How can we become good leaners?
单元重点： 1a do sth by doing sth
1c 主题句型：
How do you study for a test?
I study by working with a group.
2a
1.what about 与how about:
What about listening to tapes?
What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?
What about = How about about介词后面的动词要加 ing
2. Aloud loud loundly 的辨析
Aloud adv. 出声地用于read think,没有比较级最高级。
Eg. What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?
Loud adv. adj. 响亮大声，用于speak shout talk,常用于口语，多用于比较级。Please speak louder.
Loudly 喧闹嘈杂不悦耳，多用于ring knock：
They argued loudly in the next room.
2b
1.I’v learnd a lot that way.
（1）.A lot of=lot’s of修饰名词，表示许多。
A little 修饰不可数名词，一点儿，很少There is a little water in the glass.
（2）.a lot很，非常。作状语修饰动词或比较级，多用在肯定句中：Thanks a lot.
I feel a lot/much better now.我感觉好多了。
A little 也可跟a lot 一样用：Memorizing the words of pop songs also help a little.
2.I think it helps.我认为它有帮助。
3. It’s too hard to undersand spoken English.
知识点：太怎样以至于不能。
考点：句型转换：too…to…与so…that..
Spoken Englsh is so hard that I can’t understand it
It’ too hard to undersand spoken English.
类似的在某些情况下还可以相互转换的句型有：
Have trouble doing sth.
Have a difficult time doing sth.
It’s …(difficult) for sb. to do sth.
not enough to do sth.
Eg. I have trouble understanding spoken English.
I have a difficult time understanding spoken English.
It’s difficult for me to understand spoken English.
My daughter is five years old.She is not enough to go to primary school.
My daughter so yong that she can’t go to primary school.
The boy ran so fast that I couldn’t catch him.
The boy ran too fast to catch him.
He was so angry that he couldn’t say a word.
2d
1.I have to finish reading a book and give a report next Monday.
（1）.have to 从客观上讲不得不做某事。
（2）.must从主观上讲不得不做某事。
Must的用法拓展
（一），（1）肯定：必须，应该：I must finish my homework before five o’clock.
Must you finish your homework before eight o’clock?
Yes, I must. No, I needn’t. No, I don’t have to.
(2)、否定：mustn’t 表示禁止做某事。
You mustn’t talk with others in class.
(二)，must作情态动词表推测：unit 8 It must belong to Carla.
（1），表肯定：There must be some mistakes.
The baby can't be ill. He is so active
The book must be Tom’s. His name is on it.
(2),表否定用can’t:
Who is talking in the next room?
It can’t be Tom, He has gone to Shanghai.
2.I have to finish reading a book and give a report.
Finish +v.ing finish 后面的动词加ing.
类似的动词还有：practice enjoy mind keep go stop remember forget
like prefer suggest against(反对)
联想拓展：跟不定式to 的有：
Like to do want to do get used to do be used to do learn to do
expect to do refuse to do pretend to do, promise to do, be able to do begin to do need to
3.I have to finish reading a book and give a report.
短语：give a report.作报告 give a speech 作演讲
4. Just read quickly to get the main ideas at first.
短语：(1)at first 起初，开始，暗示后来又变化。
(2)For the first time (有生以来第一次，一段时间以来第一次)
I have been here for nine month, for the first time, I missed my parents so much.
(3)first of all,首先，就顺序而言。to start/begin with(首先)
At first, I didn’t like English, but now I do.
5. Don’t read word by word.
Word by word 逐字逐句地 One by one 一个接一个地
6.短语：be patient 要有耐心
It takes time这需要时间
3a
1. Why did WeiFen find it difficult to learn English?
Find it difficult to do sth.发现做某事很困难。
2.The secret to language learning语言学习的秘诀
3. How I learnd to learn English学习怎样学英语
Learn to do sth.学习做某事。
4. The teacher spoken so quickly that I did not understand her most of the
time.
(1)most of the time绝大多数时候
(2)so that 与 too to 之间的转换：
The teacher spoken too quickly to understand her most of the time.
5. I was afraid to ask questions because of my poor pronunciation.
(1)be afraid to do sth害怕去做某事（因害怕而不敢做某事）
I was afraid to speak in class.
(2)be afraid of sth.害怕某事物。
Were you afraid of the dark when you were a child?
I’m afraid of the snakes.
(3)be afraid of doing sth害怕做某事（事情本身有危险）
The boy is afraid of falling into the river.
Jim is afraid of going to bed in the dark.吉姆害怕摸黑上床睡觉。
6.because 与because of
Because连词，其后跟一个完整的句子。
Because off复合介词，其后跟代词名词。
He didn’t come to school yesterday because he was ill.
He didn’t come to school yesterday because of his illness.
7. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie!
fall in love with 爱上
fall的联想拓展：falls 瀑布，陨石。
fall落下，摔倒 fell(过去式) fallen(过去分词)
fall into落入陷入 fall asleep入睡
8.be/ fall asleep, sleep go/get to sleep, go to bed的辨析
这组词都与“睡”有关，但侧重点有所不同。
(1).sleep 强调“睡觉”这一动作，是延续性动词，可与表示时间的状语连用。如： He slept for eight hours.他睡了八个小时。 Why couldn`t the man downstairs sleep? 楼下那个人为什么睡不着？
(2). be asleep表示“睡着”的状态，是系表结构，其中asleep不能用very修饰，只能用sound, fast等词修饰。如： The baby is fast asleep.孩子睡得很香。 The little girl is sound asleep.这个小女孩睡得很熟。
(3). fall asleep 意指“睡着”，表示一个动作的过程，侧重于“自然而然地入睡、不想入睡而入睡”的含义。如： He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock at the door. 他刚睡着，就有人使劲敲门。 I don`t know when I fell asleep last night. 我不知道昨晚什么时候睡着的。
(4). go to sleep 指“入睡、进入梦乡”这个动作，即begin to sleep。如： He was so tired that he went to sleep soon.他很累，不久就睡着了。 I just want to close my eyes and go to sleep as quickly as possible. 我正想合上眼，尽快地睡上一觉。
(5). get to sleep意为“睡着、入眠”，强调进入睡眠状态，且多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。如： I was waiting for the sound of the other shoe! I can`t get to sleep. 我在等另一只鞋的落地声！我睡不着。
(6). go to bed 意为“就寝、上床睡觉”，着重指上床准备睡觉的动作，无“睡着”之意。一般说来，是go to bed在前，然后才go/ get to sleep或fall asleep。如： He usually goes to bed at ten o`clock and goes to sleep/ falls asleep five minutes later.他通常十点钟就寝，五分钟后入睡。 One man keep healthy if he goes to bed early and gets up early. 如果一个人早睡早起，他就能保持身体健康。
9.Their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning.
