下载文档原格式
Attending university offers a multitude of benefits that can significantly impact an individuals personal and professional life.Here are some of the key advantages of pursuing higher education:1.Academic Growth:University education provides a structured environment for deep learning.Students have the opportunity to delve into subjects they are passionate about, acquiring specialized knowledge and critical thinking skills.2.Career Opportunities:A university degree often serves as a stepping stone to better job prospects.Many employers require a degree for certain positions,and higher education can lead to higherpaying jobs.working:Universities are hubs for meeting people from diverse backgrounds. Students can build a network of peers,professors,and alumni that can be invaluable for future collaborations and career opportunities.4.Personal Development:Living away from home and being part of a university community can foster independence and maturity.Students learn to manage their time, finances,and responsibilities,which are crucial life skills.5.Cultural Exposure:Universities often host a variety of cultural events,lectures,and exhibitions,exposing students to different perspectives and ideas,broadening their worldview.6.Research Opportunities:For those interested in academia,universities provide a platform to engage in research projects,often under the guidance of experienced faculty members.This can lead to publications and a strong foundation for a career in research.7.Extracurricular Activities:Universities offer a wide range of clubs,societies,and sports teams.Participation in these activities can help students discover new interests, develop leadership skills,and make lifelong friends.8.Access to Resources:Students have access to extensive libraries,research databases, and stateoftheart facilities that can enhance their learning experience and provide a wealth of resources for academic and personal projects.9.International Experience:Many universities offer study abroad programs,allowing students to experience different cultures and education systems,which can be a lifechanging experience.10.Social Responsibility:Higher education often encourages students to think about their role in society and to engage in community service or activism,contributing to the betterment of society.11.Graduate Studies:A bachelors degree is typically a prerequisite for graduate studies, such as masters and doctoral programs.This opens up further opportunities for specialization and advanced research.12.Lifelong Learning:The habit of learning that is cultivated in university often extends beyond the academic years,leading to a lifelong pursuit of knowledge and personal growth.In conclusion,university education is not just about obtaining a degree it is a comprehensive experience that can shape an individuals future in multiple ways,from enhancing employability to fostering a sense of global citizenship.。
学校和专业哪个更重要英语作文写作一篇英语作文来探讨学校和专业哪个更重要时，可以采取对比论述的方式，并结合个人见解与实际案例来支持论点。
以下是一篇示例性的英语作文：---Title: The Dilemma of Choice: University Reputation or Major Suitability - Which Matters More?In the realm of higher education, prospective students often grapple with the crucial decision of prioritizing university prestige over the suitability of their chosen major. This debate is a persistent one, with compelling arguments on both sides.On one hand, proponents of prestigious universities argue that the reputation and ranking of an institution can significantly impact a graduate's career prospects. A renowned university typically boasts state-of-the-art facilities, distinguished faculty members, and a powerful alumni network. These resources not only enhance the quality of education but also provide ample opportunities for internships, research collaborations, and future job placements. Moreover, employers often hold graduates from top-tier institutions in high regard, which could potentially open doors to elite careers.However, advocates for selecting the right major contend that passion and aptitude are key drivers of success. Choosing a field that aligns with personal interests and talents is pivotal since it ensures commitment, enjoyment, and ultimately, professional satisfaction. An individual may thrive in a less renowned university if they are immersed in a subject area they genuinely love and excel at. Additionally, many industries value specialized knowledge and practical skills more than just a prestigious alma mater, especially in fields such as technology, arts, and certain vocational disciplines.A balanced perspective suggests that while the reputation of a university certainly counts, it should not overshadow the importance of choosing a compatible major. It would be unwise to compromise on one's true calling merely for the sake of attending a well-known university. Conversely, opting for a famous university without due consideration for the major might lead to dissatisfaction and limited growth potential in the long run.Ultimately, the decision should rest upon a combination of factors – the compatibility of the major with the student's goals, the educational environment provided by the university, and the long-term benefits each option offers. A student's journey to success may be greatly facilitated by a reputable university, yet it is equally vital that they engage in a course of study that fuels their passion and prepares them effectively for their desired career path.In conclusion, neither the university nor the major alone can guarantee future success; rather, it is the synergy between the two that truly matters. Therefore, it is essential for students to weigh up these aspects carefully, seeking counsel and conducting thorough research before making a decision that will influence their lives and careers profoundly.---Please note that this is a general outline and could be further developed with specific examples, statistics, and references to support the points made.。
My university is a place where I have spent some of the most formative years of my life.It is not just an institution for learning but also a community that has shaped my character and outlook on life.Location and Campus:The university is nestled in the heart of a bustling city,yet it maintains an atmosphere of tranquility and academic focus.The campus is vast,with a mix of modern and traditional architecture that reflects the institutions rich history and commitment to innovation.Lush green lawns,wellmaintained gardens,and stateoftheart facilities create an environment conducive to both study and recreation.Academic Programs:The university offers a wide range of academic programs across various disciplines,from the humanities to the sciences.The faculty is diverse and highly qualified,with many professors being leaders in their respective fields.The curriculum is designed to provide a solid foundation in critical thinking,research,and problemsolving skills,preparing students for the challenges of the professional world.Campus Life:Campus life is vibrant and dynamic.There are numerous clubs and societies that cater to a variety of interests,from sports and arts to social and political activism.These extracurricular activities not only provide a break from academic pursuits but also help in building leadership and teamwork skills.Library and Resources:The university library is a treasure trove of knowledge,housing an extensive collection of books,journals,and digital resources.It is a quiet sanctuary for students to delve into their studies,with comfortable seating,individual study rooms,and a helpful staff.Student Support Services:The university provides a range of support services to ensure that students have a wellrounded experience.These include academic advising,career counseling,mental health services,and a robust student affairs department that organizes various events and workshops throughout the year.International Exposure:One of the highlights of my university is its commitment to internationalization.There are many opportunities for students to participate in exchange programs,attend international conferences,and engage with a diverse student body from around the globe.Campus Facilities:The campus is equipped with stateoftheart facilities,including computer labs,science labs,a sports complex,and a performing arts center.These facilities not only enhance the learning experience but also provide a platform for students to explore their passions and talents.Alumni Network:The university boasts a strong alumni network that spans across various industries and continents.This network is a testament to the quality of education and the opportunities provided by the university,offering current students a chance to connect with successful professionals and gain valuable insights into their chosen fields.Conclusion:Attending this university has been a transformative experience.It has not only equipped me with the knowledge and skills necessary for my chosen career but has also instilled in me a sense of curiosity,resilience,and a global perspective.The friendships,experiences, and memories I have made here will undoubtedly last a lifetime.。
高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试题与参考答案一、阅读判断（共10分）第一题Passage:In the era of globalization, English has become the dominant language in international communication. As a result, the importance of learning English has been increasingly recognized worldwide. The following passage discusses the benefits of learning English and the challenges faced by language learners.1.English has become the primary language for international communication.2.Learning English is not as important as it used to be.3.The passage mentions the benefits of learning English.4.The passage talks about the challenges faced by language learners.5.The passage suggests that the importance of learning English is decreasing.Questions:1、The passage states that English has become the dominant language for international communication. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. English is not the primary language for international communication.B. English has become the primary language for international communication.C. The passage does not mention anything about the role of English in international communication.D. The importance of English is decreasing in international communication.2、The passage discusses the benefits of learning English. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Learning English has no benefits.B. The passage mentions the benefits of learning English.C. The passage does not discuss the benefits of learning English.D. The benefits of learning English are not mentioned in the passage.3、The passage talks about the challenges faced by language learners. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. The passage does not mention any challenges faced by language learners.B. The passage discusses the challenges faced by language learners.C. The challenges faced by language learners are not mentioned in the passage.D. The passage suggests that language learners face no challenges.4、The passage suggests that the importance of learning English is decreasing. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. The importance of learning English is decreasing.B. The passage does not mention anything about the importance of learning English.C. The passage suggests that the importance of learning English isincreasing.D. The passage suggests that the importance of learning English remains the same.5、Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. English is not as important as it used to be.B. The passage does not mention the importance of learning English.C. The passage suggests that learning English is more important now than ever before.D. The passage states that learning English is not as important as it used to be.Answers:1、B2、B3、B4、A5、C第二题Read the following passage and then answer the questions by choosing the correct answer (True, False, or Cannot be determined) from the options given.Passage:The evolution of the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the advent of social media platforms, people can nowconnect with others from all over the world in real-time. This has had a significant impact on global culture and society, as it has made information more accessible and has facilitated the exchange of ideas.1、The internet has had a major impact on global culture and society.A. TrueB. FalseC. Cannot be determined2、Social media platforms allow people to connect with others from different parts of the world.A. TrueB. FalseC. Cannot be determined3、The internet has made information less accessible.A. TrueB. FalseC. Cannot be determined4、The exchange of ideas has been hindered by the internet.A. TrueB. FalseC. Cannot be determined5、The evolution of the internet has not changed how we communicate.A. TrueB. FalseC. Cannot be determinedAnswers:1、A. True2、A. True3、B. False4、B. False5、B. False二、阅读理解（共10分）Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.The advent of the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. One of the most significant impacts of the internet is the ease with which we can now learn new skills and knowledge. Online learning platforms and courses have made education more accessible and flexible than ever before.Online courses offer several advantages over traditional classroom settings. Firstly, they provide students with the convenience of learning at their own pace and in their own time. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for working professionals and those with family commitments. Secondly, online courses often offer a wide range of subjects and topics, allowing students to explore areas of interest that may not be available in their local educationalinstitutions. Additionally, online learning platforms often provide interactive tools and resources that enhance the learning experience.However, despite these benefits, online learning also presents certain challenges. One of the main concerns is the lack of face-to-face interaction, which can be crucial for building a strong foundation in certain subjects. Additionally, the self-discipline required to complete online courses without the structure of a traditional classroom can be a barrier for some students.Many educational institutions have recognized the potential of online learning and have started to offer their own online courses and degrees. This has expanded the reach of higher education and made it more inclusive. Moreover, governments around the world have been investing in online learning initiatives to bridge the education gap and improve literacy rates.Question:What is one of the main advantages of online courses mentioned in the passage?A)They require more self-discipline than traditional courses.B)They lack the interactive tools and resources of traditional classrooms.C)They offer the flexibility of learning at one’s own pace and in one’s own time.D)They are less likely to be beneficial for working professionals.Answer:C) They offer the flexibility of learning at one’s own pace and in one’s own time.