lab/ITT Advanced Engineering
Reinhold Behringer
Rockwell Scientific
Steven Feiner
Columbia University
Simon Julier
NRL Virtual Reality Lab/ITT Advanced Engineering
Blair MacIntyre
Georgia Institute of Technology
November/December2001 Augmented Reality(AR)
’’We define an AR system to have the following properties:
real and virtual objects in a real environment;
interactively, and in real time; and registers (aligns) real and virtual objects with other’’
Augmented Reality (AR)
Mixed reality
November/December 2001
reality–virtuality continuum. (Adapted from Milgram and Kishino)
reality Virtual
environment
Augmented virtuality
November/December2001 AR History
Sutherland’s work in the 1960s, which used a seethrough HMD to present 3D graphics.
on AR began, including the International Workshop and Symposium on Augmented Reality, the
International Symposium on Mixed Reality, and the Designing Augmented Environments workshop
(the ARToolkit) for rapidly building AR applications is available at
https://www.doczj.com/doc/65117521.html,/research/shared_space/
November/December2001 AR Enabling technologies
Displays
We can classify displays for viewing the merged virtual
the following categories:
handheld, and
November/December2001 AR Enabling technologies
Displays
Head-worn displays (HWD).
(nothing but a sunglass, weigh less than6 grams, 800 X 600 resulation)
video see-through
近一个时期来，Virtual Reality (VR)一词在报刊等新闻媒体上频频出现，十分活跃，从而也引出了对VR 该怎么好的问题。据《光明日报》载，VR 的译名计有：“虚拟实在”（1996 年,10 月28 日）“临境”、“虚实”、“电象”、“虚拟境象”以及“灵境”（1997 年1 月16 日）；此外，还有最常见的“虚拟现实”（如《文汇报》1997 年3 月12 日“小辞典”）。 对VR 究竟怎么理解和怎么翻译，笔者不敢妄下结论。不过，从最近一期外刊上读到的一篇文章（载于 Jane's DEFENCE'97，作者为 Ian Strachan，Editor，Jane's Simulationand Training Systems）在这两方面都可给人以不小的启发。为帮助说明问题，现将此文中有关的部分摘录于下。文章标题和引语是： VIRTUALLY REAL Virtual reality is rapidly becoming the training tool o f the 21stCentury - but what exactly is it? 将此翻译过来大致是： 可说是真的Virtual reality 正在迅速成为二十一世纪的训练器具--但它确切的含义是什么呢？ 文中在讲到 virtual 一词的定义时是这样说的：One dictionary definition of "virtual" is"something which is unreal but can be considered as being real for some purposes." 文章接着对 VR 作了几种实质性的释义： Cyber-something? To some, VR is putting on a Cyber-helmet (whatever that is) and involvestotal immersion (whatever that means) in cyberspace (where ver that is). Collimation? To some, VR is a view through a collimated display system. Tactile sensors? To some, VR implies tactile simulation as well a visual syst em. 对以上这些解释或释义，Strachan 认为它们都是对的：Which of these interpretations of VR is right? Ibelieve that they all are.（对VR 的这些诠释中哪个是对的？我相信它们都是对的。）为什么都对？Strachan 说那是因为 English is a living language and insistence on any preciseinterpretation of VR is narrow and not in accordance with what has already become commo nusage.（英语是一门活的语言，而坚持对 VR 作任何精确的诠释是狭隘观念，也不符合约定俗成。） 通过以上介绍，我们似乎能够得出这样的结论：各位专家学者所给的译名都是对的。因为，汉语也是一门活的语言，坚持对 Virtual Reality 作任何精确的翻译是狭隘观念。但是，另一方面，则仍有必要从以上译名中挑选出一两个最好的来，或者也可以另起炉灶，如果还有更好的话。那么，我们认为“虚拟现实”和“虚拟实在”与原文更加“形似”。其它几个译名虽各有千秋，但总嫌“神似”有余，而“形似”不足。词和词语的翻译同句子和篇章一样应力求“神形兼具”。在这种情况下，找到一个最理想的译名实属必要。 借鉴以上众多译名，并综合Strachan 所做的分析和解释，经过反复比较和推敲，我们认为 VirtualReality 视情可译为“拟真技术”、“拟真”或“虚拟真实”。这几个译名与所介绍的那些在含义上大致相同而表述略有不同，或许是最为得体的。理由如下： 第一，这么译十分符合英文词语的本义。Virtual 在这里意为 in effect, though not in fact; not such infact but capable of being consider