Help的用法
（1）help sb. to do sth.
Can you help me to learn English ? 你能帮助我学英语吗？
（2）with the help of 在……帮助下
With the help of her, he found his lost child. 在她的帮助下，他找到了失踪的小孩
（3）help sb. with sth. Please help me with my French.
（4）help oneself （ to ）自用（食物等）。
Help yourself to the fish. 请随便吃鱼。
9. I look them up in a dictionary
look up 动副短语，代词作宾语放中间。
I often look up new words in a dictionary.
4c
短语：take notes记笔记 keep a diary记日记
Unit 1 How can we become good learners?
Section B
1a
1. pronounce v. 与 pronunciation n.
I can`t pronounce some of the words.
I was afraid to ask questions because of my poor pronunciation.
2. spoken English 英语口语
3.increase和improve:
I don’t know how to increase my reading speed.
How can I improve my pronunciation?
increase的意思是“增加”，侧重指的是数据方面的增加
improve的意思是“提升，提高，进步”，属于比较小的，比如说学习进步了
develop“发展”，一般指的是比较重大的，像历史、科技发展之类的
4.特殊疑问词加不定式句型跟宾语从句之间的转换：
(1)I don’t know how to increase my reading speed.
I don’t know how I should increase my reading speed.
(2)She didn't know which blouse to buy.
= She didn't know which blouse she should buy.
(3)I'm thinking about what to say.
= I'm thinking about what I should say. 我在考虑说什么。
(4) I could not decide which dictionary to buy.
= I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
5.短语：make mistakes=make a mistake犯错 In grammar在语法方面
1b.
1.活跃的动词不定式to 用法之一：表示动作的目的
(1)I don’t know enough words to write well.
(2)He can join an English language club to practice speaking
(3)He should find a pen pal to practice writing.
(4)I don’t have a partner to practice English with.
1c
1.课文原句：
He can’t get the pronunciation right.
He doesn’t get much writing practice.
get 的用法小结：
(1)获得，得到，收到，买：
Where did you get the book?
He gets first prize in the listening contest.(比赛)
I got a new coat in that store last week.
I got a letter from Tom this morning.我收到来自汤姆的信（受到某人的信还可用hear from）
(2)作为连系动词，后接形容词，表示“变成、变得”
The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer.
(3)作使役动词：使、、、让、、、
get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事:I got him to clean the blackboard.
Don't get your hands dirty.
get sth. done: I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
=I'll get my hair cut tomorrow.
We had the machine repaired. =We got the machine repaired.
(4)get sth. for sb.替某人买、拿东西。
He went to the office and got some chalk(粉笔) for his teacher.
(5)get+adj.变得、、、形成、、、状态。
It is getting darker and darker.
(6)与get相关的常见词组：
get out出去 get back回来，取回来 get to到达
get on (a bus/train)上车 get up起床 get (well) on with sb.跟某人相处（得好） get into
2.常见的几个提建议的句型：
(1). What about… How about…
What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?
(2). why don’t you… = why not…
Why don’t you listen to English songs on the radio and repeat the difficult words?
(3). can should may
He can join an English language club to practice speaking?
He should find a pen pal to practice writing.
May I take this book home to read?
肯定用Yes, please.
否定用No, you mustn’t./ No, you can’t或No, you’d better not.
(4)Shall I(we)… Will you…
Shall I open the window and close the door?
Shall we go swimming this afternoon?
Will you tell me where the nearest bookshop is?
(5). Let’s
Let’s go and find something interesting to do.
(6). Would you please… Could you please…
Could you please go hiking with me ?
(7)You’d better… You’d=You had…
You’d better not go out at night.
(8) “Don’t +动词原形
Don’t be late next time, please.
1c 1d 中的短语:
talk to sb. talk with sb. at home
2b
1.be born with 天生具有。
Everyone is born with the ability to learn.
2.depends on取决于：
But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits.但是你是否能做好这件事取决于你的学习习惯。
All depends on the weather.
3.in common共同的，共有的。
Research shows that successful learners have some good habits in common.收索，
找遍许多例子我们会发现成功的学习者通常都有共同的好的学习习惯。
I have nothing in common with Jane. 我和简毫无共同之处。
He had very little in common with his sister.
他和姐姐几乎没有什么共同语言。
We happened to discover we had a friend in common.
我们凑巧发现我们有一个共同的朋友。
4.be interesting in对、、、感兴趣。
5.be easy for sb.to do sth.对于某人来说做某事容易。
be difficult for sb.to do sth. pay attention to 注意，留意。
课文原句：Studies show that if you are interested in something, your brain
is more active and it is also easier for you to pay attention to it for along time.如果你对学习活动中的一些事情感兴趣的话，那么你的大脑就会更积极活跃并且对你来说长时间保持注意力也很容易。
pay attention to （to是介词，接动词+ing））注意，留意：
I hope you will pay attention to this problem.
You must pay attention to your teacher in the class.
They paid attention to watching the scene. 他们注意到了观察现场
6.connect···with···把···和···联系起来。
课文原句：Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something interesting.好的学习者通常会把他们要学习的东西跟一些有趣的东西联系起来。
7.get bored变得厌烦。
be good at 擅长→→ do well in 在某方面做得好。他们之间可以做同义句转换。
think of 与 think about
think of想起：What good learning habits can you think of？
think about思考考虑：Good learners think about what they are good at and what they need to practice more.