三、概况段落大意和补全句子（共10分）第一题Passage:The following passage is from a book about the history of higher education in the United States. Read the passage carefully and then answer the questions that follow.In the United States, higher education has a rich and complex history. The first colleges were established in the 17th century, and they were primarily founded by religious institutions. These early colleges were small, with a focus on classical education and religious training. Over time, however, the scope of higher education expanded significantly. The 19th century saw the rise of the research university, which combined teaching and research in a new way. Today, higher education in the U.S. includes a wide range of institutions, from small liberal arts colleges to large research universities.Questions:1、The passage discusses the history of higher education in the United States. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor in the early establishment of colleges?A. Religious institutionsB. Classical educationC. Professional trainingD. Religious training2、The 19th century marked a significant change in higher education. What was this change characterized by?A. The decline of religious institutionsB. The rise of the research universityC. The increase in the number of studentsD. The focus on vocational education3、The passage mentions that early colleges were “small.” What does the author imply by this statement?A. Early colleges were not well-funded.B. Early colleges were only for the wealthy.C. Early colleges had limited resources.D. Early colleges were more exclusive.4、The author states that “Today, higher education in the U.S. includesa wide range of institutions.” What is the author suggesting about the current state of higher education?A. Higher education is becoming less diverse.B. There is a trend towards larger, more specialized institutions.C. Higher education is more accessible to a wider population.D. Higher education is becoming more expensive.5、The passage concludes with a comparison of early colleges to contemporary institutions. What is the author’s purpose in making this comparison?A. To show the continuity of higher education over time.B. To highlight the differences between early and modern colleges.C. To emphasize the importance of religious education in early colleges.D. To discuss the role of research in modern higher education.Answers:1、C2、B3、C4、C5、A第二题Read the following paragraph and then answer the questions that follow.Paragraph:The rapid advancement of technology has significantly transformed the way we live and work. In the field of education, online learning platforms have gained immense popularity, offering flexibility and accessibility to students worldwide. These platforms provide a wide array of courses, ranging from basic skills to advanced professional development. However, despite the benefits, some challenges persist, such as the need for self-discipline and potential lack of personal interaction. Additionally, the increasing reliance on technology in education raises concerns about the future of traditional classroom settings.1.What is the main topic of the paragraph?A) The benefits of traditional classroom settings.B) The challenges of online learning platforms.C) The transformation of education through technology.D) The future of online learning platforms.2.According to the paragraph, what are the advantages of online learning platforms?A) They require high levels of self-discipline.B) They limit personal interaction between students.C) They offer flexibility and accessibility.D) They are less effective than traditional education.3.What challenge is mentioned in the paragraph regarding online learning platforms?A) The need for frequent updates.B) The potential lack of personal interaction.C) The high cost of online courses.D) The difficulty in assessing student progress.4.The paragraph discusses the impact of technology on what aspect of education?A) Teaching methods.B) Student engagement.C) The physical classroom environment.D) The availability of resources.5.What is one of the concerns raised about the reliance on technology in education?A) The decline in student attention spans.B) The future of traditional classroom settings.C) The potential for increased cyberbullying.D) The reliance on outdated teaching materials.Answers:1.C) The transformation of education through technology.2.C) They offer flexibility and accessibility.3.B) The potential lack of personal interaction.4.C) The physical classroom environment.5.B) The future of traditional classroom settings.四、填空补文（共10分）Reading PassageIn the modern world, language learning has become increasingly important. English, in particular, is considered a global language, and proficiency in Englis h is often a key factor in career success. One way to improve one’s English skills is through self-study. The self-study examination system for higher education, known as “self-study examination” or “self-study degree examination,” allows individuals to st udy and take exams independently. In this passage, we will discuss the English subject for the second level of self-study examination.The English subject for the second level of self-study examination focuses on the development of reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Theexamination aims to test candidates’ comprehensive English proficiency and ability to apply English in practical situations.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate options:1.The self-study examination system for higher education is also known as the _______.A. English examinationB. self-study examinationC. degree examinationD. comprehensive examination2.The English subject for the second level of self-study examination is designed to improve_______skills.A. mathematicsB. ChineseC. EnglishD. physics3.The examination aims to test candidates’_______proficiency.A. mathematicalB. ChineseC. EnglishD. scientific4.One way to improve one’s English skills is through _______.A. traditional classroom learningB. self-studyC. group studyD. online learning5.English is considered a_______language in the modern world.A. localB. regionalC. globalD. nationalAnswers1.B. self-study examination2.C. English3.C. English4.B. self-study5.C. global五、填词补文（共15分）第一题Read the following passage and complete the sentences with the appropriate words in the box below.In the bustling city of New York, there are numerous 1 that attract tourists from all over the world. Times Square, with its 2 of neon lights and towering skyscrapers, is a symbol of 3 and modernity. The 4 of Broadway theaters offers a wide range of performances, from classic plays to contemporary musicals. The5 of Central Park provides a6 escape from the urban jungle, offering serene walks and beautiful landscapes.A. attractionsB. shimmeringC. vibrancyD. repertoireE. oasis1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________5.__________6.__________Answers:1.A. attractions2.B. shimmering3.C. vibrancy4.D. repertoire5.E. oasis6.E. oasis第二题阅读内容：In today’s fast-paced world, 1, it is crucial for individuals tocontinuously 2 their knowledge and skills. One such way is through self-study examinations, which allow learners to progress at their own pace. The following passage is about the benefits of self-study examinations.If you are preparing for the self-study examination known as “English Level Two,” you should be familiar with the following vocabulary and phrases that are commonly used in the test.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list below:a)broadenb)pursuingc)adaptd)accessiblee)motivatedf)effectiveg)enhanceh)fundamentali)diversej)comprehensivePassage:The self-study examination for 1 has become increasingly 2 for professionals and students alike. It offers a 3 and flexible learning environment, allowing individuals to 4 their learning experience according to their own needs and schedules. The examination covers a wide range of topics, ensuring that learners gain 5 knowledge and skills in English.1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________5.__________Answers:1.d) accessible2.e) motivated3.j) comprehensive4.a) broaden5.f) enhance六、完型补文（共15分）第一题Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most suitable words from the options given below.James was an intelligent and ambitious young man who always dreamt of traveling the world. He knew that to achieve his goal, he needed to learn a new language. After much research, he decided to take the self-study examination for college English, specifically the second level (CET-4).James spent hours studying every day, focusing on improving his vocabulary and grammar. He also practiced listening and speaking to become more fluent.One day, while he was reading an article about language learning, he came across a tip that suggested reading newspapers and magazines in the target language could be very helpful.1、James decided to start reading newspapers and magazines in English to improve his ________.A. vocabularyB. grammarC. listening skillsD. speaking skills2、By reading newspapers and magazines, James hoped to become more ________.A. intelligentB. ambitiousC. fluentD. ambitious3、James believed that reading newspapers and magazines in English would________his learning process.A. complicateB. simplifyC. frustrateD. hinder4、After a few months of consistent practice, James noticed a significant improvement in his ________.A. vocabularyB. grammarC. listening skillsD. speaking skills5、James’ hard work and dedication eventually paid off when he________the self-study examination with flying colors.A. passedB. failedC. postponedD. canceled答案：1、A2、C3、B4、A5、A第二题The following passage has eight blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.Reading passage:In the past few decades, the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. From social media to online shopping, ithas become an integral part of our daily lives. However, this digital age has also brought about several challenges, one of which is the issue of online privacy.1、__________, many users are concerned about the security of their personal information when using online services.A. As a resultB. For instanceC. In additionD. On the other hand2、__________, data breaches have become increasingly common, leading to the exposure of sensitive information.A. FurthermoreB. HoweverC. ConsequentlyD. Moreover3、__________, it is crucial for individuals to take steps to protect their online privacy.A. Despite the above challengesB. In order to overcome these challengesC. As a result of the digital ageD. In light of the current situation4、__________, using strong passwords and enabling two-factorauthentication can help reduce the risk of unauthorized access.A. For one thingB. For anotherC. On the one handD. On the other hand5、__________, it is important to be cautious about the information we share online.A. FinallyB. In conclusionC. In the endD. UltimatelyAnswers:1.A2.A3.D4.A5.A七、写作（30分）Task: Write an essay of about 200 words on the following topic:“Online learning has become increasingly popular in recent years. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online learning, and give your opinion onwhether it can fully replace traditional classroom teaching.”Sample Essay:Online learning has undoubtedly revolutionized the way we acquire knowledge and skills. There are several advantages to this mode of education. Firstly, it offers flexibility, allowing students to study at their own pace and schedule. This is particularly beneficial for working professionals or those with family commitments who cannot attend regular classes. Secondly, online learning provides access to a vast array of resources, including e-books, videos, and interactive tools, which can enhance the learning experience. Lastly, it encourages self-motivation and independence, as students must take responsibility for their own learning.However, there are also disadvantages to consider. One major drawback is the lack of face-to-face interaction, which can hinder the development of communication skills. Additionally, some students may struggle withself-discipline and time management when learning independently. Moreover, not all subjects are well-suited for online learning, and certain practical skills might require hands-on experience that cannot be replicated online.In my opinion, while online learning can be a valuable supplement to traditional classroom teaching, it is unlikely to fully replace it. The social and collaborative aspects of classroom learning are crucial for personal and academic growth. However, with advancements in technology, online learning can be integrated into traditional education to create a more comprehensive learningexperience.Parsing:•The essay begins with a statement of the topic and then introduces the advantages of online learning.•The advantages are presented with clear and concise points, each followed by a brief explanation.•The essay then turns to the disadvantages of online learning, again using clear and structured sentences.•The author’s opinion is clearly stated, followed by a logical argument supporting the viewpoint.•The conclusion summarizes the main points and reinforces the author’s stance on the topic.•The essay is coherent, well-organized, and adheres to the word limit requirement.。
2024届浙江省义乌市高三下学期5月第二次适应性考试英语试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Would you like to come to the Royal Opera House to experience incredible opera productions for only £ 7.50? Students’ applications for 2024/25 are now open!La bohème13 May 2024 12: 30 pm Applications openOPERA (Italian with English surtitles)Paris, 1900. Penniless writer Rodolfo believes that art is all he needs-until he meets Mimi, the lonely seamstress who lives upstairs. So begins a timeless love story that blooms, fades, and rekindles with the passing seasons. [Content Warning: this production contains loud noises and flashing lights]Hansel and Gretel9 January 2025 11: 30 am Applications openOPERA (English with surtitles)This famous fairy tale of two children who get lost in the forest and are lured into the home of an evil witch makes for a magical experience for you. Will Hansel and Gretel escape the witch’s gingerbread house and manage to return home? This performance includes a special Everybody Sing at the end of the production with the cast and orchestra!Carmen11 June 2025 11: 30 am Applications openOPERA (French with English surtitles)Carmen is a rebel with a passionate cause-she wants to live and love in her own way. Though Carmen warns Don José not to love her, he gives up his job, reputation, and girlfriend for her with disastrous consequences. [Content Warning: this production contains themes of moderate violence]1．What do La bohème and Carmen have in common?A．They are both comedies.B．They are both love stories.C．They are both set in France.D．They are performed in the same language. 2．What sets Hansel and Gretel apart from the other performances?A．It is adapted from a biography.B．It includes some violent scenes.C．It allows audience participation.D．It is available to enjoy this year.3．Where is this text probably from?A．A guidebook.B．A website.C．A brochure.D．