同位语从句属于名词性从句，大多由从属连词that引导，常常跟在fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等名词后面。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同位关系。例如：
They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.他们很熟悉这一观点，所有的物质都是由原子构成的。
1、从先行词来看
同位语从句与名词之间在逻辑上是"主语＋be＋表语"的关系。该名词是需要做特殊说明的抽象名词。例如：
They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们的球队赢了的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。
2、从引导词来看
引导词that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，that不可省略；that在定语从句中是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分---主语或宾语，有具体词意，作宾语时还可以省略。试比较：
The factory(that)we visited yesterday is a chemical one.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是化工厂。(that在从句中作宾语，所以此句是宾语从句)
The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.他将要去上海的消息是真的。(that只起连接从句的作用，所以此句是同谓语从句)
同位语从句讲解及练习
一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质
在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用t hat, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, an swer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。
例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whol e school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。
二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句
1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）
例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。
析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。
2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"是否"的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）
例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。
析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加"是否"的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。
3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。
例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
析：he will be back意义不完整，应加"什么时候"的含义才能表达i dea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
析：he went home意义不完整，应加"如何"的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。
4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。
如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the cit y.
三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限
同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名
词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。
区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。
如：The report that he was going to resign was false.
因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，th at he was going to resign 是同位语从句。
例1：
1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school gradu ates will be admitted into universities.
A. while
B. that
C. when
D. as
析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted in to universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what
B. that
C. when
D. as
析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her m outh.(MET91)
A. it
B. which
C. this
D. that
析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. it
B. which
C. this
D. that
析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且t he terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。
巩固性练习：
1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A. that
B. what
C. why
D. which
2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A. hat
B. what
C. which
D. why
3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A. what
B. that
C. why
D. when
4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A. which
B. that
C./
D. it
5. I have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when
B. that
C. what
D./
6. I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
A. if
B. that
C. whether
D. which
7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when
B. which
C. what
D. that
8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which
B. whether
C. that
D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that
B. as
C. of which
D. which
10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doin
g.
A. whether
B. where
C. that
D. when
Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA
同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion, proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定
内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work a t home is often discussed. (同位语从句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trustin g.
(同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. (同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明pro mise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事? (同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other grou ps was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few pe ople to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作receiv ed的宾语,可以省略?)
