2009 Major and minor QTL and epistasis contribute to fatty acid

第四届“QTL作图和育种模拟研讨会”，2009年8月18-20日，山东泰安育种模拟的原理和遗传模拟工具QuLineCIMMYT’s headquarter in MexicoDr. Borlaug and green revolution ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾Mexico CityEl BatanToluca, 19º N, 2640 masl.High rainfall (800-900 mm)Cd. Obregon, 27º N, 39 masl. 8-11 t/ha under irrigation; 1-2t/ha under reduced irrigationCIMMYT’s Shuttle breedingMay to NovemberBreeding methods with self-pollinated cropsBreeding methods in CIMMYT’s wheat breeding program¾¾¾About 40% ofafter F7About 30% of the crosses are discarded in F1About 20% ofof yield trialsWhy do we need tools in breeding?¾¾¾••••Why do we need tools in breeding?¾¾Questions that can be studied by QuLine: A genetic and breeding simulation tool 1.2.3.4.Questions that can be studied by QuLine (mainly for inbred line development) 5.6.QuLine: A simulation tool for genetics and breeding¾QU-GENE (QUantitative GENEtics)A simulation platform for quantitative analysis of genetic models, developed byThe University of Queensland, Australia¾QuCim (funded by GRDC 2000-2004)A QU-GENE application breeding simulation module, specifically designed forCIMMYT’s wheat breeding programsSimulate most breeding programs for developing inbred linesVersion 1.1 released on July, 2003 (Workshop in Brisbane, Australia)More than 100 global requests for QuCim 1.1¾Renamed as QuLine (currently funded by GCP, H+, and Research Programs of China, i.e. 973, 863, and NSF)Landscape representation of a complex GE system (the real GE system is multi-dimensional)What can QuLine do?¾¾¾¾In genetics(implemented by the QU-GENE engine)¾¾¾¾In breeding (implemented by the QuLine module)How does QuLine work?¾•(= input for QuLine•(= input for QuLine(= input for QuLineDefine the QMP file for the selected bulk selection method: an exampleGeneral simulation parameters¾¾¾¾General simulation parameters ¾¾¾¾¾The number of models in the GE system and the number of runs for breeding strategy¾•9»¾Parameters to describe aset of breeding strategies¾¾Definition of a generation ¾¾¾Practical breeding small plot evaluation atVirtual breedingF6F7F8 (T), F8 (B)F8 (YT)F8 small plotFamilies selected14,760 3,8683,868 2,163 1,9741,974 779779An example for seed source indicator 0Bulk in F3 PYEI, F4PYEII, F5Pedigree in F4Families selected 4000 12001200 600600 100100 1000An example (LRC, Toowoomba, Australia) for seed source indicator 1Definition of each selection round¾¾Definition of each selection round ¾pedigree:bulk:Definition of each selection round¾••Definition of each selection round ¾•••9T for top, e.g. yield, tillering, grains per spike and 1000-kernel weight9B for bottom, e.g. lodging and rusts9M for middle, e.g. height and heading9R for random, for some special studies9Roundsof selectionSeedsourceindicatorGenerationtitleSeedpropagationtypeGenerationadvancemethodReplicationsPlotsizeTestlocationsEnvironmenttype10F6self pedigree175012, Toluca 40F7self bulk17011, Obregon F8(T)self bulk17012, TolucaF8(B)self bulk17013, El BatanF8(YT)self bulk110011, Obregon 10F8(SP)self bulk13011, Obregon An example of generation definitionTraitYieldLodg-ingStem rustLeaf rustStripe rustHeightTilleringHeadingGrains per spike1000 kernel weightTotalSelection mode T B B B B M T M T TF6, among 0.990.960.950.90F6, within 0.900.700.900.950.980.100.05F7, among 0.850.700.980.850.960.700.750.25F8(T), among 0.550.700.990.980.990.900.55F8(B), among 0.900.90F8(YT), among 0.400.40Traits, their selection modes andselected proportionsSteps to run QuLineBreeding strategiesGE systemPopulationInput information about the GxE system and populationsQUGENEQuLine*.fit*.var*.fre*.ham*.cro*.his*.rog*.pou *.fixMajor outputs from QuLineWhat has been done using QuLine?¾Crop Science(2003)¾Crop Science(2004)¾Aust. J. Agri. Sci.(2005)¾Crop Science(2007)Comparison of two breeding strategies: modified pedigree (MODPED) andselected bulk (SELBLK)Breeding methods with self-pollinated cropsBreeding methods in CIMMYT’s wheat breeding program¾¾¾methodsTrait, segregating gene number, gene effects and trait heritabilityTrait Genes Gene effecttypeAA Aa aa Trait range h b2(Indiv. plant)Yield20, 40E0, E1, E2Random value from UD (0, 1)0.05 Lodging3additive05100-300.10 Stem rust5additive00.510-50.30 Leaf rust5additive05100-500.30 Yellow rust5additive05100-500.30 Height3additive403020120-600.45 Tillers/plant 3additive53115-30.35 Heading5additive201612100-600.30 Grains/spike5additive1410670-300.35Trait correlation and pleiotropyTraitYieldLodgingStem rustLeaf rust YellowrustHeightTillers/plantHeadingGrains/spikeSeed weightYield-0.50-0.20-0.10-0.10-0.500.400.300.500.40Lodging-0.56Stem rust-0.25Leaf rust-0.05Yellow rust-0.09Height-0.62Tillers/plant-0.08-0.20-0.40Heading0.60Grains/spike 0.09-0.17-0.30Seed weight-0.07-0.30-0.07Estimated by CIMMYT breedersEstimated from the defined genetic modelExperiment design¾12 Genotype and environment (GE) systems¾Initial population¾¾Result 1: Genetic gain in yield from SELBLK is 3.3% higher than MODPED. SELBLK is slightly more efficient.For gains per spike and 1000-kernel weight, SELBLK has a faster genetic gain. For tillers/plant, MODPED has a faster genetic gain.Result 2: SELBLK retained 25% more crosses in the final selected population (more genetic diversity retained)Result 3: SELBLK required 1/3 less land from F1 to F8 than MODPED. SELBLK is more cost-effective.Result 4: SELBLK produced 40% less families (plots) to be planted from F1 to F8 (less labor required)Modeling of the Single Backcrossing Breeding Strategy(SBBS)(Theor. Appl. Genet., 2009, 118: 683-694)Category% favorablegenes Example% totalparentallinesElite adapted lines (EAL)80-85Major released cultivars in targeted mega-environments (MEs) either developed byCIMMYT or by partners10Adapted lines (AL)75-80Elite advanced lines from CIMMYT’sInternational Nursery and Yield Trials60Intermediate adapted lines (IAL)65-75Advanced lines from CIMMYT’s Yield Trialsin Ciudad Obregón and Toluca, Mexico10Un-adapted (or non-adapted) lines (UAL)20-40Land races 2Second generation of re-synthesized wheat (SYNII)40-60Derived lines between the first generation ofre-synthesized wheat derivatives andadapted lines10First generation of re-synthesized wheat (SYNI)20-40Derived lines between primary re-synthesized wheat and adapted lines5Estimated percentages of favourable alleles or gene combinations in different parental lines in wheat breeding at CIMMYTTwo traits defined in QU-GENE •––––•–––。