A review.Last night, I told my Argentinian friend that I had been using LangAI to practice my Spanish. It can not only correct my errors, I told him, but also give me different regional expressions in the language, including Mexican Spanish, Argentinian Spanish, and Spanglish. And, unlike when I am chatting with him on WhatsApp, I do not have to factor in time zone differences.My friend seemed less excited. “So, you’ve replaced me?” he joked. I haven’t, of course. The convenience and width of an AI chatbot can’t compete with the pleasures of chatting with someone whose personality I have learned over the course of years.It is, however, a useful supplement.LangAI, one specific language-learning chatbot, was launched in March by Federico Ruiz Cassarino. He drew on his own experiences of learning English after moving from Uruguay to Britain.Many people get self-conscious about making mistakes in a language they barely speak, even to a tutor, Ruiz Cassarino notes. But a chatbot won’t judge you. And the new wave of generative AI is so advanced that rather than stick to boring pre-scripted（照本宣科的）role-plays, “you can speak about things that are interesting to you, which makes it feel like not as much of a chore to learn.” To this end, the team customized LangAI’s interface to match users’ vocabulary levels, added the ability to make corrections during a conversation, and enabled the conversion of speech to text.AI-powered language learning apps have weaknesses. Users are reporting that chatbots are quite competent in widely spoken European languages, but the quality substantially worsens for languages that are less represented online or that have different writing systems. Even in common languages, the chatbots make errors, sometimes inventing words. This may not bother advanced learners much, but with these chatbots delivering text so confidently, it would be easy for a relatively new learner to take what they say as correct.4．What advantages does AI have over my friend?A．Fix every error in conversations.B．Display differences in languages.C．Provide enjoyable conversations.D．Offer round-the-clock assistance.5．What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．The course of years.B．Practices on LangAI.C．Chats on WhatsApp.D．The pleasures of chatting.6．Why is Cassarino’s language learning experience mentioned?A．To highlight the inspiration behind LangAI’s creation.B．To illustrate the challenges faced by language learners.C．To compare the differences between different languages.D．To show LangAI’s emphasis on personalized experiences7．What can LangAI do to support language learners?A．Scoring users’ performance in conversations.B．Generating speech according to the given text.C．Creating new words by the rules of word formation.D．Providing dialogues based on users’ language proficiency.The corn eaten around the world today originated in Mexico nearly 10,000 years ago. From the ancient rituals of the Mayans to modern-day dishes like tortillas, corn is central to culture, cuisine, and identity in this region.To protect this heritage, Mexico is fighting to phase out genetically modified (GM) U. S. — grow n corn this year. The Mexican government claims that banning GM corn will protect the country’s native corn varieties. Yet the announcement aroused strong objections from the U. S., whose largest annual customer for GM corn is often Mexico. The U. S. claims that the GM ban breaks the trade agreement between the two countries.Mexico insists that modified seeds threaten Mexico’s agricultural traditions and cultural identity. In the U. S., most corn is grown with seed produced by large companies, which create just a handful of genetically identical corn varieties grown at mass scale. In Mexico, however, seeds come from seed-sharing practices among small-scale farms, which facilitates more diversity and allows farmers to grow corn that ranges widely in color and size.“Traditional varieties maintain a substantial amount of genetic diversity,” says JeffreyRoss-Ibarra, an ecologist at the University of California, but he doesn’t think banning GM corn will help preserve these varieties, and points to adec line in small-scale farms as the greater threat to native corn. “If traditional farmers abandon subsistence farming, we’re potentially losing diversity whether that crop is GM or traditionally bred, so economic policy has a much bigger impact on the risk of corn diversity than an adoption of GM corn.” Since Mexico began importing U. S. corn, small-scale farms have been declining.Mauricio Bellon, a research professor at the Swett Center for Sustainable Foods Systems, believes that while threatened species are often stored in gene banks, the relationship between a farmer and their crop plays a crucial conservation role. “Evolution at scale continues with corn in Mexico through millions of farmers,” says him.8．Why is Mexico prohibiting GM corn?A．To safeguard its own types of corn.B．To reduce the cost of importing corn.C．To get rid of the dependence on the US.D．To stop the decrease of small-scale farms. 9．What is different in corn production practices between the US and Mexico from paragraph 3?A．The technology of farming.B．The source of corn seeds.C．The ownership of farmland.D．The relationship between farmers. 10．What’s Jefferey’s attitude toward the Mexican government’s claim?A．Approval.B．Concerned.C．Critical.D．Tolerant. 11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A．GM corn has negative effects on traditional farms.B．Endangered species are well preserved in gene banks.C．Species diversity contributes to the evolution of speciesD．Traditional farming practices help in preserving corn varieties.The colorful anemonefish (海葵鱼), also known as clownfish, possesses a cheerful and carefree image among humans. However, their actual behavior might not always align with the family-friendly portrayal seen in a Pixar film. They can aggressively defend their territory against other anemonefish they perceive as threats.To investigate how these fish identify group members, a team from Japan conducted two experiments with lab-raised common clownfish that had never encountered any other species.In the first experiment, researchers introduced different species of anemonefish, distinguishable by the number of white bars on their bodies, into a tank in small cases. They observed that the common clownfish were particularly hostile toward members of their own species that displayed three white bars. These fish fought 80 percent of their specific-targeted fish for up to three seconds. In contrast, invaders from other species, like the orange skunk clownfish with no side bars and a white line along its back, were barely attacked. The two-barred Clarke’s clownfish and three-barred saddleback clownfish were “mildly bullied”, according to the team.During the second experiment, the researchers exposed a colony of clownfish to various plastic discs. The discs were painted with anemonefish coloration and measured the level of aggression towards these artificial models. Similar to reactions to live fish, models with two bars were less frequently attacked, and those without any bars saw the least aggression. According to study co-author and ecologist Kina Hayashi, the findings “suggest that clownfish is capable of counting the number of bars to recognize the species of the invader”.The team also found that a rigid hierarchy (社会等级) within clownfish colonies determines which specific fish attack the invader. Earlier studies have shown that the social position of the clownfish is determined by very slight differences in size. This study used fish that had not matured and were in a lab setting, but the team still observed the same size-based hierarchy. The largest clownfish led the charge against the invader.12．What does the underlined word “hostile” mean in the third paragraph?A．Unfriendly.B．Tolerant.C．Patient.D．Sympathetic. 13．How is the study conducted?A．By introducing a new concept.B．By comparing different clownfish.C．By observing clownfish’ behaviors.D．By analyzing statistics of previous studies. 14．What is the finding of the two experiments?A．Clownfish can’t reach maturity in a lab setting.B．Skunk clownfish is the most modest clownfish.C．The social position of a clownfish depends on its size.D．Clownfish identify threats by the number of vertical bars.15．Which is the best title of the passage?A．Barred and Bullied: Attacks from Anemonefish.B．Clownfish and Conflicts: Strict Social Hierarchies.C．Beyond the Screen: The identification of Clownfish.D．From Lab to Tank: Aggression Among Anemonefish.I am always confused when reading statements like “Princeton University is the number one college in the United States.” Are those who attend Princeton inherently brighter than their peers? 16 Or is Princeton the best across all academic subjects overall?I didn’t care about college rankings for years until I recently saw something different. This past October, Shanghai Ranking Consultancy unveiled the Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023, which assesses universities worldwide across 55 subjects in five disciplines. 17 And this makes it easier for prospective students to choose the best college for their specific subject.18 When I delved deeper into the methodology behind these rankings, I discovereda complex web of criteria, including academic reputation, research output, and international collaboration. 19 However, they do not capture the entirety of the college experience. Factors like campus culture, extracurricular opportunities, and faculty-student interactions can profoundly shape your undergraduate years, yet they often remain unquantifiable in ranking systems.20 What may be the ideal environment for one student pursuing engineering might not suit another studying literature. It’s crucial to consider your personal preferences, career aspirations, and learning style when evaluating potential colleges. While prestigious universities may offer unparalleled resources and networking opportunities, a smaller, lesser-known college might provide a more nurturing and supportive environment for your individual growth and development. Ultimately, the best college for you is the one that aligns with your values, ambitions, and vision for the future.A．The value of a university education goes beyond its ranking.B．Is Princeton the most beautiful campus all around the world?C．Is Princeton able to produce more geniuses upon graduation?D．That being said, how much weight should be given to these rankings?E．Actually, the concept of a “best” college is subjective and context-dependent.F．These measures provide valuable insights into the academic strength of universities.G．It is said to employ a more in-depth approach to evaluate the performance of universities.二、完形填空In the heart of Gaza, a 15-year-old Palestinian teen, Hussam Al-Attar, has become a beacon of hope. He has been 21 the’Newton of Gaza’because he came up with a brilliant and practical solution to address the power 22 issue in displacement shelters in Rafah.Equipped with 23 basic tools, Hussam generated electricity to illuminate the dark shelters. The 24 behind his solution was simple-he wanted to 25 the loneliness and fear his twin nephews experienced in the dark tent.Despite the 26 of resources, Hussam managed to create fans that generate electricity. Firstly, he 27 components from damaged electronic devices, gathering essential elements for his power generators. These components have included coils, 28 , and magnets. Next, Hussam 29 a simple yet effective turbine (涡轮) using locally 30 materials. The turbine’s blades (叶片) were constructed from lightweight but strong materials to 31 the force of the wind. As the wind32 these blades, it activated the turbine.With dreams of becoming an inventor, Hussam remains 33 about life’s possibilities despite Palestine’s challenges. He also notes that there are many 34 teens like him in Gaza. As the’Newton of Gaza,’Hussam Al-Attar is not just brightening shelters; he is lighting the way for a brighter future in the face of 3521．A．rewarded B．nicknamed C．awarded D．marked 22．A．balance B．abuse C．control D．failure 23．A．nearly B．almost C．only D．much 24．A．instruction B．situation C．motivation D．explanation 25．A．overcome B．ease C．release D．escape 26．A．supply B．waste C．shortage D．distribution 27．A．recycled B．restored C．refreshed D．reformed 28．A．wires B．buttons C．switches D．batteries 29．A．obtained B．transformed C．repaired D．fashioned30．A．affordable B．sustainable C．available D．organic 31．A．resist B．capture C．measure D．generate 32．A．interacted with B．cooperated with C．dealt with D．agreed with 33．A．curious B．optimistic C．amazed D．sympatric 34．A．energetic B．bold C．promising D．innovative 35．A．change B．adventure C．danger D．adversity三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
英国大学内老师的学术头衔Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT英国大学内老师的学术头衔在英国大学里，有Professor，Reader，Fellow，Lecturer等，还有Chancellor，Principla，Dean 等，颇令人眼花缭乱，下面具体解释：学术头衔 Academic Titles在英国大学的课堂上，你会接触到Professor，Reader，Senior Lecturer和Lecturer等，他们遵照严格的体系一级级往上晋升：Professor：意为教授，是英国大学向资深学者授予的最高学术头衔。
有的Professor在院系里担任院长或者系主任，又被称作Chair Professor；有的不担任院系的行政职位，被称作Personal Professor。
英国的professor并不等同于中国的教授。
在英国当上Professor要比在中国当上教授难度大得多。
Reader：字面意思是读者，是英国大学授予研究或学术成就名扬海内外的资深学者的头衔，它比Senior Lecturer高一级，比Professor低一级。
要想成为Reader，需要具有优良的学术出版物，获得过研究资助并有外部推荐。
Senior Lecturer：字意是高级讲师。
在英国大学里，Senior Lecturer需要具有良好的教学和行政能力，又要展示出很强的研究能力。
从级别上看，它介于普通的Lecturer和Reader之间，需要先晋升为Reader，然后才有机会成为Professor。
Lecturer：字意是讲师，但并不等同于中国大学里的讲师。
在英国大学里，它是初级的学术头衔，负责开设讲座课程，带领研究小组和指导研究生。
英国大学里还有一些教学头衔，如Assistant Lecturer（助理讲师），Demonstrator（指导人员），Seminar Leader（研讨主持），Associate Lecturer（副讲师）和Graduate Teaching Assistant（本科生助教）等，它们比Lecturer低，不算是正式的学术头衔。
Online courses have become increasingly popular in recent years, especially with the advancement of technology and the widespread use of the internet. This phenomenon has both advantages and disadvantages that are worth discussing.Advantages of Online Courses:1. Accessibility: One of the most significant benefits of online courses is their accessibility. Students from all over the world can enroll in courses offered by prestigious institutions without the need to physically attend classes.2. Flexibility: Online courses offer a flexible learning environment. Students can learn at their own pace and on their own schedule, which is particularly beneficial for those who work or have other commitments.3. CostEffectiveness: Many online courses are more affordable than traditional classroom courses. This costeffectiveness makes higher education more accessible to a broader range of students.4. Diversity of Subjects: Online platforms offer a wide variety of courses, from academic subjects to professional development and hobbies. This diversity allows students to explore different areas of interest.5. Technological Skills: Engaging in online courses helps students develop technological skills that are increasingly important in todays digital world.Disadvantages of Online Courses:1. Lack of Personal Interaction: One of the main drawbacks of online courses is the absence of facetoface interaction. This can make it difficult for students to engage in discussions, ask questions, and build relationships with peers and instructors.2. SelfDiscipline Required: Online learning requires a high level of selfdiscipline and motivation. Without the structure of a traditional classroom, some students may struggle to stay on track with their coursework.3. Technical Issues: Reliance on technology for online courses can lead to problems such as internet connectivity issues, software incompatibilities, and the need for uptodate hardware.4. Quality Assurance: The quality of online courses can vary greatly. Not all courses arecreated equal, and some may lack the depth and rigor of traditional classroom instruction.5. Limited HandsOn Experience: Certain subjects, especially those that require practical, handson experience, can be challenging to teach and learn online. This can limit the effectiveness of the course for certain disciplines.In conclusion, while online courses offer numerous benefits such as accessibility and flexibility, they also present challenges related to personal interaction and selfdiscipline. As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that the quality and effectiveness of online education will improve, making it an even more viable option for learners worldwide.。