同位语从句讲解与练习 1定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句，用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。 2.连接词：that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。引导同位语从句时一般都不省略。if一般不引导同位语从句that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是否” E.g. They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？ I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where,when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句，在句中作成分。 E.g. The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 3.可跟同位语从句的名词或短语 不是所有的名词都可以跟同位语从句，常可以被同位语从句修饰的名词有： belief doubt explanation hope idea news opinion possibility statement thought wish truth fact question promise problem reply report suggestion advice fear warning understanding feeling rumor certainty probability on condition on the understanding with the exception in spite of the fact E.g. Daniel will be allowed to make a trip to China on condition that he gets an A in all his school subjects. 4同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1）that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 句法功能上 that引导的同位语从句that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that引导的定语从句that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。 意义上 同位语从句是被修饰名词的内容。定语从句起限定作用，是定语。 如： The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作的宾语，可省)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 2）wh-类词引导的两种从句的区别 who, whom, whose, when, where, why 引导定语从句，它们分别指前面先行词所表示的人、物、时间、地点、原因，否则为同位语从句。在同位语从句中，wh-类词表示疑问。
从句小结 从句总述： 从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。 由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。 1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 4. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。其关联词多为that。 状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句等。 宾语从句 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态、语序、连接词。 一：时态和语序 1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 语序：宾语从句只能用陈述句语序，坚决不能用疑问句语序。 二：连接词 ①从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句： He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. ②连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句： Do you know who has won Red Alert game 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗 ③连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 例句： He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
教案7.21 定语从句详细讲解 一、定义及相关术语 1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用： A.引导定语从句； B.代替先行词； C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2．whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 明正是我想要见的男孩。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
简单句与宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句英语语法培训教材
1简单句与宾语从句 (2) 1.1陈述句作宾语 (2) 1.2一般疑问句作宾语 (3) 1.3特殊疑问句作宾语 (3) 2简单句与表语从句 (5) 2.1陈述句作表语 (5) 2.2一般疑问句作表语 (5) 3简单句与同位语从句 (6) 3.1陈述句作同位语 (6) 3.2一般疑问句作同位语 (7) 3.3特殊疑问句作同位语 (7) 本章小结 (8) 1简单句与宾语从句 名词从句的本质是用三种句子（陈述句、一般问句和特殊问句）充当四种句子成分（主语、宾语、表语和同位语）。所以，当用三种句子充当另外一个句子的宾语时，就构成了宾语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下： 1.1陈述句作宾语 1.2一般疑问句作宾语 1.3特殊疑问句作宾语 1.1陈述句作宾语 把“that＋陈述句”这一结构放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句： 1We know(that) the world is round.我们知道，地球是圆的。 2I think(that) a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing.我认为扎
实的语法功底对良好的写作极为重要。 需要注意的是，只有宾语从句中的that才可以省去（在不影响对句意的理解的情况下），而主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that一般不能省去。 1.2一般疑问句作宾语 把“whether/if＋陈述句”这一结构放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句： 1I don't know if/whether he needs my help我不知道他是否需要我的帮助。 2No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise 没有人知道利率是否会提高。 这里原来的一般问句是would interest rates rise，变成陈述句语序后成为interest rates would rise，然后为了保留疑问的意义又添加了whether or not，于是便有了whether or not interest rates would rise，在主句的谓语knew后面作宾语，即构成宾语从句。需要提醒的是，因为一般不说if or not，所以这里的连词不宜用if，而要用whether。 注意：只有宾语从句才可以用if引导，主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句一般都要用whether引导。 1.3特殊疑问句作宾语 把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句： 1I have not decided whom I should vote for我还没有决定该投谁的票。 这里的特殊疑问词whom是作vote for的宾语，所以需将原来的倒装句whom should I vote for调整为陈述句语序whom I should vote for，然后作主句谓语decided的宾语，即构成宾语从句。 2No one knows exactly how speech began没有人确切地知道语言是如何产生的。 这里的特殊疑问词how是作began的方式状语，所以需将原来的倒装句how did speech begin调整为陈述句语序how speech began，然后作主句谓语knows的宾语，即构成宾语从句。 3Could you tell me where the post office is? 你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗？
