英国文学史纲要总结
Outline of the History of the English Literature
5thcentury B.C.
The earliest inhabitants of the British islands —Celtics, one tribe of which, Bretons, invaded the Great Britain and settled there for nearly 500 years. 55B.C. Roman conquest by Julius Caesar brought the ancient romantic culture.
The Anglo-Saxons—a branch of the Germanic tribe expelled the Celtics to the remote areas of the north and the west. Their mother tongue was the prototype of the modern English. England means the dwellings of the Anglos.
The latter half of the 7th century The first poet of the Britain—Caedman was born.
Around 8th century The first well-preserved epic—Beowulf emerged.
9th century King Alfred?s reign greatly enhanced the development of the English culture.
1057 Scottish king Macbeth died. Several hundreds years later, Shakespeare created the famous tragedy with him as the protagonist. 1066 Norman conquest. As a result, French replaced English as the official language and dominated the literary creation. The resumption of the English as the mainly used language was after the English and French Centurial War 300 years later.
I. Anglo-Saxon period.
Epic: “Beowulf”—Beowulf, a hero, killed Grendel, a sea monster (thought to be the offspring of Cain, first murderer in the Genesis. Its artistic forms, such as kenning and alliteration had a great influence upon the poets that followed.
Layamon?s “Brut” recorded the legends of King Arthur and it was also an important sign of the resumption of the English language.
II. Medieval period.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer: “The Canterbury Tales”, a collection of short stories depicting realistically the panorama of 14th century England. His style of writing was fluent and humorous, and his thoughts even surpassed his contemporaries. His sharp perception of human nature is the basic cause of his permanent charm and popularity.
B. Some major events in the 15th century contributing to the Renaissance:
a. Religious reform led by Martin Luther in Germany and John Calvin in France broke the dark clouds of the medieval Europe and destroyed the manacles of religion on people?s thoughts and spirits.
b. The demise of the Easter Roman Empire, as a result of the fall of the Constantinople, forced many Greek scholar flee to the Italy with the remnant antiques. These artistic treasures of the ancient Greece and Roman acted a vital role in the renaissance of the culture represented by them.
c. Typography promoted the study of the classic literature in Italy and Germany. The then English businessman William Caxton brought this technique to England as he traded in Europe, and it also greatly speeded up the English renaissance.
d. Henry 8th was a tyrant but his divorce with wife ended up in the split of the Anglican Church with the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the religious reform of the Anglicanism. He killed Thomas Moore, the author of Utopia. (iambic pentameter a. Thomas Wyatt: introduced the sonnets from Italy to England. with no rhyme) III. Elizabethan period. .
A. Poetry initiated by 4men
b. Earl of Surrey: reformed the feet of sonnets and introduced the blank verse
c. Philip Sidney: the first work on the theory of classic literary criticism “T he Apologie for Poetrie”(诗辩) and romance “Arcadia”.
atheism 1st blank verse in drama
d. Edmund Spenser: called “the poet?s poet”, spenserian stanza, “The Shepherd?s Calendar”(牧人日记), “The Faerie Queene”（仙后）.
B. Drama.
a. John Lyly, “Euphues”, “Euphuism”(尤非依斯体), artificial and ornate. University wits.
b. Robert Greene had a jealousy for Shakespeare. “Tam burlaine the Great” “Edward II”
c. Christopher Marlowe: most gifted of the University wits “Doctor Faustus” “The Jew of Malta”
d. Shakespeare: master of drama. Keen perception of lif
e.
C. Prose. Francis Bacon: The founder of modern science. “Essays”, “New Instrument”(Novum Organum), “Advancement of learning”.