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1.名［场所］名［物/人］力*笳◎去歹/「仮歹 名［物/人］总名［场所］笳◎去歹/「仮歹 意思：“ ~有~ ”“~在~”，此语法句型重点在于助词“心‘ 例：部屋忙机力?笳◎去歹。 机总部屋 2.疑问词+哲+动(否定) 意思：表示全面否定 例：教室忙疋沁o 3?“壁①上”意思是墙壁上方的天棚，“壁才是指墙壁上 例：壁 4. ( 1)名［时间］动 表示动作发生的时间时，要在具体的时间词语后面加上助词“V”，这个一个时间点 例：森总心比7時V 起吉去To 注意：只有在包含具体数字的时间时后续助词“V”，比如“ 3月14 日V, 2008年V”；星期后面可加V,比如“月曜日V” ,也可以不加V;但是“今年、今、昨日、明日、来年、去年”等词后面不能加V。 此外：表示一定时间内进行若干次动作时，使用句型“名［时间］V 名［次数］+动” 例：李1週間V2回7°-^^行吉去T。 (2)名［时间段］动：说明动作、状态的持续时间，不能加“ V” 例：李毎日7時間働^^L^o (PS: “V”的更多用法总结请看初级上第15课) ( 3)名V 【用途】【基准】 表示用途时，前接说明用途的名词，后面一般是使"去T等动词 表示基准时，前名词是基准，后面一般是表示评价的形容词。 例：--乙①写真总何V使"去T力、。「用途」 --申請V使"去T。「用途」 乙①本总大人V易L^^ToL力'L、子供V总難L^^To 「基准」 X —X—力*近乙買⑴物V便利^To 「基准」 (4)动(基本形) OV 【用途】【基准】：使用与上述( 3)一样 例：乙O写真求一卜总申請T^OV 使"去T。 ^OV>^3>^ 買“物T^OV 便利^To (5)小句1 (简体形)OV，小句2:名/形動+肚+OV 表示在“小句1 ”的情况下发生“小句2”的情况不符合常识常理，翻译为“尽管…还是…，虽
一般过去式 时间状语：yesterday just now (刚刚) the day before three days ag0 a week ago in 1880 last month last year 1. I was in the classroom yesterday. I was not in the classroom yesterday. Were you in the classroom yesterday. 2. They went to see the film the day before. Did they go to see the film the day before. They did go to see the film the day before. 3. The man beat his wife yesterday. The man didn’t beat his wife yesterday. 4. I was a high student three years ago. 5. She became a teacher in 2009. 6. They began to study english a week ago 7. My mother brought a book from Canada last year. 8.My parents build a house to me four years ago . 9.He was husband ago. She was a cooker last mouth. My father was in the Xinjiang half a year ago. 10.My grandfather was a famer six years ago. 11.He burned in 1991
第一部分——名词 名词：名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。在日文中的充当句子成分时可以做主语，宾语，目的语等。与数量词、代词等构成体言。在单词方面完全由汉字组成的词汇如：説明せつめい 等很多是音读即类似汉语发音，当然也有训读的时候（海うみ ），甚至一个词有音读和训读两种念法（紅葉こうよう 和紅葉もみじ ）。由汉字和假名组成的词语大多训读念法例：お知らせ 名词无变形但有时态的差别： 名词 简 体 敬 体 现在式 过去式 现在式 过去式 肯定 名词+だ 例：学生だ 名词+だった 学生だった 名词+です 学生です 名词+でした 学生でした 否定 名词+ではない 学生ではない 名词+ではなかった 学生ではなか った 名词+ではありません 学生ではありません 名词+ではありませんでした 学生ではありませんでした 另外名词的中顿形：名词+で、～～～。 名词的推量形，表示推测或向对方确认：でしょう。 初级上名词相关时态、句型： 敬体： １．现在肯定：N です わたしは 王です。「３」２．现在否定：N ではありません わたしは 日本人では ありません。「３」 ３．过去肯定：Ｎでした 前の 会社は 日系企業でした。「１１」 ４．过去否定：Ｎでは ありませんでした 先週，大阪は いい 天気では ありませんでした。「１１」 简体： １．现在肯定：Ｎだ 今日は 日曜日だ。「１８」 ２．现在否定：Ｎではない クリスマスは 祝日では ない。「１８」 ３．过去肯定：Ｎだった 恋人からの 誕生日の プレゼンは ネクタイだった。「１８」 ４．过去否定：Ｎではなかった 昨日は 休みでは なかった。「１８」