同位语从句与定语从句的三点区别 同位语从句与定语从句很相似,但还就是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面: 1、从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能就是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibilit y,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以就是名词、代词、主句的一部分或就是整个主句。如: The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed、人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性(同位语从句) We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting、我们正在调查的问题不就是她就是否值得信赖的问题(同位语从句) Word came that he had been abroad、据说她已经出国了(同位语从句) Our team has won the game, which made us very happy、我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴(定语从句) The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room、您找的那位医生在房间里面(定语从句) His mother did all she could to help him with his study、她妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助她的学习(定语从句,代词all作先行词?) 2、从性质上区别 定语从句就是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句就是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明与解释,属于名词性从句的范畴如:
定语从句和同位语从句的区别 一、定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如： 1．We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。 2．We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。 二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如： 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。 例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分，作从句的主语，故为定语从句；例2中的that只起连接作用，引导从句解释fact的内容，不作任何句子成分，故为同位语从句。 引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。例如： 1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 例1是定语从句，that可省略；例2是同位语从句，that不能省略。 3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。
从句小结 欧阳家百（2021.03.07） 从句总述： 从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。 由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。 1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 4. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。其关联词多为that。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句等。 宾语从句
学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态、语序、连接词。 一：时态和语序1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 语序：宾语从句只能用陈述句语序，坚决不能用疑问句语序。 二：连接词 ①从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句：He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. ②连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句：
主语从句与宾语从句 一、名词性从句是四位从句的总称：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。这些从句都起到类似于名词的作用。 主从：一个句子充当大句子的主语，就叫主语从句。例如； What I need is money.(主语是What I need作大句的主语) It was not obvious that water is fundamental to the development of life.（It是形式主语，真正的主语是that 从句。） 主语从句的位置有两种，一种是放于句首；一种是用It 作形式主语，从句被放后面。 二、宾语从句：一个小句子充当大句子的宾语。 He asked me how old I was . She took it for granted that I’d be back home an hour ago.（It 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。） 考点一：语序 What I want to do is to go home immediately.陈述语序。 I asked where the famous restaurant was .陈述语序。 名词性从句的语序应该是陈述句语序。 删除疑问语序（be /助动词、情态动词+主语） 考点二：引导词 That（没成分） That the earth moves around the sun is known to all.(that 引导的句子作大句子的主语，that不能丢。) Whether /if （有时互换，主语从句只能用wheather引导，不能用if .可用if 的地方都能用wheather。） Whether the meeting will be put off depends on the weather . 疑问代词：what,who, whom,which,whose 在从句中有成分 What he has is just money.（在从句中有成分作宾语） 疑问副词：where ,when,why,,how在从句中有成分 Why he didn’t attend class is not know yet. That：引导名词性从句时无成分，无词义，有时可以省略。 Whether /if引导名词性从句时无成分，是否。 特殊疑问代词：主，宾，表，定。 疑问副词：状。 考点三：no matter+疑问词（what）VS疑问词（what）+ever Whatever he says must be put down . No matter what he says/Whatever he says,I will not change my mind. 意思相同，但语法不一样。第一句主从，第二句让步状语从句。以ever开头的引导主从或者状语从句，而以no matter 开头的不能引导名词性从句，只能引导状语从句，所以选ever 就一定对。 考点四：建议、命令、要求类+宾从 The doctor suggested that an operation (should)be done immediately on the patient. 初中讲过当主句是一般过去时态的宾语从句：主过去，从句也过去。当主句的动词是建议、命令、要求类的动词时，后面的宾从必须是should+动词原形且should可以省略。此时不管。主语是谁，不管主句是什么时态都不能改变动词是原形的要求.once表示建议、命令、要求类的动词suggest,advise,propose,demand,require,insist,request,ask,command,order后面如果后