Pursuing higher education is a significant milestone in ones life,and attending university offers a multitude of benefits that can shape an individuals future.Here are some compelling reasons why people choose to go to university:1.Academic Advancement:Universities provide a platform for students to delve deeper into their chosen field of study.The rigorous academic curriculum helps in building a strong foundation of knowledge and critical thinking skills.2.Professional Opportunities:A university degree is often a prerequisite for many professional careers.It serves as a stepping stone to better job prospects and higher earning potential.3.Personal Development:The university experience is not just about academics it is also about personal growth.Students learn to be independent,manage their time effectively, and develop essential life skills.working:Universities are hubs for networking.Students have the opportunity to meet peers from diverse backgrounds,faculty members,and industry professionals, which can be invaluable for future collaborations and career opportunities.5.Research and Innovation:For those interested in research,universities offer the resources and mentorship needed to explore new ideas and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field.6.Cultural Exposure:Attending university often involves exposure to different cultures and ideas,fostering a broader understanding of the world and promoting tolerance and openmindedness.7.Extracurricular Activities:Universities offer a wide range of extracurricular activities, from sports to clubs and societies,which can help students discover new interests and passions.8.Access to Resources:Universities provide access to stateoftheart facilities,including libraries,laboratories,and online resources,which can enhance the learning experience.9.Career Services:Most universities have career services that help students with job placements,internships,and career guidance,making the transition from academia to the professional world smoother.10.Lifelong Learning:The habit of lifelong learning is often instilled during universityyears.This mindset can lead to continuous personal and professional development throughout ones life.11.Social Responsibility:Universities often encourage social responsibility and civic engagement,providing opportunities for students to contribute to their communities and make a positive impact.12.Credentials and Recognition:A university degree is a recognized credential that can open doors in various sectors.It signifies that the individual has achieved a certain level of expertise and education.In conclusion,attending university is a comprehensive experience that goes beyond academics.It is a transformative journey that equips individuals with the knowledge, skills,and experiences necessary to thrive in their personal and professional lives.。
大作文第一段九宫格之一：话题引起一、越来越多的人意识到……的重要性/有害性/利弊并存（通用）There is an upward national awareness of the importance/detriment/pros and cons of (主题词)二、近来，在公众中有一个关于……的热门话题（公共热点）These days, there is a hot topic among the general public concerning……（主题词/句） 九宫格之二：图画描述1、如图所示，主题描述。
☆必写公式☆As is vividly shown in the cartoon, ……2、基本公式：（在）地点+动作+核心事物，doing sth，with=次要事物（n.）3、两幅图描述：图一描述，关联词，图二描述。
☆两幅图时☆同时：meanwhile相反：on the contrary讽刺的是：ironically不幸的是：unfortunately 4、文字说明（☆有文字说明必写）The caption reads: 主题词/句九宫格之三：图画总结☆直接背，有文字说明就不写尽管有一点夸张，但是图画的背后却有一个更深刻的含义Despite a little exaggeration, there is a deeper notion behind the picture.大作文第二段 论证方式（举例调查、原因警告、对立观点） 九宫格之四：具体意义1、从这张图我们能推断出什么？☆☆☆必写☆☆☆What can we deduce from this picture?2、1事实上，作者想告诉我们一个明显的事，（主题词）对人的成功/生活极其重要/有害。
Actually, the author strives to send out an abundantly clear message that 主题词 is of utmost importance/extreme detriment to one’s success/daily life.2、2显然，这个图画象征性的揭示了日常生活中的一个现象……（社会现象）Apparently, the drawing symbolically reveals a social phenomenon in our daily life：词/句 九宫格之五：意义论证正面：举例调查法：引出例子+例子本身+社科院调查 （个人品质、正面）1、引出例子：除了下面这个例子，我找不到更好的例子来证明了。
4 Educating the world’s futureleaders7 UNSW: home of innovation8 Student life and learning 10 Life on campus12 Living in Sydney14 Finding a place to live16 Arts and SocialSciences17 Australian School ofBusiness18 Built Environment 19 COFA - Art Design Media20 Engineering21 Law22 Medicine23 Science24 What can I study at UNSW?26 Course listings64 Direct entry guide67 Accepted qualifi cations69 English pathways to studyat UNSW71 Academic pathways to studyat UNSW72 How to apply73 UNSW representatives in yourcountry74 Tuition fees and other expenses76 Our scholarships77 UNSW apply online data entryform79 UNSW Institute ofLanguages application form81 UNSW Foundation Studiesapplication formContentsAs President and Vice-Chancellor of UNSW I take great pride in our achievements, particularly ourstatus as one of the top 100 universities in the world, and Australia’s premier university focused onscience, technology, business and the professions.Every day walking through our modern and cosmopolitan campus, I am inspired to see staff andstudents from 120 different countries, coming together to pursue their academic passions and totackle some of the world’s grand challenges through research on areas such as climate change,HIV, population ageing and developing innovative new technologies such as ultra-powerfulquantum computers that will transform the way we work, and the ground breaking bionic eye whichhas the potential to give back to thousands the power of sight.I believe there has never been a more exciting time to study at UNSW. In the last 12 monthsalone we have opened a new global centre of excellence for Sustainable Energy Research andour College of Fine Arts has undergone a A$58 million dollar facelift, cementing its reputation asAustralia’s leading school of art, design and digital media. We have expanded our on-campusaccommodation, with the opening of state-of-the-art student apartments, the University Terracesand in 2014 we will also open new college accommodation.By choosing UNSW you will be joining the brightest and best students from our local area.Surveys show that they go on to succeed in their chosen careers – consistently earning thehighest graduate starting salaries. UNSW has also educated more industry CEOs than any otheruniversity in Australia. You will be joining a talented and highly driven student community.I wish you well with your journey ahead and hope to welcome you to UNSW in 2014.Frederick G Hilmer AOPresident and Vice-ChancellorI wish youWelcomeCHOOSING WHICHUNIVERSITY TO ATTEND ISONE OF THE MOST EXCITINGBUT DIFFICULT DECISIONSTHAT YOU AND YOUR FAMILYWILL MAKE.The best and brightest studentsWith eight faculties in Sydney, as well as our Canberra campus, we attract some of the most talented students from around Australia and internationally. This ensures we have one of Australia’s most diverse student populations, welcoming 13,000 international students from more than 120 countries.This diversity makes for a vibrant, cosmopolitan student experience, while our internationally focused curricula and extensive exchange programs ensure all students receive a truly global education.Taking our graduates to the worldA degree from UNSW is recognised wherever you go in the world. And with one of Australia’s largest international exchange programs, we offer our students the opportunity to study in the Asia-Pacific region, North America, South America, South Africa and Europe.The recognition our graduates deserveRanked 35th in the world for employer reputation*, our international graduates have the highest median starting salaries and employment rates amongst the Australian Group of Eight universities**.Having successfully studied at UNSW, many of our graduates have becomeleaders in government, business, research and industry. This is reflected in the fact that of Australia’s top 50 companies, UNSW has educated the highest number of serving CEOs***.Leaders in their field: our alumni.auWith over 245,000 alumni based across more than 140 countries, the UNSW global alumni network is impressive. Many work in significant positions in commerce, government, medicine, and academic life.Some of our most prominent alumni include award-winning animator, Philip To; Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong, His Honour Justice Barnabas Fung; Chairman and CEO of Boustead Singapore Limited, Fong Fui Wong; founder of ResMed, Dr Peter Farrell AM; and co-founder of the Octopus Group, Elaine Teh.As an alumnus of UNSW, your relationship with the University continues in a variety of ways. This allows you to enhance your personal and professional network, and keeps you informed of developments at the University. And with networks in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Kingdom, United States and Indonesia, we offer you the opportunity to meet other alumni wherever you may be.Some facts about UNSWFor a relatively young university, we have enjoyed enormous success. This includes:• Becoming a top 100 university, ranking 85th overallin the 2012-13 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and a ranking in the top 100 universities for global reputation and academic prestige• Ranking 52nd in the world in the 2012 QS World University Rankings• Achieving membership of the prestigious Groupof Eight (Go8) leading teaching and research universities in Australia• Gaining membership of Universitas 21, a consortiumof the world’s leading research u niversities from Asia, Europe and North America• Becoming the first university worldwide to beawarded a five star plus ranking by QS World University Rankings.* 2012 QS World University Rankings** 2011 Australian Graduate Survey ; includes undergraduate and postgraduate international graduates *** 2012Suncorp Banks Power IndexEvery year, hundreds of thousands of old car tyres and discarded plastic shopping bags, that would otherwise go to landfill, are turned into steel. It’s an ingenious innovation that saves money and reduces pressure on the environment.It’s just one of many innovations, inventions andresearch breakthroughs that originated at UNSW. Right now, UNSW scientists are developing bionic eyes, new skin care products, solar cell technology and life-saving virtual reality technology for the mining industry. They’re pioneering research into earthquake response, cancer treatment and longer lasting batteries for medical products.And you can be involved …UNSW: home of innovationPioneering innovation.auNewSouth Innovations (NSi) is at the heart of UNSW’s research and innovation culture. Our goal is to transform our students’ research into successful products that benefit the economy, society and future generations.If you have a great idea and need help setting up your own business while you’re studying, NSi should be your first point of contact. We will give you the opportunity to collaborate with some of the world’s most successful companies. We can also provide specific help with:• Assessing your idea and its market potential• Protecting your idea, its confidentiality and Intellectual Property (IP) rights • Accessing high quality IP for free … we call it ‘Easy Access IP’• Connecting with business, industry and government • Meeting venture capitalists to discuss potential funding.Scientific discovery is in our DNAUNSW was established in 1949 with a single-minded scientific focus. While our curriculum has broadened since, the desire to innovate, uncover new ways of doing things and generally improve the world we will live in still drives us today. In fact, in the Excellence in Research for Australia report, UNSW was ranked at, above, or well above world standard in all fields assessed. We conduct research across a wide range of areas, but we invest considerable resources in particular areas where we think we can make a difference.UNSW is an acknowledged world leader in photovoltaics, HIV/AIDS research and quantum computing. Some of our other research strengths include biomedical sciences, water, environment and sustainability, next generation materials and technologies, social policy, government and health policy, information and communications technology, robotics and devices, business, law and economics.We are also home to a number of national centres for research excellence and we are affiliated with many of Australia’s outstanding research institutes.Working with the business communityWe recognise the importance of industry partnerships in bringing our ideas to the broader community. For example, the process of turning plastics and rubber into ‘green steel’ was commercialised in partnership with Onesteel.It’s no coincidence that UNSW is the highest funded university by Australian industry partnersthrough Linkage Project grants.Scan to watch the 2012 UNSW Innovation Awards winners.Associate Professor Mike ManefieldThe six-star energy rated Tyree Energy Technologies Building is the headquarters for the UNSW’s cutting edge energy research.The library.au2.7 million items, 100,000 e-journal subscriptions and 250,000 e-book titles; it’s not surprising that the UNSW Library is one of the biggest, and best, university libraries in Australia.But great libraries are about more than just big numbers. We are committed to providing a fi rst-rate study environment, with group study rooms, media booths, dedicated postgraduate spaces and informal lounge areas, all with access to the latest technology.The Library is split over three locations: the Main Library and the Law Library on the Kensington Campus and the COFA Library at Paddington. The Learning Centre .auThe Learning Centre is the place to come when you need assistance with your studies. We offer a range of support services, like academic skills workshops, academic English workshops, online study guides, discipline-based learning, language programs and one-on-one consultations. All services are free of charge and individual consultations are confi dential. Counselling and psychological services .auCounselling and Psychological Services provides free and confi dential psychology consultations to all UNSW students. Our counsellors are experienced registered psychologists who understand the issues facing university students.In particular, counsellors can help international students adapt to cultural and educational differences and become more confi dent in pursuing career and life experiences.The Hub.auThe Hub is a shared space where our students can engage in study and group work activities, use meeting rooms for group study purposes and catch up with friends. Working space isprovided for interns, social work students on placement and those working on joint staff/student projects. In the Hub’s chill out zone, you can relax in a cosy space with a book exchange service, chilled music, bean bags and comfy couches. Our quiet study space is also a great area to catch up on your studies in a wireless environment.The Hub is home to our team of Student Participation Advisors who provide advice, support and opportunities available on campus. These services are free of charge, confi dential and professional.Student life and learningSTUDYING AT UNSW IS MORETHAN JUST GETTING A UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. IT’S ABOUT GAINING THE SKILLS AND EXPERIENCES YOU WILL NEED TO BE A LEADER IN YOUR FIELD. HERE ARE SOME OF THE LEARNING FACILITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO OUR STUDENTS.Want to be successful in your career? Scan to watch a fun video on how UNSW Careers and Employment has helped students achieve theircareer goals.Student life and learning.au Student Life and Learning offers a variety of academic, personal and career-related services to ensure you get the most out of your study at UNSW.You’ll discover ways to develop better study habits, improve your academic performance, learn leadership skills, and maintain a healthy work/life/study balance. We can also help you fi nd work and internship opportunities both on- and off-campus. For the full range of services offered, visit the Student Life and Learning website or download our Uni-Verse app:.au/uni-verse Student Development International: Services for international students (Kensington campus).au We know that moving to a new country is a new challenge. Our role is to make your transition into Australian life and study that little bit easier.