8.课文原句：Practice makes perfect.
知识点：make的用法小结：
(1) 做；制作；制造: Can you make any mooncakes?
(2)使，迫使，令：
①主动句：make sb. do sth. :
I don't like milk, but she made me drink it.
Don't make the baby cry anymore. 不要再让那个孩子哭了。
Sad movies make me cry. (来自Unit11单元题目)
②被动句：sb. be made to do sth. :
Practice makes perfect.
在主动语态中其后要跟省略to的不定式作宾语补足语，而在被动语态中，to不能省去。如：
She was made to wait for over an hour. 她被迫等了一个多钟头。
◆英语中，类似于make这种用法的动词还有let, have, hear, see, watch, notice, feel等。如：
I saw him put the key into the keyhole, turn it and open the door. 我看见他
把钥匙插进锁孔，转动钥匙，然后打开了门。
She was seen to go into the classroom. 有人看见她进了教室。
③make 作系动词，其后跟形容词作表语：
The awful picture s make Amy uncomfortable. (选自Unit11 Section B 1b)
The loud museic makes Amy nevous.
关于make 的短语：
make a mistake 犯错误 make a telephone call 打电话
make friends with 与……交朋友
make a decision to do sth决定做某事。decide to do sth.
make a face 做鬼脸 make a living 谋生；维持生活
make money 赚钱 make one's bed 铺床；收拾床铺
make one's way to 往……走 make sure 确信；务必；弄清楚
9课文原句：Good learners will keep practicing what they have learned.
Keep用法小结：
(1)用作及物动词：
(a). 意为保存、保留、保持、留下：
Could you keep these letters for me, please?
I'll keep a seat for you.我给你留个座位。
It can help to keep vegetables, fruit and meat for a long time in hot summer. 在炎热的夏天，它有助于蔬菜、水果和肉类长时间保鲜
Can you keep a secret? 你能保守秘密吗？
He kept all money in the bank.
(b).履行（诺言）遵守（法律规则）
Everybody must keep the law
(c).意为"照顾、养活、赡养、饲养"等。如
She kept her sister for a week while her sister was ill.
I have a family to keep.我得养活一家人。
The old man kept many animals like dogs, pigs, and cats.
(d).经营，管理：
He kept a hotel in this city.
(e).借：borrow是不可持续动词，当要表达借某东西多久时，就用keep:
How long can I keep this book? 这本书我可借多长时间？
You can keep it for two weeks. 你可以借两周
(f). 意为"记(日记、帐等)"。如：
she keeps a diary every day.她坚持每天记日记
(g).意为"使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)"。这时要在keep的宾语后接补足
语，构成复合宾语。其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等
充当。如：
We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容词)我们应保持教室整洁干净。
The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(过去分词)班上其他同
学都闭着眼睛
keep…away from…使什么远离什么。
You'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副词)
The bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介词短语)坏天气使我们不能出门。
keep sb. doing sth.
Don't keep me waiting for long.(现在分词)别让我等太久。
(2).用作联系动词，构成系表结构：keep＋表语，意为"保持，继续(处于某种状态)"
You must look after yourself and keep healthy. (形容词)你必须照顾好自己，保
持身体健康（keep healthy=keep in health）
She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必须保持镇静
(3).含keep的其它常用句型：
（a）.keep （on）doing sth. 意为"继续干某事":
He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time. 他整
天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。
(b).keep sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事：
The heavy snow kept us from going out.大雪使我们不能出去。
10.not enough to do sth. :课文原句：It is not enough to just study hard.仅仅
只靠努力是不够的。
look for 寻找
look after 照看照顾 take care of 照看照顾
take after（有血缘关系）的人之间外貌性格相像（遗传像）
look like广泛的人，物，事之间相像。(看上去像)
be similar to一般都是在相近似的物品和情境的对比上
11.try to do sth. 和 try doing sth.的辨析：
try to do sth.努力做某事Try to be here on time
try one’s best to do sth.
You must try your best to finish your test.
try doing sth.尝试做某事I tried knocking at the door, but nobody answered. 我试着敲了敲后门，但没人回答。
Self Check
练习题一。
1.be stressed out 有压力的 have a test考试
课文原句：Are you stressed out each time you have a rest?
When you are stressed out, you should listen to music.
I've been stressed out about my oral exam.我觉得口语考试压力大
2.rember to do sth.记得去做某事。
rember doing sth.记得做过某事。
课文原句：Rember to take notes in class.
类似的短语还有：
(1)stop to do 与 stop doing
stop to do sth.停止正在做的事情，去做另外一件事。（结果还在做）
stop doing sth 停止做某事。（最后结果：没有做事了）
stop doing sth.是停止做某事指停止做原来的事情
e.g. Hearing the doorbell,she stopped washingthe dishes.
听见门铃声，她停止洗碗了。
stop to do是停下（手头的事情）去做另外一件事
e.g. Hearing the dollbell, she stopped to open the dor.
听见门铃声，她停下手中的活去开门。
(2)forget to do 与 forget doing
forget to do 忘记去做某事。(未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
3. bit by bit 一点点地；渐渐地
He saved money bit by bit until he have enough to buy a car.
他一点儿一点儿攒钱直到够买一辆汽车。
4.at once立刻，马上
同意短语：right away in a minute
5.worry about与be worried about
be worried about表示一个状态；而worry about 表示一个动作
(1)worry about 担忧，担心。
You don't have to worry about me. I'm a good swimmer. 你不用担心我。我水性很好
(2) Don't be worried about tomorrow's test,you will pass it.
不要担心明天的测试，你会通过的。
He is worried about his son .他为儿子担心。
He is worrying about his son .他正担心他的儿子。
He worries about his son. 他为儿子担心。
练习题二，
What’s the matter?
同义句转换：What’s wrong with you?
Unit2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!