ORIGINAL PAPERQTL analysis of soybean seed weight across multi-genetic backgrounds and environmentsYingpeng Han•Dongmei Li•Dan Zhu•Haiyan Li•Xiuping Li•Weili Teng•Wenbin LiReceived:27December2011/Accepted:21March2012ÓSpringer-Verlag2012Abstract Seed weight,measured as mass per seed,is an important yield component of soybean and is generally positively correlated with seed yield(Burton et al,Crop Sci 27:1093,1987).In previous reports,quantitative trait loci (QTL)associated with seed weight,were identified in single genetic background.The objective of the present study was to identify QTL and epistatic QTL underlying soybean seed weight in three RIL populations(with one common male parent‘Hefeng25’)and across three differ-ent environments.Overall,18,11,and17seed weight QTL were identified in HC(‘Hefeng25’9‘Conrad’),HM (‘Hefeng25’9‘Maple Arrow’),and HB(‘Hefeng25’9‘Bayfield’)populations,respectively.The amount of phe-notypic variation explained by a single QTL underlying seed weight was usually less than10%.The environment and background-independent QTL often had higher addi-tive(a)effects.In contrast,the environment or back-ground-dependent QTL were probably due to weak expression of QTL.QTL by environment interaction effects were in the opposite direction of a effects and/or epistasis effects.Four QTL and one QTL could be identi-fied(2.0\LOD\9.06)in the HC and HB populations,respectively,across three environments(swHCA2-1, swHCC2-1,swHCD1b-1,swHCA2-2(linked to Satt233, Satt424,Satt460,Satt428,respectively)and swHBA1-1(Satt449).Seven QTL could be identified in all three RIL populations in at least one location.Two QTL could be identified in the three RIL populations across three envi-ronments.These two QTL may have greater potential for use in marker-assisted selection of seed weight in soybean. IntroductionSeed weight,measured as mass per seed,is an important yield component of soybean and was generally positively correlated with seed yield(Burton et al.1987).Seed weight is a quantitative trait,which is mainly inherited with the additive effect(Brim and Cockerham1961).Most of the breeding strategies for developing soybean cultivars take advantage of additive gene actions(Hartwig1973;Fehr 1987;Cooper1990).However,traditional plant improve-ment has relied on phenotypic selection of populations from crosses between commercial cultivars and/or experimental lines(Stuber et al.1992;Specht et al.1999;Stefaniak et al. 2005).The development of consensus molecular maps in soy-bean(Song et al.2004;Choi et al.2007;Hyten et al.2010; Song et al.2010)has facilitated the identification of common quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling important quantitative traits in many soybean populations(Hyten et al.2004).Through molecular genetic linkage maps and QTL analysis,it is possible to estimate the number of QTL controlling genetic variation.Statistical analyses,such as ANOVA and interval mapping,can estimate the gene actions and phenotypic effects(Lander et al.1987;Basten et al.1996).Combined analyses allowed pleiotropicand/or Communicated by H.T.Nguyen.Y.HanÁD.LiÁD.ZhuÁH.LiÁX.LiÁW.TengÁW.LiKey Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministryof Education,(Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics&Breeding for Soybean in Northeast China,Ministry ofAgriculture),Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin150030,ChinaW.Li(&)Soybean Research Institute(Key Laboratory of Soybean Biologyin Chinese Ministry of Education),Northeast AgriculturalUniversity,Harbin150030,Chinae-mail:wenbinli@123 Theor Appl GenetDOI10.1007/s00122-012-1859-xepistatic interactions to be estimated(Lark et al.1995;Yan 2001).Through selection with molecular markers,the results of QTL analyses can be used in soybean breeding, referred as marker-assisted selection(MAS).A common approach in MAS is to map QTL in a small sample of progeny from a cross,choose a marker linked to the tar-geted QTL,and apply MAS in a larger set of progeny from the same cross(Prabhu et al.1999;Ken et al.2005).This has been done for many traits,including agronomic traits in barley(Zhu et al.1999),disease resistance in soybean (Prabhu et al.1999),and for blight resistance in chickpea (Millan et al.2003)and rice(Davierwala et al.2001). However,many studies have shown that the effects of QTL underlying agronomic traits are not always detected in other genetic backgrounds for soybean(Specht et al.1999; Hyten et al.2004)and many other crops(McKendry et al. 1996;Toojinda et al.1998;Ken et al.2005).This phe-nomenon is a major obstacle to the efficient use of MAS in plant breeding.In the past two decades,many studies have focused on mapping of QTL influencing soybean seed weight [reviewed by Hyten et al.(2004)].In most of these reports, the phenotypic values of traits in single genetic background were used for QTL analysis.Few of these studies have used common parents among their multiple genetic backgrounds (Orf et al.1999;Hyten et al.2004),which is a very important factor influencing quantitative traits like yield components(Specht et al.1999;Liao et al.2001;Hyten et al.2004;Zhang et al.2004).Many results indicated that yield of soybean is controlled by a series of QTL with different expression in different genetic populations or environments. Though genetic background effects on quantitative traits have been well documented in many crops including tomato (Tanksley and Hewitt1988),rice(Li et al.1997,1998),soy-bean(Lark et al.1995;Orf et al.1999),and maize(Doebley et al.1995),the QTL associated with seed weight had been less frequently reported in multi-genetic background by2011 (Orf et al.1999;Hyten et al.2004).The objective of this study was to identify stable QTL and epistatic QTL effects for seed weight of soybean in different genetic backgrounds and environments,using three popula-tions with one common male parent,‘Hefeng25’,to compare the number and location of QTL and epistatic QTL mapped across different populations and environments,and to deter-mine QTL9environment interactions.Materials and methodsPlant materials‘Hefeng25’9‘Conrad’(HC,140RILs of F4:5),‘Hefeng 25’9‘Maple Arrow’(HM,149RILs of F5:6),and‘Hefeng 25’9‘Bayfield’(HB,144RILs of F5:6)were used to evaluate seed weight across multiple environments.‘Hef-eng25’,a local variety in Northeastern China,was selected as the common parent of the three soybean populations due to higher seed weight and other good agronomic traits.The RILs and their parents were grown in a randomized com-plete block design at Harbin in three locations during2007, 2008,and2009in four row plots.The rows were3m long, 90cm apart,and there was a space of about6cm between two plants in a row.In each plot,20plants from one genotype were grown as seed donors that were later used to analyze seed weight after maturity.Seeds were dried for 30min in oven at105°C and then continuously dried at 50–70°C until the seed weight was stable.All dried samples were weighed.Genetic linkage mapThe genetic map of the HC RIL population constructed with164SSR markers encompassed12linkage groups (LGs)(Li et al.2010a).The HC map covered about 3160.28cM of the soybean genome with a mean distance of19.27cM between markers.The HM RIL population map is composed of19LGs constructed with109SSRs with a mean distance of16.96cM between markers(Li et al.2009).The HB RIL population map included107 SSRs in20LGs with a mean distance of14.21cM between markers(Li et al.2010b).Data analysisQTL were identified by single-factor analysis of variance (PROC.GLM.SAS),interval mapping(Lander et al.1987) and composite interval mapping(Basten et al.1996)as described by Primomo et al.(2005).Significant QTL (LOD[2.0)were recorded based on the mean value of individual environment.For interactions locus main effects were considered for linear models if they were significant at P B0.01.Signif-icant loci on the same LG were tested by two-factor analysis of variance without interactions.If both loci were significant at P B0.05in the two-factor model,they would both be considered for linear models.Otherwise,the locus with the larger individual R2value was chosen to represent the effect of the putative QTL on the LG.Two-way analysis of variance was also used to detect significant(P\0.01)epistatic interactions between markers.The nomenclature of QTL included four parts. For example,QTL swHCA1-1is composed of sw(seed weight),HC(the RIL population),A1(the linkage group), and one(thefirst QTL in the LG).GT(Genotype by Trait)biplot methodology(Yan2001) was employed to analyze the interactions between QTLTheor Appl Genet123and different environments in the HC,HM,and HB popula-tions,based on the formula:T ij-T j/S j=k1f i1s j1?k2f i2s-j2?e ij,where T ij is the average value of QTL i for environment j;T j is the average value of environment j over all QTL of single population,S j is the standard deviation of environment j among the QTL average;f i1and f i2are the PC1(first principle component)and PC2(second principle component)scores,respectively.For QTL i;s j1and s j2are the PC1and PC2scores,respectively,for environment j;and e ij is the residual of the model associated with the QTL i in environment j.ResultsPhenotypic variationPhenotypic values of100-seed weight among different populations across three environments are shown in Table1.The differences between the two parents were significant in the three different populations across three environments.The seed weight for‘Hefeng25’was2–5g higher than those of‘Conrad’,‘Maple Arrow’and‘Bay-field’.In contrast,100-seed weight variations among the RIL populations were not significantly different.Both skewness and kurtosis values of100-seed weight distribu-tions were less than1.0for the three RIL populations in most environments,suggesting that the segregations of this traitfit a normal distribution model.Analysis of QTL in different environments and genetic backgroundsEighteen,11,and17QTL were found to be associated with seed weight in HC,HM,and HB populations,respectively (Table2).The QTL in HC,HM,and HB populations could explain3.86–31.09,5.75–23.89,and3.23–32.76%of the phenotypic variations at Harbin in3years,respectively.QTL swHCB1-1(Sat_123),swHMK-1(Satt555),and swHBD1a-1 (Satt168)explained the largest amount of phenotypic varia-tion(31.09,23.89,and32.76%).Four QTL swHCA2-1; swHCC2-1;swHCD1b-1;swHCA2-2(linked to Satt233, Satt424,Satt460,Satt428,respectively)in the HC population, and one QTL swHBA1-1(Satt449)in the HB population could be identified in all three environments.In the present work,eight QTL that derived beneficial alleles from‘Hefeng25’,could be detected in three different populations[Satt233located in LG A2(Chromosome(Gm) 8),Satt460in LG C2(Gm6),Satt428in LG D1b(Gm2), Satt302in LG H(Gm12),Satt354in LG I(Gm20),Satt555in LG K(Gm9),Satt527in LG L(Gm19),and Satt153in LG O (Gm10)].Six QTL of Conrad origin associated with Sat_181in LG A2(Gm8),Sat_123in LG B1(Gm11),Satt489in LG C2(Gm6),Satt277in LG C2(Gm6),Satt301in LG D2 (Gm17),and Satt380in LG J(Gm16).One QTL(Satt150in LG M,Gm7)from‘Maple Arrow’was detected,andfive QTL from‘Bayfield’[Satt449in LG A1(Gm 5),Satt596in LG B2(Gm14),Satt190in LG C1(Gm4),Satt277 in LG C2(Gm6),and Satt168in LG D1a(Gm1)]were found. QTL9environment interaction acrossmulti-environments and genetic backgrounds Eighteen,11,and17QTL in HC,HM,and HB population had additive main effect(a)and/or additive9environ-ment interaction effect(ae)at some specific environments in14,11,and17LGs(Table3).Eight QTL(swHCA2-1,swHCA2-2,swHCC2-1, swHCD1b-1,swHCD2-1,swHCH-1,swHCK-1,swHCO-Table1Statistical analysis of seed weight(100-seed weight)for parents and the three RIL populations at different environments Populations Environments Parents Recombinant inbred linesRange Mean CV Skewness KurtosisHefeng259Conrad Hefeng25Conrad2007Harbin20.5717.0411.24–23.9218.7454.39-1.290.782008Harbin21.0118.1313.76–24.3219.1237.890.860.592009Harbin20.3417.5611.29–22.3918.8447.890.300.77 Hefeng259Maple Arrow Hefeng25Maple Arrow2007Harbin20.5718.4914.67–22.5817.8938.97 1.030.942008Harbin21.0116.0210.87–22.3918.8757.390.970.672009Harbin20.3416.9812.39–21.2817.7644.760.82-0.74 Hefeng259Bayfield Hefeng25Bayfield2007Harbin20.5715.4711.78–22.2818.2057.300.760.952008Harbin21.0118.5312.73–22.7617.3262.29-0.840.962009Harbin20.3416.9814.39–23.3718.3258.390.890.79 Theor Appl Genet123T a b l e 2Q T L a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e e d w e i g h t (100-s e e d w e i g h t )i n d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n s a c r o s s d i f f e r e n t e n v i r o n m e n t sQ T L s o u r c e Q T LL G (C h r o m o s o m e )M a r k e r i n t e r v a l P o p u l a t i o n E 1a E 2b E 3cL O DD R 2(%)L O D D R 2(%)L O D D R 2(%)H e f e n g 25s w H C A 2-1A 2(C h d 8)S a t t 233–S a t t 538H C 6.6712.4528.764.368.698.796.4014.5912.29H e f e n g 25s w H M A 2-1S a t t 233–S a t t 177H M 6.4323.7621.63H e f e n g 25s w H B A 2-1S a t t 538–S a t t 233H B 3.4516.488.605.4920.3010.29H e f e n g 25s w H C C 2-1C 2(C h 6)S a t t 100–S a t t 460H C 3.402.4018.894.498.8922.306.875.8413.59H e f e n g 25s w H M C 2-1S a t t 100–S a t t 460H M 5.5415.546.679.7627.985.76H e f e n g 25s w H B C 2-1S a t t 460–S a t t 202H B 3.872.1710.875.766.788.86H e f e n g 25s w H C D 1b -1D 1b (C h 2)S a t t 579–S a t t 428H C 2.6515.6527.863.9713.8310.657.6412.745.76H e f e n g 25s w H M D 1b -1S a t t 282–S a t t 428H M 5.456.6712.64H e f e n g 25s w H B D 1b -1S a t t 282–S a t t 428H B 3.6514.657.898.7613.6418.86H e f e n g 25s w H C H -1H (C h 12)S a t t 181–S a t t 302H C 5.9721.0815.86H e f e n g 25s w H M H -1S a t t 253–S a t t 302H M 3.9719.8921.066.8612.6414.45H e f e n g 25s w H B H -1S a t t 293–S a t t 302H B 3.760.8912.76H e f e n g 25s w H C I -1I (C h 20)S a t t 354–S a t t 571H C 6.7510.315.792.0511.634.43H e f e n g 25s w H M I -1S a t t 354–S a t t 419H M 5.7615.7615.65H e f e n g 25s w H B I -1S a t t 354–S a t t 440H B 3.7637.6515.97H e f e n g 25s w H C K -1K (C h 9)S a t t 349–S a t t 555H C 4.780.547.746.650.6415.76H e f e n g 25s w H M K -1S a t t 555–S a t t 046H M 3.065.8623.89H e f e n g 25s w H B K -1S a t t 555–S a t t 046H B 7.971.874.654.651.655.53H e f e n g 25s w H C L -1L (C h 19)S a t t 527–S a t t 561H C 5.984.7621.75H e f e n g 25s w H M L -1S a t t 527–S c t _010H M 3.760.546.683.890.436.42H e f e n g 25s w H B L -1S a t t 527–S a t t 561H B 9.750.9810.76H e f e n g 25s w H C O -1O (C h 10)S a t t 479–S a t t 153H C 3.7517.546.904.8612.674.54H e f e n g 25s w H M O -1S a t t 153–S a t t S a t _106H M 6.5921.865.757.6526.9714.76H e f e n g 25s w H B O -1S a t t 153–S a t t 109H B 8.755.764.74H e f e n g 25s w H C A 1-1A 1(C h 5)S a t t 382–S a t t 211H C 5.6410.875.384.0817.647.77H e f e n g 25s w H B A 1-2S a t t 454–S a t t 382H B 3.604.6114.563.454.7513.29H e f e n g 25s w H C A 2-2A 2(C h 8)S a t t 424–S a t t 390H C 4.218.766.655.548.7610.657.654.868.70H e f e n g 25s w H B A 2-2S a t t 177–S a t t 424H B 4.6714.4510.765.568.897.87H e f e n g 25s w H M B 1-1B 1(C h 11)S a t _123–S a t t 583H M 2.8638.9712.53H e f e n g 25s w H B B 1-1S a t t 583–S a t _096H B 5.322.106.23H e f e n g 25s w H C D 1a -1D 1a (C h 1)S a t t 383–S a t t 468H C 3.976.8721.05H e f e n g 25s w H M D 1a -1S a t t 502–S a t t 383H M 4.6517.7612.86H e f e n g 25s w H C E -1E (C h 15)S a t t 263–S a t t 491H C 6.8710.4028.76H e f e n g 25s w H B E -1S a t t 263–S a t t 268H B 9.0632.985.98C o n r a d s w H C A 2-3A 2(C h 8)S a t _181–S a t t 409H C 2.373.4510.32C o n r a d s w H C B 1-1B 1(C h 11)S a t t 453–S a t _123H C 4.4514.455.877.658.7631.09C o n r a ds w H C C 2-2C 2(C h 6)S a t t 489–S a t t 557H C6.5413.653.863.097.878.54Theor Appl Genet1231)from HC population,four QTL (swHMC2-1,swHMI-1,swHML-1and swHMM-1)from HM population,and nine QTL (swHBA1-2,swHBA2-1,swHBC1-1,swHBC2-1,swHBC2-2,swHBD1b-1,swHBH-1,swHBK-1,swHBL-1)from HB population,contributed the allele that increased seed weight through significant a effects.Three QTL (swHCB1-1,swHCC2-2,swHCI-1)originating from HC population,four QTL (swHMB1-1,swHMD1a-19,swHMH-1and swHMO-1)origininating from HM population,and two QTL (swHBA2-2and swHBB2-1)originating from HB pop-ulation,contributed the allele that decreased seed weight through significant a effects,respectively.The impact of ae effects on QTL was different at dif-ferent years for these three populations.For example,QTL swHCA2-1of HC population,increased seed weight at Harbin in 2007and 2009,but decreased seed weight at Harbin in 2008.Six QTL (swHCA2-3,swHCC2-3,swHCD1a-1,swHCE-1,swHCJ-1,swHCL-1)of HC pop-ulation,three QTL (swHMA2-1,swHMD1b-1and swHMK-1)of HM population,and five QTL (swHBB1-1,swHBD1a-1,swHBE-1,swHBI-1,swHBO-1)of HB pop-ulation,had only significant ae effects,but no significant a effects.Other QTL in these three populations had both significant a effects and significant ae effects.Epistatic analysis of QTL across multi-environments Forty,16.and 20epistatic pairwise QTL were detected in HC,HM,and HB population in different environments,respectively (Table 4).Of them,18,5and 5epistatic pairs of QTL,derived from HC,HM and HB populations,were beneficial for the increase of seed weight through signifi-cant aa effects.Seven,five and four epistatic pairs of QTL trended to decrease seed weight through significant aa effects in HC,HM,and HB population,respectively (Table 4).The epistasis 9environment interaction effect (aae )was an important component of the total QTL 9environ-ment (QE)interaction effects.Six,four,and five pairs of QTL were found with only epistatic effects (aa )in HC,HM,and HB populations,respectively.Fifteen,five,and eleven pairs had only aae effects in HC,HM,and HB populations,and other pairs of epistatic QTL had both aa and aae effects (Table 4).Stability evaluation of QTL derived from ‘Hefeng 25’In this study,additive effects of eight QTL,linked to Satt233,Satt460,Satt428,Satt302,Satt354,Satt555,Satt527,and Satt153)from ‘Hefeng25’,were detected in three different populations.(Table 3).The scale of a effect of QTL,derived from ‘Hefeng 25’,was diverse in different populations.For example,a effect of QTL,associated withT a b l e 2c o n t i n u e dQ T L s o u r c eQ T L L G (C h r o m o s o m e )M a r k e r i n t e r v a l P o p u l a t i o nE 1aE 2bE 3cL O DDR 2(%)L O D DR 2(%)L O D DR 2(%)C o n r a d s w H C C 2-3C 2(C h 6)S a t t 307–S a t t 277H C 3.395.787.52C o n r a d s w H CD 2-1D 2(C h 17)S a t t 615–S a t t 301H C 5.860.8610.86C o n r a d s w H C J -1J (C h 16)S a t t 380–S a t t 183H C 2.764.6717.72M a p l e A r r o w s w H M M -1M (C h 7)S a t t 150–S a t t 201H M 2.062.788.762.984.5615.83B a y fie l d s w H B A 1-1A 1(C h 5)S a t t 449–S a t t 454H B 2.702.4520.703.471.8916.675.793.2920.28B a y fie l d s w H B B 2-1B 2(C h 14)S a t t 070–S a t t 596H B 5.5412.837.537.867.649.65B a y fie l d s w H B C 1-1C 1(C h 4)S a t t 190–S a t t 195H B 4.478.8721.676.6512.433.23B a y fie l d s w H B C 2-2C 2(C h 6)S a t t 277–S a t t 376H B 5.874.7615.983.872.068.76B a y fie l ds w H B D 1a -1D 1a (C h 1)S a t t 198–S a t t 168H B5.748.8632.76aa t H a rb i n i n 2007ba t H a rb i n i n 2008ca t H a rb i n i n 2009dC h r o m o s o m e n u m b e rTheor Appl Genet123Theor Appl GenetTable3Additive and additive9environment interaction effect of QTL associated with seed weight at different populationsQTL source QTL LG(Chromosome)Marker interval Population a d a9E1a a9E2b a9E3cHefeng25swHCA2-1A2(Ch8)Satt233–Satt538HC0.27*0.11*-0.17*0.32* Hefeng25swHMA2-1Satt233–Satt177HM0.39* Hefeng25swHBA2-1Satt538–Satt233HB0.62**0.76**0.17* Hefeng25swHCC2-1C2(Ch6)Satt100–Satt460HC 2.01**0.40*-0.89*0.87* Hefeng25swHMC2-1Satt100–Satt460HM0.69**0.39*Hefeng25swHBC2-1Satt460–Satt202HB0.79**0.26*-0.27*Hefeng25swHCD1b-1D1b(Ch2)Satt579–Satt428HC 1.64**-1.02**0.19*0.76** Hefeng25swHMD1b-1Satt282–Satt428HM0.30* Hefeng25swHBD1b-1Satt282–Satt428HB 1.34**0.65**0.76**Hefeng25swHCH-1H(Ch12)Satt181–Satt302HC0.30*-0.37*Hefeng25swHMH-1Satt253–Satt302HM-0.19*0.38*-0.69** Hefeng25swHBH-1Satt293–Satt302HB0.49*Hefeng25swHCI-1I(Ch20)Satt354–Satt571HC-0.87**0.88**-0.32*Hefeng25swHMI-1Satt354–Satt419HM0.22*0.16*Hefeng25swHBI-1Satt354–Satt440HB0.58**Hefeng25swHCK-1K(Ch9)Satt349–Satt555HC 1.34**0.67** 1.20** Hefeng25swHMK-1Satt555–Satt046HM-0.28*Hefeng25swHBK-1Satt555–Satt046HB0.78**-0.89**-1.25** Hefeng25swHCL-1L(Ch19)Satt527–Satt561HC0.59**Hefeng25swHML-1Satt527–Sct_010HM 1.04**0.45**-1.02** Hefeng25swHBL-1Satt527–Satt561HB0.55**Hefeng25swHCO-1O(Ch10)Satt479–Satt153HC0.79**-0.87**-0.95**Hefeng25swHMO-1Satt153–SattSat_106HM-0.67**0.20*Hefeng25swHBO-1Satt153–Satt109HB-0.17*Hefeng25swHCA1-1A1(Ch5)Satt382–Satt211HC-0.76**-0.48** Hefeng25swHBA1-2Satt454–Satt382HB0.97**0.28*-0.59**Hefeng25swHCA2-2A2(Ch8)Satt424–Satt390HC 1.34**0.21*0.56**-0.67** Hefeng25swHBA2-2Satt177-Satt424HB-0.30*-0.49**0.89**Hefeng25swHMB1-1B1(Ch11)Sat_123–Satt583HM-0.20*Hefeng25swHBB1-1Satt583–Sat_096HB-0.87**Hefeng25swHCD1a-1D1a(Ch1)Satt383–Satt468HC0.89** Hefeng25swHMD1a-1Satt502–Satt383HM-0.31*Hefeng25swHCE-1E(Ch15)Satt263–Satt491HC0.30*Hefeng25swHBE-1Satt263–Satt268HB-0.98**Conrad swHCA2-3A2(Ch8)Sat_181–Satt409HC-0.15*Conrad swHCB1-1B1(Ch11)Satt453–Sat_123HC-0.79**-0.88** 1.09**Conrad swHCC2-2C2(Ch6)Satt489–Satt557HC-0.97*-0.66**-0.59** Conrad swHCC2-3C2(Ch6)Satt307–Satt277HC0.33*Conrad swHCD2-1D2(Ch17)Satt615–Satt301HC0.32*-0.49*Conrad swHCJ-1J(Ch16)Satt380–Satt183HC-0.30*Maple Arrow swHMM-1M(Ch7)Satt150–Satt201HM0.98**-1.17*Bayfield swHBA1-1A1(Ch5)Satt449–Satt454HB 1.29** 1.21**-0.98**0.63** Bayfield swHBB2-1B2(Ch14)Satt070–Satt596HB-0.27*-0.83**-1.07* Bayfield swHBC1-1C1(Ch4)Satt190–Satt195HB0.20*0.67**0.80** Bayfield swHBC2-2C2(Ch6)Satt277–Satt376HB0.95**0.94**-0.91** Bayfield swHBD1a-1D1a(Ch1)Satt198–Satt168HB0.25*a at Harbin in2007b at Harbin in2008c at Harbin in2009d additive effect123Satt460,was2.01in the HC population,0.69in the HM population,and0.79in the HB population,respectively (Table3).The impact of different environments on ae effect of QTL was higher than that of different populations.In the present study,both the aa and aae effects of the QTL derived from‘Hefeng25’were identified in the3or2 of the three populations,and the number of QTL epistatic with other QTL was different across different populations (Table4).For example,six,three,and three epistatic pairwise QTL interacting with the QTL linked to Satt233 was found in HC,HM,and HB populations,respectively. The aa and aae effect of the epistatis QTL were0.23–0.45, 0.16–0.87,0.25–1.07,and0.17–0.45,0.17–0.37,0.19–0.89, respectively.GT biplot analysis(Yan2001)showed the13QTL with beneficial alleles from‘Hefeng25’detected in three or two populations explained73%of the total variation.Figure1 indicated that two QTL(Satt428and Satt460)had highest performance and stability across multiple environments and populations.The QTL linked to Satt555,Satt424, Satt382,Satt354,and Satt183also had above-average performance and stability across multiple environments and populations.The QTL linked to Satt383,Satt583, Satt233,Satt263,Satt302,and Satt527had the lowest-average performance and stability across multi-environments and multi-populations.Furthermore,the performance of different QTL on each environment or population was evaluated.With the QTL linked to Satt460,Satt555,Satt383, Satt263,Satt527,and Satt153as the corner QTL,three environments and two populations(HC and HM)fell in the sector in which two QTL(linked to Satt460and Satt428) were the strongest for these three environments and two populations,respectively(Fig.2).Two QTL(linked to Satt383and Satt555)were the strongest for the HB population.DiscussionRapid advances in genomics have identified and analyzed about36,000genes in soybean(Schmutz et al.2010; Severin et al.2010).However,the usefulness of genomics data for crop breeding and improvement was dependent upon the identification of candidate gene markers for MAS via map-based cloning or association analyses(Varshney et al.2005;Lightfoot2008;Guttierez-Gonzalez et al. 2010).Seed weight is an important yield component of soybean(Burton et al.1987).Hence,there was interest in understanding the genetic control of seed weight in soy-bean,especially the beneficial alleles from‘Hefeng25’,a superior cultivar in Heilongjiang Province of China. Because seed weight of soybean was affected by environ-ments and genetic backgrounds,increasing the genotype selection intensity by MAS could improve the selection efficiency.To be useful to a breeding program,QTL need to be stable across environments and genetic backgrounds (Brummer et al.1997).Stability can be assessed by eval-uating many populations across several environments to determine if a particular QTL is detected in each popula-tion or environment.In this study,three sets of RIL pop-ulations with one common male parent(‘Hefeng25’)were analyzed for QTL that associated with seed weight across multi-environments.A total of18,11,and17QTL were identified in HC,HM,and HB populations,respectively. An individual QTL explained phenotypic variations ranged from3to28%for seed weight in different environments and populations.However,most loci explained less than 10%of the variation(Table2).The low level of pheno-typic variation explained by these QTL indicated the quantitative nature of seed weight,which was similar to the findings of other studies(Mansur et al.1996;Mian et al. 1996;Hyten et al.2004;Zhang et al.2004).QTL specific to one environment were also reported by other studies for different traits(Price et al.2002;Li et al.2003).Many instable QTL detected in different environments or genetic backgrounds were detected(Table2)in this study,which was due to weak expression of the QTL,QTL by envi-ronment interaction in the opposite direction to a effects and/or epistasis(Table3,4).For example,swHCE-1and swHCA2-2were subject to these effects.Therefore,the information of QTL by environment interaction should be considered if MAS was to be applied to the manipulation of quantitative traits.Four QTL swHCA2-1,swHCA2-2,swHCC2-1,and swHCD1b-1linked to Satt233,Satt424,Satt460,and Satt428,respectively,in the HC population across all three environments.The QTL swHCA2-1was reported previ-ously in V71-3709PI407162,Noir19Archer(Hyten et al.2004).The QTL swHCA2-1was reported previously in Minsoy9Noir1(Hyten et al.2004).The QTL swHCC2-1was also reported previously in Young9 PI416937;Noir19Archer;and Essex9Williams (Hyten et al.2004).The QTL swHCD1b-1was also reported previously in Essex9Williams(Hyten et al. 2004).The sole QTL swHBA1-1(linked to Satt449)in the HB population that could be found in all three environments was reported previously in Noir19Archer(Hyten et al. 2004).Therefore,all the QTL stable across environments have been confirmed,which adds to their usefulness in MAS even across multi-environments.Seven QTL(Satt460,Satt428,Satt302,Satt354,Satt555, Satt527,Satt153)could be detected in all three populations in some environments.These QTL might be useful for MAS in a particular location.Theor Appl Genet123T a b l e 4Q T L e p i s t a t i c e f f e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e e d w e i g h t (100-s e e d w e i g h t )a t d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n sQ T L i S o u r c eQ T L iL G (C h r o m o s o m e )M a r k e r i n t e r v a lM a r k e r L G (C h r o m o s o m e )Q T L j S o u r c e Q T L j M a r k e r i n t e r v a l P o p u l a t i o n a a d a a 9E 1a a a 9E 2b a a 9E 3cH e f e n g 25s w H C A 2-1A 2(C h 8)s a t t 233–s a t t 538s a t t 233A 2(C h 8)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C A 2-2s a t t 424–s a t t 390H C 0.45*0.87**-0.36*0.17*C 2(C h 6)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C C 2-1s a t t 100–s a t t 460H C -0.89**C 2(C h 6)‘C o n r a d ’s w H C C 2-2s a t t 489–s a t t 557H C 0.23*D 2(C h 17)‘C o n r a d ’s w H C D 2-1s a t t 615–s a t t 301H C 0.48*0.59**I (C h 20)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C I -1s a t t 354–s a t t 571H C-0.49*O (C h 10)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C O -1s a t t 479–s a t t 153H C 0.23*-0.16*H e f e n g 25s w H M A 2-1A 2(C h 8)s a t t 233–s a t t 177s a t t 233C 2(C h 6)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M C 2-1s a t t 100–s a t t 460H M 1.07**0.43*K (C h 9)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M K -1s a t t 555–s a t t 046H M 0.17*O (C h 10)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M O -1s a t t 153–s a t t s a t _106H M 0.25*H e f e n g 25s w H B A 2-1A 2(C h 8)s a t t 538–s a t t 233s a t t 233A 2(C h 8)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H B A 2-2s a t t 177–s a t t 424H B0.45*-0.29*C 2(C h 6)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H B C 2-1s a t t 460–s a t t 202H B 0.17*0.89**0.19*0.21*O (C h 10)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H B O -1s a t t 153–s a t t 109H B0.37*H e f e n g 25s w H C C 2-1C 2(C h 6)s a t t 100–s a t t 460s a t t 460C 2(C h 6)‘C o n r a d ’s w H C C 2-3s a t t 307–s a t t 277H C0.56**0.40*0.49*-0.59**J (C h 16)‘C o n r a d ’s w H C J -1s a t t 380–s a t t 183H C-0.67**H e f e n g 25s w H M C 2-1C 2(C h 6)s a t t 100–s a t t 460s a t t 460D 1b (C h 2)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M D 1b -1s a t t 282–s a t t 428H M0.54**-0.76**M (C h 7)‘M a p l e A r r o w ’s w H M M -1s a t t 150–s a t t 201H M1.23**-0.59**H e f e n g 25s w H B C 2-1C 2(C h 6)s a t t 460–s a t t 202s a t t 460C 2(C h 6)‘B a y fie l d ’s w H B C 2-2s a t t 277–s a t t 376H B0.17*-0.90**H e f e n g 25s w H C D 1b -1D 1b (C h 2)s a t t 579–s a t t 428s a t t 428E (C h 15)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C E -1s a t t 263–s a t t 491H C0.47*0.65**0.97**0.76**H e f e n g 25s w H M D 1b -1D 1b (C h 2)s a t t 282–s a t t 428s a t t 428L (C h 19)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M L -1s a t t 527–s c t _010H M0.67**H e f e n g 25s w H B D 1b -1D 1b (C h 2)s a t t 282–s a t t 428s a t t 428E (C h 15)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H B E -1s a t t 263–s a t t 268H B0.82**H e f e n g 25s w H C H -1H (C h 12)s a t t 181–s a t t 302s a t t 302J (C h 16)‘C o n r a d ’s w H C J -1s a t t 380–s a t t 183H C0.86**0.67**O (C h 10)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C O -1s a t t 479–s a t t 153H C0.47*H e f e n g 25s w H M H -1H (C h 12)s a t t 253–s a t t 302s a t t 302I (C h 20)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M I -1s a t t 354–s a t t 419H M0.78**0.89**0.45*M (C h 7)‘M a p l e A r r o w ’s w H M M -1s a t t 150–s a t t 201H M-0.56**H e f e n g 25s w H B H -1H (C h 12)s a t t 293–s a t t 302s a t t 302I (C h 20)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H B I -1s a t t 354–s a t t 440H B0.22*H e f e n g 25s w H C I -1I (C h 20)s a t t 354–s a t t 571s a t t 354K (C h 9)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H C K -1s a t t 349–s a t t 555H C0.56**0.75**0.43*H e f e n g 25s w H M I -1I (C h 20)s a t t 354–s a t t 419s a t t 354K (C h 9)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H M K -1s a t t 555–s a t t 046H M0.65**H e f e n g 25s w H B I -1I (C h 20)s a t t 354–s a t t 440s a t t 354K (C h 9)‘H e f e n g 25’s w H B K -1s a t t 555–s a t t 046H B0.97**Theor Appl Genet123。