Unit5 Virtual Reality Reading教案 一、章节分析（Reading section ） （一）综述 本章节讲述虚拟现实(VR)在各个领域的运用并分析其利弊。由于此主题较新,并与学生日常生活的电脑网络的使用有关,学生们对此应该是比较熟悉也颇有兴趣的。 因此，教师应充分利用学生的兴趣来教授本课，并进行适当拓展。 本课的任务有两个： 1.学生通过对课文的学习。掌握一些核心词汇，例如：imaginary, realistic, security, image等。 2.通过学习课文，了解如何运用想象写说明文，为writing部分做一定的铺垫和 准备。 （二）阅读目标 1知识目标 学习课文中重点词、词组、句型和语法。 2能力目标 通过阅读了解虚拟现实在各个领域的使用以及其他相关知识。 3情感目标 正确判断电脑、网络以及虚拟现实对日常生活的利弊影响。 （三）教学方法 采用任务型教学法组织教学，通过听说，讨论等具体活动，达到教学效果。 （四）重点和难点 1词汇学习 1)核心词汇 artificial
commit imaginary realistic security image amazing 2)拓展词汇 inspect manufacture architect amazing glide head-set inspect medium virtual fantasy 3)词组和短语 look down upon go back in time come true thanks to introduce … into reach out just for entertainment before long
●I wonder if it’s because I have been at school for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about going home. ●It is because she wasn’t well that she fell far behind her classmates this semester. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I took it for granted that friends should do everything for me. ●In order to make a difference to society, they spent almost all of their spare time in raising money for the charity. ●It’s no pleasure eating at school any longer because the food is not so tasty as that at home. ●He happened to be hit by a new idea when he was walking along the riverbank. ●I wonder if I can cope with stressful situations in life independently. ●It is because I take things for granted that I make so many mistakes. ●The treasure is so rare that a growing number of people are looking for it. ●He picks on the weak mn in order that we may pay attention to him. ●It’s no pleasure being disturbed whena I settle down to my work. ●I can well remember that when I was a child, I always made mistakes on purpose for fun. ●It’s no pleasure accompany her hanging out on the street on such a rainy day. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I threw my whole self into study in order to live up to my parents’ expectation and enter my dream university. ●I can well remember that she stuck with me all the time and helped me regain my confidence during my tough time five years ago. ●It is because he makes it a priority to study that he always gets good grades. ●I wonder if we should abandon this idea because there is no point in doing so. ●I wonder if it was because I ate ice-cream that I had an upset student this morning. ●It is because she refused to die that she became incredibly successful. ●She is so considerate that many of us turn to her for comfort. ●I can well remember that once I underestimated the power of words and hurt my friend. ●He works extremely hard in order to live up to his expectations. ●I happened to see a butterfly settle on the beautiful flower. ●It’s no pleasure making fun of others. ●It was the first time in the new semester that I had burned the midnight oil to study. ●It’s no pleasure taking everything into