单元重点：1.宾语从句 2.感叹句
一。宾语从句
（一）概念：在复合句中，由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子就叫做宾语从句。
（二）要点：关联词时态语序
（三）具体讲解：
1.关联词：
(1)从句原型是陈述句：that （有时可省略）
I think (that) Halloween is a fun festival.
Mary thinks (that) the teams were just fantastic.
(2)从句原型是一般疑问句 whether/if:
I wonder if/whether they’ll have the races again next year.
Ben wonders if/whether April is a good time to visit Thailand.
(3) 从句原型是特殊疑问句：who what which when where how why:
Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?
Can you tell me who she is?
2.时态：
(1). 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。
I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
(2) 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
(3). 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
3.宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
4.宾语从句中whether和if有什么区别
whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用。如：
I wonder if / whether I can get some advice from you.
I ask him whether / if he can come.
但在有些情况下，whether和if的用法有一定区别。
(1). whether引导的从句常可以与连词or或or not直接连用，而if一般不能。如：
正： Let me know whether you can come or not.
误： Let me know if you can come or not.
(2). 当宾语从句提到句首时，只能用whether引导，而不能用if。
正： Whether it is true or not, I can’t tell.
误： If it is true or not, I can’t tell.
(3). whether可以引导带to的不定式，if则不能。如：
正： I don’t know whether to accept(接受) or refuse（拒绝）.
误： I don’t know if to accept or refuse.
(4). whether及其引导的成分可放在介词之后，作介词的宾语，但if不能。如：
正： I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
误： I worry about if I hurt her feelings.
第(5)点用法区别作为了解，可以不背：
(5). whether可以引导从句，作主语、表语或同位语，而if不能。
正： It was uncertain whether he would come.
误： It was uncertain if he would come.
正： His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
误： His first question was if Tom had arrived yet.
正： We must consider the question whether we will take these measures.
误： We must consider the question if we will take these measures.
总结：if 在宾语从句中不可用的情况：介后or not,宾、to 前，主、表，同位皆不用。
5. 宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是：think believe imagine suppose consider expect guess等词时，主句的主语是第一人称，时态为一般现在时的时候，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致：
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式：
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
二.感叹句：
感叹句是表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气氛、哀伤等强烈感情的句子。通常由how或what 引导，句末用感叹号。
1.由what引导的感叹句：
(1) What+a/an+形容词+可数名词的单数形式（+主语+谓语）！：
What a clever girl she is !
(2) What 形容词+可数名词复数形式（+主语+谓语）！
What beautiful flowers they are !
(3) What 形容词+不可数名词（+主语+谓语）！
What sweet +water it is !
2.由howy引导的感叹句：
(1) How+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数形式（+主语+谓语）！
How useful a subject they are learning!
(2) How+形容词/副词（+主语+谓语）
How hot it is today!
How delicious the mooncakes are!
How fast he runs!
(3)How+主语+谓语！
How time flies!
总结：1.形容词后有名词用what,形容词后无名词用how.
2.总观how和what的六种结构：
相同的是:How/what 形容词主语谓语
不同的是：(1)what a/an 形容词:
How 形容词 a/an
What a clever girl she is!
How clever a girl she is!
(2)How+形容词+主语+谓语！
How delicious the mooncakes are!
What delicious mooncakes they are！
How hot it is today! How sweet the water is!
What a hot day it is! What sweet water it is!
3.陈述句改为感叹句陈述句改为感叹句时，常使用“一断二加三换位”的方法：
(1)“一断”，即在谓语动词后边断开，把句子分成两部分
She is ~a beautiful girl.
He works ~hard.
(2)“二加”，即如果第二部分的第一个词为形容词、副词，就加上how；如果是名词（词组），就加上what。
She is~（what）a beautiful girl.
He works ~(how) hard.
(3)“三换位”，即把第一部分与第二部分互换位置，同时把句号换为感叹句。
What a beautiful girl she is!
How hard he works!
2c
put on 增加（体重），发胖
课文原句：I’v put on five pounds.
Put on 穿衣服 He put on a coat and ran out of the house.
拓展：关于穿衣的几种表达：
dress 给某人穿 dress up打扮装饰，穿上盛装，盛装打扮 Put on 强调穿衣动作wear强调穿什么衣服的样子、状态。
学习必备欢迎下载 Unit 1 How do you study for a test ? 一．短语。 1．向老师寻求帮助7.嘲笑 2．说的技能8 .编造 3．英语口语9 .抱怨 4．复习备考10. 处理 5．加入英语俱乐部11. 中止，中断 6．犯错误12. 听磁带 二．同义词。 1 Look up 2. unless 3. regard… as 4. with the help of 5. be angry with 6. not … at all 7. improve 8. laugh at 三．重点词。 1. a good way 2. the best way 3. have trouble 4. one of 5. look them up 6. too much 7. decide 8. practice 9. friend (adj) (n) 10. happy (反义词) 11. easy (adv) 12. success (v) (adj) 13. help (adj) 14. suggest (n) 15. noise 16. end up (in) Voice end up with sth Sound 17. important (反) (n) 18. different (adv) (n) 19. 四．重点句型 1. It’s too hard to understand the voice. 2. Joining the English club was the best way to improve her English. 3. Studying grammar is a great way to learn a language. 4. Why don’t you join the English club to practice speaking English. 5. The writer found learning English difficult. 6. It wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher. 7. How do you study for a test? -- I study by working with a group. . Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark. 一．短语 1过去常常2一直 3令某人吃惊的是4即使，尽管 5注意，留心6支付得起 7为…付款8做决定 9几乎不10 在过去 11日常生活 二．同义词 1. be interested in 2. afford to 3. In the end 4. take pride in 5. One day 6. walk to school 7. hold on 8. go to bed 9. Not … any more 10. not … any longer 三．重点词 1.so many so much 2.spend take pay cost 3.give up 4.(效力于) the swim team / the soccer team. 5.踢足球弹钢琴 6．In the front of In front of 6.seem 7.die ( n ) ( adj ) 8.day ( adj ) 日常生活 9.much / even 四．重点句型 1. I go to bed with my bedroom light on. 2. My daily life has changed a lot in the last few years. 3. He is one of the best students in his class. 4. 含used to 的句型： 肯定句： 否定句： 一般疑问句： 5. be used to