• We will pick you up from the airport when you arrive and transport you to the ourWelcome Centre at the Kensington campus (bookings are essential). Accommodation assistance is also available.• You will be introduced to the University through our cultural mentors andinternational student orientation program, Step Up. Step Up covers topics like cultural transition, how to get the most out oflearning in Australia, time management and career planning.• You can get involved in our fun social activities and make new friends.• You can sign up for our language andcultural transition programs.• When you need personalised adviceInternational Student Advisers are available (individual consultations are confi dential).UNSW Careers and Employment .auWhether you’re searching for part-time work while you study, or looking ahead to your postgraduate career, the Careers and Employment Offi ce can help, with a range of services including:• The Careers Online job vacancy website (listing part-time, casual, vacation and graduate positions)• Careers development workshops, covering job search, career planning, resume and cover letter writing and interview skills • One-on-one appointments with a career consultant to help you with career management and job applications • Career expos and employer information sessions• The International Employment program, linking UNSW graduates with international employers.Some of the services specifi c to international students include:• The UNSW Professional DevelopmentProgram, offering employment skills training and internship opportunities at UNSW • Workshops covering a range of topics such as preparing for the Australian workplace, how to fi nd part-time and casual work and networkingAll services are free of charge.Kensington campus Canberra campus Kensington campus Kensington is our main campus and the home of seven faculties: Artsand Social Sciences, The Australian School of Business, Built Environment, Engineering, Law, Medicine and Science.We are proud of the campus’s 64 year history and we are constantly looking to the future. The campus is defi ned by state-of-the-art buildings, superb facilities and a reputation for teaching and research excellence.Set on extensive grounds in the inner south-east of Sydney, Kensington is close to everything. Step on a bus and you can be in the city, the Central Railway Station, the beach or the airport within 15 minutes. Paddington (COFA) campus Recently redeveloped to incorporate a world-class art and design gallery, computer labs and a suite of fi neart and design studios, COFA has reinforced its reputation as the leading art, design and media school in Australia.Paddington is 10 minutes by bus from our main Kensington campus and just down the road from the emerging IT and design hubs in Surry Hills and East Sydney.Canberra campusLocated at the Australian Defence Force Academy, our Canberra campus provides undergraduate education for future leaders of the Australian Defence Force and research opportunities for international students.The student-teacher ratio here is the lowest of any university in the country and our academic staff are amongst the best in their fi eld.Just a few kilometres from the centre of Canberra, the campus hasa comprehensive library, a media resources service and the latesttechnology facilities.Paddington campusArc@UNSW.auFacebook: ArcUNSWArc is the student organisation hereat UNSW. What does that mean?It means we’re a group run bystudents to provide students like youwith the best uni life possible.Whether you want to make friends,have fun, gain experiences or getahead, we provide access to clubsand societies, events and parties,volunteering programs, internships,legal and advocacy for visa andemployment issues, discounts andlots more!The world on campus.au/clubsArc runs over 200 clubs andsocieties each with its own interestarea, including hobbies, sports,areas of study, nationalities andmore. Joining a club is the bestway to meet people who share yourinterests and make friends in thecampus community.As an international student, joininga student association could alsobe a great way to settle in to lifeat UNSW. There are also over 20international societies, representingcountries and cultures from allcorners of the globe. Visit thewebsite for a full list.Sport at UNSW and recreation .au Staying active while you’re studying is easy – and affordable – at UNSW. We have more than 30 different clubs covering all kinds of sports, activities and levels. So whether you’re a competition-level swimmer or a novice tennis player, there’s bound to be something for you. UNSW Fitness and Aquatic Centre .au/centre/unsw If you’re simply wanting to get fi t, try out the newly upgraded Fitness and Aquatic Centre. There is a range of learn to swim, group fi tness, personal training and gym fl oor classes available. Some of the other exciting features include:· State-of-the art cardio equipment · New strength training zone· Indoor swimming pool Banking and postal servicesWhen it comes to transferring fundsor posting a parcel, it’s nice to be ableto do everything on campus. Thereare two banks (Commonwealth Bankand ANZ Bank) and a credit union(Catalyst) on the Kensington campus,with 24-hour ATMs. They can all helpyou transfer funds from any majorbank in the world, within 24 hours.The Post Offi ce is on the Kensingtonupper campus.Healthcare.auMedical, dental and physiotherapyservices are all available on campusat UNSW. There are also a numberof medical practices, as well aspublic and private hospitals, in thesuburbs surrounding the University.Childcare.auIf you plan to come to Australia withyoung children, it’s important toconsider the availability and cost ofchildcare. Full-time care is diffi cultto fi nd, especially for children underthree years of age. Costs can rangefrom A$75 to A$125 a day.The UNSW Kensington campus hasfour childcare centres, however thewaiting list for places is long, so werecommend you apply as soon aspossible.Religious facilities.au/life/religious-centreThere is a range of religiousfacilities at UNSW, catering to mostmajor religions and available to allstudents and staff.• The Religious Centre on theKensington campus is attended bychaplains from Buddhist, Anglican,Catholic, Coptic, Greek Orthodox,Pentecostal, Presbyterian andUniting faiths. They conductregular worship services, Biblestudies, prayer meetings and offerspiritual counselling• The Islamic Society has an Imamin attendance with meeting andprayer rooms available for Muslimstudents• There is a Jewish Chaplain oncampus• There are a number of religioussocieties on campus, includingthe Coptic Society, Ba’haiSociety, Catholic Asian StudentsAssociation, Chinese ChristianFellowship and the Pragathi HinduSocietyPart-time and vacation workAs an international student, Australianimmigration regulations allow you to work up to 40 hours per fortnight during semester, and full time during university vacations. It’s important to note that you’re not permitted to work until you have commenced your studies.There are many ways to fi nd casual and part-time work. Look in local newspapers, ask your friends, or enquire at the University Careers and Employment Offi ce. You can also look online at .auKeep in mind that as you might not be able to fi nd a suitable job, we advise you not to plan your study budget around fi nding work for the maximum allowable hours.Public transportThe most popular and convenient way to travel to UNSW is on modern public buses. Regular services connect UNSW with all major transport hubs, including Sydney’sCentral railway station, which is approximately 15 minutes by bus from the University.access to even more transport options.As a full fee paying international student, you may be eligible for concession travel on selected trains, buses, ferries and rail in the greater Sydney metropolitan area.Food and shopping.au/Maps/pdf/Kensington_Retail_Outlets.pdfSydney is famous for its vibrant food scene. And in the suburbs surrounding UNSW, there are many reasonably priced, good quality restaurants, cafés and shops selling food from around the world. Halal meat is readily available at butcher shops near our Kensington campus.With our range of on campus cafés and take-away food outlets, you won’t have to travel far to fi nd something to satisfy your taste – whether it’s sushi, croissants and coffee, vegetarian food, laksa or noodles.You will also fi nd food, clothing,pharmaceuticals, books and stationery in the shops on campus and in nearby retail areas.BONDI BEACH7KMFROM UNSW [15 MINUTES]CENTENNIAL PARK3KMFROM UNSW [7 MINUTES]PADDINGTONMARKETS4.5KMFROM UNSW [10 MINUTES]SYDNEY CITY7KMFROM UNSW [15 MINS]SYDNEY HARBOUR8KMFROM UNSW [20 MINUTES]Living in SydneySYDNEY’S POPULATIONAUSTRALIA’S LARGEST AND MOST COSMOPOLITAN CITY4.5 millionAVERAGE TEMPERATUREWWW.CITYOFSYDNEY .AU17oC - 26oCAustralia’s largest and most dynamic city, Sydney is a beautiful, vibrant and ever changing metropolis. Ranked by The Economist’s Global Livability Report 2011 as one of the world’s most livable cities, Sydneysiders enjoy a lifestyle that is unlike any other city in the world.Located on the south-east coast of Australia, Sydney is the gateway to Australia and home to over 4.5 million people.A city of the worldSydney is one of the world’s most multicultural cities. Here you can experience the food, entertainment and customs of many cultures. And because of its diverse cultural background, Australians are very accepting of the cultures of others. In fact, over 50% of Sydney residents today were born outside Australia or have at least one parent born overseas.Sydney’s enviable lifestyleSydney’s residents and visitors delight in a healthy outdoor lifestyle in a city surrounded by pristine sandy beaches, national parks and mountain ranges. And with a warm and sunny climate, you can enjoy outdoor activities such as swimming, hiking and camping.Beyond the great outdoors, Sydney hosts hundreds of major cultural and sporting events each year. Combine this with thousands of eateries, cafés and restaurants from many different cultures, as well as fantastic shopping, weekly markets, and an exciting and diverse nightlife, and you’ll quickly fi nd that living in Sydney is a unique experience.Making the most of Sydney’s mild climateThere are four seasons in Sydney. Summer runs from December to February, autumn from March to May, winter from June to August, andspring from September to November. January and February are the hottest months, while Sydney’s winters are mild.Scan to watch a virtual walkthrough of the Kensington Colleges redevelopment.THE BENEFITS OF LIVING ON CAMPUS When you are starting out at UNSW, we encourage you to live in university accommodation. This allows you to enjoy the benefi ts of living on or close to campus, including greater security, social opportunities, easy access to university facilities, and the convenience of moving directly into fully furnished accommodation.University accommodation is very popular and fi lls quickly. Because of this you need to apply as early as possible.At our University Terraces, students live in modern accommodation and have access to the diverse range of retail services available including a supermarket and eateries.The Kesington Colleges redevelopment will be complete in 2014 offering nearly 700 new catered and self-catered beds on campus with the benefi ts of living in a supportive college environment.A typical furnished bedroom on campus.Finding a place to liveSTUDENTS AT UNSW HAVE A NUMBER OF ACCOMMODATION OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THEM. THESE RANGE FROM ON AND OFF CAMPUS UNIVERSITYACCOMMODATION, TO PRIVATE ACCOMMODATION LIKEHOUSES, APARTMENTS AND ROOMING HOUSES.Timing your arrivalLiving in Sydney will be a big change – if you do not have a confi rmed place on campus we recommend you arrive three to four weeks before classes start. This will give you time to look for accommodation, settle in and attend university orientation sessions.If you require temporary accommodation when you fi rst arrive, try to have this organised before landing in Australia. This might include private hotels, motels, hostels, lodges and furnished apartments ranging from A$45 to A$300 per day.If you require assistance looking for accommodation Student Development International (SDI) may be able to help you fi nd suitable accommodation through our International Student Housing Assistance program: .auIndependent accommodation optionsRental propertyThere are many properties available for rent in the suburbs surrounding the University. Most of these will be unfurnished and costs vary according to the number of bedrooms, condition and location of the fl at, apartment or house.When renting, you will usually sign a six or 12-month lease and pay rent in advance, plus a refundable security deposit called a ‘bond’. Be aware thatelectricity, gas and telephone costs are additional, and you will have to factor in establishment costs including the purchase of furniture and equipment.Sharing a house, fl at or apartment will reduce your rent. Usually, you will have your own room, and will share the cost of the rent and other expenses like electricity with your housemates. You can expect to pay between A$150 to A$250 per week plus establishment costs in a shared house.You might fi nd cheaper accommodation in suburbsfurther away from our Kensington campus, but this may increase your travel time and transport costs.Full boardThis option usually gives you a furnished room and the use of facilities in the private home of a family or single person. Dinner and breakfast will be provided, and some may also include bed linen, laundry service and weekly room cleaning. Costs range from A$200 to A$280 per week.Rooming housesIn this option meals are not provided and you will be responsible for providing your own food, as well as cooking, cleaning and doing your washing. Average cost is between A$140 to A$220 per week. Use of the telephone is an extra cost but expenses such as gas and electricity are usually included.11,709TOTALSTUDENTS5,513TOTAL FEMALE STUDENTS86,209UNDERGRAD STUDENTS6,196TOTAL MALE STUDENTSSCHOOL OF ACCOUNTINGSCHOOL OF BANKING AND FINANCE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICSSCHOOL OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF MARKETINGSCHOOL OF RISK AND ACTUARIAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF TAXATION AND BUSINESS LAWSCHOOLSSTUDENT BODYT: +61 2 9385 3507E: www.businessinfo@.au W: .auAustralian Schoolof BusinessOur Successes, rankings