account when you long to have the relaxing life. ●I wonder if it was because he abandoned himself to despair that he was killed in a car accident when he was driving. ●Jack is always picking on younger children in order to show off his power. ●It is because he always burns the midnight oil that he oversleeps sometimes. ●I happened to find some pictures to do with my grandfather when I was going through the drawer. ●It was because I didn’t dare look at the failure face to face that I failed again. ●I tell my friend that failure is not scary in order that she can rebound from failure. ●I throw my whole self to study in order to pass the final exam. ●It was the first time that I had made a speech in public and enjoyed the thunder of applause. ●Alice happened to be on the street when a UFO landed right in front of her. ●It was the first time that I had kept myself open and talked sincerely with my parents. ●It was a beautiful sunny day. The weather was so comfortable that I settled myself into the
日语初级上册语法总结 ㈠日语常用的词汇分类及用法： 1 名词：在句子中作主语，谓语，宾语，定语（名词+の名词）。 2 形容词：定语，谓语。 3 形容动词：定语，谓语。 4 动词：定语，谓语。 5 副词：可做状语，修饰动词，形容词，形容动词。 6 助词：相当中文里的助词，用于说明一个句子或一个词，与其它句子或词的关系。 ㈡动词的分类及「て形」、「ない形」、「た形」的变形规则。 ㈣上册所学语法中与「て」「ない」「た」相关的语法。 ①「て」：～ています、～てから、～てもいいです、～てください、～てはいけません、～ても 补充：动词的「て」形表示动作的先后顺序，以及动作行为的方式方法。 例えば：顔を洗って学校へ行きます。 歩いて駅へ行きます。 ②「ない」：～なくてもいいです、～ないでください、～ないほうがいいです、～なければならない 补充：动词的「ない」形表示否定。 例えば：会社へ行かない。 ③「た」：～たことがあります、～たほうがいいです、～たり～たりします、～たら 补充：动词的「た」形表示过去时。 例えば：フランスへ行った。
㈢名词，形容词，形容动词，动词的简体及敬体变形 ㈤常见助词用法的归纳总结。 １「は」用与提示主语，像「には、では、へは、からは、までは等」属于助词的重叠使用。 起加强语气或提示为主题的作用。 例えば：田中さんは日本人です。 教室には学生がいます。 2「が」提示主语和描述状态的作用。 常用「が」的情况有：1其后为形容词。 2表示自然现象。 3其前为疑问词。 4整句中的一小部分的主语。 5另外自动词前也用「が」来提示而不用「を」。 例えば：天気がいいです。 空は青いです。 誰がいますか。 私は足が痛い。 電気が付いている。 3「も」表示后项事物和前项事物一样。相当于中文的[也]。 例えば：陳さんは中国人です。 李さんも中国人です。
Unit 4 Cyberspace Lesson 3 Virtual Reality Teaching aims: To understand the dialogue. To get specific information about the virtual reality holidays. To voice your opinion on a virtual university. Teaching difficulties: How to make the students take part in the class actively. Before the class. You are divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. If some student in your group volunteersto answer the question, your group will get a smile face. The group that gets more smile faces willbe a winner. OK? Teaching procedures: Ⅰ. Lead in First,pleaselookatthreegroupsofpicturestodecide:whichoneshowsrealsituation? Which one shows unreal situation?Real/ Unreal They are all unreal situations, but they make us feel as if we are in real situations. Do youthink so? They are called virtual reality. Today we will read a passage---Lesson3 Virtual Reality Please look at objectives by yourselves. Do you understand? ⅡReading Task1. Skip to get main idea. Try to answer the two questions. 3’ 1. How many people are there in the dialogue? Who are they?