英语教学设计 年级 学科 授课人 学年度第学期 Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation? Period 1 Section A (1a-2d) 一、教学目标： 1. 语言知识和能力目标： 1) 能掌握以下单词：anyone, anywhere, wonderful, quite a few, etc 能掌握以下句型： ①—Where did you go on vacation? —I went to the mountains. ②—Did you go with anyone? —Yes, I did./No, I didn’t. 2) 能了解以下语法： —复合不定代词someone, anyone, something, anything等的用法。—yourself, myself等反身代词的用法。 3）一般过去时态的特殊疑问句，一般疑问句及其肯定、否定回答。 2. 情感态度价值观目标： 学会用一般过去时进行信息交流，培养学生的环保意识，热爱大自然。 二、教学重难点 1. 教学重点： 1) 用所学的功能语言交流假期去了什么旅行。 2) 掌握本课时出现的新词汇。 2. 教学难点： 1) 复合不定代词someone, anyone, something, anything等的用法。 2) yourself, myself等反身代词的用法。
三、教学过程 Ⅰ. Lead-in 1. 看幻灯片来进入本课时的主题，谈论上周末做了些什么事情。 Ⅱ. Presentation 1. Show some pictures on the big screen. Let Ss read the expressions. 2. Focus attention on the picture. Ask: What can you see? Say: Each picture shows something a person did in the past. 3. Check the answers. Answers: 1. f 2. b 3. g 4. e 5. c 6. a 7. d III. Listening 1. Point to the picture on the screen. 2. Play the recording the first time. 3. Play the recording a second time. Listen to the recording and write numbers of the names in the right boxes of the picture. 4. Check the answers. IV．Pair work 1. Point out the sample conversation. 2. Now work with a partner. Make your own conversation about the people in the picture. 3. Ss work in pairs. As they talk, move around the classroom and give any help . 4. Let some pairs act out their conversations. V. Listening 1. Tell Ss they will hear a conversation about three students’conversations. 2. Play the recording the first time. Ss listen and fill in the chart. 3. Play the recording a second time for the Ss to check “Yes, I
Unit 1 How can we become good learners textbook /?tekstbuk/ n. 教科书；课本p.1 conversation /?k?nv??s e??n/, n. 交谈；谈话p.2 aloud/??laud/ adv. 大声地；出声地p.2 pronunciation /pr??n?nsi?ei?n/ n. 发音；读音p.2 sentence/?sent?ns/ n. 句子p.2 patient/?pei?nt/ adj. 有耐心的n. 病人p.2 expression /ik?spre?n/ n. 表达（方式）；表示p.3 discover /di?sk?v? (r)/ v. 发现；发觉p.3 secret /?si:kr?t/ n. 秘密；adj. 秘密的；p.3 look up查阅，抬头看p.3 grammar/?gr?m?(r)/ n. 语法p.3 repeat/ri?pi:t/ v. 重复；重做p.4 note /n?ut/ n. 笔记；记录v. 注意；指出p.4 pal /p?l/ n. 朋友；伙伴p.4 physics/?fiziks/ n. 物理；物理学p.4 chemistry /?kemistri/ n. 化学p.4 memorize /?mem?r aiz/v. 记忆；记住p.4 pattern /?p?tn/, /?p?t?n/ n. 模式；方式p.4 pronounce/pr??nauns/ v. 发音p.5 increase/In?kri:s/ v. 增加；增长p.5 speed /spi:d/ n. 速度v.加速p.5 partner /?pa:(r)tn? (r)/ n. 搭档；同伴p.5 born /b?:(r)n/v. 出生adj 天生的p.6 be born with 天生具有p.6 ability/??bil?ti/ n. 能力；才能p.6 create /kri?eit/ v. 创造；创建p.6 brain /brein/ n. 大脑p.6 active /??ktiv/ adj. 活跃的；积极的p.6 attention/??ten?n/ n. 注意；关注p.6 pay attention to 注意；关注p.6 connect /k??nekt/ v. （使）连接；与??有联系p.6 connect … with 把??和??连接或联系起来p.6 overnight/??uv?(r)?nait/adv. 一夜之间；在夜间p.6 review /ri?vju:/ v. & n. 回顾；复习p.6 knowledge/?n?lid?/ n. 知识；学问p.6 lifelong /?laifl??/adj 终身的；毕生的p.6 wisely /?waizli/ adv. 明智地；聪明地p.6 Annie /??ni/ 安妮（女名）p.2 Alexander Graham Bell 格雷厄姆? 贝尔p.6
2016—2017学年上期期中检测 八年级英语试题 （考试时间：100分钟满分：150分） 一.听力测试。（共30分） 第一节：情景反应 听一遍。根据你所听到的句子，从A、B、C三个选项中选出最恰当的答语。 ( ) 1.A.Once a week. B.Three . C. It’s boring ( ) 2. A.Tomorrow. B.sure C. It’s interesting ( ) 3.A. play soccer B.many students. C.interesting. ( ) 4.ANo problem. B.the red one . C.13 days. ( ) 5.A.Yes, she does. B.coffee C.All of them. 第二节：对话理解 听二遍。根据你所听到的对话和问题，从A、B、C三个选项中选出最恰当的答语。 ( ) 6.A.Once a month. B.Twice a month. C.Three times a month. ( ) 7. A.For a week. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6014013111.html,st week. C.Next week. ( ) 8.A. To Guangzhou. B.To Hainan. C.To Dalian. ( ) 9.A. Lisa B. Jenny. C..Cindy ( ) 10.A.Yes, she does. B I don't know. C No, she doesn’t. 第三节：短文理解。 听两遍。根据你所听到的短文内容，从A、B、C三个选项中选出正确答案 A ( )11.How old is Mr Liu? A.17 B.70 C.60 ( ) 12.Where does Mr Liu exercise every day? A.In a park. B.At home. C.At school. ( ) 13.What does Mr Liu sometimes play with his friends? A. Games B. Cards C. Chess ( ) 14. How often does Mr Liu go to the library? A. Three times a month B. Twice a week. C. Twice a month. ( ) 15. How long does Mr Liu watch TV every night? A For a week B. For half an hour C. For an hour B. ( )16. When did Robert go fishing? A. On Friday. B. On Saturday. C. On Sunday. ( )17. Whom did Robert go fishing with? A. Nick. B. Mike. C. Dick.