PART I DICTATIONNew Year’s EveFor many people in the west, New Year’s Eve is the biggest party of the year./ It’s time to get together with friends or family/ and welcome in the coming year./ New Year’s parties can take place in different places./ Some people hold a house party;/ others attend street parties,/ while some just go for a few drinks with their friends./ Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays./ There is one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties have in common--- the countdown to midnight./ When the clock strikes 12, people give a loud cheer and sing songs./ It’s also popular to make a promise in the New Year./ This is called a New Year’s resolution./ Typical resolutions include giving up smoking and keeping fit./ However, the promise is often broken quite quickly/ and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSETION A CONVERSATIONSConversation OneW: Hi, Mark. How are you?M: Actually, I am really fed up, Linda. It’s Jane (Q1).W: Jane? Who’s Jane?M: No, nobody really. Just a most stunningly attractive girl in my year school (Q1).W: Oh, is that all? So, what’s the problem?M: Well, the thing is I just don’t know how to make her notice me or….W: Wait a minute. I’ve got a brilliant idea. Why don’t you try talking to her?M: But I wouldn’t know what to say. I …W: Look, she is in your chemistry class, isn’t she? You are good at chemistry. You could offer to help her with her chemistry homework. How about that?M: Not that. Just one problem (Q3).W: What?M: She is better than me at chemistry.W: OK, then. W ell, there’s that party at John’s on Friday night. You could invite her.M: Just another small problem (Q3). John’s her boyfriend (Q2).Conversation TwoW: Yes. Can I help you?M: Yes. You see, I’ve bought this personal stereo at your shop three days ago. And I’m afraid it hasn’t really matche d up to what I was told about.W: I see. What exactly is the matter?M: Well, first of all, there’s this large scratch across the fron t of it (Q6).W: But you should have noticed that when you bought it (Q4).M: But it was in the box and all sealed up.W: Well, I’m sorry. But it really is your responsibility to check the goods when you buy them (Q4). How are we to know that it wasn’t y ou who made the scratch?M: But t hat’s ridiculous. But anyway, it’s not the most important thing. I really am not happy about this other thing (Q6).W: And what is that?M: Look, it says here that the noise from it should undetectable by other people.W: Y es, that’s right.M: But people can hear it, a nd it’s really embarrassing on the bus and the underground.W: Well, I’m sorry, but it must be the way you are wearing the headphones.M: Look, I know how to put earphones in my ears. Thank you very much (Q5). But what I want to know is what you are going to do about it at all.W: Well, I suppose we could exchange it for another model, if you really aren’t happy with it.M: No, I certainly am not.W: Well, if I could just have the receipt (Q7).M: Oh yes. Well, there is a slight problem about the receipt.Conversation ThreeW: Hello. Happy Time Catering Services. Victoria’s speaking. How can I help you?M: Hello, Victoria. This is Joe Smith from Country Holidays. I wonder if you could do some catering for us next week (Q9). We’re having a small reception (Q8). It’s to launch our summer holiday advertising campaign. Will you be free?W: When exactly is it, Mr. Smith?M: Apr.21st, t hat’s Thursday. Oh, sorry, no. It should be Friday (Q9).W: Oh, yes, I can do that. Where will you be holding it?M: We thought we’d have that at head office and use the conference room, because there is enough room for every one there.W: Ok. What sort of things would you like?M: Just a light lunch, I think, so that people can eat while they move around and talk to each other. You did something similar for us last year. We’d be happy to have the same menu again (Q10). W: Right. I’ll look at my diary and see what you had last time. Oh, I nearly forgot to ask you. How many should I cater for?M: Well, I think most people will be able to come, perhaps around 30. No, let’s say 35 to be sure. W: Right. Thank you for getting in touch, Mr. Smith. I’ll send you confirmation of the arrangements by the end of this week.M: OK.Section B P ASSAGESPassage AFor shopaholics, the post-Christmas period means only one thing —sales! Across the country, prices are slashed on clothing, electronics, home furnishings and more. But London is the place for serious shopping, and you can certainly pick up some amazing bargains (Q11). The sales start on Boxing Day — 26th December, and continue for the month of January, but the keenest bargain hunters get there early to be first through the doors. In Oxford Street, queues formed outside shops ahead of predawn openings for the start of the sales. At Brent Cross in north London, more than 1,000 people were queuing at 3:30 a.m. for the “n ext” clothing store’s sale which began at 4 a.m. Some people even camped outside the shops to be the first in line (Q12). Some people are taking their friends shopping with them and buying their Christmas presents in the sales (Q13A)— a practical but an unromantic way of making sure you get the gift you really want. For a less exciting but less stressful shopping experience, online retailers are also getting in on the actwith January sales of their own (Q13B). The most organized of all are those who are already doing their present shopping for next Christmas (Q13C), in the January sales!Passage BBallroom dancing used to be seen as something rather unfashionable that old people might do (Q14). For the past five years though, the popularity of ballroom dancing has soared thanks to a reality TV show (Q15). “Strictly Come Dancing” is one of the big TV shows. Millions of people tune in every Saturday night to watch the show, which airs from September right up to Christmas (Q16D). In the show, a number of professional ballroom dancers each dance with a celebrity (Q16B). Every week they have to learn a different ballroom dance and perform it live on TV on Saturday night (Q16C). The show demonstrates how glamorous ballroom dancing is. The celebrities get to wear colourful dresses and suits to dance in (Q16A), and it looks like a lot of fun. The TV programme also shows what good exercise it can be to ballroom dance and what hard work is involved in learning the dances and performing them properly.Dance schools around the country have seen a boost in the number of people wanting to learn how to da nce. And it’s not only old people who’re intereste d. Lots of children and young people in their twenties are keen to learn (Q17).Passage CRecently a couple in New Zealand were forbidden from naming their baby son 4Real. Even though New Zealand has quite liberal rules about naming children, names beginning with a number are not allowed (Q18). They decided to call him Superman instead.In many countries around the world, unusual names for children are becoming more popular, especially since the increasing trend for celebrities to give their children unusual names. Some parents choose names which come from popular culture (Q19). For example, there have been six boys named Gandalf after the character in the Lord of the Rings novels and films. Equally, names related to sports are fairly common (Q19). Since 1984, 36 children have been called Arsenal after the football team. Other parents like to make up names or combine names to make their own unique version (Q19), a method demonstrated by Jordan, the British model, who recently invented the name Theaamy for her daughter by combining the names Thea and Amy (the two grandmothers). She was quoted as saying that the accent and double letters were added to make the name “more exotic”.Other countries have much stricter rules when it comes to naming children. Countries including Japan, Denmark, Spain, Germany and Argentina have an approved list of names from which parents must choose (Q20).Section C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (For Questions 21 to 23)11 fishing boat crew who had been stranded since October in a r emote part of Russia’s Far East have been rescued after sheltering nearly three months at an abandoned military base. The eight men and three women took refuge at the base after their small boats collided on Oct. 10 (Q21). Their attempts to fix one of the boats did not succeed and they had to remain at the abandoned base where there were only flour and cooking fat (Q22). Other supplies at the base, which was abandoned in 2003, included Christmas ornaments, and the crew members put them upon a small tree inside their quarters. But supplies began running low and early this week, five set off on foot across snow fields. On Friday, after four days of trudging, they reached a working military radio station. The center called rescuers, and helicopters were sent to take the 11 to the regional capital (Q23).News Item 2 (For Questions 24 and 25)Spain’s King Juan Carlos, with 32 years on the throne (Q24), turns 70 Saturday. But after years of undeniable adulation among Spaniards for putting down an attempted coup i n 1981, he’s recently faced more difficult times. Small groups of leftists have burned his photo, and fiery criticism has also come from the right with one leading conservative radio host calling for him to step down. Juan Carlos fired back with a rare pub lic defense of his reign in a recent speech. “It’s been the longest period of stability and prosperity in Spain ever in a parliamentary monarchy,” the king said (Q25).News Item 3 (For Questions 26 and 27)It goes against religious taboos in Iraq to involve women in fighting, but three recent suicide bombings carried out by women could indicate insurgents are growing increasingly desperate. On Nov. 4 (Q26), a woman detonated an explosives vest next to a US patrol in Diyala’s regional capital, Baqouba, 35 miles northeast of Baghdad, wounding seven US troops and five Iraqis (Q27). On Dec. 7 (Q26), a woman attacked the offices of a Diyala-based Sunni group fighting al-Qaida in Iraq, killing 15 people and wounding 35 (Q27). Then, on Dec. 31 (Q26), a bomber in Baqouba detonated her suicide vest close to a police patrol, wounding five policemen and four civilians (Q27).News Item 4 (For Questions 28 to 30)Chinese government is poised to conduct its first national survey of pollution sources in February to help control environmental deterioration in the country (Q28). The study will identify and collect data on sources of industrial, agricultural and residential pollution for two months. Last year, China’s environment was facing a grave situation, with several maj or rivers and lakes clogged by industrial waste. China’s environmental cleanup is compromised by more than two decades of rapid economic growth, and a lack of technology especially (Q29). Every province, autonomous region and municipality has set up a census office and will report to a main center staffed by officials from government departments (Q30). Data will be reviewed multiple times before being put into a database and will be analyzed in the second half of 2008. Findings will be examined and approved by mid-2009.。