高中英语~词性~句子成分~语法构成 第一章节：英语句子中的词性 1.名词：n. 名词是指事物的名称，在句子中主要作主语.宾语.表语.同位语。 2.形容词;adj. 形容词是指对名词进行修饰~限定~描述~的成份，主要作定语.表语.。形容词在汉语中是（的）.其标志是: ous. Al .ful .ive。. 3.动词：vt. 动词是指主语发出的一个动作，一般用来作谓语。 4.副词：adv. 副词是指表示动作发生的地点. 时间. 条件. 方式. 原因. 目的. 结果.伴随让步. 一般用来修饰动词. 形容词。副词在汉语中是（地）.其标志是：ly。 5.代词：pron. 代词是指用来代替名词的词，名词所能担任的作用，代词也同样.代词主要用来作主语. 宾语. 表语. 同位语。 6.介词：prep.介词是指表示动词和名次关系的词，例如：in on at of about with for to。其特征：
介词后的动词要用—ing形式。介词加代词时，代词要用宾格。例如：give up her（him）这种形式是正确的，而give up she（he）这种形式是错误的。 7.冠词：冠词是指修饰名词，表名词泛指或特指。冠词有a an the 。 8.叹词：叹词表示一种语气。例如：OH. Ya 等 9.连词：连词是指连接两个并列的成分，这两个并列的成分可以是两个词也可以是两个句子。例如：and but or so 。 10.数词：数词是指表示数量关系词，一般分为基数词和序数词 第二章节：英语句子成分 主语：动作的发出者，一般放在动词前或句首。由名词. 代词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当。 谓语：指主语发出来的动作，只能由动词充当，一般紧跟在主语后面。 宾语：指动作的承受着，一般由代词. 名词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当. 介词后面的成分也叫介词宾语。 定语：只对名词起限定修饰的成分，一般由形容
新標準日本語語法點總結（初級上） 1.名【场所】名【物/人】力* / 庭忙何力?笳◎去T力、。 部屋忙誰力"、去T力、。 2.名【物/人】总名【场所】笳◎去T /「岷T 図書館乙忙笳◎去T力、。 猫总椅子 3. 表示方位 上*9^隣 下L尢中忌 力、 前外 後6 九勺 4.疑问词+哲+动词（否定）教室V誰去乜人。 冷蔵庫忙何哲笳◎去乜人。 5.去T 去乜人 6.时间的表达方式 今何時何分IT力、。 今四時三十分IT。 毎日何時忙寝去T力、。 11時3 0分忙寝去T。 （叙述包含数字的时间后续助词V,例3月14日V, 但是今日、今、昨日、明日、毎日、去年等词后不加V,星期后一般加V,但也可以不加。午前中 試験总始去◎去T力、。 来週①木曜日IT。 （詢問時間用 ^^,當詢問的時間很具體時，在表示時間的詞語后加V,如何時V、何曜日V、何日V ）力、5……表示某动作发生在某个期间，也可以表示某移動動作的起點和終點森月曜日力、5水曜日去疋休注5。
表達時刻【何時何分】 1點一時7點七時 2點二時8點八時 3點三時9點九時 Unit4 Cyberspace-Lesson3 Virtual Reality 一、学习目标 1.透彻理解课文内容。 2.对新学到的单词和句型等能学以致用。 3.学习条件状语从句。 二、重难点分析 1.对课文里长难语句的理解以及句子成分分析。 2.学习条件状语从句。 三、学习过程 Step 1: 预习课文 1.用15分钟阅读，粗通课文的大意，回答下面的问题。 （1）What’s the main idea of the text? A. The weekend life of Cathy and Tom. B. The life that students hope for living in the future C. The imagination of virtual reality’s holiday and study situation D. Imagination of how to live in the future （2）Which of the following is true? A. In the virtual reality holiday, we wouldn’t experience something directly. B. Tome will go camping with his families this weekend. C. Tom will send the website address to Cathy when he gets to school. D. It’s not hard for us to imagine the virtual reality studying situation. （3）From the text, we can infer that________ . A. Cathy has lots of work to do this weekend. B. In the future, we will not have to go to our destinations in the flesh at all. C. We will not only be able to travel around the world, but go to study in world