九年级上册英语讲义【unit3-unit7】 （绝密资料） Unit3 【短语归纳】 1. get some magazines得到一些杂志 2. be afraid of 害怕 3. From time to time 时常；有时 4. turn red 变红 5. take up 开始做 6. deal with 对付；应付 7. not…anymore 不再 8. tons of attention 很多关注 9. worry about 担心 10. be careful 当心 11. a ver y small number of… 极少数的…… 12. a pair of 一对；一双；一副 13. walk up to走上前；朝……走去 14. a little earlier早点儿 15. be alone 独处 16. give a speech 做演讲 17. in public 当众 18. all the time 一直；总是 19. on the soccer team 在足球队 20. be proud of… 为……骄傲 21.loof forward to盼望；期待 22.parking lot 停车场 23. make a decision 做决定 25. get to到达 26. change one’s life 改变某人生活 27. even though 尽管 28. take care of 照顾 33. in the last few years 在过去的几年里 34. turn left/right 向左/右转 35. on one?s left/right 在某人的左/右边 36. go along Main Street 沿着主大街走 37. have dinner 吃饭 38.go to the third floor 去三楼 39. a room for resting 休息室 40. be special about.. .有……独特之处 41. pardon me 请再说一次 42. come on 过来;加油43. one one? s way to... 在去.......的路上 43. something to eat一些吃的东西 44. hold one’ s hand 抓住某人的手 45. mail(send) a letter 寄信 46. pass by 路过 47. a rock band 摇滚乐队 48. in the shopping center 在购物中心 49. in some situations 在某些场合 50. park one’ s car 停车 51. an underground parking lot地下停车库 52. thank sb. for doing sth. 为…感谢某人 53. look forward to…期盼… 54. meet sb. for the first time 第一次见到某人 55. in a rush to do sth. 仓促地做某事 56. be convenient to do sth. 做某事很方便 57.lead to in引入；导入 58.at the door在门口的 【单词变形】 1.expensive →inexpensive 不贵的 2. crowded →uncrowded 不拥挤的 3. politely→polite→impolite没有礼貌的adv→adj→反义 4．I talian→Italy n→n 意大利人/的→意大利 5,。direc t→indirect→directly→direction Adj→adj反义→adv→n直接的；直率的…间接的→直接地→指导；导演；指路 6. correct→correctly adj→adv 正确的；恰当的 【一词多义】 1.pardon①请再说一遍；抱歉；对不起 【感叹词】②宽恕原谅【v】 2.rush①仓促；急促【v】②匆忙；繁忙 【n】 3.correct①正确的；恰当的【adj】②改 正【v】 4.direct①直接的；直率的②指导；导演； 指路【v】 【必背句子】
新目标初中英语单词七年级上学期单词表 Unit 1 my pron.我的 name n.名字 is v.是 name's name is 之略 clock n.时钟 I pron.我 am v.是 I'm I am之略 nice adj.好的；令人愉快的 to part.不定式符号 prep.向；朝；至；达meet v.遇见；相逢 you pron.你；你们 what pron. &adj.什么 what's = what is your pron.你的；你们的 hello int.（表示问候）喂 hi int.（表示问候或打招呼）嗨 his pron.他的 and conj.和；又；而且 her pron.她的 question n.问题；难题；询问；疑问answer n.问答；答复；答案 look v.看；望；看起来 n.看；注视 first num.第一 first name 名字 last adj.最后的；上一个的 last name 姓氏 boy n.男孩 girl n.女孩 zero num.&n.零 one num.&pron.一（用来代替单数的人或物）two num.二 three num.三 four num.四 five num.五 six num.六 seven num.七 eight num.八 nine num.九 telephone n.电话number n.数；数字 telephone number 电话号码 phone n.电话；电话机 phone number 电话号码 it pron.它 it's it is 它的 card n.卡；卡片；纸牌 ID card (ID=identification)身份证family n.家；家庭 family name 姓氏 Unit 2 this pron.&adj.这；这个 pencil n.铅笔 pen n.钢笔 book n.书 eraser n.橡皮；铅笔擦；黑板擦 ruler n.尺；直尺 case n.箱；盒；橱 pencil case 铅笔盒；文具盒 backpack n.双肩背包 pencil sharpener 卷笔刀；铅笔刀dictionary n.字典；词典 that pron.&adj.那；那个 yes adv.（表示肯定）是 no adv.（表示否定）不；不是 not adv.（构成否定形式）不是 isn't is not 不是 excuse v.原谅；宽恕 excuse me 请原谅 thank v.感谢 OK adj.好；不错 in prep.用（表示方法，媒介，工具等）English n.英语；英文 a art.一个（只，把，台……） how adv.（指程度）多么；何等；怎样 do v.&aux.（助动词无意义）做；干；行动spell v.拼写 baseball n.棒球 watch n.手表 computer n.电脑；电子计算机
Unit1 How can we become good learners textbook /?tekstbuk/ n. 教科书；课本 p.1 conversation/?k?nv??s e??n/, n. 交谈；谈话 p.2 aloud /??laud/ adv. 大声地；出声地 p.2 pronunciation /pr??n?nsi?ei?n/ n. 发音；读音p.2 sentence /?sent?ns/ n. 句子p.2 patient /?pei?nt/ adj. 有耐心的n. 病人p.2 expression/ik?spre?n/ n. 表达（方式）；表示p.3 discover /di?sk?v? (r)/ v. 发现；发觉 p.3 secret /?si:kr?t/ n. 秘密；adj. 秘密的； p.3 look up查阅，抬头看 p.3 grammar /?gr?m? (r)/ n. 语法 p.3 repeat /ri?pi:t/ v. 重复；重做 p.4 note /n?ut/ n. 笔记；记录 v. 注意；指出p.4 pal /p?l/ n. 朋友；伙伴p.4 physics /?fiziks/ n. 物理；物理学 p.4 chemistry /?kemistri/ n. 化学 p.4 memorize /?mem?r aiz/v. 记忆；记住p.4 pattern /?p?tn/, /?p?t?n/ n. 模式；方式p.4 pronounce /pr??nauns/ v. 发音 p.5 increase /In?kri:s/ v. 增加；增长 p.5 speed /spi:d/ n. 速度v.