Prüfung für das Germanistik-Grundstudium (PGG-Prüfung) 2009I．Diktat (10P) (15 Minuten)Sie hören den Text insgesamt viermal. Zuerst hören Sie sich den ganzen Text einm al an. Dann hören Sie sich den Text noch zweimal mit Satzzeichen an. Die längeren Sätze werden in Teilen vorgelesen. Zuletzt hören Sie den ganzen Text noch einmal. Nun fangen wir an!II. Hörverstehen (20P) (20 Minuten)Teil 1: AlltagssituationenSie hören im Folgenden 6 Minidialoge nur einmal. Markieren Sie die Lösungen auf d em Antwortbogen1.a.Im krankenhause b.Auf der Straße c.Auf dem Gericht2.a.Bei Dr.müller b.In der Mensa c.Im Proseminar3.a.Über zwei Kilo b.Zwei Kilo c.Unter zwei Kilo4.a.Nach München b.Nach Mailand c.Nach Trier5.a.Von 5 Uhr bis 17 Uhr b. .Von 7 Uhr bis 15 Uhr c.Von 5 Uhr nachmittags bis 5 Uhrmorgens6.a.Er hat gestern in seinem restaurant Bier getrunken.b.Er war gestern wieder als wilder Mann in einem Restaurant.c.Er hat einen lustigen,wilden Abend lange in seinem Restaurant verbracht.Teil 2Nun hören Sie vier Texte. Jeden Text hören Sie zuerst einmal, dann lesen Sie die A ufgaben und danach hören Sie ihn noch einmal. Markieren Sie die richtigen Lösunge n auf dem Antwortbogen(Für Text A und B:a=richtig b=falsch)Text A7.Christopher Küch hat sich selber ein Gymnasium gewält,als er inder vierten Klasse war.8. Christopher Küch geht jetzt in die achte Klasse und hat gute Leistungen auf dem Gymnasium.Text B9.Es fällt nicht nur in Sudbayern Schnee.10.Nachts ist die tiefste Temperatur unter null Grad.11.Um vierzehn Uhr wurde der Wetterbericht vom Wetteramt München heraus gege ben.Text C12.Was für Mitarbeiter brauchen die meisten Firmen?a.Solche,die Fremdsprachen können.b.Solche,die Englisch und Französisch sprechen.c.Solche,die gute Chancen in der wirtschaft haben.13.Wie viele Gymnasium lernen welche Sprache?a.35 Prozent der Gymnasium lernen Französisch.b.5 Prozent der Gymnasium lernen Russisch.c.2 Prozent der Gymnasium lernen Italienisch.14.Was meinen die Firmen?a.In den Schulen alle Schüler neben Englisch auch Französisch lernen.b.Den Schülern sollte die Möglichkeit gegeben weden,mehrere Fremdsprache lernen zu können.c.Ein Schüler sollte möglichst viele Fremdsprache beherrschen.Text D15.Welche Aussage ist richtig?a.Der Mann redet über seinen dreiseitigen Lebenslauf.b.Der Mann redet darüber ,warum er oft die Stelle gewachselt hat.c.Der Mann blickt auf sein berufsleben zuzück.16.Welche Aussage ist richtig?a.Er war einmal Arbeitslos.b.Er will seinen Arbeitsplatz wechselnc.Er arbeitet als pfleger in einem Altenheim.17.Wie finet der Mann seinen jetztigen Beruf ? Wrum?a.Schrecklich.Weil er dafür zu alt ist.b.Gut.Weil er in Rente weiter als Hausmeister arbeiten möchte.c.Gut.Weil er den Arbeitsplatz mag und bald in Rente geht.Text E18.kauft die Frau jetzt anders ein als früher?a.Ja,sie kauft jetzt keinen Joghurt mehr.b.Nein,sie kauft genau so siel Milch in Packungen wie Früher.c.Na ja,da hat sich nicht wiel geändert.19.Was macht die Frau bei der Mülltrennung?a.Glas und Papier sammelt sie getrennt.b.Die Abfälle bringt sie in die Küche.c.Dosen und Plastik bringt sie in der Garten.20.Was meint die Frau zum Thema Müll unt Mülltrennung?a.Den Müll und die Mülltrennung finder sie gut.b.der Müll ist ein Problem,deshalb muss man etwas tun.c.Die Mülltrennung ist ein Problem für sie.III. Leseverstehen (20P) (40 MINUTEN) Text A Deutsch lernen im Restaurant120 Menschen aus 33 Läandern arbeiten jeden tag in den Restaurant der HamburgerOktoberkette.Sie bedienen die Gäste, kochen oder schenken aus. Verstäandigungsprobleme gibt’s auch beim größten Andrang nicht: Geschäftssprache ist Deutsch. Darauf legt Inhaber Ömer Merdin den größten Wert.Mit 19 Jahren ist er selbst aus der Türkei nach Deutschland gekommen und weiß, wie wichtig ist es ,Deutsch zu sprechen. Darum finanziert er seinen Angestellten regelmaßig Sprachkurse, wenn ihre Deutschkenntnisse nicht ausreichend sind.” Ich will Chancengleichheit für alle schaffen”,sagt Merdin. So viel Engagement wur de 2008 mitden ersten Preis beim bundesweiten Wettbewerb”Kulterelle Vielfalt als Chance”belohnt. Soga rein eigenes Qualifiyierungsangebot für seine Beschäftigten hat sich der Gastronom ausgedacht.Mitarbeiter ohne Berufsabschluss können sich in senen Restaurant zur Fachkraft im Gastgewerbe im Bereich Service und Küche qualifizieren.Markieren Sie die richtigen Lösungen auf dem Antwortbogen(a=richtig b=falsch)21.Ömer Merdin ist erst 19 Jahre alt.22.In den Restaurant von Ömer Merdin warden Deutsch und Türkisch gesprochen.23. Merdin hat den ersten Preis beim bundesweiten Wettwerb …Kulturelle Vielfalt als Chance“ gewonnen.24. Die Angestellten von Merdin haben die Möglichkeit, sich in seinen Restaurants ausbilden zu lassen.Text B Unterschiedliche AnschauungenWer ein Fernsehgerät kaufen will, hat meist konkrete Vorstellungen, was der Apparat leisten soll. Doch sind die Ansprüche von Land zu Land durchaus unterschiedlich. Wie die Gesellschaft für Unterhaltungs- und Kommunikationselektronik meldet, sind sich die Europäer lediglich darin einig, dass der Preis für die gebotene Leistung des Apparat stimmen muss. Europäer legen mit 50% den größten Wert auf den Preis eines fernsehgeräts. Beim Design sieht es anders aus. Für 44% der Einfache Bedienung des Geräts: Während Österreicher (34%) und Deutsche (32%) gerade hierauf achten, interessieren das Engländer (13%) und Italiener (11%) recht wenig. Dagegen wünschen sich die Engländer hohe Zuverlässigkeit (46%). Auch der gute Name eines Fernsehapparats ist den Engländern mit 25% wichtig, wogegen die Deutschen nur mäßig (12%), Holländer und Schweden mit 3 bzw. 2 Prozent fast gar nicht interessiert. Markieren Sie bitte die richtigen Lösungen auf dem Antwortbogen!25. Beim Kauf eines Fernsehappratsa. achten die Europäer nur auf den Preis.b. legen due Schweden weniger Wert auf das Design als die Holländer.c. ist den Europäern nur das gute Design wichtig.26. Die Bedienung eines Fernsehgeräts sollte nach Meinunga. von Engländern sehr einfach seinb. von Österreichern und Deutschen leicht sein.c. von Italienern nicht interessant sein.27. Wer legt worauf Wert_a. Den guten Namen eines Geräts halten ein Viertel der Engländer für wichtig.b. Holländer und Schweden legen großen Wert auf den guten Namen eines Geräts.c. Die Deutschen sind überhaupt nicht am Namen eines Fernsehgeräts interessiert.Text C RingparabelVor vielen Jahren lebte ein König im Osten, die einen wertvollen Ring besaß. Dieser Ring hatte eine Eingenschaft: Wer ihn trug, wurde von Gott und allen Menschen ohne Ausnahme geliebt. Deshalb nahm der König ihn nie von seiner Hand.Eingentlich wurde der Ring immer vom Vatter an den Lieblingssohn weitgegeben. Der König jedoch hatte drei Söhne, die er alle gleich liebte. Er konnte sich nicht entscheiden, welchem Sohn er den Ring geben sollte. Also ließ er heimlich noch zwei gleiche Ringe machen und schenkte jedem Sohn einen. Als der König stab, kam es zum Streit zwischen den Söhnen. Jeder galubte, den echten Ring zu Richter, einem weisen Mann, und erzählten ihm die Geschichte.Der Richter konnte das Rätsel auch nicht lösen und wollte sie schon wegschicken. Plötzlich erinnerte er sich daran, dass der richtige Ring seinen Besitzer bei allen beliebt machen sollte. Er fragte die Söhne: …Welchen Bruder haben zwei von euch am liebsten?“ Als sie nicht gleich antworteten, sprach er: …Was, ihr sagt nichts? Die Ringe wirken nicht? Jeder von euch liebt sich selbst also an meisten. Dann sind viellecht alle drei Ringe falsch. Keiner von ihnen besitzt die Macht,sich bei allen Menschen beliebt zu machen. Vermutlich hat euer Vater den Ring verloren und drei neue machen lassen.“Der weise Richter gab ihnen den Rat, so zu leben, als hätte jeder von ihnen den echten Ring. Nur auf diese Weise würde es ihnen gelingen, die Macht des Ringes zu wecken. Markieren Sie bitte die richtigen Lösungen auf dem Antwortbogen!( a=richtig, b=falsch )28. Der König hat den Ring an den Lieblingssohn weitergegeben.29. Die Ringe, die die drei Söhne bekommen, sehen gleich aus.30. Die Söhne haben den Richter am liebsten.31. Die Söhne können nicht mehr die Macht des Ringes wecken.Text D Fachkräftemangel in DeutschlandViele Unternehmen suchen dringend nach Informatikern. An deutschen Haupt- und Berufsschulen fehlen rund 50 000 Lehrer. Eine Studie zu diesem Thema kommt nun dem Ergebnis, dass diese schlimme Lage teilweise von Hochschulen und Wirtschaft selbt gemacht ist.Schuld an der Lage ist der sogenannte …Schweinezyklus“ – ein Wirtschaftstrend, nach dem auf ein Überangebot an Studenten in einem Studienfach ein Rückgang der Studienfänger in dem überlaufenen Fach folgt. Einige Jahre später fehlt in den Unternehmen dann der Nachwuchs.So schränkten viele Betribe Anfang der 90er Jahre ihre Ausbildung ein. Ingenieure und Informatiker wurden bur noch selten eingestellt. Durch die abnehmende Personalnachfrage durch die Industrie ging die Zahl der Studienanfänger in den Bereichen Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau um mehr als die Hälfte zurück. Als die Wirtschaft wieder besser wurde, fehlten die Fachkräfte.Der Arbeitsmarktforscher Gerhard Bosch fordert, dass man unabhängig vonSchwankungen in der Bevölkerungsentwirklung und wirtschaftlichen Krisen nach einem Weg suchen müsse, um …Schweinezyklen“ künftig vorbeugen zu können.Wenn in einem Unternehmen qualifizierte Kräft fehlten, so mussten bisher meist die Mitarbeiter helfen. Doch längere Arbeitszeiten und Überstunden lassen sich nicht beliebig ausdehnen.Generhell wird der Bedarf an qualifizierten Fachkräften wach sen: …Ob es zu einem Fachkräftemangel kommt, hängt sehr stark von den Ausbildungszahlen und der Modernität des Ausbildungssystems ab“, so Bosch. Die Chancen für Arbeitskräfte mit geringer Qualifikation seien schlecht, auch wenn einfache Tätigkeiten weiterhin gefragt blieben. Markieren Sie bitte die richtigen Lösungen auf dem Antwortbogen!32. Wer ist am Mangel an Fachkräften schuld?a. Hochschulen und Wirtschaftb. Unternehmenc. Hochschulen33.Was versteht man unter dem Begriff …Schweinezyklus“?a. Auf ein Überangebot an Studienanfängern in einem Studienfach folgt normalerweise ein Rückgang der Absolventen in dem Fach.b. Auf ein Überangebot an Studien in einem Studienfach folgt ein Rückgang der Studienanfängern in dem Fach.c. Auf ein Überangebot an Studien in einem Studienfach folgt ein Rückgang der Studienfächer.34. Welche Aussage ist richtig?a. Anfang der 90er Jahre förderten viele Beriebe ihre Ausbildung.b. Anfang der 90er Jahre ging die Zahl der Studienanfänger zurück.c. Anfang der 90er Jahre schränkte die Industrie die Zahl der Fachkräfte ein.35. Was ist die Meinung von Gerhard Bosch?a. Der Bedarf an qualifizierten Fachkräften wird weiter sinken.b. Die Wirtschaftskrisen haben den Fachkräftemangel verursacht.c.Arbeitskräfte mit geringer Qualifikation hanben weniger Chancen.Text E Konsum mit guten GewissenDen Trend zum nachhaltigen Konsum beobachtet man fast überall in der Welt.Immer mehr leute wollen möglichste schadstoffreie Lebesmittel haben, also Bio.Und mit der Veröffentlichung des Weltklimaberichts im Frühjahr 2007 gewann die Bewegung noch einmal an Fahrt.Als Vorriter haben Soyiologen und Marktforscher die …Lohas“(…Lifestyle of heslth and Sustainability“)ausgemacht.Sie diskutieren über Solaryellen auf dem Dach,Naturko smetik auf der Haut,und wie man im Skiurlaub der Umwelt möglichst wenig schadet.Aber mit der Ökobewegung der 80er-Jahre haben sie wenig gemein.Sie wollen Öko mit Spaß verbinden und nicht mit Veryicht.Auch Lohas spielt Gesumdheit eine große Rolle.Was sie kaufen,muss frisch sein,einen hohen Nahrwert haben.Wer zu dieser Gruppe gehört,konsumer mit Lust.aber immer Ökologisch korrekt.Sie achten beim Kauf auf ökologische Aspeckte und wollen mit gutem Gewissen Konsumieren.Der Einfluss der Lohas gründet nicht auf politischer Macht,sondern auf ihrer kollektiven Kaufkraft.Man schätzt die Zahl der neuen Ökokonsumenten in Deutschland auf etwa achtmillionen und ihre Kaufkraft auf rund 200 milliarden Euro.Im Vergleich zu früheren Ökopropagandisten sind sie pragmatischer und kund sehnen sich einfach nach mehr Lebensqualität.Aber unpolitisch seien die Lohas keineswegs.“ Sie wollen ja gerade Konsumetscheidungen als Hebel nutzen,um eine andere politik der Unternehmen zu bewirken. Das ist politisch ,nur eben nicht im Rahmen de s politischen institutionen System“Markieren Sie bitte die richtigen Lösungen auf dem Antwortbogen!36.Was heißt …gewann die Bewegung noch einmal an Fahrt.“?a.Bei der Bewegung hat man wieder gewonnen.b.Die Bewegung entwickelt sich mit steigender Geschwindigkeit.c.Die Bewegung fährt immer noch fort.37.Die Lohasa.diskutieren nur über Solarzahl.b.sind gegen die Ökobewegung der 80-er Jahrec.versuchen Öko mit Spaß zu verknüpfen.38.Wie sieht Konsumverhalten der Lohas aus?a.Sie konsumieren immer ohne Lustb.Gesundheit hat einen großen Einfluss auf das Konsuverhalten.c.Der Preis ist das eizige Ziel der Lohas.39.Warum kann man den Einfluss der Lohas erkennen?a.Die Lohas haben einen großen Kaufkraft.b.Die Lohas demonstriren für die ökobewegung.c.Der politike legen großen Wert auf die Interessen der Lohas.40.Worin liegt der Unterschied zwischen Lohas und früheren Ökopropagandisten?a.Die früheren Propagandisten sind praktischer.b.Die Lohas wollen mit guten Gewissen konsumieren.c.Die Lohas verzichten oft auf Konsum,um die Umwelt zu schützen.IV.WORT,SATZ,UND TEXT(35P) (40 MINUTEN)A.Bitte markieren Sie die grammtisch richtigen Lösungen auf dem Antwortbogen.(7P)41.Die kinder werden _____ Toleranz erzogen.a.zub.aufc.mit42.Eure Eltern feierten________ Hochyeistag mit einem Fest.a.Ihrenb. eurenc.ihren43.Peter verabredte sich mit seiner neuen Freundin__________den nächsten Tag.a.fürb.zuc.an44.Ich bin ganz ihrer Meinung und möchte dazu noch einen Vorschlag_________a.gebenb.machenc.stellen45.Die kollegen hielen ihren_________für netten Menschen.a.Vorgesetzterb.Vorgesetetenc.Vorgesetzte46.Er______ das schon vorher gewusst haben,sonst würde er anders reagieren.a.kannb.mussc.will47.Sein rundes Gesicht wirkte plötzlich etwas blasser als_____a.vorherb.bevorc.früher48.Die Neueverheirateten konnten die lange Trennung nicht ________a.verbringenb.haltenc.ertragen49._________die moisten Studenten gegen die Ausschaltung des Stromes um 12 Uhr in der Nacht sind,wird es doch getan.a.Trotzdemb.Zwarc.Obwohl50.Können Sie feststellen,welche Änderung sich inden vergangenen Jahren ___________?a.ergenben hatb.ergibtc.ergeben wird51.Angebot und_______bestimmen die wirtschaft,heiß es oft.a.Bedarfb.Nachfragec.Bedürfnis52.Die Rolle einer Mutter ist __________.Sie ist auch Lehrerin.Von ihr lernen Kinder viel.a.universalb.insgesamtc.gemeinsam53.Die Deutschen Lieben frische Luft,und______sie endlich Ferien haben,fahren sie in die Natur.a.nachdemb.wennc.indem54.Wann fliegt den eure Maschine?---Unser Flug geht um 14 Uhr.Ganz__________.a.ordentlichb.pünktlichc.plannmässig B. Bitte ergänzen Sie die passenden Wörter! Schreiben Sie sie dann auf den Antwor tbogen. (10P)55.Sabine stammt _____einer kinderreichen Famlie.56.In dieser Dunkelheit schien die Zeit stil zu______________.57.Wir machen sine Pauschal-Reise.Das bedeutet ,ein _________für alles.58.Können Sie bitte_________zehn Minuten noch einmal anrufen?59.Auf diese _______ wird uns gelingen,das Problem zu lösen.60.Falls Sie weitere__________haben,wenden Sie sich bitter an meine Sekretärin.61.Nur weinige Autos können________ eine so lange Erfolgsgeschichte zurückblicken, wie der Käfer.62.Kinder,die von Lehrer als besonders inteligent einschätzt werden,weisen am Ende des Semesters einen bedeutend höheren Intelligenzquotienten___________.63.Der junge Mann versucht ein leben zu schaffen,die seinen Wünschen_________.64.Wenn ich nicht so viele Prüfungen__________,könnten wie selbstverständlich öfte r ausgehen.65.Schau mal.Da ist schon wieder der teure Wagen,_______hier jeden tag parkt.66.Wir wollen den Kopf auf keinen Fall________lassen, sondern die Prüfung nächste s Jahr nocheinmal machen.67.__________ins Ausland geht, muss die Welt und die Menschen dort mit anderen Augen sehen.68.Draußen war es ein grauer kalter Novembermorgen, und es regnete________strömen.69. Kommen Sie endlich herein und machen Sie die Tür zu! Es___________.70. Der Junge war noch zu klein, _______ in die Schule zu gehen.71. Das Kind wußte nicht, ________ es tun sollte, deshalb blieb es einfach stehen und wortlos zu.72. Die Diebe arbeiteten vermutlich zu weit: Einer begann ein Gespräch mit einem Fahrgast, der ________ nahm ihm heimlich die Geldbörse aus der Tasche.73. Was muss man eigentlich tun, um so _______ wie dich loszwerden, kannst du mir einmal verraten?74. Heraus mit der _________ ! Mit wem warst du gestern Abend in Disko?C. Bitte ergänzen Sie die passenden Wörter auf dem Antwortbogen. (10 P)Text A (Folgende Wörter stehen Ihnen zur Wahl,aber nicht alle Wörter werden hier passen: an, der, finanziert, für, jährlichen, jährigen, steht ,stattfindet,und, unterrichtet, war, veranstaltet,zur )…Jugend musiyiert“ ist ein Wettbewerb(75)________ Jugendliche, der 2009 yum 46. Mal(76)_________. Viele tausend junge Leute melden sich in jedem Jahr(77)______. Mitmachen kann jeder, (78)________ privaten Musikunterrcht erhält, an einer Musikschule oder an der allgemein bildenden Schule (79)_________ wird. Bei …Jugend musiyziert“(80)_____ der Team-Gedanke im Vordergrund: miteinander zu musizieren, gemeinsam ein Werk der Musikliteratur zu erarbeiten und es vor Publikum(81)________- Aufführung zu bringen. …Jugend misiziert“ wird (82)_________ vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioron, Frauen und jugend (83)_______ von der Sparkassen-Finanygruppe. Hinzu kommen im (84)__________ Wechsel der Austragungsorte weitere Förderer.Text B(Füllen Sie bitte die folgenden Lücken nach dem Kontext.)50 Kilometer lang war die Lichterkette, die am Donnerstag von einigen lokalen Initia tiven (85)________ wurde. 15 000 Menschen mit Fackeln und Lichtern(86)_______ der Hand standen auf der Straße. So drückten Sie ihren(87)________ gegen Atome nergie aus. (88)________ nur Anwohner waren dabei, auch aus Berlin und Humburgwaren Menschen angereist. Die Organisatoren waren zufrieden, weil sie vorher (89) _________ nur etwa 10 000 Menschen gerechnet hatten. Dieses Ereignis zeigt, (90) _________ die Anti-Atom-Bewegung wieder da ist. Dieses Jahr ist ein wichtiges Jahr im Kampf(91)_________ die Atomkraft, denn (92)__________ jeden Preis muss ver hindert werden, dass der Atomausstieg nach der Bundestagswahl wieder rückgängig (93)_________ wird. Atomkraft ist die Energieform (94)_________ vorgestern. Die Z ukunft gehört den erneuerbaren Energien!D. Formen Sie die unterstrichenen Satzteile und Partizipialkonstruktionen in Nebensätze um bzw. die unterstrichenen Nebensätze in Satzteile oder Partizipialkonstruktione n.Schreiben Sie die Lösung auf den Antwortbogen. (4 P)95. Mit der gestohlenen Waffe erschoss der junge Mann viele unschuldige Mensche n.96. Der Regisseur, der während des Kriegs in Frankreich im Exil lebte, wurde yum Filmfest eingeladen.97. Vor der Installation eines Antivirusprogramms stürzte mein Computer oft ab.98. Sich gany auf die Arbeit konzentrierend, schaffte er am Wochenende seinen Pr ojektbericht.E. Was sagt man da?(Wie reagieren Sie darauf?)Bitte vervollständigen Sie die Sätz e situationsangemessen und schreiben Sie die Lösungen auf den Antwortbogen. (4 P)99. A: Ist das Restaurant in der Nähe teuer?B: Ja,es ist viel teurer geworden,seitdem_______________________.100. A: Dein neues Handy ist toll!B: Ja. Es sieht nicht nur super aus, sondern________________________. 101. A: Fährt dein Nachbar täglich mit dem Fahrrad zur Arbeit?B: Natürlich. Er fährt bei jeden Wetter mit dem Fahrrad ins Büro,um ________ __________________.102. A: Was hast du morgen vor?B: Da habe ich noch keinen konkreten Plan. Bei schönem Wetter____________ _____________.V. SCHRIFTLICHER AUSDRUCK (15 P) (40 MINUTEN) Schreiben Sie einen Text zu einem der folgenden Aufgaben. Ihr Text sollte nicht we niger als 120 Wörter haben.A.Im Folgenden ist der Anfang einer Geschichte. Erzählen Sie bitte die Geschichtezu Ende.Ein merkwürdiges HausNicht weit von unserem Dorf war ein Wald, in dem ein altes verfallenes Haus stand. Ich spielte oft min anderen Kindern in diesem Wald, aber in das Haus gingen wir nie, denn es sah nicht gemütlich aus. Wir waren schon mit dem Wald zufrieden, in dem wir schaukelten, wir liefen und Blindekuh spielen.An einen späten Nachmittag im Sommer spielten wir wieder Blidekuh...........B.Beschreiben Sie bitte das folgende Schaubild.Immer mehr Leute nehmen einen Konsumentenkredit auf,um sich einen Luxusartikel wie z.B. Autos, Möbel, Musikanlagan usw. Anyuschaffen. Das folgende Schbild zeigt die steigende Tendeny der Konsumentenkredite im zeitraum von 1970 bis 1988 in Deutschland.。

mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is(are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
In this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of
each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken
[C] The assignments exclude preparing speeches and presenting speeches.
[D] It is designed to serve different purposes.
8. [A] Public speakers.
[B] Grammar teachers.
[C] Masters of ceremonies.
[D] Evaluators.
[B] Learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.