famous universities we wanted to. D. Cathy dislikes to spend a long time traveling on planes during holiday. M A: Has the case been closed yet? B: No, the magistrate still needs to decide the outcome. magistrate n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 A: I am unable to read the small print in the book. B: It seems you need to magnify it. magnify vt.１．放大，扩大；２．夸大，夸张 A: That was a terrible storm. B: Indeed, but it is too early to determine the magnitude of the damage. magnitude n.１．重要性，重大；２．巨大，广大 A: A young fair maiden like you shouldn’t be single. B: That is because I am a young fair independent maiden. maiden n.少女，年轻姑娘，未婚女子 a.首次的，初次的 A: You look majestic sitting on that high chair. B: Yes, I am pretending to be the king! majestic a.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，高贵的 A: Please cook me dinner now. B: Yes, your majesty, I’m at your service. majesty n.１．［Ｍ－］陛下（对帝王，王后的尊称）；２．雄伟，壮丽，庄严 A: Doctor, I traveled to Africa and I think I caught malaria. B: Did you take any medicine as a precaution? malaria n.疟疾 A: I hate you! B: Why are you so full of malice? malice n.恶意，怨恨 A: I’m afraid that the test results have come back and your lump is malignant. B: That means it’s serious, doesn’t it, doctor? malignant a.１．恶性的，致命的；２．恶意的，恶毒的 A: I’m going shopping in the mall this afternoon, want to join me? B: No, thanks, I have plans already. mall n.（由许多商店组成的）购物中心 A: That child looks very unhealthy. B: Yes, he does not have enough to eat. He is suffering from malnutrition. 新版标准日语初级上册语法总结 ㈠日语常用的词汇分类及用法： 1 名词：在句子中作主语，谓语，宾语，定语（名词+の名词）。 2 形容词：定语，谓语。 3 形容动词：定语，谓语。 4 动词：定语，谓语。 5 副词：可做状语，修饰动词，形容词，形容动词。 6 助词：相当中文里的助词，用于说明一个句子或一个词，与其它句子或词的关系。㈡动词的分类及［ます形］「て形」、「ない形」、「た形」的变形规则。 动词的分类：ます形:て形: ない形: た形: ㈢名词，形容词，形容动词，动词的简体及敬体变形 ㈣上册所学语法中与「て」「ない」「た」相关的语法。 ㈤常见助词用法的归纳总结。 ㈥连词：连接句子于句子的词。 ㈦疑问词： ㈧副詞及接续词： 动词的分类： 动词「て形」「た形」的变形规则： １、一类动词： ①动词的最后一个假名以「うつる」结尾时，将它们改为「って」「た」 買う買って 立つ立って 終わる終わって ②动词的最后一个假名以「むすぶ」结尾时，将它们改为「んで」「た」 読む読んで 遊ぶ遊んで 死ぬ死んで ③动词的最后一个假名以「くぐ」结尾时，将它改为「いて」「た」 書く書いて 泳ぎぐ泳いで ④行く行って「た」 ⑤話す話して「た」 ２、二类动词:直接去掉加「て」「た」 食べる食べて出かける出かけて 鍛える鍛えて起きる起きて ３、三类动词：直接去掉「する」加「して」「た」。「来るー来（き）て」「た」。運動する運動して復習する復習して 買い物する買い物してチェックするチェックして 动词「ない形」的变形规则： １、一类动词：将动词「ます形」的最后一个假名改为其「あ」段假名。若动词「ます形」的最后一个假名以「い」结尾时不要将其改为「あ」，而要改为「わ」。 買う買わない 立つ立たない 読む読まない 意见应以事实为根据. 3 来自辞典例句 192. The bombers swooped ( down ) onthe air base. 轰炸机 突袭 空军基地. 