D. Ben Jonson: prolific dramatist,“ Every Man in His Humor ”, “Volpone”. Poet Laureate of James I.
IV. 17th century ( the Glorious Revolution, the Restoration)
A. Drama: bold depiction of the extravagant life of the nobles.
B. Poetry: John Dryden, Metaphysical poet John Donne, John Milton
a. John Dryden: Poet Laureate, Founder of English literary criticism. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet as the principal English verse forms, clarified the English prose and made it precise, concise, and flexible, and raised the English literary criticism to a new level. Poem, “Absalom and Achitophel”, Prose, “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”.
b. Metaphysical Poetry and John Donne. Characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. Called by Samuel Johnson. “The Flea”, “Meditations”, imaginative, philosophical and medita tive.
c. John Milton: spokesman of the revolution. “Paradise Lost”,“Paradise
Regained”, “Samson Agonistes”.
C. John Bunyan: “The Pilgrim?s Progress”, a religious allegory criticizing the social trend of the restoration period and also a disclosure of the evilness of every society, with a popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. Thackeray?s “Vanity Fair” named after a place mentioned in this book.
V. 18th century (age of reason and enlightenment)
A. Theorist: John Locke: a. “Concerning Human Understanding”, emphasizing the importance of the sense as a means of gaining knowledge and the significance of reason in understanding the world.
b. Men are born kind. They have the right to pursue happiness and the obligation to bring benefits to the society.
Men are naturally equal and they can protect their right by social contract. Nation is a kind of social contract.
B. Poetry: two trends: classicism (major) and pre-romanticism (minor). classicism
a. Alexander Pope: student of Dryden. weak in body. Advocated classicism and imitation of the inherited from work of ancient Greece and Rome. Proposed that poets should depict gracious and beautiful
John Dryden things and have an elegant taste. “Essay on Criticism”, gave a detailed exposition of the principles of the classic poems. Culmination in classicism and heroic couplet. “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of the Lock”, full
of reason without the expression of emotion.
b. William Cowper: “The Task”, forerunner of the natural poems. with romantic feelings.
c. George Crabbe: employing the classic forms to depict the miserable rural life. “The Village”.
pre-romanticism
a. Edward Young: “The Complaints or Night Thoughts, on life, Death, and Immortality.”
b. James Thomson: “The Seasons”, a pure love for nature.
c. Thomas Gray: “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, sad in tone and refined in style.
d. McPherson: “The Poems of Ossian” romatic
e. William Blake: “The Tiger”, “Songs of Innocence” and“Songs of Experiences”. mysticism,
period revolutionary passion. a strong likeness between Shelly and Blake in the imagery and symbolism.
f. Robert Burns: using Scottish dialect to express his feelings. “Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect”, “A Red, Red Rose”, “For A? That and A? That”(穷得有志气), “John Barley Corn”, “My Heart?s in the Highlands”. (including Goldsmith as the poet “sentimentalist”)
C. Prose: Joseph Addison and Richard Steele: “The Tatler”, “The Spectator”, making a great contribution to the cultiv ation of good manners
of the English nation.
D. Fiction: a. Daniel Defoe: The father of the European and English fiction. vivid language. “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, “Roxana”.
b. Jonathan Swift: most ruthless in satirical and ironic writing. “Tale of a Tub”, lashing the deviation of the Bible by the Roman Catholic Church and Lutheranism and Calvinism. “A Modest Proposal”, disclosing the cruelty of the British government toward Irish people. “Gulliver?s Travels”, masterpiece, giving an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age.
c. Henry Fielding: systematically proposed the theory of realistic novel writing and put it into practice, presenting the true facts of the 18th century English society. as fiction writer, “Tom Jones”, “Joseph Andrews”, “Amelia”, “Jonathan Wild”, elevating the author, as the narrator to the level of God and also displaying optimism. as playwright, “Historical Register”.
d. Samuel Richardson: father of the epistolary novel, “ Pamela”, based on “Arcadia”, “Clarissa”, and “Sir Charles Grandison”.
e. Tobias George Smollett: “picaresque novels”, humorous and refined. “Roderick Random”, “Peregrine Pickle”,“Humphry Clinkper”.
f. Laurence Sterne: “The Tristram Shandy”, mainly arguments and fantasies about philosophy and moral, original in that the author used a technique like “steam of consciousness”.