2009年北京航空航天大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分80,考试时间90分钟)3. 名词解释1. Robinson Crusoe2. Henry Fleming3. The Bible4. Samuel Taylor Coleridge5. Death of a Salesman6. The Gothic novel7. Santiago8. Samuel Beckett9. Uncle Tom10. Ideology8. 分析题1. Why is the Knight first in the General Prologue to tell a tale inCanterbury Tales?2. Moby-Dickfeatures several seemingly insane characters. How does insanity relate to this story? How do these characters contrast with one another?3. Analyze the theme of Social Class in Dickens"Great Expectations.To be, or not to be—that is the question:Whether this nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneor to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them. To die, to sleep—No more...Questions:4. A. From which play are these lines taken from?5. B. Who is the playwright?6. C. Who is the speaker?7. D. What does this speech show?The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. Questions:8. A. What is the title of this short poem?9. B. Who is the author?10. C. What two images are juxtaposed or placed next to each other in this poem?11. D. How do you appreciate this poem?It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood , this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. Questions:12. A. From which novel is this passage taken from?13. B. Who is the author of this novel?14. C. What is the literary style of this novel?15. D. What is this story about?Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street at Salem village; but put his head back after crossing threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons on her cap while she called to Goodman Brown. Questions:16. A. This passage is taken fromYoung Goodman Brown, who is the author?17. B. What is the symbolic meaning of "pink ribbons"?18. C. What is a symbol in literature?O, my love" s like a red, red rose. That" s newly sprung in June; O, my love" s like the melodie That" s sweetly played in tune. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass. So deep in love am I; And I will love thee still, my dear. Till a" the seas gone dry.…Questions:19. A. Who wrote this poem?20. B. What is the title of the poem?21. C. The odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters, what about the even-numbered lines?22. D. What is the rhyme scheme?23. E. What do you know about the poem?EUNICE; What"s the matter, honey? Are you lost?BLANCHE: They told me to take a street-car named Desire. And then transfer to one called Cemeteries and ride six blocks and get off at—Elysian Fields!EUNICE: That" s where you are now. Questions:24. A. From which play are the conversations taken?25. B. Who is the playwright?26. C. How to define "Desire" in the play?We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful what we pretend to be.Mother Night, 1961 Anyone who cannot understand how useful a religion based on lies can be will not understand this book either.Cat"s Cradle, 1963 This is a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfa-madore, where the flying **e from.Slaughterhouse-Five, 1969 Questions:27. A. The author of these novels is Kurt V onnegut, name some other novelists who employ black humor.28. B. Define the literary term Black Humor with reference to the above quotations.Tragedy is, then, an imitation of a noble **plete action, having the proper magnitude; it employs language that has been artistically enhanced by each of the kinds of linguistic adornment, applied separately in the various parts of the play; it is presented in dramatic, not narrative form, and achieves, through the representation of pitiable and fearful incidents, the catharsis of such pitiable and fearful incidents. Questions:29. A. This definition of Tragedy is quoted fromPoetics, who is the author ofPoetics?30. B. Highlight the chief contributions ofPoeticsto the theory of tragedy.。

本研究由国家自然科学基金项目 (30771351), 国家高技术研究发展计划 (863 计划 )项目 (2006AA10Z1B1)资助。 作者联系方式 : E-mail: wangjk@; jkwang@; Tel: 010-62133890 Received(收稿日期 ): 2008-06-19; Accepted(接受日期): 2008-10-04.
作物学报
ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2009, 35(2): 239−245 ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9
/zwxb/ E-mail: xbzw@
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00239
Abstract: Rapid increase in the availability of fine-scale genetic marker maps has led to the intensive use of QTL mapping in the genetic study of quantitative traits. Composite interval mapping (CIM) is one of the most commonly used methods for QTL mapping with populations derived from biparental crosses. However, the algorithm used in CIM cannot completely ensure that the effect of QTL at current testing interval is not absorbed by the background marker variables, and may result in biased estimation of QTL effect. We proposed a statistical method for QTL mapping, which was called inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM). Two steps were included in ICIM. In the first step, stepwise regression was applied to identify the most significant regression variables. In the second step, a one-dimensional scanning or interval mapping was conducted for detecting additive (and dominance) QTL and a two-dimensional scanning was conducted for detecting digenic epistasis. ICIM provides intuitive statistics for testing additive, dominance and epistasis, and can be used for most experimental populations derived from two inbred parental lines. The EM algorithm used in ICIM has a fast convergence speed and is therefore less computing intensive. ICIM retains all advantages of CIM over interval mapping, and avoids the possible increase of sampling variance and the complicated background marker selection process in CIM. A doubled haploid (DH) population in barley was used to demonstrate the application of ICIM in mapping additive QTL and additive by additive interacting QTL. Keywords: Quantitative trait; QTL mapping; Inclusive composite interval mapping; Additive and dominance effects; Epistatic interaction

作物学报ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2013, 39(2): 198−206 /zwxb/ ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail: xbzw@DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00198回交自交系(BIL)群体4对主基因加多基因混合遗传模型分离分析方法的建立王金社赵团结盖钧镒*南京农业大学大豆研究所 / 国家大豆改良中心 / 农业部大豆生物学与遗传育种重点实验室(综合) / 作物遗传与种质创新国家重点实验室, 江苏南京 210095摘要: 主基因加多基因混合遗传模型是用于分析数量性状表型数据的统计分析方法, 该方法便于育种工作者利用杂种分离世代的数据对育种性状的遗传组成初步判断,制定相应的育种策略,也可用于校验QTL定位所揭示的数量性状的性状遗传组成。

回交自交系(BIL)群体是永久性群体, 可以进行有重复的比较试验, 适用于受环境影响较大的复杂性状的遗传研究。

本研究以BIL群体为对象构建了４对主基因、主基因加多基因分离分析方法的遗传模型, 包括2类11个遗传模型。

利用基于IECM (iterative expectation conditional maximization)算法的极大似然分析方法估算各个混合遗传模型中的分布参数, 用AIC值和一组适合性测验结果选取最优模型, 并从入选模型的分布参数通过最小二乘法估计遗传参数。

由1个模拟的随机区组试验对模型进行验证, 模拟群体中遗传参数的估计值与设定值之间具有很好的一致性。

利用本文建立的模型重新分析大豆回交自交系群体(Essex×ZDD2315)及其亲本对胞囊线虫(Hetero-dera glycines Ichinohe) 1号生理小种的抗性数据后发现4对主基因模型优于原报道的3对主基因模型, 说明本方法的有效性和正确性。

关键词:回交自交家系群体(BIL); 主基因加多基因混合遗传; 分离分析Establishment of Segregation Analysis of Mixed Inheritance Model with Four Major Genes Plus Polygenes in Backcross Inbred Lines (BIL) Populations WANG Jin-She, ZHAO Tuan-Jie, and GAI Jun-Yi*Soybean Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University / National Center for Soybean Improvement / Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Minister of Agriculture / National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing 210095, ChinaAbstract: The segregation analysis of major genes plus polygenes is a statistical method for genetic analysis of quantitative traits. The method is particularly valuable for plant breeders to use their data accumulated from segregation populations to estimate the genetic system of target traits, which is necessary for designing breeding strategies and also useful for validating the results of QTL mapping. The backcross inbred line (BIL) population is one of the permanent populations, which is suitable for genetic analysis of complex traits and can be used in replicated experiments. For BIL population, the analytical procedures of three and less major genes plus polygenes mixed inheritance models have been established. The objective of the present study was to estab-lish the analytical procedures of segregation analysis for four major genes plus polygenes mixed inheritance models in BIL popu-lation. Eleven genetic models with four additive and (or) epistatic major genes including those without and with polygenes were established. The component distribution parameters were solved and estimated by using maximum likelihood method based on IECM (Iterative Expectation Conditional Maximization) algorithm. Among the possible models, the best one was chosen accord-ing to Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and a set of tests for goodness of fit. Then the genetic parameters of the optimal model were estimated through the least square method. For demonstration of the established procedures, a simulated data set of a本研究由国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB1184, 2010CB1259, 2011CB1093), 国家高新技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2011AA10A105, 2012AA101106), 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31071442, 32671266), 农业部公益性行业专项(200803060), 江苏省优势学科建设工程专项和国家重点实验室自主课题项目资助。

DOUGLAS A. KIBBEEDepartment of French Telephone: (217) 333-2020University of Illinois FAX: (217) 244-22232090 Foreign Languages Building E-MAIL: dkibbee@ 707 South Mathews AvenueUrbana, IL 61801USAEDUCATIONPhD 1979 Indiana University, Bloomington, French LinguisticsMinors: French Literature, Medieval StudiesThesis: The Establishment of the French Grammatical Tradition, 1530-1580.Certificate in Medieval Studies 1978 Indiana UniversityMA 1975 Indiana UniversityFrench LiteratureBA 1971 Colgate University, Hamilton NYMajor: French LiteratureMinor: AnthropologyWORK EXPERIENCE2005- Executive Coordinator, Foreign LanguagesUniversity of Illinois1999- ProfessorDepartment of FrenchUniversity of Illinois1994-2000 HeadDepartment of FrenchUniversity of Illinois1993-94 Visiting ProfessorDépartement de Lettres ModernesUniversité de NantesFrance1991-1999 Associate ProfessorDepartment of FrenchUniversity of Illinois1990-1991 Resident DirectorSummer Study Program at the Université Laval, QuébecCommittee for Institutional Cooperation1985-1991 Assistant ProfessorDepartment of FrenchUniversity of Illinois1979-1985 Assistant Professor/Associate ProfessorDepartment of Modern LanguagesWestern Kentucky UniversityBowling Green, KYCourses TaughtAt the University of IllinoisFrench 134 Enriched Intermediate French, IIFrench 207 Advanced Grammar and CompositionFrench 414 Advanced Composition and StylisticsFrench 417 Histoire de la langue françaiseFrench 418 Linguistic Minorities in EuropeFrench 419 Techniques in Translation IFrench 421 Techniques in Translation IIFrench 429 Langue, Langage et Linguistique au XVIe siècleFrench 429 History of French Language PolicyFrench 429 Language and Public PolicyFrench 529 Linguistic Minorities in FranceFrench 529 French LexicologyLinguistics 260 Language and the LawLinguistics 340 History of LinguisticsCampus Honors Program Senior Seminar: “Language and the Law”Ford Foundation Seminar: “Transnational Culture Industries and Local Sites of Artistic Production”: led section on “Globalization and Cultural Protection in France” (guest lecture)European Union Seminar, “The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages” (guest lecture)At the Université de Nantes, 1994Histoire de la langue française (Licence)La langue de Pascal (Agrégation)Grammaire du français (DEUG II)Middle English (Licence)Courses taught on-line to students around the world:Techniques in Translation, I & IIFrench LexicologyHistory of the French LanguageFrequently included on the List of Teachers Rated Excellent by their StudentsPhD direction:PhD Thesis Director: Hugh Ortman (French Linguistics), Michel Kouassi Nguessan (French Linguistics) Patrick Reidenbaugh (French Linguistics); Samira El-Atia (Second Language Acquisition and Teacher Education = SLATE), Fallou Ngom (French Linguistics – co-director); Auguste Zoure (FrenchLinguistics); E-Jung Choi (French Linguistics), Geneviève Maheux-Pelletier (SLATE, co-director) PhD Committees, French: Ngame Matuku (SLATE), Kirk Hagen (SLATE), Marc Deneire (SLATE), Steven Daniell (French Literature), Sharon Michalove (Educational Policy Studies), Denise Koglin (SLATE);Moses Kambou (Educational Psychology), Elizabeth Martin (SLATE), Patricia Phillips-Batoma (French Literature); Wynne Wong (SLATE), Mylène Priam (French Literature)in progress: Samira Hassa (French Linguistics), Aimée Johansen Alnet (Linguistics), Hyunju Park(Linguistics), Antonio Reyes-Rodriguez (Spanish, Italian and Portuguese); Errol O’Neill (SLATE)RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONSBooks1991 For to Speke French Trewely The French Language in England, 1000-1600: Its Status, Description and Instruction. Amsterdam: John Benjamin.1991 New Analysis of Romance Languages: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (Editor, with Dieter Wanner)1998 Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. (Editor)2005 Voices of the Elders: An Evening of Stories with the Baoulé (= Wortkunst und Dokumentartexte in Afrikanischen Sprache, 22). Hamburg: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. (Translation of Baoulé folktales (Côte d’Ivoire))2006 French: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (with Zsuzsanna Fagyal and Frederick Jenkins)Under contract with Librairie Champion (Paris), a critical edition of Liberté de la langue françoise dans sa pureté (1651) by Scipion Dupleix. (with Marcus Keller)Under contract with John Benjamins (Amsterdam/Philadelphia), Editor, Selected Papers from the Tenth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences.Journal: Editor of special issue2003: Editor of special issue of Histoire Epistémologie Langage devoted to Language Policy and Linguistic TheoryArticles and Book Chapters1982 "Iço/ço: The i - Forms of the Demonstratives in the Chanson de Roland." SECOL Review 6: 122-30. 1985 "Progress in Renaissance Bilingual Lexicography." Dictionaries 7:21-31.1986 "John Palsgrave's Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530)." Historiographia Linguistica 12:27-62.1986 "The Humanist Period in Renaissance Bilingual Lexicography." The History of Lexicography. R. R. K.Hartmann, ed., 137-146. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.1987 "Bilingual Lexicography in the Renaissance: Palsgrave's English-French Lexicon." Papers in the History of Linguistics. Hans Aarsleff, L. G. Kelly & H.-J. Niederehe, eds., 179-188. Amsterdam: JohnBenjamins.1988 "L'enseignement du français en Angleterre au seizième siècle." La langue française au XVIe siècle: Usage, enseignement et approches descriptives (=La pensée linguistique, 2), Pierre Swiggers & Willy Van Hoecke, eds., 54-77. Louvain: Leuven University Press.1989 "Enseigner la prononciation du français au seizième siècle". Documents de la Société Internationale pour l'Histoire du Français Langue Étrangère ou Seconde 3:15-20.1989 "Les manuels anglais du XVIe siècle et l'imprimerie". Documents de la Société Internationale pour l'Histoire du Français Langue Étrangère ou Seconde 4:18-21.1990 "French Grammarians and Grammars of French in the Sixteenth Century". History and Historiography of Linguistics, Hans-Josef Niederehe & Konrad Koerner, eds. I, 301-314. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1990 "Sources négligées dans l'histoire du vocabulaire." Historical Linguistics,1987. Henning Andersen & Konrad Koerner, eds., 265-273. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.1990 "Language Variation and Linguistic Description in 16th-Century France". Historiographia Linguistics 18: 49-65.1992 "Renaissance notions of medieval language and the development of historical linguistics" Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 22:41-54.1992 "16th-Century Bilingual Dictionaries (French-English): Organization and Access, Then and Now".Historical Dictionary Databases, T. Russon Woolridge, ed., 33-68. Toronto: Centre for Computing in the Humanities.1993 "Durkheim, Language and History: A Pragmatist Perspective". Sociological Theory 11:152-172. (Co-authored with Robert A. Jones)1993 "The First French Grammar in English? Ms Walter Rye 38". Historiographia Linguistica 19:415-418.1993 "World French Takes on World English: Competing Visions of National and International Languages".World Englishes 12:209-221.1994 "Renaissance Linguistics: The French Tradition " Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, R. E.Asher, ed., Volume 7, pp. 3536-3540. London/Cambridge: Pergamon Press. [Revised version reprinted in A Concise History of the Language Sciences from the Sumerians to the Cognitivists, E. F. K. Koerner, ed., 161-166. Cambridge: Pergamon, 1996]1994 “Claude de Sainliens” and “John Palsgrave”. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, R. E. Asher, ed., Volume 7, p. 3640 and Volume 6, pp. 2915-2916. London/Cambridge: Pergamon Press.1994 "Baret's Alvearies: Challenges for the Scholar". Early Dictionary Databases, Ian Lancashire & T.Russon Wooldridge, eds. 99-108. Toronto: Centre for Computing in the Humanities.1994 "John Palsgrave". Lexicon Grammaticorum. Harro Stammerjohann, ed., pp. 689-690. Tübingen: Niemeyer.1995 "Emigrant Languages and Acculturation: The Case of Anglo-French" Rasmus Rask Quarterly 2:1-20. 1995 "Assertion/atténuation, subjectivité/objectivité en anglais et en français: ‘seem‘ / ‘sembler’" Relations discursives et traduction, ed. by Michel Ballard, 73-87. Lille: Presses universitaires.1995 "The 'New Historiography', the History of French and 'Le Bon Usage' in Nicot's Dictionary (1606)"Cultures, Ideologies and the Dictionary. Studies in Honor of Ladislav Zgusta. Braj Kachru & Henry Kahane, ed., 103-118. Tübingen: Niemeyer.1995 "Dictionaries and Usage in 17th-Century France: Le 'Naïf François", The History of the Language Sciences. Kurt Jankowsky, ed., 167-177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.1998 “La syntaxe entre démarche linguistique et didactique”. Histoire de la diffusion et de l’enseignement du français dans le monde, special issue of Le français dans le monde, Willem Frijhoff & André Reboullet (eds.), 133-141.1998 “Legal and Linguistic Perspectives on Language Legislation”. In Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights, Douglas A. Kibbee, ed., 1-23. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.1998 “Théorie linguistique et droits humains linguistiques: perspectives tirées de l’histoire des communautés linguistiques en France”. DiversCité, electronic journal of the Université du Québec à Montréal(http://www.teluq.uquebec.ca/diverscite/)1999 “The Dictionary in the Service of the State: the Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française and the Dictionnaire des termes officiels”. Dictionaries 20.23-36.1999“Language for Special Purposes Goes On-Line” (co-authored with Elizabeth Martin) Global Business Languages 1999: 102-121.1999 “The ‘People’ and their Language in 19th-century French Linguistic Thought” The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences. Studies on the transition from historical-comparative to structurallinguistics in honour of E. F. K. Koerner, Sheila Embleton, Hans-Josef Niederehe & John E. Joseph,eds., I, 111-127. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.2000 “Historical Perspectives on the Place of Anglo-Norman in the History of the French Language” French Studies 54.137-153.2000“Le dictionnaire de Trévoux et la politique de la langue française”. Actes du colloque de Trévoux, International Society for the History of Dictionaries(http://www.univ-lyon3.fr/siehldaweb/trevoux/Kibbee-T.htm)2000 “Language Instruction for Western European Travelers” in Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages, John Block Friedman & Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.), New York: Garland, pp. 330-331.2001 “From Holyband to Mauger: Teaching French in 17th-century England” Grammaire et enseignement du français 1500-1700, Jan de Clercq & Nino Lioce, eds. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 179-195.2001“Les patois et l’histoire de la langue française selon le dictionnaire de Littré”, L’Information grammaticale 90: 68-72.2001 “Language protection and cultural policy in France”, Endangered Languages and the Media.Proceedings of the fifth conference of the Foundation for Endangered Languages, Christopher Moseley, Nicholas Ostler & Hassan Ouzzate, eds., pp. 29-34. Bath, England: The Foundation for Endangered Languages. (co-authored with Samira Elatia)2001 “Les géostratégies des langues et la théorie linguistique”. Terminogramme 99-100 (automne 2001): 69-80.2002 “Les fondamentaux, ou Revisiter les classiques: The French Language in England de Kathleen Lambley (1920)”. La lettre de la SIHFLES 47.3-5.2003 “Language policy and linguistic theory” in Languages in a Globalising World edited by Jacques Maurais, and Michael A. Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 47-57.2003 “Growing pains: Territorial expansion and language policy in France from Villers-Cotterêts to the Revolution” Interpreting the history of French. A Festschrift for Peter Rickard on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, Wendy Ayres-Bennett & Rodney Sampson, eds., Amsterdam/ New York: Rodopi Press, pp. 313-328.2003 “Les textes autoritaires, sources des normes linguistiques” Histoire Épistémologie Langage 24.5-27. 2003 “When Children’s Literature Transcends its Genre: Translating Alice in Wonderland” Meta 48.307-321. 2003 “New, and fine, wine in an old bottle: The Dictionnaire Étymologique de l’Ancien Français.” (Review Article) Romance Philology 55.103-110.2003 ““Le développement d’une pédagogie du français langue étrangère: les pronoms relatifs en qu-” Langue française.139.59-72.2003 “La Romania submersa dans les îles britanniques: après 1066” (Romanische Sprachgeschichte. Histoire linguistique de la Romania, Gerhard Ernst, Martin-Dietrich Gleßgen, Christian Schmitt, WolfgangSchweickard, eds., Tubingen: Niemeyer, pp. 717-726)2003 “Louis Meigret, le parler lyonnais et les politiques de la langue française à la Renaissance” In Lyon et la défense et illustration de la langue française, Gérard Dufaux, ed., Lyon: ENS Éditions, pp. 63-75.2004 “The boundaries of nature in the discipline of linguistics” Language Sciences 26.301-311 Forthcoming:(a) “L'Histoire de la langue et de la littérature française de Petit de Julleville: L'histoire de quelle langue?”,Volume to celebrate the centenary of the publication of Petit de Julleville’s Histoire de la langue et de la littérature française, Yannick Portebois & Jacques-Philippe Saint-Gérand, eds. Louvain: Peeters. (b) “Les images de l'autorité en matière de langue en France (1453-1647)” in Images of Authority and theAuthority of Images, K. Fresco, ed. (Co-authored with Philippe Caron.)(c) “Walter de Bibbesworth”, In Lexicon grammaticorum, Harro Stammerjohann, ed.(d) “Jacques Dubois”, “Louis Meigret”, “John Palsgrave”, “Linguistic Traditions in the Renaissance: French” –articles to appear in the Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.(e) “Endangered Languages/ Language Endangered” in Global Futures, Charles Stewart, ed. Urbana:University of Illinois Press.Internet CreationsCentre Culturel VirtuelDictionnaire de l’Académie Française 1798 (part of international consortium to post full-text of all editions of the Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française): /ARTFL/projects/academie/ Kolb-Proust Archive (leader of team to post hyperlinked guide to the correspondence of Marcel Proust and to his era): /kolbp/Exercices pour accompagner Internef (with Samira Elatia): /internef/index.html ReviewsPerspectives psychomécaniques sur la syntaxe by Roch Valin. (Modern Language Journal 67 (1983): 85) Syntaxe comparée du français et de l'anglais by Jacqueline Guillemin-Flescher. (French Review 56 (1983): 808-9)Geschichte des französischen Kernwortschatzes by Arnulf Stefenelli. (French Review 57 (1984):922)The Oxford-Duden French-English Pictorial Dictionary (French Review 58 (1985):588-9)Dictionnaire inverse de l'ancien français by Douglas Walker, and Dictionnaire inverse de l'ancien français by Ralph de Gorog. (French Review 58 (1985): 769-70)Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du francais contemporain. Recherches lexico-sémantiques by Igor Mel'cuk et al. (Modern Language Journal 69 (1985): 175)An Introduction to Old French by William Kibler. (French Review 59 (1986): 1015)Maurice Grevisse und die französische Grammatik. Zur Geschichte eines Phänomens by Marie Lieber (French Review 61 (187) 338-339)César-Pierre Richelet (1626-1698): Biographie et oeuvre lexicographique by Laurent Bray. (Dictionairies 9 (1987): 220-222)La linguistique, la grammaire et l'école, 1750-1914 by Jean-Claude Chevalier and Simone Delesalle. (French Review 62 (1988): 381-382)Acquisition linguistique et interférences by Jean Petit. (Modern Language Journal 72 (1988): 335-6)Grammaire vivante du français by Monique Callamand and I mparfait et compagnie by Jacques Montredon.(Modern Language Journal 72 (1988): 471-2)La langue volée. Histoire de la langue française by Jean-Jacques Thomas (The French Review 65 (1991): 355-356)Studies in Romance Linguistics edited by Carl Kirschner and Janet DeCesaris (The Modern Language Journal75 (1991): 533-534)Les Inventeurs du bon usage (1529-1647) by Danielle Trudeau (Historiographia Linguistica 19 (1992): 409-414)Historie de la langue: Du latin à l'ancien français by Peter Machonis. (Modern Language Journal 76(1992):416)Langue et identité. Le français et les francophones d'Amérique du Nord edited by Noël Corbett (Québec Studies 14 (1992)137-138)Linguistic Imperialism by Robert Phillipson (World Englishes 12 (1993): 342-347)The French Language Today by Adrian Battye and Marie-Anne Hintze. (Modern Language Journal 77(1993):380-381)Vers la réconciliation? La question linguistique au Canada dans les années1990 ed. by Daniel Bonin.(Québec Studies 15(1993):160-161)Authority and the French Language ed. by Rodney Sampson (Historiographia Linguistica 21 (1994):221-226) Hermeneutics and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts by Rita Copeland (Target An International Journal of Translation Studies 6 (1994):109-112)Historical Linguistics by Winfred Lehmann. (Modern Languages Journal 78(1994): 134-135)The French Language in the Seventeenth Century. Contemporary Opinion in France by Peter Rickard (The French Review 67 (1993): 370)La construction linguistique de l'Europe by Normand Labrie and Le plurilinguisme européen ed. by Claude Truchot (The French Review 69 (1996): 510-511)History of the French Language through Texts by Wendy Ayres-Bennett (The Modern Language Journal 82 (1998): 131-132)Language is Power. The Story of Standard English and its Enemies by John Honey (Journal of Linguistics 34 (1998): 525-530)John Palsgrave as Renaissance Linguist by Gabriele Stein (Dictionaries 20 (1999): 169-172)Histoire de la didactique des langues by Jean Caravolas (Forthcoming in the Bulletin of the Henry Sweet Society)Introduction à l’histoire de la langue française by Michèle Perret (forthcoming in the Modern Language Journal)Linguistics and the Third Reich. Mother-tongue fascism, race and the science of language by Chrstopher Hutton (World Englishes19 (2000): 245-249)État de la Francophonie dans le monde. Données 1995-1996 et 5 études inédites.and État de la Francophonie dans le monde. Données 1997-1998 et 6 études inédites, both by the Haut Conseil de la Francophonie (The French Review74 (2001): 611-613)Le langage et ses disciplines, XIXe – XXe siècles by Jean-Louis Chiss and Christian Puech (Historiographia Linguistica 28:414-417)L’expansion du français dans les Suds (XVe-XXe siècles) by C. Dubois, J-M. Kasbarian & A. Queffélec (The French Review 75 (2001): 425-426)Changements politiques et statut des langues. Histoire et epistémologie 1780-1945 ed. by Marie- Christine Kok Escalle & Francine Melka (The French Review 76 (2002): 422-423)French in and out of France. Language policies, intercultural antagonisms and dialogue., Kamal Salhi, Ed.(The French Review 78 (2004): 416-417).Contacts de langue. Modèles, typologies, interventions, Jacqueline Billiez, Ed. (The French Review 78 (2005): 1256-1257).CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS1980 "Renaissance Vernacular Grammar and the Development of the Port-Royal Model." SAMLA-SECOL, Atlanta, GA.1981 "Vernacular Language Instruction in the Middle Ages." Southeastern Medieval Association, Morgantown, WV.1981 "Icil/icist: The i - forms of the Old French Demonstratives." SAMLA-SECOL, Louisville, KY.1982 "Je me souviens: An Historical Perspective on French-Canadian Society." University of Louisville Seminar on French Civilization.1984 "From Glossaries to Dictionaries: The Development of Bilingual Lexicography in the Later Middle Ages." 20th Annual Conference of Medieval Studies, Kalamazoo, MI.1984 "Bilingual Lexicography in the Renaissance: John Palsgrave's English-French Lexicon." 3rd International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, Princeton, NJ.1985 "Progress in Renaissance Bilingual Lexicography." Dictionary Society of North America, Ann Arbor, MI.1986 "The Humanist Period in Renaissance Bilingual Lexicography." LEXeter Conference on the History of Lexicography, Exeter, England.1986 "Bilingual Lexicography in the Middle Ages." Le pluralisme linguistique dans la société médiévale.Montréal, P.Q.1987 "Plus ça change... 600 Years of French Dialogues", American Association of Teachers of French, San Francisco.1987 "Phonetic Transcription and Phonological Description in the Sixteenth Century." Kentucky Foreign Language Conference, Lexington, KY.1987 "Cross-Channel Influences in Phonetic Description in the Sixteenth Century." Fourth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences. Trier, Germany.1987 "Source négligées dans l'histoire du vocabulaire." Seventh International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Lille, France.1988 "Ancients, Moderns and Lexicographers: Literary Sources for Renaissance Dictionaries." Central Renaissance Conference, Terre Haute, IN.1988 "Alice's Adventures in French: What the Grammarian Found There." American Association of Teachers of French, Boston, MA.1989 "Language Variation and Linguistic Description in 16th-Century France". Georgetown University Roundtable on Language and Linguistics.1989 Organizer of a session on comparative syntax (French-English) at the meeting of the American Association of Teachers of French, (Paris, July 10-13) with Jacqueline Guillemin-Flescher (Université de Paris VII), Anne-Marie Léonard (Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier), and Hélène Chuquet and Michel Paillard (Université de Poitiers).1989 Organizer of two sessions on the History of Linguistics at the joint meeting of the Linguistic Society of America and the North American Association for the History of Language Sciences.1990 "Reason, Usage, and the Development of Historical Linguistics in the 16th Century" Fifth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Galway, Ireland) September 1-6, 1990.1990 "Multiple Translations, Comparative Syntax, and the Teaching of French" Annual Meeting ot the British Association of the French Language Studies, Liverpool, England September 10-12, 1990.1990 "Anglo-Norman Literature and its Public(s)" Modern Language Association Chicago, IL December 27-30, 1990.1991 Organizer of three sessions on the History of Linguistics at the joint meeting of the Linguistic Society of America and the North American Association for the History of the Language Sciences Chicago ILJanuary 4-6, 1991.1991 "Renaissance Perceptions of Medieval Language and the Origins of Historical Linguistics". For presentation at the annual meeting of the Renaissance Society of America, Duke University, April 1991. 1991 "Durkheim in Translation/Durkheim and Translation" (with Robert Jones); invited for presentation at a conference entitled: "Humanistic Dilemma: Translation in the Humanities and Social Sciences", SUNY-Binghamton, Sept. 26-28, 1991.1992 "Durkheim, Language and Linguistics", Linguistic Society of America, Philadelphia.1992 "Intention, interpretation, intelligibility: computerized research in canonical texts". Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing/Association for Computing in the Humanities, Oxford, England,April 1992 (with Robert A. Jones).1993 "Dictionaries and Usage in 17th-Century France: Le Naïf François" International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, Washington, D.C., August 1993.1993 "The History of Disciplinary Vocabulary: A Computer-Based Approach to Concepts of 'Usage' in 17th-Century Works on Language" Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing/Association forComputing in the Humanities, Washington D.C. June, 1993.1994 "Male Language and Female Language in Translations" Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing/Association for Computing in the Humanities, Paris, France, April 1994.1995 “French Culture on the Internet”, American Association of Teachers of French, San Antonio, July 1995.1996 “Legal and Linguistic Perspectives on Language Legislation”, Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights, Urbana IL, March 19961996 “Une comparaison des lois relatives à l’emploi de la langue en France et aux États-Unis”, American Association of Teachers of French, Lyon France, July 1996.1996 “Perspectives pour l’exploitation des nouvelles technologies de l’information dans l’enseignement des langues”, American Association of Teachers of French, Lyon France, July 1996.1997 “Linguistics and Official Language Declarations”, Law and Society Association, May 1997.1997 “The Dictionary in the Service of the State: The French Dictionnaire des Termes Officiels and its Virtual Successors”, Dictionary Society of North America, May 1997.1997 “Language and dialect in the history of linguistics: A case study of the politics of Anglo-Norman”, annual meeting of the Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas, Luton, England,September 19971997 “Linguistic Human Rights and the Nature of Language”, Linguistic Human Rights Conference and Workshop for NGO-Representatives, Budapest, Hungary October 1997.1997 “Teaching Language Teachers to Use the Internet”, 8th annual conference on Educational Technology and Language Learning, Newcastle England, November 19971998 “Le Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française dans son contexte: la création d’une base de données axée sur la cinquième édition du DAF”. International conference on dictionary databases, Limoges, France,November 19-21 1998.1999 “’Le peuple’, ‘les peuples’, ‘un peuple’ dans la pensée linguistique en France . 1800-1850”. Eighth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, Paris, France.1999“Le Dictionnaire de Trévoux et la politique de la langue française”, Journées Internationales d'Études Lexicographiques sur le Dictionnaire de Trévoux 1704 – 1771, Trévoux October 15-16.2000 “The equivalence of language and species, from organic linguistics to the ecology of language”, LSA/NAAHoLS, Chicago, Jnnuary.2000 “’I know what ‘it’ means when I say it: Étude sur la traduction d’Alice au pays des merveilles”, American Association of Teachers of French, Paris, France, July.2000“Patois in the histories of the French language in the 19th century”, Nineteenth Century French Studies Conference, Urbana-Champaign, October.2001“Language Protection and Cultural Policy in France” meeting of the Foundation for Endangered Languages in Agadir, Morocco. (Joint presentation with Samira El Atia)2002 “Les avant-coureurs de la norme 1453-1647”, UIUC-CNRS Conference: “The Authority of Images, the Images of Authority”. Joint presentation with Philippe Caron. April 29 - May 1.2002 “Language and the Politics of Decentralization in France”, International Academy of Language Law, Iasi Romania May 23-25.2002 “Le langage vicieux, l’enseignement et la théorie grammaticale: Le Dictionnaire critique et raisonné du langage vicieux ou réputé vicieux (1835)”. 9th International Conference on the History of theLanguage Sciences, São Paolo, Brazil, August 26-29.2004 “Prescriptive traditions in linguistics”, Linguistic Society of America/ North American Association for the History of the Language Sciences, January 9.2004 “Free trade, fair trade and the linguistic marketplace: economic metaphors and language legislation”, Ninth International Conference on Language andLaw, Beijing, China, Sept. 15.2005 “Prescriptive Behavior in Language and in Linguistics”, Tenth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences, Urbana IL, Sept 1.INVITED LECTURES AND CONFERENCE PLENARY PRESENTATIONS1991 "16th-Century Bilingual Dictionaries (French-English): Organization and Access, Then and Now".University of Toronto Conference on Early Dictionary Databases.1992 "Durkheim and the Language of Secular Ethics", Program for the Study of Cultural Values and Ethics (with Robert A. Jones).1992 "The Politics of Language in France" Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois.1993 "John Palsgrave: External Perspectives on the French Language in England in the Renaissance", Indiana University, Bloomington.1993 "Baret's Alvearies: Challenges for the Scholar" University of Toronto Conference on Historical Dictionary Databases.。