定语从句和同位语从句的区别 定语从句与同位语从句是高中英语教学内容的重点，也是英语阅读中的难点，它们相似的位置，使许多学生往往混淆，阻碍了对文章的理解。那么，如何正确地区分定语从句与同位语从句呢？ 一、从意义上讲，定语从句的作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如： 1．We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。（定语从句） 2．We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。（同位语从句） 二、从引导词的句法功能上讲，定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如： 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。例如： 1. The news (that) she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 3. The reason why (= for which) he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。 四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示，即添加法。而定语从句所修饰的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。例如：The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。 (上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是: The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。 意思合理，系表结构成立，故为同位语从句.) The reason (that )he explained is true. 五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词，可以有复数形式；而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位，(如：idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion)，一般没有复数形式。例如： 1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。（possibilities是定语从句的先行词，可用复数形式） 2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心，她女儿有可能不喜欢上学。（possibility是抽象名词，后接的是同位语从句，一般不用复数形式） 六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如： 1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。 2. I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她何时回来。 3. This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住的房子。 4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题没有决定。例1、3中的when和where引导的是定语从句，day 和house分别表示时间和地点；例2、4中的when 和where引导的是同位语从句。
定语从句与同位语从句的区分 一、定语从句相当于一个形容词, 它对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用。同位语从句相当于名词，属于名词性从句，它是对前面名词内容的具体表述，它们之间的关系是同位关系。试比较： The news that you heard is not true. 你听到的那个消息不是真的。（定语从句） The news that he has died is true. 他已经去世的消息是真的。（同位语从句，说明了news 的具体内容，即he has died） 二、同位语从句常跟在news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等少数名词之后，而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。如： The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。 He didn\\'t give the answer why he was late. 他没回答他为什么迟到这个问题。（同位语从句） Then rose a question where we should go. 于是产生了一个问题：我们该到哪里去？（同位语从句） 三、that 在定语从句中充当某一成分, 是关系代词; that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅把主句与从句连接在一起，是从属连词。如： The fact that just now you talked about interests me. 你们刚才谈论的事情使我感兴趣。（定语从句） The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格这个事实使他的父母很生气。（同位语从句） 四、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物，否则引导的就是同位语从句。试比较：
同位语从句与定语从句的区别（配练习与答案） 一、复习定语从句 1.定义：该句子在复合句中作定语，像形容词一样起修饰作用。 2.特点：1)用陈述句语序。2) 去掉从句主句仍是一个完整的句子。 3.位置：位于所修饰的名词之后，该名词叫做先行词。 4.引导词：1）关系代词： a) 在从句中可做主语，宾语，定语。 b) 分为：先行词为人：who(主，宾)，whom(宾)，whose(定), that（主，宾） 先行词为物：which(主，宾), that（主，宾）,whose（定） eg：The lady who is standing behind Tom is my sister. This is the book which I bought yesterday. c) 关系代词在从句中作宾语常常省略。 2）关系副词：a)在从句中作状语。 b)分为：when , where, why eg：He came last night when I was out. 新内容： 1.词类：同从的名词只能是抽象名词;定从可是名词也可是代词 I can’t stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly. His mother did all she could to help him with his study. 2.性质：同从对前面的抽象名词进一步解释说明;定从对先行词进行修饰和限制。 The news that our team has won the game was true. The news that he told me yesterday was true.
同位语从句:解释前面的名词 E.g news,fact,suggestion,order,promise,idea等 连接次不能省略,that无具体意思,不翻译 连接词:how what when where whether why that The fact that you do not have summer holiday makes me very sad Y ou agree the suggestion that I memories some words and study grammar The suggestion that we are going to visit the Hangzhou is very good I make my decision that I will come back for China next month 我不介意你是胖是瘦 我不能忍受她哭的噪音 他怎么回家的我没印象了 主语从句:从句充当主语 E.g. What I have said yesterday is important. 连接词主语be动词宾语 What we need is time That he will win the match is certain
连接词:that, what whether 形式主语:it is a question whether he will come or not It is a reported that 据报道it seems that 似乎 It has been proved that 已证明 That I have received a call from my mother made me surprised last week It is surprised that I have received a call from my mother last week 主语从句和形式主语的转换 你是否能明白它是个问题 主语从句: 形式主语: 我想知道你能不能明白这个单词 宾语从句:从句充当宾语 Y ou told me (that) you had understood the sentences I do not know whether there will be a bus or not Do you know who has broken the window? He did not tell me when we would meet again 我妈告诉我她要去超市