加速p.5 partner /?pa:(r)tn? (r)/ n. 搭档；同伴 p.5 born /b?:(r)n/v. 出生 adj 天生的p.6 be born with 天生具有p.6 ability /??bil?ti/ n. 能力；才能p.6 create /kri?eit/ v. 创造；创建p.6 brain /brein/ n. 大脑 p.6 active /??ktiv/ adj. 活跃的；积极的 p.6 attention /??ten?n/ n. 注意；关注 p.6 pay attention to 注意；关注p.6 connect /k??nekt/ v. （使）连接；与??有联系p.6 connect … with 把??和??连接或联系起来 p.6 overnight /??uv? (r)?nait/adv. 一夜之间；在夜间 p.6 review /ri?vju:/ v. & n. 回顾；复习 p.6 knowledge /?n?lid?/ n. 知识；学问p.6 lifelong /?laifl??/adj终身的；毕生的p.6 wisely /?waizli/ adv. 明智地；聪明地p.6 Annie /??ni/ 安妮（女名）p.2 Alexander Graham Bell 格雷厄姆 ? 贝尔p.6 Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious! mooncake /?mu:nkeik/ n. 月饼 p.9 lantern /?l?nt? (r)n/ n. 灯笼 p.9 stranger /?streind?? (r)/ n. 陌生人p.10 relative /?rel?tiv/ n. 亲属；亲戚p.10 put on 增加（体重）；发胖p.10 pound /paund/ n. 磅（重量单位）；英镑 p.10 folk /f?u k/ adj. 民间的；民俗的p.11 goddess /?g?des/, /?g?:d?s/ n. 女神 p.11 whoever/hu:?ev? (r)/ pron.无论谁；不管什么人p.11 steal /sti:l/ v. (stole /st?u l/, stolen /?st?u l?n/)偷;窃取 lay /lei/v. (laid /leid/, laid)放置;产(卵);下(蛋) p.11 lay out 摆开；布置 p.11 dessert /di?z?:(r)t/ n （饭后）甜点；甜食p.11 garden /?ga:(r)dn/ n. 花园；园子 p.11 tradition /tr??di?n/ n. 传统 admire /?d?mai? (r)/ v. 欣赏；仰慕 p.11 tie /tai/ n. 领带 v. 捆；束p.12 haunted /?h?:ntid/ adj.有鬼魂出没的;闹鬼的p.13 ghost /g?u st/ n. 鬼；鬼魂 trick /trik/ n. 花招；把戏 treat /tri:t/ n.款待;招待 v.招待,请(客) spider /?spaid?(r)/ n. 蜘蛛p.13 Christmas /?krism?s/n. 圣诞节p.14 lie /lai/ v. (lay /lei/, lain /lein/)存在；平躺；处于 novel /n?vl/, /na:vl/ n.（长篇）小说 eve/i:v/ n （尤指宗教节假日的）前夕；前夜dead /ded/ adj. 死的；失去生命的 p.14 business /?bizn?s/ n. 生意；商业 p.14 punish /?p?ni?/ v. 处罚；惩罚p.14 warn /w?:(r)n/ v. 警告；告诫p.14 end up 最终成为；最后处于 present /preznt/ n. 现在；礼物adj. 现在的p.14 warmth /w?:(r)mθ/ n. 温暖；暖和p.14 spread/spred/v.(spread,spread)传播;展开n.蔓延;传播 Macao /m??kau/ 澳门p.10 Chiang Mai /?t?i???mai/清迈（泰国城市） Water Festival 泼水节p.9
人教版九年级英语第十三单元知识点总结 Unit13.We’re trying to save the manatees! 一．单词 litter bottom fisherman coal ugly advantage cost wooden plastic takeaway bin shark fin cruel harmful be harmful to at the top of chain the food chain ecosystem industry law scientific take part in afford turn off reusable pay for take action transportation recycle napkin throw away put sth to good use pull...down upside gate bottle president inspiration iron work metal bring back creativity 二．1.现在进行时 定义：表示说话时（瞬间）正在进行的动作，也表示目前或现阶段一直进行的动作。 结构: ①肯定句: 主语+ am/is/are + V-ing ②否定句: 主语+ am/is/are + not + V-ing ③疑问句: Am/Is/Are + 主语+ V-ing 用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的，目前正在发生的动作。 ① Look! The big bird is flying away. ② He is watching a movie now. 2）表示目前一段时间内正在进行，但说话时可能没有进行的动作。 Right now I am studying Chinese by distance learning. 我现在正通过远程教育学习汉语。 1) 2)常带有表示目前时刻的时间副词, 如：now, right now, at the (very) moment, for the time being, at present, these days 及Look! Listen! ... 3）与always, constantly, forever, all the time等副词连用，表示动作反复或习惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈情感在内。表达较强的“责备”或“表扬”之意 ① You are always changing your mind. 你总是主意不定。(太烦人了) ② He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。(他真是个好人) 4）对于come, go, leave, arrive, start,fly,drive等表示位置移动的动词常可用进行时态表将来。 ① He is leaving on Wednesday. ② Mary isn’t here at the moment. She is coming later. 2. used to do见第四单元及use用法 3.被动语态见第五单元 注意：接双宾语的词的被动语态；make /let /have sb do的被动语态；see/ hear /notice /find /observe sb do 的被动语态；It’s said/reported/believed/supposed/well-known；及无被动语态的三种情况（感官动词、不及物动词、sell/write等） 4.现在完成时: 用法：①过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：强调结果 Yesterday I fini shed my homework, that’s to say, I have finished my homework now. ②过去已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态：强调继续 I have lived here since 1990. 现在完成时的构成have/has+过去分词 现在完成时的四个基本句型 肯定句He has finished the work. 一般疑问句Has he finished the work?