Abstract: The agronomic traits, chemical components, and diseases are very important factors affecting the yield and leaf quality of tobacco. QTLs linked to the three aspects of traits can be used in marker-assisted selection for the yield and leaf quality improvement in tobacco. The objective of this study was to identify QTLs controlling important traits in tobacco, which could promote the basic research of molecular marker-assisted selection breeding. A population with 127 F2 and F2:3 individuals from the cross between Taiyan 7 and Burley 21 was used to establish a genetic linkage map of tobacco, 190 marker loci were mapped into 26 linkage groups which spanned a total map length of 3 483 cM. With a randomized complete block design, two location field tests with three replicates one year were conducted to charactererize six important traits, including nicotine, total chlorine, total kalium, leaf length, leaf angle, and powdery mildew. Utilizing data of field trials and MCIM method, QTLs for six important characters were mapped and their genetic interactions were analyzed. As the results, two QTLs for nicotine, two QTLs for total chlorine, one QTL for total kalium, four QTLs for leaf length, one QTL for leaf angle, and one QTL for powdery mildew were detected, of which six QTLs had additive effect, and the others were epistatic. The results indicated that epistatic QTLs, the additive QTLs also played important roles in the genetic basis of the six important traits with eleven gene loci in tobacco. Keywords: Tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.); Trait; QTL; Epistasis

2009年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)1.The history of English literature begins in the______century.（分数：2.00）A.7thB.6thC.5thD.4th2.______is often considered as the "poets" poet" because of his considerable influence on later poets.（分数：2.00）A.Edmund SpenserB.William ShakespeareC.Thomas WyattD.Ben Johnson3.The epic of Paradise Lost is based on the stories from______.（分数：2.00）A.The New TestamentB.The Old TestamentC.The Ancient Greek MythsD.The Ancient Roman Myths4.Which of the following is NOT true about Robinson Crusoe?（分数：2.00）A.It is written in the autobiographical form.B.It is a record of Defoe"s own experience.C.Robinson spends 28 years of isolated life on the island.D.It is set in the middle of the 17th century.5.From her novel we can deduce Jane Austen"s view of life is______.（分数：2.00）A.romanticB.sentimentalC.realisticD.pessimistic6.In______, common sense and moral propriety took the place of the principle of Romanticism and became the predominant preoccupation in literary works.（分数：2.00）A.RenaissanceB.the Elizabethan periodC.the gilded ageD.the Victorian period7.Sheridan is considered usually as a great______writer.（分数：2.00）edyB.tragedyC.essayD.short fiction8.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at______.（分数：2.00）A.JamestownB.New YorkC.BostonD.Concord9.The first symbol of self-made American man is______.（分数：2.00）A.George WashingtonB.Washington IrvingC.Thomas JeffersonD.Benjamin Franklin10.American Renaissance started from______.（分数：2.00）A.PragmatismB.UtilitarianC.New England TranscendentalismD.the age of Realism11.The most influential novelist in Romantic period is______.（分数：2.00）A.Nathaniel HawthorneB.Edgar Allan PoeC.Emily DickinsonD.Fennimore Cooper12.______divides the 19th century into the age of Romanticism and Realism in American literature.（分数：2.00）A.The Spanish-American warB.The Civil WarC.WWID.WWII13.William Dean Howells explores the life of______Americans.（分数：2.00）A.lower-classB.upper-classC.working-classD.middle-class14.______addressed Ernest Hemingway and his peers as "the Lost Generation" which entitled a generation in the 1930s.（分数：2.00）A.Gertrude SteinB.William Dean HowellsC.Sherwood AndersonD.Henry James15.Catch-22 is a novel with outstanding .（分数：2.00）A.euphemismB.black humorC.allusionD.stream of consciousness二、名词解释(总题数：3，分数：6.00)16.art for art"s sake（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.self-reliance（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.the Jazz Age（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 三、分析题(总题数：1，分数：4.00)The following poem is written for the mourning of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.Read it and answer the questions:O Captain! My Captain!O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather"d every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring.But O heart! Heart! Heart!O the bleeding drops of red!Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.O captain! My Captain! Rise up and hear the bells;Rise up—for you theflag is flung—for you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribbon"d wreaths—for you the shores crowding,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! Dear father!This arm beneath your head;It is some dream that on the deckYou"ve fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchor"d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;Exult, O shores! And ring, O bells!But I, with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.（分数：4.00）(1).The writer of this famous poem is one of the most influential poets at the age of Romanticism. Can you give out his name and present his contribution in literature briefly? (3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Can you enlist at least two major figures of speech used in this poem and illustrate their functions respectively? (8 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

作物学报ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2015, 41(2): 187 196 / ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail:*********************.cnDOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00187大豆籽粒维生素E含量的QTL分析张红梅1李海朝2文自翔2顾和平1袁星星1陈华涛1崔晓艳1陈新1,*卢为国2,*1江苏省农业科学院蔬菜研究所, 江苏南京 210014; 2河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所 / 国家大豆改良中心郑州分中心 / 农业部黄淮海油料作物遗传育种重点实验室, 河南郑州 450002摘要: 维生素E (VE)具有提高人体免疫力、抗癌、预防心血管疾病等保健作用, 从大豆中提取的VE安全性更高。

本研究采用高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)检测大豆BIEX群体(Essex×ZDD2315)维生素E的α-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量。

应用QTLNetwork 2.1软件分别检测到8个和12对控制大豆维生素E及组分含量的加性和互作QTL。

α-生育酚含量加性和互作QTL累计贡献值分别为8.68% (2个)和15.57% (4对), γ-生育酚含量加性和互作QTL累计贡献值分别为8.59% (2个)和11.57% (2对), δ-生育酚含量加性和互作QTL累计贡献值分别为5.44% (1个)和17.61% (3对), 维生素E总含量的加性和互作QTL累计贡献值分别为11.39% (3个)和9.48% (3对)。

未检测到维生素E及组分含量和环境互作的QTL。

未定位到的微效QTL累计贡献值为66.16%~75.32%, 说明未定位到的微效基因的变异占2/3以上。

各性状的遗传构成中, 未检测出的微效QTL份额最大, 加性QTL和互作QTL贡献相差不大。

在育种中应考虑常规方法聚合微效QTL与标记辅助方法聚合主要QTL相结合。

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Key to Areas of Interest CPM GEN STR Construction Project Management Civil & Environmental Engineering Structural Engineering ENV Environmental Engineering MS Master of Science TRAN Transportation Engineering Name Farrell, Chad Grant, Timothy Thomas, Justin Blauvelt, Ashley Carbonneau, Michelle Elbag, Margaret Gray, Martha Marcy, Cara Boudreau, Matthew Cheu, Christopher Curley, Kevin Deschene, Natasha Dietz, Krista Erle, Benjamin Hoang, Ha Kennedy, Sean Krasinskas, Joseph Kreitman, Adam Kulinkina, Alexandra Labbee, Charles Mehr, Christopher Moody, Jocelyn O’Sullivan, Karen Paulli, Christopher Petrocchi, Anthony Rosato, Laura Serra, Sean Shin, Stephen Stuer, Alyson Wall, Phyllis Woods, Meghan Xhixho, Besian Patenaude, Rachel Saleem, Muhammad Stanavich, John Bernard, Robert Cabrera, Jake Golvineaux, Tracy Heath, Douglas Himottu, Jennifer Leek, Derek Migdal, Sara Tetreault, Zach White, Daniel Ziobron, Justine Page Number 14 41 2 5 10 12