and accreditation:2013 – Awarded 5 stars for Graduate starting salaries, Good Universities Guide 2012 – Awarded 5 out of 5 rating in the Excellence in Research in Australia for: accounting, auditing and accountability, banking, fi nance and investment, business and management, econometrics and marketing,2010 – Awarded accreditation by EQUIS European Foundation for Management Development for fi ve years running We offer you the opportunity to:Be taught by our esteemed academics who have outstanding credentials. Learn and engage with students who are the best and brightest.Choose the areas you wish to study, as our degree programs are very fl exible.Listen to industry guest speakers and be exposed to exciting career initiatives.Fast-track your degree by studying over the summer semester.Become a global citizen – go on international exchange.Be part of a global brandWe give you the skills, networks and knowledge to succeed in today’s business world. Join our global family of over 66,000 alumni and over 6,000 undergraduate students today.BE BOLDChoose the Australian School of Business for your undergraduate .au/beboldWANT TO HAVE AN AUSTRALIAN LEADING BUSINESS SCHOOL BRAND ON YOURRESUME?Ranked in the top 5 nationally and the top 50 globally, UNSW Arts and Social Sciences is a leader in arts, humanities and social sciences teaching and research. We’re one of the largest faculties of our kind in Australia – a vibrant anddiverse community of over 6,000 students from over 80 countries. Our world-class researchers, industry experts and innovative programs make our faculty an exciting place to discover new ways of thinking about the world and develop a professional career that makes the most of your passions, interests and talents.Quality, choice and fl exibility Our range of more than 10 undergraduate degrees and over 35 options for majors and minors gives you a licence to explore across education, humanities, social sciences, media, creative and performing arts. You can extend yourknowledge and career options by combining two different degrees, while our program fl exibility allows you to include courses from other faculties. As a member of our community, you’ll come to think critically and communicate in imaginative and articulate ways – skills that are sought after in any profession.Real-world skillsAt UNSW Arts and Social Sciences, our programs are specially designed to respond to the challenges of today and tomorrow. You will gain real-world experience within, or alongside, your degree to put the theory you’ve been learning into practice. Through our internships, exchanges,placements and projects you will graduate equipped with valuable knowledge and professional skills for a global world.A PROFESSIONALLY RELEVANT ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEGREE WILLENCOURAGE YOU TO BE INTELLECTUALLY ADVENTUROUS, BOLDLY CREATIVE AND SOCIALLY ENGAGED.Arts and Social Sciences 6,766TOTALSTUDENTS4,680TOTAL FEMALE STUDENTS45,117UNDERGRAD STUDENTS2,086TOTAL MALE STUDENTSSCHOOL OF EDUCATIONSCHOOL OF THE ARTS AND MEDIA SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LANGUAGESSCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESSCHOOLSIf you want to combine a great lifestyle with studies that you’re passionate about, UNSW is the place to come.Caroline, SwedenBachelor of Media in Communications and JournalismSTUDENT BODY T: +61 2 9385 3107E: studyarts@.au W: w .au。
Gender discrimination is a pervasive issue that affects individuals of all genders,but it is particularly prevalent against women and nonbinary individuals.Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach that includes education,legislation,and societal change.Here are some strategies to combat gender discrimination:cation and Awareness:The first step in solving gender discrimination is to raise awareness about its existence and cational programs in schools and workplaces can help to challenge stereotypes and promote understanding of gender equality.2.Legislation and Policies:Governments and organizations should enact and enforce laws that prohibit gender discrimination.This includes equal pay for equal work, maternity and paternity leave,and protection against harassment and violence.3.Workplace Practices:Companies should implement policies that promote diversity and inclusion,such as blind recruitment processes,diversity training,and mentorship programs for underrepresented groups.4.Representation in Leadership:Encouraging and supporting women and nonbinary individuals in leadership positions can help to break down barriers and set a precedent for gender equality.5.Media Representation:The media plays a significant role in shaping societal attitudes. By promoting diverse and positive representations of all genders,the media can help to challenge and change harmful stereotypes.munity Engagement:Grassroots movements and community initiatives can be powerful tools for change.Encouraging dialogue and organizing events that bring attention to gender discrimination can help to mobilize support for change.7.Support Networks:Creating safe spaces and support networks for individuals who have experienced gender discrimination can provide a platform for sharing experiences and advocating for change.8.Men as Allies:Engaging men in the conversation and encouraging them to be allies in the fight against gender discrimination can help to shift societal norms and expectations.9.Intersectionality:Recognizing that gender discrimination often intersects with other forms of discrimination,such as race or sexual orientation,is crucial.Addressing these intersections holistically can lead to more comprehensive solutions.10.Technology and Innovation:Utilizing technology to create platforms for reporting and tracking gender discrimination can help to hold individuals and institutions accountable.11.International Cooperation:Gender discrimination is a global issue that requires international cooperation.Working with international organizations to set standards and share best practices can help to drive global progress.12.Cultural Shift:Ultimately,solving gender discrimination requires a fundamental shift in cultural attitudes.This involves challenging traditional gender roles and expectations, and promoting a culture of respect and equality.By implementing these strategies,societies can work towards a more equitable future where all individuals are valued and treated equally,regardless of their gender.。
Bojie LiLast update on July11,2023 *****************·+86.150********·Haidian,Beijing,China·https://01.meWork ExperienceAssociate Chief Expert(副首席专家)&Assistant Scientist(助理科学家)&Technical Expert A(技术专家A)Beijing,China Computer Networking and Protocol Lab(计算机网络与协议实验室),Huawei Mar’22–present Manager:Dr.Kun TanHuawei TopMinds Program(华为天才少年)Beijing,China Computer Networking and Protocol Lab(计算机网络与协议实验室),Huawei June’19–Mar’22 Manager:Dr.Kun TanEducationUniversity of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学)Hefei,Anhui,China Ph.D.in Computer Science Sept.’14–June’19 Joint Ph.D.program with Microsoft Research Asia.Advisor:Prof.Enhong Chen and Dr.Lintao Zhang University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学)Hefei,Anhui,ChinaB.S.in Computer Science(School of Gifted Young,少年班学院)Sept.’10–July’14No.2Middle School,Shijiazhuang(石家庄二中)Shijiazhuang,Hebei,China Honor Class in STEM(理科实验班)Sept.’04–July’10 Zhongshan Primary School,Shijiazhuang(石家庄市中山路小学)Shijiazhuang,Hebei,ChinaSept.’04–July’10 Internship ExperienceMicrosoft Research Asia Beijing,China Systems Research Group Oct.’16–May’19 Advisor:Dr.Lintao ZhangMicrosoft Research Asia Beijing,China Wireless and Networking Research Group July’13–Sept.’14and July’15–Oct.’16 Advisor:Dr.Kun TanSelected Projects in HuaweiUnified Bus(UB,灵衢):Next Generation Data Center Interconnect Huawei Ongoing project,instructed by Dr.Kun Tan and Dr.Heng Liao Apr.’20–July’23•Unified Bus(UB,灵衢)is Huawei’s full-stack interconnect fabric to compete with NVIDIA NVLink,Intel CXL,and Infiniband.•I am one of the key architects of Unified Bus,directly managing15software developers in Hangzhouand Shanghai and indirectly managing an innovation team of5local researchers in Isarel and5researchers in Beijing.•By co-designing the interconnect with Kunpeng(鲲鹏)ARM CPU and Ascend(昇腾)AI NPU,UB achieves3.2Tbps bandwidth and sub-µs latency with10K+CPUs and NPUs in water-cooledTiangong(天工)supercomputer for AI and HPC.In comparison,NVLink(7.2Tbps)only scales to512GPUs and Infiniband for large-scale clusters only have0.4Tbps bandwidth and2µs latency.•UB enables direct communication among GPUs in data center scale,bypassing the CPU and thusimproving communication performance in LLM training to5x with10K NPUs.•By overlapping communication and computation,UB improves AllReduce performance in CPU-based ML inference by20%in search,recommendation,and advertisement systems.•Design an instruction set for SmartNIC offloading,improving end-to-end performance of distributedtransactions,distributed in-memory database and enterprise storage by25%∼114%.•Enable remote direct memory access without pinning memory,increasing effective memory sizeto5x with tiered memory and accelerating Spark-based big data application initialization from2minutes to6seconds.•Design a fast process wake-up mechanism in the Linux kernel for NIC interrupts,thus reducinginterrupt-mode RDMA latency by59%∼80%on x86and52%∼77%on ARM.•Design a hardware-based Memory-Level Cache that utilizes local DDR as a cache of remote memory,improving Redis performance by21%∼45%and making Redis on remote memory only2.5%slowerthan Redis on local memory.AKG:Automatic Kernel Compiler for AI Chips using Polyhedral Transformations Huawei Published in PLDI’21,second author,instructed by Dr.Peng Di June’19–Apr.’20•AKG is the equivalent of CUDNN in the Ascend(昇腾)ecosystem.The major challenge of AscendNPUs is its TPU-like architecture which requires developers to explicitly manage the memoryhierarchy,data movement and synchronization among matrix and vector computation units in theNPU.•AKG automatically compiles mathematical formulas to low-level assembly of an AI NPU.AKGuses polyhedral compilation to fully automate tiling,scheduling and memory management in acomplicated memory hierarchy of an NPU.•My role:architect and technical leader of the polyhedral compilation framework and dynamicshape team of15developers.•My technical contributions:Propose and implement novel solutions to open problems in polyhedralcompilation(non-affine access and parametric tiling);Refine polyhedral schedule constraints tofit NPU architecture;Design a combined manual and automatic scheduling mechanism;Designthe architecture and key algorithms to support dynamic shape,e.g.,algebraic simplification ofmultivariate polynomials.uRPC:A High Performance Unified RPC for Cloud&Client Huawei Ongoing project,instructed by Dr.Kun Tan and Dr.Heng Liao Apr.’22–July’23•Design a high-performance RPC protocol for Cloud&Client,achieving5x∼10x performance ofGoogle’s gRPC,the de-facto standard of RPC.•Design a cross-language and cross-platform serialization library with easy-to-use APIs similar toGoogle’s Protocol Buffers,but storing unified data structure in off-heap memory,achieving5xserialization and deserialization performance of Protocol Buffers.•Design a highly efficient cross-language and cross-platform RPC framework designed for lowlatency and high throughput.We replace HTTP headers with simple binary ingRDMA hardware,uRPC achieves<5µs latency,which is50x lower than gRPC.•As a unified RPC for Cloud&Client,uRPC integrates optimizations in wireless LAN and client-to-cloud WAN,improving performance of an AI-based photo beautifier by4x.Selected Projects during Ph.D.Study in USTC&MSRAKV-Direct:High-Performance Key-Value Store with Programmable NIC Microsoft Research Asia Published in SOSP’17,first author,instructed by Dr.Lintao Zhang May’16–Apr’17•World’s fastest key-value store for AI parameter server,graph computation and web caching.•Extends RDMA primitives to key-value operations,enabling remote direct key-value access to themain host memory.Also supports vector operations and user-defined functions.•Achieves up to180M key-value operations per second per programmble NIC,equivalent to thethroughput of20–30CPU cores.Built an1.2billion KV ops server with10FPGA NICs.•Leverages PCIe bandwidth efficiently and hide PCIe latency with optimized hash table,slab allocator,out-of-order execution,load dispatch and client-side batching.ClickNP:Highly Flexible Network Processing with FPGA Microsoft Research Asia Published in SIGCOMM’16,first author,instructed by Dr.Kun Tan July’15–Jan.’16•Designed for FPGA-based acceleration of Azure network virtualization platform.•The first FPGA-accelerated platform for general network functions,written completely in high-levellanguage and achieving40Gbps line rate as well as<2µs latency at any packet size.•Support high throughput(25Gbps)and low latency(1µs)joint CPU-FPGA processing.•Implement the ClickNP tool-chain,which can integrate with various commercial HLS tools.•Work with two undergraduates to design and implement100elements and5network functions.FPGA-based Bing Ranking DNN and HTTPS Accelerator Microsoft Research Asia Global2nd place in Cloud and Enterprise,Microsoft Hackathon2016;Most Impact Award in Beijing Venue,Microsoft Hackathon2017Apr.’16–Oct.’17•FPGA-based accelerator for deep neural networks in Bing Search Ranking.Leverage pipelineparallelism to store all parameters of dense layers in the SRAMs of distributed FPGA cluster toavoid swapping out to DRAM.Optimize DRAM and PCIe accesses for sparse layers.Resulting in5x performance for Bing Ranking.•FPGA-based accelerator for RSA crypto in HTTPS,serving10K+new connections per second witha single server,which is20x performance of Nginx web server.SocksDirect:Datacenter Sockets can be Fast and Compatible Microsoft Research Asia Published in SIGCOMM’19,first author;Global1st place in IT Pros category,Microsoft Hackathon;instructed by Dr.Lintao Zhang July’17–Jan’19•OS kernel consume∼80%CPU time in network communication for Web applications in a server.•We design and implement SocksDirect,a user-space high performance socket system fully compatiblewith existing socket applications.•SocksDirect leverages RDMA and shared memory(SHM)for interhost and intra-host communi-cation,respectively.SocksDirect achieves isolation by employing a trusted monitor daemon tohandle control plane operations such as connection establishment and access control.The dataplane is peer-to-peer between processes,in which we remove multi-thread synchronization,buffermanagement,large payload copy and process wakeup overheads in common cases.•SocksDirect achieves7∼20x better message throughput and17∼35x better latency than Linux socket,and reduces Nginx HTTP latency to1/5.5.Fast and Incremental Web Crawler USTC Personal Project Jan.’17–Oct.’17•A fast web crawler framework based on Scrapy with browser mimicking and rotating proxies.•Scrapes100M+webpages from40+websites within one month for a commerical project,resultingin a database of1TB+structured data.