E. Drama
a. Oliver Goldsmith: though called “poor goldy” by peers, he had a romantic spirit which also earned him a name “sentimentalist”.
poems, “The Deserted Village”, “The Traveller”.
masterpiece novel, “The Vicar of Wakefield”,
drama, “The Good-Natured Man”, “She Stoops to Conquer”.
b. Richard Brinsley Sheridan:“The Rivals”, “The School for Scandal”, repudiating the high society for its vanity has been regarded as the best play since Shakespeare.
F. Essay
a. Samuel Johnson: lexicographer, poet and great critic. “A Dictionary of the English Language”. “London”, “The Vanities of Human Wishes”, “Life of Richard Savage”, “ Irene”, “Rasselas”. edited two periodicals “The Rambler” and “The Idler”. became “the great cham of literature”, and founded the famous Literary Clu
b.
英国文学
1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利?乔叟1340-1400
长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;
Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德
小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）
2、William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616
The Tempest暴风风雨;
The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;
The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;
Measure for Measure恶有恶报;
The Comedy of Errors错中错;
Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰
Love?s Labour?s Lost空爱一场;
A Mids ummer Night?s Dream仲夏夜之梦;
The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;
As You Like It如愿;
The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;
All?s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;
Twelfth Night第十二夜;
The Winter?s Tale冬天的故事;
The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the
Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;
The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）; The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;
The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；
Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;
The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;
Titus Andronicus泰特斯?安庄尼克斯;
Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；
Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;
The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯?凯撒；
The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;
The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;
King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;
Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;
Cymbeline辛白林;
Pericles波里克利斯;
Venus and Adonis维诺斯?阿都尼斯;
Lucrece露克利斯;
The Sonnets十四行诗
3、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626
Advancement of Learning学术的进展;
Novum Organum新工具;
New Atlantic新大西岛;
Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man?s Self）
4、John Milton约翰?弥尔顿1608-1674
L…Allegro欢乐的人;
Il Penseroso沉思的人;
Comus科马斯;
Lycidas列西达斯;
Areopagitica论出版自由;
Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩;
Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园;
Paradise Regained复乐园;
Samson Agonistes力士参孙
5、John Bunyan班扬1628-1688
The Pilgrim?s Progress天路历程;
The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生
6、Joseph Addison艾迪生
诗：The Campaign 远征；剧本：Cato加图
名文；Adventure of A shilling一先令的历险
7、Richard Steele理查德?斯梯尔1672-1729
The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄
名文：The Spectator Club旁观者俱乐部
8、Danniel Defoe丹尼尔?迪福1660-1731 （标志着近代英国小说的形成）
Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;
Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;
Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;
Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;
A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记
9、Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745
The Battle of Books书的战争;
A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;
The Drapier?s Letters布商的书信;
A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;
Guilliver?s Travels格列佛游记(A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/ The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)
10、Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744
Pastorals田园诗集;
An Essay on Criticism批评论;
Windsor Forest温莎林;
The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;
The Duncial愚人志;
Moral Essays道德论;
An Essay on Man人论;
Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书
11、Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁1707-1754（英国现实主义小说的奠基者）
剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;
Don Quixote in England堂?吉诃德在英国;
The Historical Register for the Year历史记事
长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟?安德鲁传;
The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生?魏尔德传;
The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆?琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚
12、Samuel Johnson塞缪尔?约翰生1709-1784
A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;
Lives of Poets诗人传;
Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;
Rasselas拉塞勒斯
名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信
13、Oliver Goldsmith哥尔斯密1728-1774
The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传;
The Citizen of the World世界公民;
The Deserted荒村;
She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱;
The Rivals情敌；
The School for Scsanda造谣学校
14、William Blake布莱克1757-1827
Poetical Sketches素描诗集;
Songs of Innocence天真之歌;
Songs of Experience经验之歌
The French Revolution法国革命;
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚
姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem
名诗：London;The Tiger
15、Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 Poems
Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集
名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;
Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;
The Two Dogs两只狗;
Holy Willie?s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;
My Heart?s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;
A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;
John Anderson约翰?安德生,
My Jo;A Man?s A Man for A?That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;
Robert Bruce?s March to Bannockburn
16、William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯1770-1850
An Evening Walk黄昏漫步;
Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;
Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;
To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人
Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂;
Ode to Duty义务颂;
The Excursion远足;
The Prelude序曲
17、Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834
Lyrical Ballads;The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner老船夫;
Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;
Biographia Literaria文学传记
18、Walter Scott瓦尔特?司各特1771-1832
诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;
Marimion玛里恩;
The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人
小说：Waverley威弗利;
Guy Mannering盖?曼纳令;
Rob Roy罗布罗伊;
The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;
Ivanhoe艾凡赫;
Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;
Woodstock皇家猎馆Queentin Durward昆廷?达沃
19、Jane Austin简?奥斯丁1775-1817
Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;
Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;
Emma爱玛;
Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;
Persuasion好事多磨;
Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺
20、Charles Lamb查尔斯?兰姆1775-1834
Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;
Alburn Verses诗集;
Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集
Dream Children梦中儿女;
A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;
Old China古瓷;
New Year?s Eve除夕;
The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;
The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;
A Bachelor?s Co mplaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)
21、William Hazlitt威廉?赫兹里特1778-1830
Characters of Shakespeare?s Plays莎剧中的人物;
A View of the English Stage英国舞台一瞥;
Lecture on the English Poets论英国诗人;
The Spirit of the Age时代精神;
Sketches and Essays素描与随笔;
Table Talk桌边文谈
名文：On Familiar Style
22、George Gordon Byron乔治?拜伦1788-1824
Hours of Idliness懒散的时刻;
English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;
Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage,Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德?哈罗德游记;
Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;
Oriental Tales东方叙事诗
The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;
The Corsa海盗;
The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之围;
Manfred曼弗雷德;
The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;
Don Juan唐?璜
名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece
23、Percy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792-1822 Queen Mab麦布女王;
Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;
Adonais阿东尼斯;
The Cenci钦契;
Song to the Men of England致英国人民;
England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行; Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风/云雀颂;
A Defence of Poetry诗辩
24、John Keats约翰?济兹1795-1821
Endymion恩底弥翁;
Isabella伊莎贝拉;
The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;
Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;
Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;
To Autumn秋颂;
Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）
25、Thomas Hood胡德1799-1845
The Song of the Shirt衬衫之歌;
The Bridge of Sighs悲叹之桥;
Miss Kilmansegg and Her Precious Leg基尔曼塞格小姐和她贵重的腿
26、Ernest Jones琼斯1819-1869
小说：The Women?s Wrongs妇女们的委屈
名诗：The Song of the Lower Class;
The Song of the Future
27、Afred Tennyson丁尼生1809-1892
Poems of Two Brothers
Timbuctoo提姆巴克图;
The Pricess公主;
In Memoriam H H悼念哈拉姆;
Maud毛黛;
Enoch Arden伊诺克?阿登;
Idylls of the King国王之歌
名诗：Ulysses;
The Eagle; Break,Break,Break
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
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一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
英国文学期末考试试题（广东外语外贸大学） Instructions：This examination consists of 5 parts，and the total time for the examination is 2 hours. All the answers should be entered onto the Answer Sheet. Part I：Multiple Choices （10%） Choose the best answer to the following sentences. 1.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Beowulf？ A. Alliteration B. Anglo-Saxons’ early life in England C. Germanic language D. The national epic of Anglo-Saxon people 2.English Renaissance Period was an age of. A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads and songs 3.The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest. Besides him，there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and. A. the lake poets B. the university wits C. the Metaphysical poets D. the Romantic poets 4. Pamela is widely considered to be the first novel and was written by ___________. A. Thomas Hardy B. James Joyce C. Samuel Richardson D. Henry Fielding 5.The publication of，which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge，marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England. A. Don Juan B. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner C. Lyrical Ballads D. Queen Mab 6.Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are，W. M. Thackeray，Bronte sisters，etc.
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. 2Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist. 3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具 4-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.