Package‘qtlbook’October13,2022Version0.18-8Date2019-06-28Title Datasets for the R/qtl BookAuthor Karl W Broman[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-4914-6671>)Maintainer Karl W Broman<***************>Description Datasets for the book,A Guide to QTL Mapping with R/qtl.Broman and Sen(2009)<doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92125-9>.Depends R(>=2.10.1)Suggests qtlLicense GPL-3URL /book,https:///kbroman/qtlbookBugReports https:///kbroman/qtlbook/issuesEncoding UTF-8RoxygenNote6.1.1NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2019-06-2814:50:03UTCR topics documented:ch3a (2)ch3b (3)ch3c (4)gutlength (5)iron (6)myocard (7)nf1 (8)ovar (9)trout (10)Index1212ch3a ch3a Data with a phenotype errorDescriptionAnonymous data with a phenotype error and a pair of individuals with very similar phenotypes.Usagech3aFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsA backcross with234individuals,each withfive phenotypes and typed at166markers.SourceKarl W Broman,<***************>ReferencesBroman,K.W.and Sen,S.(2009)A Guide to QTL Mapping with R/qtl.Springer,New York.See Alsoch3b,ch3cExamplesdata(ch3a)#phenotype problempairs(ch3a$pheno)ch3a$pheno[ch3a$pheno[,4]==0,]#individual159#individuals with similar genotypeslibrary(qtl)cg<-comparegeno(ch3a)hist(cg,breaks=200)max(cg[cg<1])which(cg==max(cg[cg<1]),arr.ind=TRUE)ch3b3 ch3b Data with bad markersDescriptionAnonymous data with markers showing severe segregation distortion.Usagech3bFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsAn intercross with144individuals,each with one phenotype and typed at145markers.SourceKarl W Broman,<***************>ReferencesBroman,K.W.and Sen,S.(2009)A Guide to QTL Mapping with R/qtl.Springer,New York.See Alsoch3a,ch3cExamplesdata(ch3b)library(qtl)thetab<-geno.table(ch3b)plot(-log10(thetab[,ncol(thetab)]),ylab=expression(-log[10](P)))thetab[thetab[,ncol(thetab)]<1e-6,]4ch3c ch3c Data with misplaced markersDescriptionAnonymous data with markers out of place.Usagech3cFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsAn intercross with100individuals,each with one real phenotype and typed at108markers.SourceKarl W Broman,<***************>ReferencesBroman,K.W.and Sen,S.(2009)A Guide to QTL Mapping with R/qtl.Springer,New York.See Alsoch3a,ch3bExamplesdata(ch3c)library(qtl)ch3c<-est.rf(ch3c)plotRF(ch3c,chr=c(1,7,12,13,15))gutlength5 gutlength Gut length intercross dataDescriptionData from a mouse intercross experiment on gut length,including both sexes.All individuals carry the Sox10Dom mutation.UsagegutlengthFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsA mouse intercross between C3HeBFeJ(C3)and C57BL/6J(B6),with one F1parent carrying theSox10Dom mutation.There are1068mice from reciprocal intercrosses.Over2000mice were generated,but only those individuals heterozygous at Sox10Dom were genotyped and included in the data set.Sox10is on chromosome15,and so that chromosome exhibits an unusual segregation pattern.Some mice received the mutation from their mother and some from their father.The primary phenotype here is gut length(in cm).The phenotype cross indicates the cross used to generate an animal.SourceE.Michelle Southard-Smith,Division of Genetic Medicine,Department of Medicine,VanderbiltUniversity School of Medicine,<**************************************>ReferencesOwens,S.E.,Broman,K.W.,Wiltshire,T.,Elmore,J.B.,Bradley,K.M.,Smith,J.R.and Southard-Smith,E.M.(2005)Genome-wide linkage identifies novel modifier loci of aganglionosis in the Sox10Dom model of Hirschsprung disease.Hum.Mol.Genet.14,1549–1558.Broman,K.W.,Sen,’S,Owens,S.E.,Manichaikul,A.,Southard-Smith,E.M.and Churchill G.A.(2006)The X chromosome in quantitative trait locus mapping.Genetics174,2151–2158.See Alsoiron,myocard,nf1,ovar,trout6ironExamplesdata(gutlength)library(qtl)plot(gutlength)iron Iron levels intercross dataDescriptionData from a mouse intercross experiment(using the C57BL/6J/Ola and SWR/Ola strains)on basal iron levels in the liver and spleen.UsageironFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsAn intercross with284individuals(including both sexes and both cross directions),each with mea-sures of iron(inµg/g)in the liver and spleen.SourceAndrew G.Smith,MRC Toxicology Unit,<**********.uk>ReferencesGrant,G.G.,Robinson,S.W.,Edwards,R.E.,Clothier,B.,Davies,R.,Judah,D.J.,Broman,K.W.and Smith,A.G.(2006)Multiple polymorphic loci determine basal hepatic and splenic iron status in mice.Hepatology44,174–185.See Alsolink{gutlength},link{myocard},link{nf1},link{ovar},link{trout}Examplesdata(iron)library(qtl)plot(iron)myocard7 myocard Myocarditis intercross dataDescriptionData from a mouse intercross experiment on myocarditis.UsagemyocardFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsAn intercross between the H-2s congenic mice A.SW and B10.S,with296individuals(including both sexes).The mice were injected with purified murine cardiac myosin,and the area of infiltrated myocardium in heart sections was measured.The phenotype is the percent myocarditis.SourceNoel R.Rose,Department of Pathology,Johns Hopkins University,<*******************.edu>ReferencesGuler,M.L,Ligons,D.L.,Wang,Y.,Bianco,M.,Broman,K.W.and Rose,N.R.(2005)Two autoimmune diabetes loci influencing T cell apoptosis control susceptibility to experimental au-toimmune myocarditis.J.Immunol.174:2167–2173.See Alsolink{gutlength},link{iron},link{nf1}link{ovar},link{trout}Examplesdata(myocard)library(qtl)plot(myocard)8nf1 nf1Neurofibromatosis type1backcross dataDescriptionData from a backcross experiment on neurofibromatosis type I.All individuals carry the NPcis mutation,received either from their mother or from their father.Usagenf1FormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsBackcrosses(C57BL/6J x A/J)x C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J x(A/J x C57BL/6J)with a total of 254individuals.Individuals received the NPcis mutation from either their mother or their father (indicated by the phenotype from.mom.The major phenotype,affected indicates whether the mice were affected(1)or unaffected(0)with neurofibromatosis type1.ReferencesReilly,K.M.,Broman,K.W.,Bronson,R.T.,Tsang,S.,Loisel,D.A.,Christy,E.S.,Sun,Z., Diehl,J.,Munroe,D.J.and Tuskan,R.G.(2006)An imprinted locus epistatically influences Nstr1 and Nstr2to control resistance to nerve sheath tumors in a neurofibromatosis type1mouse model.Cancer Research66,62–68.#’@source Karlyne Reilly,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program,National Cancer Institute at Frederick,<*******************>See Alsolink{gutlength}link{iron},link{myocard},link{ovar},link{trout}Examplesdata(nf1)library(qtl)plot(nf1)ovar9 ovar Interspecific backcross in DrosophilaDescriptionData on ovariole number in a backcross between D.simulans and D.sechellia;the majority ofindividuals were selected to be recombinant in the region of a putative QTL on chromosome3.UsageovarFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsThe data come from an interspecific Drosophila backcross.D.simulans was crossed to D.sechellia,and the F1hybrid was crossed back to D.simulans.The phenotype of interest was ovariole number in females(a measure offitness).Phenotypes on1and on2are the ovariole counts in the left and right gonads.The phenotype onm is the average ofthe two counts;for many individuals,the ovariole count for one of two gonads was missing,and soonm is missing.In an initial cross of402individuals,383had complete phenotype data.Initial genotyping focusedon94individuals with extreme phenotype.To increase the resolution of a major QTL identified on chromosome3,a second cross of approxi-mately7000flies was performed,though only1050individuals showing a recombination event be-tween two morphological markers,st(bright red eyes)and e(dark brown body),were phenotypedand genotyped;1038had complete phenotype data.The aim was to oversample recombinants ofthe region of the QTL.There are genotype data for24markers on3chromosomes.(The fourth chromosome had onemarker,but showed no effect and is not included in these data.)The phenotype cross indicates whether an individual came from thefirst or second cross.Alleles"I"and"E"refer to D.simulans and D.sechellia,respectively.SourceVirginie Orgogozo,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,Princeton University,<ogozo@normaleReferencesOrgogozo,V.,Broman,K.W.and Stern,D.L.(2006)High-resolution QTL mapping reveals signepistasis controlling ovariole number between two Drosophila species.Genetics173,197–205.10troutSee Alsolink{gutlength},link{iron},link{myocard},link{nf1},link{trout}Examplesdata(ovar)library(qtl)plot(ovar)trout Rainbow trout doubled haploid dataDescriptionData from doubled haploid individuals derived from a cross between Oregon State University(OSU) and Clearwater(CW)River rainbow trout clonal lines.UsagetroutFormatAn object of class cross.See qtl::read.cross()for details.DetailsDoubled haploid individuals were produced from a cross between Oregon State University(OSU) and Clearwater(CW)river rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)clonal lines.Eggs from one of eight outbred females,two from Troutlodge(TL)and six from Spokane(SP),were irradiated to destroy maternal nuclear DNA and fertilized with sperm from a single F1male.Thefirst embryonic cleavage was blocked by heat shock to restore diploidy.There are a total of554individuals,with between8and168individuals from each of the eight females.The primary phenotype is time to hatch(tth).An additional"phenotype",female,indicates ma-ternal cytoplasmic environment(the source of the egg).There are genotype data on171markers on28linkage groups.The linkage groups are named as in Nichols et al.(2002),though a pair of markers are assigned to linkage group"un",as they don’t connect to any of the linkage groups in Nichols et al.(2002).Note that the data have cross type"dh"(for doubled haploids);in R/qtl they are treated just like a backcross,except that genotypes are referred to as the homozygotes.SourceKrista M.Nichols,Department of Biological Sciences,Purdue University,<*******************>trout11ReferencesNichols,K.M.,Broman,K.W.,Sundin,K.,Young,J.M.,Wheeler,P.A.and Thorgaard,G.H.(2007)Quantitative trait loci by maternal cytoplasmic environment interaction for development rate in Oncorhynchus mykiss.Genetics175,335–347.Nichols,K.M.,Young,W.P.,Danzmann,R.G.,Robison,B.D.,Rexroad,C.,Noakes,M.,Phillips, R.B.,Bentzen,P.,Spies,I.,Knudsen,K.,Allendorf,F.W.,Cunningham,B.M.,Brunelli,J.,Zhang,H.,Ristow,S.,Drew,R.,Brown,K.H.,Wheeler,P.A.and Thrgaard,G.H.(2002)A consolidatedlinkage map for rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss).Animal Genetics34,102–115.See Alsolink{gutlength},link{iron},link{myocard},link{nf1},link{ovar}Examplesdata(trout)library(qtl)plot(trout)Index∗datasetsch3a,2ch3b,3ch3c,4gutlength,5iron,6myocard,7nf1,8ovar,9trout,10ch3a,2,3,4ch3b,2,3,4ch3c,2,3,4gutlength,5iron,5,6myocard,5,7nf1,5,8ovar,5,9qtl::read.cross(),2–10trout,5,1012。

作物学报ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2024, 50(1): 42 54 / ISSN 0496-3490; CN 11-1809/S; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail:***************DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34047烟草生物碱性状的QTL定位刘颖超1方敦煌2徐海明1童治军2,*肖炳光2,*1浙江大学农业与生物技术学院作物科学研究所, 浙江杭州 310058; 2云南省烟草农业科学研究院国家烟草基因工程研究中心, 云南昆明650021摘要: 生物碱是烟草的重要化学成分。

为明确烟草生物碱的遗传结构, 发掘控制相关性状的主效位点, 以烟草品种Y3、K326为亲本, 构建大小为271的重组自交系群体。

分别于2018、2019和2020年在云南省昆明市石林、玉溪市研和种植群体材料, 检测总植物碱(TPA)、烟碱(NIC)、降烟碱(NOR)、假木贼碱(ANAB)和新烟草碱(ANAT) 5种生物碱表型。

对群体进行基因组测序, 构建包含46,129个标记的遗传连锁图谱。

利用基于混合线性模型的QTL定位方法及软件QTLNetwork 2.0, 进行QTL定位分析。

共定位15个具有显著加性效应的QTL, 加性效应对表型贡献率为0.58%~11.57%。

其中4个主效QTL即控制总植物碱的qTPA14、烟碱的qNIC14、假木贼碱的qANAB14和新烟草碱的qANAT14, 均可以解释相应性状10%以上的表型变异, 且均位于14号连锁群上。