•Incremental updating mechanism to dynamically probe and update information from the websites. Publications(selected)1Pipe:Scalable Total Order Communication in Data Center NetworksBojie Li,Gefei Zuo,Wei Bai and Lintao ZhangProceedings of the2021ACM SIGCOMM Conference(SIGCOMM’21)AKG:Automatic Kernel Generation for Neural Processing Units using Polyhedral Transformations Jie Zhao,Bojie Li,Wang Nie,Zhen Geng,Renwei Zhang,Xiong Gao,Bin Cheng,Chen Wu,Yun Cheng, Zheng Li,Peng Di,Kun Zhang and Xuefeng JinProceedings of the42nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI’21)SocksDirect:Datacenter Sockets Can be Fast and CompatibleBojie Li,Tianyi Cui,Zibo Wang,Wei Bai and Lintao ZhangProceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication(SIGCOMM’19) KV-Direct:High-Performance In-Memory Key-Value Store with Programmable NICBojie Li,Zhenyuan Ruan,Wencong Xiao,Yuanwei Lu,Yongqiang Xiong,Andrew Putnam,Enhong Chen and Lintao ZhangProceedings of the26th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles(SOSP’17) ClickNP:Highly Flexible and High-performance Network Processing with Reconfigurable Hardware Bojie Li,Kun Tan,Layong(Larry)Luo,Yanqing Peng,Renqian Luo,Ningyi Xu,Yongqiang Xiong,Peng Cheng and Enhong ChenProceedings of the2016ACM conference on SIGCOMM(SIGCOMM’16)Multi-Path Transport for RDMA in DatacentersYuanwei Lu,Guo Chen,Bojie Li,Kun Tan,Yongqiang Xiong,Peng Cheng,Jiansong Zhang,Enhong Chen and Thomas MoscibrodaProceedings of the15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation(NSDI’18) Fast and Cautious:Leveraging Multi-path Diversity for Transport Loss Recovery in Data Centers Guo Chen,Yuanwei Lu,Yuan Meng,Bojie Li,Kun Tan,Dan Pei,Peng Cheng,Layong(Larry)Luo, Yongqiang Xiong,Xiaoliang Wang and Youjian ZhaoProceedings of the2016USENIX Annual Technical Conference(ATC’16)Professional ActivitiesMember,ACM ChinaSys Yong Committee(ACM ChinaSys青年委员会委员)Dec.’21–now Reviewer,ACM Transactions on Computer Systems(TOCS)June’20–now Teaching Assistant,Advanced Software Engineering course,MSRA Sep.’15–Jan.’16 Co-founder,USTC icourse.club(USTC评课社区联合创始人)(9K+users,23K+reviews)Feb.’15–now Founder,USTC Freeshell(USTC容器云平台创始人)(2K+users,4K+VMs)Feb.’13–Sep.’14Founder,USTC Blog(USTC博客托管平台创始人)(3K+blogs)Nov.’12–Sep.’14 Maintainer,USTC Open Source Mirrors(USTC开源软件镜像维护者)(1TB+traffic/month)May’12–May ’13Member,Gewu Digital Startup(科大格物物联创业团队成员，因选择读博而退出，公司后发展成为国仪量子)Jan.’13–July’13 President,Linux User Group,USTC(科大Linux用户协会会长)May’12–May’13 Founder and President,Technology Division,Student Union,Class of Gifted Young,USTC(科大少年班学院学生会技术部创始人和首任部长)May’11–May’12 President,Technology Division,Office of Publicity,Youth League,USTC(科大校团委网络工作办公室技术部首任部长)May’11–Jan.’12 Vice President,Gewu Zhizhi Student Club of Physics,USTC(科大格物致知社（物理学术社团）副会长) May’11–May’12Awards in HuaweiInnovation Spark Award(任总颁发的“难题揭榜”火花奖)(100/110000)Feb.’23 Presidential Team Award of2012Labs(2012实验室总裁团队奖)(1/40)Dec.’22 Huawei Central Software Institute Innovation Contest2nd prize(10/1300)Nov.’22 20Minutes Report to Executive Management Team(每月2名基层员工向公司最高管理团队EMT汇报，我是第42期)(84/200000)Aug.’22 Huawei Golden Individual Award(公司金牌个人奖)(1/100)Dec.’21 Huawei Golden Team Award(公司金牌团队奖)(1/40)Dec.’21 Huawei Central Software Institute Innovation Contest1st prize(2/650)Nov.’21 Huawei Central Software Institute Hackathon1st place(1/38)Oct.’21 Outstanding New Employee in2012Labs(1%)Aug.’20Awards in USTC&MSRAACM China Doctoral Dissertation Award(total2awardees)(ACM中国优秀博士学位论文奖，全国共2名) Dec.’19Chinese Academy of Sciences Presidential Scholarship(中国科学院院长奖，全国共400名)June’19 Outstanding Graduate in Anhui Province(安徽省品学兼优毕业生)(196/4233=4.6%in USTC)Apr.’19 Outstanding Graduate in USTC(中国科学技术大学优秀毕业生)Apr.’19 Microsoft Research Asia Fellowship Award(微软学者奖学金)(total10awardees in Asia)Oct.’17 China National Ph.D.Scholarship(博士生国家奖学金)Oct.’17 Global1st place in IT Pros Category,Microsoft Hackathon2017(1/200+)Aug.’17 Most Impact Award in Beijing Venue,Microsoft Hackathon2017(1/200+)Aug.’17 Best Presentation Award,MSRA Student Techfest2016(1/50+)Oct.’16 Global2nd place in Cloud and Enterprise,Microsoft Hackathon2016(2/1000+)Aug.’16 Microsoft Research Asia Young Fellowship Award(微软小学者奖学金)(total10awardees)Aug.’13 Outstanding Student Leader in USTC(中科大优秀学生干部)May’13 Outstanding Lecturer,Web Development Workshop,USTC(“网站开发讨论班”优秀讲师)Jan.’12 Best Innovation Award,USTC RoboGame Contest(中科大机器人大赛最佳创意奖)(1/52)Oct.’11Awards before Undergraduate StudyBronze Medal,National Olympiad in Informatics(NOI)2009(高中全国信息学竞赛全国铜牌)Jan.’09 First Prize,National Olympiad in Informatics in Hebei Province(NOIP)2008(高中全国信息学竞赛河北省一等奖)(rank2nd)Nov.’08 First Prize,National Olympiad in Mathematics in Hebei Province2009(高中全国数学竞赛河北省一等奖) (top10)Oct.’09 Top20in High School Entrance Exam,Shijiazhuang(石家庄市中考前20名)June’07First Prize(full score),National Olympiad in Informatics for Junior High School(初中全国信息学竞赛一等奖，满分)Oct.’06 Top10Students in Shijiazhuang Primary Schools(石家庄市十佳金童)Aug.’03 Merit Student in Shijiazhuang Primary Schools(石家庄市小学三好学生)Aug.’03 First Prize,The Hope Cup Mathematical Contest National Finals(“希望杯”少年数学邀请赛全国总决赛一等奖)Aug.’03 Gold Medal,Hua Luogeng Cup Mathematical Contest National Finals(“华罗庚金杯”少年数学邀请赛全国总决赛金牌)(National top10)May’03。
计算机考研--复试英语Abstract 1In recent years, machine learning has developed rapidly, especially in the deep learning, where remarkable achievements are obtained in image, voice, natural language processing and other fields. The expressive ability of machine learning algorithm has been greatly improved; however, with the increase of model complexity, the interpretability of computer learning algorithm has deteriorated. So far, the interpretability of machine learning remains as a challenge. The trained models via algorithms are regarded as black boxes, which seriously hamper the use of machine learning in certain fields, such as medicine, finance and so on. Presently, only a few works emphasis on the interpretability of machine learning. Therefore, this paper aims to classify, analyze and compare the existing interpretable methods; on the one hand, it expounds the definition and measurement of interpretability, while on the other hand, for the different interpretable objects, it summarizes and analyses various interpretable techniques of machine learning from three aspects: model understanding, prediction result interpretation and mimic model understanding. Moreover, the paper also discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by machine learning interpretable methods and the possible development direction in the future. The proposed interpretation methods should also be useful for putting many research open questions in perspective.摘要近年来，机器学习发展迅速，尤其是深度学习在图像、声⾳、⾃然语⾔处理等领域取得卓越成效.机器学习算法的表⽰能⼒⼤幅度提⾼，但是伴随着模型复杂度的增加，机器学习算法的可解释性越差，⾄今，机器学习的可解释性依旧是个难题.通过算法训练出的模型被看作成⿊盒⼦，严重阻碍了机器学习在某些特定领域的使⽤，譬如医学、⾦融等领域.⽬前针对机器学习的可解释性综述性的⼯作极少，因此，将现有的可解释⽅法进⾏归类描述和分析⽐较，⼀⽅⾯对可解释性的定义、度量进⾏阐述，另⼀⽅⾯针对可解释对象的不同，从模型的解释、预测结果的解释和模仿者模型的解释3个⽅⾯，总结和分析各种机器学习可解释技术，并讨论了机器学习可解释⽅法⾯临的挑战和机遇以及未来的可能发展⽅向.Abstract 2Deep learning is an important field of machine learning research, which is widely used in industry for its powerful feature extraction capabilities and advanced performance in many applications. However, due to the bias in training data labeling and model design, research shows that deep learning may aggravate human bias and discrimination in some applications, which results in unfairness during the decision-making process, thereby will cause negative impact to both individuals and socials. To improve the reliability of deep learning and promote its development in the field of fairness, we review the sources of bias in deep learning, debiasing methods for different types biases, fairness measure metrics for measuring the effect of debiasing, and current popular debiasing platforms, based on the existing research work. In the end we explore the open issues in existing fairness research field and future development trends.摘要：深度学习是机器学习研究中的⼀个重要领域，它具有强⼤的特征提取能⼒，且在许多应⽤中表现出先进的性能，因此在⼯业界中被⼴泛应⽤.然⽽，由于训练数据标注和模型设计存在偏见，现有的研究表明深度学习在某些应⽤中可能会强化⼈类的偏见和歧视，导致决策过程中的不公平现象产⽣，从⽽对个⼈和社会产⽣潜在的负⾯影响.为提⾼深度学习的应⽤可靠性、推动其在公平领域的发展，针对已有的研究⼯作，从数据和模型2⽅⾯出发，综述了深度学习应⽤中的偏见来源、针对不同类型偏见的去偏⽅法、评估去偏效果的公平性评价指标、以及⽬前主流的去偏平台，最后总结现有公平性研究领域存在的开放问题以及未来的发展趋势.Abstract 3TensorFlow Lite (TFLite) is a lightweight, fast and cross-platform open source machine learning framework specifically designed for mobile and IoT. It’s part of TensorFlow and supports multiple platforms such as Android, iOS, embedded Linux, and MCU etc. It greatly reduces the barrier for developers, accelerates the development of on-device machine learning (ODML), and makes ML run everywhere. This article introduces the trend, challenges and typical applications of ODML; the origin and system architecture of TFLite; best practices and tool chains suitable for ML beginners; and the roadmap of TFLite.摘要： TensorFlow Lite(TFLite)是⼀个轻量、快速、跨平台的专门针对移动和IoT场景的开源机器学习框架，是TensorFlow 的⼀部分，⽀持安卓、iOS、嵌⼊式Linux以及MCU等多个平台部署.它⼤⼤降低开发者使⽤门槛，加速端侧机器学习的发展，推动机器学习⽆处不在.介绍了端侧机器学习的浪潮、挑战和典型应⽤；TFLite的起源和系统架构；TFLite的最佳实践，以及适合初学者的⼯具链；展望了未来的发展⽅向.Abstract 4The rapid development of the Internet accesses many new applications including real time multi-media service, remote cloud service, etc. These applications require various types of service quality, which is a significant challenge towards current best effort routing algorithms. Since the recent huge success in applying machine learning in game, computervision and natural language processing, many people tries to design “smart” routing algorithms based on machine learning methods. In contrary with traditional model-based, decentralized routing algorithms (e.g.OSPF), machine learning based routing algorithms are usually data-driven, which can adapt to dynamically changing network environments and accommodate different service quality requirements. Data-driven routing algorithms based on machine learning approach have shown great potential in becoming an important part of the next generation network. However, researches on artificial intelligent routing are still on a very beginning stage. In this paper we firstly introduce current researches on data-driven routing algorithms based on machine learning approach, showing the main ideas, application scenarios and pros and cons of these different works. Our analysis shows that current researches are mainly for the principle of machine learning based routing algorithms but still far from deployment in real scenarios. So we then analyze different training and deploying methods for machine learning based routing algorithms in real scenarios and propose two reasonable approaches to train and deploy such routing algorithms with low overhead and high reliability. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges and show several potential research directions for machine learning based routing algorithms in the future.摘要：互联⽹的飞速发展催⽣了很多新型⽹络应⽤，其中包括实时多媒体流服务、远程云服务等.现有尽⼒⽽为的路由转发算法难以满⾜这些应⽤所带来的多样化的⽹络服务质量需求.随着近些年将机器学习⽅法应⽤于游戏、计算机视觉、⾃然语⾔处理获得了巨⼤的成功，很多⼈尝试基于机器学习⽅法去设计智能路由算法.相⽐于传统数学模型驱动的分布式路由算法⽽⾔，基于机器学习的路由算法通常是数据驱动的，这使得其能够适应动态变化的⽹络环境以及多样的性能评价指标优化需求.基于机器学习的数据驱动智能路由算法⽬前已经展⽰出了巨⼤的潜⼒，未来很有希望成为下⼀代互联⽹的重要组成部分.然⽽现有对于智能路由的研究仍然处于初步阶段.⾸先介绍了现有数据驱动智能路由算法的相关研究，展现了这些⽅法的核⼼思想和应⽤场景并分析了这些⼯作的优势与不⾜.分析表明，现有基于机器学习的智能路由算法研究主要针对算法原理,这些路由算法距离真实环境下部署仍然很遥远.因此接下来分析了不同的真实场景智能路由算法训练和部署⽅案并提出了2种合理的训练部署框架以使得智能路由算法能够低成本、⾼可靠性地在真实场景被部署.最后分析了基于机器学习的智能路由算法未来发展中所⾯临的机遇与挑战并给出了未来的研究⽅向.Abstract 5In recent years, the rapid development of Internet technology has greatly facilitated the daily life of human, and it is inevitable that massive information erupts in a blowout. How to quickly and effectively obtain the required information on the Internet is an urgent problem. The automatic text summarization technology can effectively alleviate this problem. As one of the most important fields in natural language processing and artificial intelligence, it can automatically produce a concise and coherent summary from a long text or text set through computer, in which the summary should accurately reflect the central themes of source text. In this paper, we expound the connotation of automatic summarization, review the development of automatic text summarization technique and introduce two main techniques in detail: extractive and abstractive summarization, including feature scoring, classification method, linear programming, submodular function, graph ranking, sequence labeling, heuristic algorithm, deep learning, etc. We also analyze the datasets and evaluation metrics that are commonly used in automatic summarization. Finally, the challenges ahead and the future trends of research and application have been predicted.摘要：近年来，互联⽹技术的蓬勃发展极⼤地便利了⼈类的⽇常⽣活，不可避免的是互联⽹中的信息呈井喷式爆发，如何从中快速有效地获取所需信息显得极为重要.⾃动⽂本摘要技术的出现可以有效缓解该问题，其作为⾃然语⾔处理和⼈⼯智能领域的重要研究内容之⼀，利⽤计算机⾃动地从长⽂本或⽂本集合中提炼出⼀段能准确反映源⽂中⼼内容的简洁连贯的短⽂.探讨⾃动⽂本摘要任务的内涵，回顾和分析了⾃动⽂本摘要技术的发展，针对⽬前主要的2种摘要产⽣形式(抽取式和⽣成式)的具体⼯作进⾏了详细介绍，包括特征评分、分类算法、线性规划、次模函数、图排序、序列标注、启发式算法、深度学习等算法.并对⾃动⽂本摘要常⽤的数据集以及评价指标进⾏了分析，最后对其⾯临的挑战和未来的研究趋势、应⽤等进⾏了预测.Abstract 6With the high-speed development of Internet of things, wearable devices and mobile communication technology, large-scale data continuously generate and converge to multiple data collectors, which influences people’s life in many ways. Meanwhile, it also causes more and more severe privacy leaks. Traditional privacy aware mechanisms such as differential privacy, encryption and anonymization are not enough to deal with the serious situation. What is more, the data convergence leads to data monopoly which hinders the realization of the big data value seriously. Besides, tampered data, single point failure in data quality management and so on may cause untrustworthy data-driven decision-making. How to use big data correctly has become an important issue. For those reasons, we propose the data transparency, aiming to provide solution for the correct use of big data. Blockchain originated from digital currency has the characteristics of decentralization, transparency and immutability, and it provides an accountable and secure solution for data transparency. In this paper, we first propose the definition and research dimension of the data transparency from the perspective of big data life cycle, and we also analyze and summary the methods to realize data transparency. Then, we summary the research progress of blockchain-based data transparency. Finally, we analyze the challenges that may arise in the process of blockchain-based data transparency.摘要：物联⽹、穿戴设备和移动通信等技术的⾼速发展促使数据源源不断地产⽣并汇聚⾄多⽅数据收集者，由此带来更严峻的隐私泄露问题, 然⽽传统的差分隐私、加密和匿名等隐私保护技术还不⾜以应对.更进⼀步，数据的⾃主汇聚导致数据垄断问题，严重影响了⼤数据价值实现.此外，⼤数据决策过程中，数据⾮真实产⽣、被篡改和质量管理过程中的单点失败等问题导致数据决策不可信.如何使这些问题得到有效治理，使数据被正确和规范地使⽤是⼤数据发展⾯临的主要挑战.⾸先，提出数据透明化的概念和研究框架，旨在增加⼤数据价值实现过程的透明性，从⽽为上述问题提供解决⽅案.然后，指出数据透明化的实现需求与区块链的特性天然契合，并对⽬前基于区块链的数据透明化研究现状进⾏总结.最后，对基于区块链的数据透明化可能⾯临的挑战进⾏分析.Abstract 7Blockchain technology is a new emerging technology that has the potential to revolutionize many traditional industries. Since the creation of Bitcoin, which represents blockchain 1.0, blockchain technology has been attracting extensive attention and a great amount of user transaction data has been accumulated. Furthermore, the birth of Ethereum, which represents blockchain 2.0, further enriches data type in blockchain. While the popularity of blockchain technology bringing about a lot of technical innovation, it also leads to many new problems, such as user privacy disclosure and illegal financial activities. However, the public accessible of blockchain data provides unprecedented opportunity for researchers to understand and resolve these problems through blockchain data analysis. Thus, it is of great significance to summarize the existing research problems, the results obtained, the possible research trends, and the challenges faced in blockchain data analysis. To this end, a comprehensive review and summary of the progress of blockchain data analysis is presented. The review begins by introducing the architecture and key techniques of blockchain technology and providing the main data types in blockchain with the corresponding analysis methods. Then, the current research progress in blockchain data analysis is summarized in seven research problems, which includes entity recognition, privacy disclosure risk analysis, network portrait, network visualization, market effect analysis, transaction pattern recognition, illegal behavior detection and analysis. Finally, the directions, prospects and challenges for future research are explored based on the shortcomings of current research.