高中语法—主语从句+表语从句+同位语从句 讲解 ●主语从句 一．定义：在句中起主语作用的从句 二．语序—陈述句语序 When will he come is not known. × →When he will come is not known Whether can animals be well protected is of great importance.× →Whether animals can be well protected is of great importance. →陈述句语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 三．连接词 1.从属连词：that/whether ①that：没有意义，不作成分，不可省略---That everyone likes Doraemon is amazing. (that=口袋→把句子装起来）@3.10,25,28,30 ②whether“是否”不可省略,不可用if代替---Whether they would support us was a problem. （if“如果”有歧义）@4.5 ,31 2.连接代词 ①who,whom,what,which,whose,whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever ②特定意义，不可省略 ③在主语从句中做成分 What we need is water.---作宾语@29 Who will go makes no difference.---作主语@12，14,17,19，#4,12 Who he is remains uncertain.---作表语 Whose shirt it is remains unknown. ---作定语#16 →连接代词在宾语从句中作宾语，主语，表语，定语 *Whoever(Anyone who) wants to enter into this school must take the exam. ---无论是谁@18 *Whatever(Anything that) she did was right. ---无论什么@2 3.连接副词 ①when,why,how,where ②特定意义，不可省略 ③作状语，表示时间，地点，原因，方式 When he will be back depends on the weather.---时间状语 Where the test will be given is not yet decided.---地点状语#14 Why dinosaurs died out remains a puzzle.---原因状语#13 How this happened is not clear to anyone. ---方式状语 四．时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制 五．It作形式主语 1.结构it is...that...（无意义，不做成分） ①It is certain that she will do well in her exam. →It is+a.+that... ②It’s a pity that we can’t go.→It is+n.词组+that...(no wander难怪，an honor荣耀）@1，16,20 ③It is said that Tiny Times is a good movie
定语从句及同位语从句 1. That is _____ he said. A. all what B. all which C. all that D. all which 2.These are things and persons ___I’ve heard of. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 3. Please tell me everything ___you know. A. what B. that C. which D. all what 4. We know the fact ___he has gone to college. A. that B. which C. what D. why 5.I received the news ____Xiao Ping had passed away. A. what B. that C. which D. in which 6. This is the thing ___he referred to. A. who B. whom C. X D. what 7. This is the building, in front of ____there is a dog lying on the ground. A. that B. which C. it D. X 8. This is the things about ___we’re talking. A. which B. that C. X D. them 9. That is the room, ___is very empty. A. that B. which C. it D. as 10. Those are the students, most of ____are very active. A. that B. them C. which D. whom. 11. This is the man ___we went to the cinema. A. with that B. with whom C. with who D. who 12. The girl ___father lives in Beijing won the first prize in maths. A. who B. whose C. whom D that 13. The factory ___we work is very big.. A. that B. which C. where D. who 14. The factory ___we visited is very big. A. that B. where C. in which D. on which 15. This is the day ___we joined the army. A. which B. that C. when D. in which 16. The days ___we spent last year will not be forgotten. A. that B. on which C. in which D. when 17. The village ___we stayed in last year is not far from here. A. that B. where C. in which D. there 18. The factory ___sells shoes is near to our school. A. that B. where C. in which D. X 19. He is very foolish, ____you expected. A. which B. as C. that D. why 20. He has such a book ___I borrowed from the library. A. which B. that C. as D. what 21. He made the same progress ___I did in my entrance examination.. A. what B. that C. on which D. as
怎么区分定从宾从同位语从句？（从成分方面） 老师说什么。。。做在句子中做成分就是。。。去掉以后句子不完整就是。。。。 满意答案： 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类，即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。引导从句的词称作关联句。名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示] 1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well known that water is indispensable to life. 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面,如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省，一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 如何判断各类从句呢？答：1．分析句子结构以区分从句的种类。遇到一个复合句，首先要分析其句子结构，看从句在整个句子中起什么作用，那么它就是什么从句。2．分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类。that这个词既可引导同位语从句，又可引导定语从句，这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似，如何区分呢？区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是，看that在从句中是否充当句子成分，若that在从句中不充当任何成分，则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语，则为定语从句。3．根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类。定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词，如：the film；the student；the book；a house等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词，如fact、idea、promise、truth等，用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。4．根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类。宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的，所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。5．根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类。如so that即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，如何区分呢？主要从以下两点来区分。①根据上下文意义判断。“以便……”表示目的，是目的状语从句，“以致于……”，“结果……”表示结果，是结果状语从句。②从结构形式上来分辨。so that前有逗号，为结勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃 果状语从句，反之，则为目的状语从句。有时，so that前无逗号，这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should 等情态动词，如果有，则多是目的状语从句，若没有，则多是结果状语从句。