6个QTL具有显著的加性与环境互作效应, 对表型贡献率为0.80%~1.81%。

5对QTL具有显著加性-加性上位性效应, 对表型的贡献率为0.15%~2.31%。

2对QTL具有显著的上位性与环境互作效应, 对表型的贡献率为0.81%~1.16%。

研究结果为进一步分离候选基因、解析遗传机理和促进烟草生物碱性状分子改良奠定了基础。

Journal of Sociolinguistics13/4,2009:435–471Variation in the English definite article:Socio-historical linguisticsin t’speech community1Sali A.Tagliamonte and Rebecca V.Roeder University of Toronto and University of North Carolina at CharlotteThis paper provides a sociolinguistic analysis of variation in the Englishdefinite article, a.k.a.definite article reduction(DAR),in the city ofYork,northeast Yorkshire,England.Embedding the analysis in historical,dialectological and contemporary studies of this phenomenon,the findingsuncover a rich system of variability between the standard forms as well asreduced and zero variants.These are involved in a system of multicausalconstraints,phonological,grammatical,and discourse-pragmatic that areconsistent across the speech community.However,the reduced variants arenot derivative of each other,but reflect contrasting functions in the system.Interestingly,the reduced variants are accelerating in use among the youngmen,suggesting that DAR is being recycled as an identity marker of the localvernacular.This change is put in sociohistorical context by an appeal tothe recently developing interest and evolving prestige of Northern Englishesmore generally.KEYWORDS:Definite article reduction,DAR,recycling,local identity This paper is dedicated to the memory of Bob Le Page INTRODUCTIONIn contemporary standard English the definite article–the–is prescribed to be pronounced[D i:]in stressed positions and has two main allomorphs,[D i], before an initial vowel,as in the apple,and[D@]before an initial consonant,as in the banana.In actuality,even in Standard English the definite article has many different phonetic realizations,very few of which approximate the canonical forms(see Manuel1995).However,in some of the dialects of northern England, the definite article has variants that are not found anywhere else.Not surprisingly then,this phenomenon has been the subject of long-standing fascination from early dialectological research(e.g.Hedevind1967;W.Jones1952;Morris1911; Nicholson1889;Tidholm1979)to phonological analyses(Barry1972;Melchers 1972;Petyt1977;Shorrocks1991,1992),to more recent in-depth phonetic analyses(M.Jones2002)and pragmatic analysis(Rupp and Page-Verhoeff436TAGLIAMONTE AND ROEDER 2005).The unique vowel-less northern forms of the definite article have even acquired an acronym–DAR,which refers to Definite Article Reduction and is usually written<t’>in the literature,that is variants of the definite article which are either absent,or scarcely audible(Barry1972;Ellis1869–1889;Jespersen 1961;W.Jones1952;Morris1911;Tidholm1979).In order to contextualize the variation in the definite article system we first consider how the definite article in English evolved.HISTORY OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLETable1provides a gross chronological outline of the development of the definite article in English.The Old English equivalent of the definite article was a deictic demonstrative pronoun that was elaborately marked for case,number,and gender(Lass1992:112).In Middle English these distinctions were gradually lost,leaving for the most part an invariant form with a fricative realization. Nevertheless,there are ample reports of variation,either lingering variants from the older system or other variants.For example,common nouns that were definite in reference but appeared without articles were quite widespread (Christophersen1939:87).Indeed,according to Chistophersen(1939:84)the history of the English articles‘shows a constant loss of ground on the part of the zero form’.Around the13th century,the demonstrative pronoun developed a pure article function,occurring more and more with common nouns which were used in a proper name capacity,and in the process,losing all of its marking (Christophersen1939:85).Moreover,once it had become a full-fledged definite article in function,its form underwent a number of phonologically conditioned changes.Thus,variation in the form of the definite article has been a long-standing characteristic of the system.Various different phonetic forms are reported in the literature,which according to Wyld(1927:283)depend on the surrounding phonological environment, although Mustanoja(1960:232)refers to them as‘stereotyped survivals’.Some Table1:Overview of the development of the definite article in English(e.g. Christopherson1939;Jespersen1961;Mustanoja1960)9–12th century13–14th century Later...•demonstrative pronoun elaborately marked for number,gender,case •gradual loss ofinflectional markings•definite article in place,but variable phoneticforms•the zero definite article is common •the zero definite articleloses ground•[D]in hiatus beforemain or secondarilystressed initial vowels•unaccented the became[D@ι]before a C and[D i]before a VVARIATION IN THE ENGLISH DEFINITE ARTICLE437 of these can be recovered from old texts,where the definite article often retains features of the old inflections,particularly the plural forms tha and tho,as in(1), (Fischer1992:217;Moss´e1952:61;Mustanoja1960:233).(1) a.among tha trees...(Cursor Mundi,861,Cotton and G¨o tt mss.)(Mustanoja1960:233)b.that tho clerkis schulden helpe tho lay persones.(Peakcock Repr.46)(Mustanoja1960:233)Elision of the vowel in the definite article–particularly before another vowel –can be observed,as in(2).(2) a.th’Omnipotent(Elphinston1765,vol I6.13)(Jespersen1961:405)b.th elthe‘the health’;th ande‘the hand’(Will of H.Holland of Egton,CIW1525)(Tidholm1979:126)Variants such as te,are also found,as in(3).2(3) a.Was it noht suithe lang T er efter T at te king send efter him.(a1154O.E.Chron.(Laud MS)an.1132)b.T e feder an te sune an te hali gast.(1240Sawles Warde in Cott.Hom267)c.T an said te angel....(Cursor Mundi20185)(from Ramisch1998)However,the most infamous form is the vowel-less non-continuant variant, represented here by[P],as in(4).The phonetic variability apparent in this form, and the challenges this variability raises for research on definite article reduction are discussed further below.(4) a.I came to P King’s Arms,my father was blacksmith and he kept–we keptP pub and we kept a pair of horses.(Male,aged80from North Duffield)(Muldowney1990:18)b....on P head;before P accident;sell P odd point(W.Jones1952:92)In addition,there is also a zero definite article,as in(5),which at least traditionally is associated with Southeast Yorkshire(Holderness)(see also Ellis 1869–1889).(5) a.Øend’s in sightb.inØhousec.going toØlighthouse(W.Jones1952:91)Some scholars(e.g.Barry1972)suggest that as various phonological changes in the definite article took place concurrent with ongoing loss of the old article-less nouns some regions failed to take part,retaining remnants of older forms–possibly including DAR variants and the old zero forms.Early studies of DAR in Yorkshire EnglishDAR has been subject to considerable scrutiny in Yorkshire,one of the most salient dialect areas in Northern England(Wales2000:14).In Ellis’438TAGLIAMONTE AND ROEDER (1869–1889)Survey of English Dialects(SED),sufficient evidence was provided to allow William Jones(1952)to produce an early dialectological map of Yorkshire, as replicated in Figure1which shows the distribution of forms of the definite article in the late-19th century.Interestingly,the city of York does not seem to have been covered in the earlier survey.Figure1shows that the forms existing in the19th century were‘fairly well defined’(W.Jones1952:84).Type1–the black dots on the map–is when the article appears as[t]or some modification of it before nouns beginning with a consonant or a vowel.This variant is found in the central plain and in the North East and North West.Type2–the unfilled white circles on the map–is when the article appears as[t]or some modification of it before nouns beginning with a consonant,and as[T]or some modification of it before nouns beginning with a vowel.This variant is found where Yorkshire borders Lancashire on the east (see also Barry1972:169).Finally,Type3–the small x’s on the map–is no article at all.This type is restricted to the South East peninsula,Holderness.The information on the forms of the definite article in the Holderness comes from Ross,Stead and Holderness(1877)and Nicholson(1889).A century later,Jones(1952)replicated Ellis’study.His research attempted to map the areas in which the various types of definite article were heard and to analyze them phonetically as fully as possible by taking into account variations of each type(W.Jones1952:81).His map is replicated in Figure2showing the distribution of forms of the definite article in the mid-20th century.The type1 variant is still widespread across most of central Yorkshire.Type2variants have spread to include the length of the border with Lancashire,as well as Derbyshire, North Staffordshire and Nottinghamshire.Type3,the zero definite article,while still circumscribed has spread northward(Nicholson1889).These trends suggest a broadening out of the earlier well-circumscribed locations of the variant forms. It is not until the late-20th century that DAR comes under detailed phonetic analysis using modern methods.Studies of DAR in the late-20th centuryThe variation in forms of the definite article lends itself to phonetic analysis and such an approach has been previously taken by a number of other researchers (Barry1972;M.Jones1999,2002,2005;Shorrocks1991,1992).One of the most challenging aspects of studying DAR,however,is that the possible phonetic variants of the reduced definite article fall along a continuum making them difficult to categorize into meaningful discrete groups.Added to this is the fact that early analyses use orthographic representations and descriptions of reduced forms that cannot be transparently transcribed into IPA symbols and are not consistent across studies.For example,orthographic t’in W.Jones (1952)actually represents quite a range of forms,and ambiguous terms such as‘suspension’are used in the description of variants(see also Barry1972; Melchers1972;Petyt1985).With these issues in mind,interesting recentVARIATION IN THE ENGLISH DEFINITE ARTICLE439 work has been done on the possible phonological conditioning of laryngealized versus plosive variants of DAR.Mark Jones(1999)conducted an impressio-nistic analysis of previously unanalyzed early SED recordings.He made a distinction between plosive realizations(whether glottalized or not)and non-plosive laryngealized realizations.This distinction led to an interesting discussion of regional variation in phonological conditioning.Various other phonetic distinctions between variants could potentially be found relevant to the patterning of DAR.The phonetics of glottalization,in general,has been studied extensively. Acoustic phonetic work by Docherty and Foulkes on British English is particularly germane to the current study,since their research focuses on dialects in the north and midlands of England.They state that,There have...been several comments on the complexity of glottal articulations,and variability in the realisation of[P](Grice and Barry1991,Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996,Nolan1995,Pierrehumbert and Talkin1992).Many of these note that full glottal closure and creaky voicing form a continuum,and suggest that the percept ofa glottal stop may be cued purely by a period of creaky voice.(Docherty and Foulkes1999:55;see also Huffman2005)In their research on/t/in Newcastle and Derby,Docherty and Foulkes(1999) note that realizations of intervocalic/t/that are perceptually[P],may range phonetically from a canonical glottal stop–which,similar to other voiceless stops,includes a period of occlusion of the vocal folds followed by a release burst–to nothing but a period of creaky voice.They found the canonical glottal stop to be rare in their data,while tokens that were fully voiced throughout were quite frequent.Although their research is not on DAR specifically,they also find variation in the ordering of glottal and oral articulations that could potentially have implications for DAR.Very little instrumental acoustic analysis has been done on the specific phenomenon of definite article reduction.Mark Jones(2005)takes an instrumental approach to the comparison of DAR and non-DAR contexts,using laboratory phonology methodology to examine the definite article in post-vocalic position preceding a stop or affricate(as in see t’tacks)in Barnsley and Sheffield, and in utterance-initial position preceding a plosive in Barnsley.His findings indicate that DAR may have very subtle effects on adjacent segments–such as lengthening of a following word-initial obstruent,a creaky voiced offset of the preceding vowel,and increased F0.Jones,therefore,cautions against being too quick to posit a zero variant of DAR,or taking an overly segmental approach to the data.Despite the limitations of laboratory methods for researching vernacular features,Jones raises an important point about possible non-local or non-segmental instantiations of the reduced definite article.The zero forms we posit here,however,do not appear to be related to the process of definite article reduction but are instead independently motivated and have historical precedent in the region.440TAGLIAMONTE AND ROEDERF i g u r e 1:D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r m s o f t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e i n l a t e -19t h c e n t u r y Y o r k s h i r e (W .J o n e s 1952)(s e e A p p e n d i x f o r r a n s c r i p t i o n o f m a p k e y )VARIATION IN THE ENGLISH DEFINITE ARTICLE 441F i g u r e 2:D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r m s o f t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e i n m i d -20t h c e n t u r y Y o r k s h i r e (W .J o n e s 1952)(s e e A p p e n d i x f o r r a n s c r i p t i o n o f m a p k e y )442TAGLIAMONTE AND ROEDERNotwithstanding these phonetic possibilities,the current study,which is based primarily on impressionistic analysis,follows earlier studies on DAR in grouping the plosive and laryngealized variants together,primarily because the focus is not on fine-grained acoustic analysis of DAR,but rather on a generalized comparison of the patterning of reduced realizations of the definite article(DAR forms)with the full form and a possible zero form.The current research enhances previous work on DAR by closely examining the interaction of social and linguistic factors within the dialect of the capital city of Yorkshire–York.The York English CorpusIn1997,a1.2million word corpus of the indigenous population of York was collected(see Tagliamonte1996–1998).The full dataset consists of92 individuals–40men and52women–all born and raised in York,and ranging in age from15to91(Tagliamonte1998).The data consist of one to two hour conversational interviews with each individual conducted by research assistants who were local to the area,amounting to about132hours of running speech.The interviewers followed standard sociolinguistic techniques(Labov 1971),letting the speakers lead the conversations and encouraging dialogue and storytelling.The end result is a corpus comprising lengthy informal and personal reminiscences,narratives of personal experience,group interactions, folk stories,and many vibrant characterizations of the city of York today and in the past.3Many linguistic phenomena in these data have already been studied including variable(ing),(t,d),preterit be,habitual forms,adverbs,intensifiers,preterit come, relative markers,etc.(Tagliamonte1998,2001,2004;Tagliamonte and Ito 2002;Tagliamonte and Lawrence2000).Due to its unique status and dialectal nature DAR is a particularly salient feature of the local vernacular.In the York English Corpus variation between standard and DAR variants is evident,even with the same speaker in the same stretch of discourse,as in(6–7).4 Male:born1906(aged91in1997)(6)the main thing is be happy.And if I get a bit miserable with miself,I go go to Ptop o’P garden and talk to mi tomatoes.(>/1B14.6/107A/200)Male:born1905(aged81in1986)(7)t’only thing-only way you’d fin’P well would be to follow P pipe from whereP pump was.( /A10.8/131A/170-1)A zero variant is also heard in York,as illustrated in(8).(8) a.That’s me and him when we was atØseaside.(k/1B29.2)b.And then intoØFox pub for a pint.(m/1B20.7)c.ØFirst week it was great,butØsecond week I wanted to come home.(d/1A27.2)These forms are all attested in the historical record,and lie along a continuum from the full form to zero.Our goal in this paper is to further understandingVARIATION IN THE ENGLISH DEFINITE ARTICLE443 of DAR by exploring its social and linguistic correlates at the community level. Among the questions we are guided by are the following:•How does DAR pattern across the generations in York?•Does DAR have sociolinguistic correlates?•If we can uncover the social and intergenerational patterns of DAR use,can the linguistic behaviour of the people of York reveal the(recent)sociohistory of the community(e.g.Dubois and Horvath1999)?DATA AND METHODSA sub-sample of50speakers from the York English Corpus stratified by age and sex were selected for investigation,as illustrated in Table2.Following variationist methodology,we circumscribed the variable context for DAR following the principle of accountability(Labov1972:72),according to which examination of every instance of the definite article is required.From one full hour of speech per individual,we extracted every token of a definite noun which could take the definite article in Standard English,whether the nouns had one,or not.This provided at least100nouns per individual covering all possible phonological and grammatical environments for a grand total of nearly10,000tokens.To situate the comparative magnitude of the present investigation,informant numbers and token counts from earlier analyses are as follows:•Ellis(1869–1889)1000elicited DAR tokens;•M.Jones(2002:338)2,288DAR tokens from the SED;•Rupp and Page-Verhoeff(2005:333)2speakers,3.5hours of spontaneous spoken data,451tokens,both full and reduced.A graduate research assistant in linguistics who was native to the area impressionistically categorized each token as either the full form of the definite article(a voiced interdental fricative plus a vowel)or one of the following five phonetic variants of the reduced form:a laryngeal or glottalized form(all symbolized as[P]),a voiceless alveolar stop[t],a voiced alveolar stop[d],an approximant,and a vocalic form.The reduced definite article did not appear as an interdental fricative[θ,D]at all,and only one instance of the labio-dental fricative[v]occurred.Table2:York speakers by age and sexAge Male Female Total20–30681431–50791651–74571275+448Total212950444TAGLIAMONTE AND ROEDER Assuming that variation in variant forms of the definite article occurs in a systematic way and that this behaviour can be quantitatively modeled at the community level,we analyzed the data using statistical techniques(Labov1970;G.Sankoff1974),including multivariate analysis(D.Sankoff1978,1988). We also performed extensive instrumental analysis on a subset of the data,to augment the auditory analysis.In what follows we detail these procedures. Instrumental analysisUsing the speech analysis software Praat(Boersma and Weenink2008),we measured duration and intensity5in a subset of tokens from13of the speakers–the eight people who showed the highest rates of zero realization of the definite article(over8%of total tokens)and the five people who showed the highest rates of glottalization(as coded impressionistically).From these speakers,we measured all of the zero tokens(total N=207)and the first10tokens per speaker coded as[P].Duration was defined as any temporal period in the spectrogram that was unambiguously not part of either the preceding or the following word.Patterns emerged in the data,although overall results did not reveal a categorical acoustic measure to distinguish the glottalized forms from the zero tokens.The majority of tokens coded as zero impressionistically correlated with zero duration,as illustrated in Figure3,which shows the waveform and spectrogram of the words born on the sixth,excerpted from the phrase I was born on the sixth of February.There is nothing visible in the waveform or the spectrogram to indicate that there is a segment between the words on and sixth.6In contrast,tokens coded as glottalized consistently showed longer duration than those tokens coded as zero.Some proved to be canonical glottal stops, with a temporal period of silence;but others included various perturbations ofFigure3:Spectrogram of the words on the sixth from the phrase I was born on the sixth of February(YRK/k/1B5.6)Figure4:Spectrogram of the words on the lakes from the phrase These professional ones that fish on the lakes now all the time.(YRK/TM/1A17.5) the waveform and spectrogram throughout,such as creaky voice and visible formants.Figure4shows the waveform and spectrogram of the words on the lakes,exemplifying a reduced and glottalized variant of the definite article.A period of irregular voicing between the words on and lakes is apparent in the waveform,with F1somewhat visible throughout in the spectrogram.The irregular voicing is followed by a release burst,or acoustic transient,which transitions into the onset of/l/in lakes.These examples are representative of the difference between the glottalized and zero variants throughout the subset of data analyzed acoustically.These observations complement the conclusions expressed by Mark Jones(2005),that the definite article may manifest itself in subtle ways which are perhaps difficult to correlate with acoustic measures.They also leave open the possibility,however, that a zero variant of the definite article exists–one that may,at least in some cases,be a grammatical zero that is not related to the process of definite article reduction but is instead independently motivated and with historical precedence in the region.7An additional phonetic/phonological issue has to do with the possibility that phonetic context may in some instances have a masking effect on the perception of the definite article,as in(9)below.(9)Banging my head againstØwall,you-know.I could be talking to myself.(YRK/-/2A9.6)In examples such as this one,the realization of word-final/t/(e.g.at the end of the word against)may be indistinguishable from the realization of the subsequent definite article.Stevens(2000)writes,about word-final/t/that,‘In syllable-final position,the voiceless consonant/t/is often produced with adduction of the vocalfolds.This adduction maneuver can lead to glottalization,which is manifested in the sound by low-frequency irregular glottal pulses’(Stevens2000:565–567). Since the reduced definite article can also be realized as glotallized,coarticulatory effects may make it impossible to distinguish between word-final/t/and the definite article.In order to investigate the possibility of phonetic masking effects,the data were coded for preceding and following phonetic context.Following phonetic and phonological context are nearly identical to each other(except for word-initial/h/which was variably coded as a vowel phonetically depending on the presence of/h/-dropping).With regard to preceding environment,however, there is more variation in the phonetic realization of forms.Tokens of the definite article following word-final consonants marked as glottalized have been excluded from the entire analysis,for example,because they create a potential neutralization context for the perception of DAR.With regard to the remaining tokens following word-final/t/,many are coded as following a vowel phonetically due to word-final stop deletion.As observed by Tagliamonte and Temple(2005), word-final t/d-deletion is quite frequent in York English–an observation also supported by the acoustic analysis undertaken for the current study,to the extent that word-final/t/was frequently absent in those tokens coded as containing a zero definite article(e.g.example8).Final t/d-deletion was even observed when the word-final/t/was not part of a consonant cluster(as in the word about).In other words,in many tokens impressionistically coded as zero that included a word-final/t/followed by a zero realization of the definite article(as in against Øwall),neither a/t/nor a definite article were apparent in the waveform or spectrogram.With respect to tokens of the definite article coded as a glottalized variant that followed a word-final/t/or/d/,the situation is more complex,because glottalization could indicate word-final/t,d/,DAR,or both.Other potentially ambiguous contexts include the definite article between fricatives,or before a voiceless stop.In order to test whether phonetic masking effects were skewing the results,statistical analysis was performed on only those tokens that appeared in the context of a sonorant(N=3270)–all tokens preceding or following a stop, fricative or affricate were removed.Overall effects were the same when compared to the full data set,indicating that phonetic masking effects are not obscuring the data.Therefore,the analysis presented here relies on this larger data set. Each context was also coded for a series of additional linguistic factors that were culled from the existing literature as being possible conditioning effects on the realization of forms,including preceding grammatical context,type of noun, and discourse parallelism.These will be explained in turn in the discussion of the results.We now turn to the distributional and multivariate analyses.These methods become particularly germane as the competing influences on surface forms are multidimensional,ranging from phonology to syntax to discourse. Moreover,DAR in York is strikingly embedded in the social milieu of the speech community,as we shall see.RESULTSThe quantitative analyses of the variants in the definite article system proceed as follows.As a first step,we perform distributional analysis to determine the frequency of variant forms and their patterning in the speech community.In the next step,we employ multivariate analysis using Goldvarb X(Sankoff, Tagliamonte and Smith2005)in order to model the multidimensional constraints that give rise to the variants.Distributional analysisTable3shows the overall distribution of forms of the definite article in the data. The table reveals that the non-standard forms are generally rare when viewed as a proportion of all the definite nouns in the data,most of which occur with the standard voiced dental fricative–[D]plus a vowel.Indeed,the standard variant makes up80.9percent of the data.This is considerably higher than earlier studies:Petyt(1985:85)reports29to54percent use of standard forms20years ago in West Yorkshire(Bradford,Halifax and Huddersfield).More recently,Rupp and Page-Verhoeff(2005)report60percent use of the standard form on the east side of Lancashire bordering the west side of Yorkshire.This means that DAR use in York is comparatively restricted,perhaps due to the urban context or the nature of the data.The reduced variants[t,d]are quite low in number(less than one percent of the data)and were,therefore,grouped together with the glottalized forms, in order to create a single category that encompassed all the realizations of the reduced definite article that appeared without a vowel–referred to collectively as DAR variants.The analysis will thus consider the two primary non-standard variants that appeared in the data–the DAR variants and the zero variant.This enables us to provide a statistical model of the recurrent patterns of variability in the grammar of York English.Figure5shows the distribution of the two major variants,the DAR forms and zero according to four age groups.Table3:Overall distribution of variants of thedefinite article in YorkVariant%NFull Form80.97438Glottalized13.21215Ø 3.4316[w,v] 1.4126[d]0.547[t]0.324[@]0.328Total N9195。

2009年考研英语真题真题解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (also known as the Gaokao) is a highly significant examination in China. In this document, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of the 2009 exam, discussing the content, structure, and key strategies required to excel in this test. By focusing on understanding the exam format, reviewing the specific questions, and providing valuable insights, we aim to assist students in preparing effectively for the 2009 exam.Exam OverviewThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English consists of three main sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and translation and writing. The exam is designed to assess the applicants’ listening, reading, and writing skills in English. Each section of the exam carries a specific weightage and has its unique set of challenges.Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the exam aims to evaluate the candidates’ ability to understand spoke n English in various situations. The questions are designed to test the applicants’ listening skills, including their comprehension of detailed information, understanding of speakers’ opinions, and ability to identify specific information from a passage.Candidates need to develop effective listening strategies to excel in this section. These strategies may include active listening, note-taking, and summarizing the main points of the passage. Furthermore, regular practice with listening exercises, audio recordings, and English language media can significantly enhance listening abilities.Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2009 exam comprises a series of passages, each followed by a set of questions. This section assesses the candi dates’ ability to understand and analyze written English. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, science, social issues, and more.To excel in the reading comprehension section, candidates should adopt various strategies such as skimming, scanning, and actively analyzing the passage. Skimming a passage helps candidates to quickly grasp its main idea, while scanning helps locate specific details. Additionally, candidates should pay attention to the organization and structure of the passage, as well as the relationship between different ideas.Translation and WritingThe translation and writing section of the 2009 exam requires candidates to translate a given Chinese passage into English and write an essay on a specific topic. This section evaluates the candidates’ translation skills and ability to express themselves fluently in written English.To excel in this section, candidates should practice translation exercises regularly, focusing on accuracy andcoherence. For the essay writing part, candidates should pay attention to structure, coherence, and clarity. It is crucial to plan the essay and organize ideas before writing, ensuring a logical flow of thoughts.Key Tips for Success1.Familiarize yourself with the exam format:Understanding the structure and requirements of eachsection is essential for efficient preparation.2.Develop a study plan: Create a study timetable andallocate sufficient time for each section of the exam.3.Practice regularly: Consistent practice, includingmock tests and past exam papers, can help to improveperformance and build confidence.4.Strengthen your weak areas: Identify the areaswhere you face difficulties and focus on improving thoseparticular skills.5.Utilize available resources: Make use of studymaterials, online resources, and guidance from experienced teachers or mentors.6.Time management: Understand the time constraintsof each section and practice managing time effectivelyduring preparation.ConclusionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English is a challenging test that requires careful preparation and strategic approaches. By understanding the exam format and structure, practicing regularly, and focusing on improving weak areas, candidates can enhance their performance and maximize their chances of success. With determination, consistent effort, and proper guidance, candidates can effectively tackle the exam and achieve their desired results.。