人教新目标英语九年级 全册教案 公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]
Unit 1 How can we become good learners 学习目标 认知目标： 1. Talk about how to study. 学会讨论各种学习方法和策略。 2. Find out your suitable learning methods. 找出适合自己的学习方法。 情感目标： 通过对学习方法的学习，培养学生用正确而科学的方法做事的能力，明白 “一份耕耘，一份收获”。 技能目标： （1）熟练掌握下列词汇：aloud pronunciation discover repeat note pronounce increase speed partner create active connect review knowledge wisely born attention （2）熟练掌握下列短语：work with friends ask the teacher for help read aloud look up practice pronunciation connect…with… pay attention to （3）掌握下列句型：How do you study English I learn by working with a group. Do you learn English by reading aloud Yes, I do. It helps my pronunciation. How can I read faster You can read faster by reading word groups. How can I improve my pronunciation One way is by listening to tapes. But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits. 重点、难点（Key points and difficulties） 1. 学会运用how来询问做事方式 2. 学会运用by + doing的结构表达做事方式。by 介词，表示“通过……方法或 途径”，译成“靠、通过”。by后面可以加名词或动名词短语。 3. 动名词的构成：动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 课时划分 Period 1 Section A 1 (1a-2d) Period 2 Section A 2 (3a-3b) Period 3 Section A 3 (Grammar Focus—4c) Period 4 Section B 1 (1a-2e) Period 5 Section B 2 (3a-selfcheck) Unit 1 Section A 1 (1a-2d) Step 1 Warming up T: How do you study English Do you study English by the following ways (Show some pictures and present the important phrases.) T: How do you study English S: I study English by ______. by working with friends. by making word cards. by asking the teacher for help. by reading the textbook. by working with a group. by listening tapes. Step 2 1a Check the ways you study English. Then add other ways you sometimes study. ___ a. by working with friends. ___ b. by making word card. ___ c. by reading the textbook. ___ d. by listening to tapes
八年级英语下册第二次月考试题 一、单项选择。从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案，将答案填入题前的括号内。（15’） ( ) 1. We all know the Yellow River is the second __________ river in China. A. long B. longest C. longer D. most long ( ) 2. It is raining outside, please don’t leave____________ it stops. A. since B. until C. while D. when ( ) 3. Tom is taller than _________boy in our class. A. the other B. any other C. the others D. other ( ) 4. This room is ___________ that room. A. as three times big as B. three times as bigger as C. three times as big as D. as big as three times ( ) 5.Mother told me _________ you eat junk food, _________I will be. A. the less; the healthier B. the more; the healthier C. the less; the more healthier D. the more; the more healthier ( ) 6.The bridge is about _________ long. A. six hundred meter B. six hundred meters C. six hundreds meters D. six hundred of meters ( ) 7. You will be late for school____________ you don’t get up early A. but B. if C. and D. or ( ) 8. He has ____________ much money ____________he can build a big house. A. such; that B. so; that C. such a; that D. so a; that ( ) 9.The trees are old, so we can _________and plant some young ones. A. cut them up B. cut up them C. cut down them D. cut them down ( ) 10.I was so excited that I stayed _________last night. A. wake B. sleep C. asleep D. awake ( ) 11.I enjoy playing computer games, but I can’t _______ too much time _______that. A. take; doing B. spend; doing C. spend; to doing D. take; to do ( ) 12. ---I heard you lost your keys. _________ you _________ it? ---Not yet. A. Did; found B. Did; find C. Have; found D. Have; find ( ) 13. He ask me another question____________ answering me. A. rather than B. instead of C. instead D. than ( ) 14. ---I will go to Harbin for my summer vacation. What about you? ---I haven’t decided where _________. A. go B. to go C. going D. went ( ) 15. My mother ______ getting up early on weekends.. A .used to B. be used to C. was used to D. is used to 二、完形填空。从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案，将答案填入题前的括号内。（10’） When people think of tigers, they think: strong and dangerous. But now, the big animal is calling for our help. There were once eight kinds of 1 in the world, but three died out during the 20th century. In the last 70 years, the 2 of Siberian tigers（东北虎）has gone from as many as 300 to_____3____22 somewhere. The Siberian tiger has been___4____ dying out completely. If the government doesn’t make any efforts, it’s q uite___5____ that there will be no more Siberian tigers in China in about twenty years. In order to double the number of wild tigers in the __6___ ten years the World Wildlife Fund (世界自然基金会) has started a program recently. It ___7__save wild tigers and puts an end to tiger hunting and killing. China together with twelve other____8___ has joined in. Wild animals, such as red deer and wild pigs, are the main ____9____ of the tigers. The hunting of these animals is the greatest threat(威胁)to tigers. So the most important thing is ___10___ the animals that tigers eat. To protect the wild tigers, we need to call on more people to stop eating and hunting wild animals. （）1. A. pigs B. tigers C. deer D. lions （）2. A. name B. kind C. number D. type （）3. A. less than B. more than C. bigger than D. over （）4. A. in need of B. in danger of C. in front of D. out of （）5. A. possible B. impossible C. necessary D. sure （）6. A. last B. next C. past D. later （）7. A. aims to B. used to C. refuses to D. in order to （）8. A. cities B. provinces C. countries D. towns （）9. A. friends B. food C. members D. groups （）10. A. to sell B. to kill C. to save D. to keep