来自辞典例句 193. He mounted their engines on a rubber base. 他把他们的发动机装在一个橡胶垫座上. 14 来自辞典例句 194. The column stands on a narrow base. 柱子竖立在狭窄的地基上. 14 来自辞典例句 195. When one stretched it, it looked like grey flakes on the carvas base. 你要是把它摊直, 看上去就象好一些灰色的粉片落在帆布底子上. 18 来自辞典例句 196. Economic growth and human well - being depend on the natural resource base that supports all living systems. 经济增长和人类的福利依赖于支持所有生命系统的自然资源. 12 1 来自辞典例句 197. The base was just a smudge onthe untouched hundred - mile coast of Manila Bay. 那基地只是马尼拉湾一百英里长安然无恙的海岸线上一个硝烟滚滚的污点. 6 来自辞典例句 198. You can't base an operation on the presumption that miracles are going to happen. 你不能把行动计划建筑在可能出现奇迹的假想基础上. 新版标日初级·语法解释 第2课 1.これ/それ/あれは [名]です 相当于汉语“这是/那是~”。 “これ”“それ”“あれ”是指代事物的词，相当于汉语“这、这个”“那、那个”。用法如下： （1）说话人与听话人有一点距离，面对面时： ·これ：距离说话人较近的事物 ·それ：距离听话人较近的事物 ·あれ：距离说话人和听话人都较远的事物 （2）说话人和听话人处于同一位置，面向同一方向时： ·これ：距离说话人、听话人较近的事物 ·それ：距离说话人、听话人较远的事物 ·あれ：距离说话人、听话人更远的事物 例：これは 本です。 それは テレビです。 あれは パソコンですか。 2.だれですか/何ですか 相当于汉语“~是什么？/~是谁？”。不知道是什么人是用“だれ”，不知道是什么东西时用“何”。句尾后续助词“か”，读升调。例：それは 何ですか。 あの人は だれですか。 注意：“だれ”的礼貌说法是“どなた”。对方与自己是同辈、地位相当或地位较低时用“だれ”。对方比自己年长或地位高时用“どなた”。 例：吉田さんは どなたですか。 3.[名]の[名]【所属】 助词“の”连接名词和名词，表示所属。 例：私のかぎ。 小野さんの傘。 4.この/その/あの[名]は [名]です 相当于汉语“这个/那个~是~”。修饰名词时，要用“この”“その”“あの”。其表示的位置关系与“これ”“それ”“あれ”相同。例：このカメラは 私のです。 その傘は 小野さんのです。 あの車は だれのですか。 5.どれ/どの[名] 三个以上的事物中，不能确定哪一个时用疑问词“どれ”“どの”。单独使用时用“どれ”，修饰名词时用“どの”。 例：森さんのかばんは どれですか。 長島さんの靴は どれですか。 私の机は どの机ですか 扩展：100以下数字 0 れい/ぜろ 1 いち 2 に 3 さん 4 し/よん 5 ご 6 ろく 英语造句大全English sentence 在句子中，更好的记忆单词！ 1、(1)、able adj. 能 句子：We are able to live under the sea in the future. (2)、ability n. 能力 句子：Most school care for children of different abilities. (3)、enable v. 使。。。能句子：This pass enables me to travel half-price on trains. 2、(1)、accurate adj. 精确的句子：We must have the accurate calculation. (2)、accurately adv. 精确地 句子：His calculation is accurately. 3、(1)、act v. 扮演 句子：He act the interesting character. （2）、actor n. 演员 句子：He was a famous actor. (3)、actress n. 女演员 句子：She was a famous actress. (4)、active adj. 积极的 句子：He is an active boy. 4、add v. 加 句子：He adds a little sugar in the milk. 5、advantage n. 优势 句子：His advantage is fight. 6、age 年龄n. 句子：His age is 15. 7、amusing 娱人的adj. 句子：This story is amusing. 8、angry 生气的adj. 句子：He is angry. 9、America 美国n.北师大版高中英语必修二 unit4 lesson3 Virtual Reality reading
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