摘要：区块链是⼀项具有颠覆许多传统⾏业的潜⼒的新兴技术.⾃以⽐特币为代表的区块链1.0诞⽣以来，区块链技术获得了⼴泛的关注，积累了⼤量的⽤户交易数据.⽽以以太坊为代表的区块链2.0的诞⽣，更加丰富了区块链的数据类型.区块链技术的⽕热，催⽣了⼤量基于区块链的技术创新的同时也带来许多新的问题，如⽤户隐私泄露，⾮法⾦融活动等.⽽区块链数据公开的特性，为研究⼈员通过分析区块链数据了解和解决相关问题提供了前所未有的机会.因此，总结⽬前区块链数据存在的研究问题、取得的分析成果、可能的研究趋势以及⾯临的挑战具有重要意义.为此，全⾯回顾和总结了当前的区块链数据分析的成果，在介绍区块链技术架构和关键技术的基础上，分析了⽬前区块链系统中主要的数据类型，总结了⽬前区块链数据的分析⽅法，并就实体识别、隐私泄露风险分析、⽹络画像、⽹络可视化、市场效应分析、交易模式识别、⾮法⾏为检测与分析等7个问题总结了当前区块链数据分析的研究进展.最后针对⽬前区块链数据分析研究中存在的不⾜分析和展望了未来的研究⽅向以及⾯临的挑战.Abstract 8In recent years, as more and more large-scale scientific facilities have been built and significant scientific experiments have been carried out, scientific research has entered an unprecedented big data era. Scientific research in big data era is a process of big science, big demand, big data, big computing, and big discovery. It is of important significance to develop a full life cycle data management system for scientific big data. In this paper, we first introduce the background of the development of scientific big data management system. Then we specify the concepts and three key characteristics of scientific big data. After an review of scientific data resource development projects and scientific data management systems, a framework is proposed aiming at the full life cycle management of scientific big data. Further, we introduce the key technologies of the management framework including data fusion, real-time analysis, long termstorage, cloud service, and data opening and sharing. Finally, we summarize the research progress in this field, and look into the application prospects of scientific big data management system.摘要：近年来，随着越来越多的⼤科学装置的建设和重⼤科学实验的开展，科学研究进⼊到⼀个前所未有的⼤数据时代.⼤数据时代科学研究是⼀个⼤科学、⼤需求、⼤数据、⼤计算、⼤发现的过程，研发⼀个⽀持科学⼤数据全⽣命周期的数据管理系统具有重要的意义.分析了研发科学⼤数据管理系统的背景，阐述了科学⼤数据的概念和三⼤特征，通过对科学数据资源发展和科学数据管理系统的研究进展进⾏综述分析，提出了满⾜科学数据管理全⽣命周期的科学⼤数据管理框架，并从数据融合、数据实时分析、长期存储、云服务体系以及数据开放共享机制5个⽅⾯分析了科学⼤数据管理系统中的关键技术.最后，结合科学研究领域展望了科学⼤数据管理系统的应⽤前景.Abstract 9Recently, research on deep learning applied to cyberspace security has caused increasing academic concern, and this survey analyzes the current research situation and trends of deep learning applied to cyberspace security in terms of classification algorithms, feature extraction and learning performance. Currently deep learning is mainly applied to malware detection and intrusion detection, and this survey reveals the existing problems of these applications: feature selection,which could be achieved by extracting features from raw data; self-adaptability, achieved by early-exit strategy to update the model in real time; interpretability, achieved by influence functions to obtain the correspondence between features and classification labels. Then, top 10 obstacles and opportunities in deep learning research are summarized. Based on this, top 10 obstacles and opportunities of deep learning applied to cyberspace security are at first proposed, which falls into three categories. The first category is intrinsic vulnerabilities of deep learning to adversarial attacks and privacy-theft attacks. The second category is sequence-model related problems, including program syntax analysis, program code generation and long-term dependences in sequence modeling. The third category is learning performance problems, including poor interpretability and traceability, poor self-adaptability and self-learning ability, false positives and data unbalance. Main obstacles and their opportunities among the top 10 are analyzed, and we also point out that applications using classification models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks and the most effective solution is adversarial training; collaborative deep learning applications are vulnerable to privacy-theft attacks, and prospective defense is teacher-student model. Finally, future research trends of deep learning applied to cyberspace security are introduced.摘要：近年来，深度学习应⽤于⽹络空间安全的研究逐渐受到国内外学者的关注，从分类算法、特征提取和学习效果等⽅⾯分析了深度学习应⽤于⽹络空间安全领域的研究现状与进展.⽬前，深度学习主要应⽤于恶意软件检测和⼊侵检测两⼤⽅⾯，指出了这些应⽤存在的问题：特征选择问题，需从原始数据中提取更全⾯的特征；⾃适应性问题，可通过early-exit策略对模型进⾏实时更新；可解释性问题，可使⽤影响函数得到特征与分类标签之间的相关性.其次，归纳总结了深度学习发展⾯临的⼗⼤问题与机遇，在此基础上，⾸次归纳了深度学习应⽤于⽹络空间安全所⾯临的⼗⼤问题与机遇，并将⼗⼤问题与机遇归为3类：1)算法脆弱性问题，包括深度学习模型易受对抗攻击和隐私窃取攻击；2)序列化模型相关问题，包括程序语法分析、程序代码⽣成和序列建模长期依赖问题；3)算法性能问题，即可解释性和可追溯性问题、⾃适应性和⾃学习性问题、存在误报以及数据集不均衡的问题.对⼗⼤问题与机遇中主要问题及其解决⽅案进⾏了分析，指出对于分类的应⽤易受对抗攻击，最有效的防御⽅案是对抗训练；基于协作性深度学习进⾏分类的安全应⽤易受隐私窃取攻击，防御的研究⽅向是教师学⽣模型.最后，指出了深度学习应⽤于⽹络空间安全未来的研究发展趋势.。
What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history of technology development.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The future predictions of technological advancements.D. The challenges faced by technologists.The author mentions "digital divide" to refer to:A. The gap between urban and rural areas.B. The difference in access to technology.C. The divide between generations.D. The variation in educational levels.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of online learning?A. Flexibility in scheduling.B. Reduced social interaction.C. Access to a wide range of courses.D. Personalized learning experience.What does the phrase "climate change" primarily signify?A. Seasonal variations.B. Long-term alterations in weather patterns.C. Occasional extreme weather events.D. Changes in ocean currents.The passage argues that sustainable development requires:A. Rapid industrialization.B. Balancing economic growth and environmental protection.C. Decreased use of renewable resources.D. Limited social welfare programs.Which of the following is an example of a non-renewable resource?A. Solar energy.B. Fossil fuels.C. Wind power.D. Hydroelectric power.The term "biodiversity" refers to:A. The variety of life in a particular habitat.B. The study of genetic mutations.C. The process of natural selection.D. The conservation of endangered species.What is the author's attitude towards the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare?A. Cautious.B. Optimistic.C. Critical.D. Neutral.The passage suggests that effective communication can be enhanced by:A. Avoiding difficult topics.B. Active listening and clear expression.C. Limiting nonverbal cues.D. Relying solely on technology.。
感官分析术语与分析方法有关的术语The document was prepared on January 2, 2021GB —88本标准参照采用国际标准ISO 5492/1～6感官分析──词汇.1 主题内容和适用范围本标准规定了感官分析与分析方法有关的术语.2 术语及其定义被检样品test sample被检验产品的一部分.被检部分test portion直接提交评价员检验的那部分被检样品.参照值reference point与被评价的样品对比的一个选择的值一个或几个特性值,或者某产品的值.对照样control选择用作参照值的被检样品.所有其他样品都与其作比较.参比样reference本身不是被检材料,而是用来定义一个特性或者一个给定特性的某一指定水平的物质.差别检验difference test对两种样品进行比较的检验方法.偏爱检验preference test对两种或多种样品估价更喜欢哪一种的检验方法.成对比较检验paired comparison test为了在某些规定的特性基础上进行比较,而成对地给出样品的一种差别检验方法.三点检验triangular test差别检验的一种方法.同时提供三个已编码的样品,其中有两个样品是相同的,要求评价员挑出其中单个的样品.二-三点检验duo-trio test差别检验的一种方法.首先提供对照样品,接着提供两个样品,其中之一与对照样相同,要求评价员识别.“五中取二”检验“two out of five” test差别检验的一种方法.五个已编码的样品,其中有两个是一种类型的,其余三个是另一种类型,要求评价员将这些样品按类型分成两组.“A”-“非A”检验“A”or“not A”test差别检验的一种方法.当评价员学会识别样品“A”以后,将一系列可能是“A”或“非A”的样品提供给他们,要求评价员指出每一个样品是“A”还是“非A”.排序ranking按指定指标的强度或程度排列一系列样品的分类方法.这种方法只将样品排定次序而不估计样品之间差别的大小.分类classification将样品划归到预先定义的名义类别的方法.评估rating按照类别分类的方法.每种类别按有序标度排列.这是一个排定顺序的过程.评分scoring一种使用数字标度评估的形式.在评分中所使用的数字形成等距或比率标度.分等grading由优选评价员或专家在一个或多个指标的基础上对产品按其质量分类.简单描述检验simple descriptive test对样品的各个指标定性描述的一种检验.这些指标构成了样品的整个特征.定量描述和感官剖面检验quantative descriptive and sensory profile tests用可以再现的方式评价产品感官特性的一种检验方法或理论分析的方法.这种评价是使用以前由简单描述检验确定的词汇中选择的词.稀释法dilution method以逐渐降低的浓度制备样品,然后顺序地检验.筛选screening初步的选择过程.配比matching把一对一对出现的相关的样品相等同的过程.通常用以确定对照的和未知的样品之间或两个未知的样品之间的相似程度.客观方法objective method受人为因素影响最小的方法.主观方法subjective method受人为因素影响较大的方法.量值估计magnitude estimation对指标的强度定值的过程.被定值的比率和评价员的感觉是相同的.独立评价independent assessment在没有直接比较的情况下,评价一种或多种刺激.比较评价comparative assessment对同时出现的样品的比较.质量要素quality factor被挑选用以评价某产品整体质量的因素.标度scale报告评价结果所使用的尺度.它是由顺序相连的一些值组成的系统.这些值可以是图形的,描述的或数字的形式.快感标度hedonic scale表达喜欢或厌恶程度的一种标度.单极标度unipolar scale有零端点的一种标度.例如从无味到很甜这样一种表示溶液味道的标度双极标度bipolar scale在两端点有相反刻度的一种标度.例如从硬的到柔软的这样一种质地标度顺序标度ordinal scale以预先确定的单位或以连续级数作单位的一种标度.顺序标度既无绝对零点又无相等单位,因此这种标度只能提供对象强度的顺序,而不能提供对象之间差异的大小.等距标度interval scale有相等单位但无绝对零点的标度.相等的单位是指相同的数字间隔代表了相同的感官知觉差别.等距标度可以度量对象强度之间差异的大小,但不能比较对象强度之间的比率.比率标度ratio scale既有绝对零点又有相等单位的标度.比率标度不但可以度量对象强度之间的绝对差异,又可度量对象强度之间的比率.这是一种最精确的标度.附加说明：本标准由中华人民共和国农业部提出.本标准由全国农业分析标准化技术委员会归口.本标准由中国标准化综合研究所、中国农科院分析室负责起草.本标准主要起草人毕健、陈必芳、周苏玉.附录 A汉 语 索 引参考件A“A”－“非A”检验 ……………………B被检部分 ………………………………被检样品 ……………………………………… 比较评价……………………………… 比率标度……………………………………… 标度……………………………………C参比样 ………………………………… 参照值 ………………………………………… 差别检验 ……………………………… 差别阈………………………………………… 尝味 …………………………………… 成对比较检验 ………………………………… 稠度…………………………………… 初级评价员 …………………………………… 刺激 …………………………………… 刺激阈…………………………………………D单极标度……………………………… 等距标度……………………………………… 定量描述和感官剖面检动验…………… 觉…………………………………………… 独立评价……………………………… 对比效应……………………………………… 对照样 …………………………………E二-.三点检验………………………F乏味的………………………………… 芳香…………………………………………… 分等…………………………………… 分类…………………………………………… 风味 …………………………………… 风味增强剂…………………………………… 肤觉……………………………………G感官分析 ……………………………… 感官检查 ……………………………………… 感官检验 ……………………………… 感官疲劳……………………………………… 感官评价 ……………………………… 感官适应……………………………………… 感官特性 ……………………………… 感觉 …………………………………………… 感受器 …………………………………H后味…………………………………… 厚味的…………………………………………J基本味假热效简单描述检验…………………………碱味的 ………………………………………… 拮抗效应……………………………… 结实的………………………………………… 接受…………………………………… 觉察阈…………………………………………K开胃…………………………………… 客观方法……………………………………… 可接受性……………………………… 可口性………………………………………… 口感…………………………………… 苦味的 ………………………………………… 快感标度………………………………L老的…………………………………… 量值估计………………………………………M敏感性………………………………N嫩的…………………………………P排序…………………………………… 配比…………………………………………… 偏爱检验 ……………………………… 品尝 …………………………………………… 品尝员 ………………………………… 评分…………………………………………… 评评价小评价员 ………………………………… 平味的…………………………………………Q气味…………………………………… 气味测量……………………………………… 强度…………………………………… 区别……………………………………………R柔软的…………………………………S三点检验 ……………………………… 色觉障碍……………………………………… 涩味的 ………………………………… 筛选…………………………………………… 识别阈………………………………… 视觉…………………………………………… 食欲…………………………………… 手感…………………………………………… 收敛效应………………………………双极标度……………………………………… 顺序标度……………………………… 酥的…………………………………………… 酸感 …………………………………… 酸味的 …………………………………………T特征…………………………………… 甜味的 ………………………………………… 听觉……………………………………W外观…………………………………… 味道…………………………………………… 味觉 …………………………………… 味觉缺失……………………………………… 无味的………………………………… “五中取二”检验……………………………X稀释法………………………………… 咸味的 …………………………………………协同效应……………………………… 心理物理学……………………………………嗅 ……………………………………… 嗅觉 ……………………………………………嗅觉测量……………………………… 嗅觉测量仪……………………………………嗅觉过敏……………………………… 嗅觉减退………………………………………嗅觉缺失………………………………Y掩蔽…………………………………… 厌恶……………………………………………颜色…………………………………… 硬的……………………………………………异常风味 ……………………………… 异常气味 ………………………………………异常特征……………………………… 优选评价员 ……………………………………有硬壳的……………………………… 阈上的…………………………………………余味…………………………………… 阈下的…………………………………………阈………………………………………Z最大阈………………………………… 玷染……………………………………………质地…………………………………… 滞留度…………………………………………知觉 …………………………………… 质量要素………………………………………主观方法……………………………… 专家 ……………………………………………附 录 B英文索引参考件A“A”or“not A”test ……………………………………………………………………………… acceptability………………………………………………………………………………………… acceptance …………………………………………………………………………………………… acid……………………………………………………………………………………………………… after-taste…………………………………………………………………………………………… ageusia………………………………………………………………………………………………… alkaline………………………………………………………………………………………………… anosmia………………………………………………………………………………………………… antagonism …………………………………………………………………………………………… appearance …………………………………………………………………………………………… appetising …………………………………………………………………………………………… appetite ……………………………………………………………………………………………… aroma…………………………………………………………………………………………………… assessor………………………………………………………………………………………………… astringent……………………………………………………………………………………………… auditory sensation ………………………………………………………………………………… aversion ………………………………………………………………………………………………Bbipolar scale………………………………………………………………………………………… bitter…………………………………………………………………………………………………… bland……………………………………………………………………………………………………Ccolour …………………………………………………………………………………………………comparative assessment ……………………………………………………………………………consistency……………………………………………………………………………………………contrast effect………………………………………………………………………………………control …………………………………………………………………………………………………convergence effect …………………………………………………………………………………crisp……………………………………………………………………………………………………crusty …………………………………………………………………………………………………Ddetection threshold…………………………………………………………………………………difference test ………………………………………………………………………………………difference threshold ………………………………………………………………………………dilution method………………………………………………………………………………………discrimination ………………………………………………………………………………………duo-trio test…………………………………………………………………………………………dyschromalops ia………………………………………………………………………………………Eexpert……………………………………………………………………………………………………Ffirm ……………………………………………………………………………………………………flavour …………………………………………………………………………………………………flavour enhancer ……………………………………………………………………………………flavourless……………………………………………………………………………………………Ggrading…………………………………………………………………………………………………gustation ………………………………………………………………………………………………Hhandfeel ………………………………………………………………………………………………hard ……………………………………………………………………………………………………hyperosmia ……………………………………………………………………………………………hyposmia ………………………………………………………………………………………………Iindependent assessment ……………………………………………………………………………insipid…………………………………………………………………………………………………intensity………………………………………………………………………………………………interval scale ………………………………………………………………………………………Kkinesthesis……………………………………………………………………………………………Mmagnitude estimation ………………………………………………………………………………masking…………………………………………………………………………………………………matching ………………………………………………………………………………………………mouthfeel………………………………………………………………………………………………Nnote ……………………………………………………………………………………………………Oobjective method ……………………………………………………………………………………odorimetry ……………………………………………………………………………………………odour……………………………………………………………………………………………………off-flavour ……………………………………………………………………………………………off-note ………………………………………………………………………………………………off-odour ………………………………………………………………………………………………olfactometer …………………………………………………………………………………………olfactometry …………………………………………………………………………………………olfaction ………………………………………………………………………………………………ordinal scale…………………………………………………………………………………………organoleptic attribute………………………………………………………………………………Ppaired comparison test………………………………………………………………………………palatability …………………………………………………………………………………………panel ……………………………………………………………………………………………………perception………………………………………………………………………………………………persistence……………………………………………………………………………………………preference test ………………………………………………………………………………………primary assessor………………………………………………………………………………………primary taste…………………………………………………………………………………………pseudothermal effects………………………………………………………………………………psychophysics…………………………………………………………………………………………Qquality factor ………………………………………………………………………………………quantative descriptive and sensory profile tests …………………………………………Rranking…………………………………………………………………………………………………rating …………………………………………………………………………………………………ratio scale……………………………………………………………………………………………receptor…………………………………………………………………………………………………recognition threshold………………………………………………………………………………reference ………………………………………………………………………………………………reference point ………………………………………………………………………………………residual taste ………………………………………………………………………………………Ssalty ……………………………………………………………………………………………………sapid……………………………………………………………………………………………………scale……………………………………………………………………………………………………scoring…………………………………………………………………………………………………screening………………………………………………………………………………………………selected assessor ……………………………………………………………………………………sensation ………………………………………………………………………………………………sensitivity……………………………………………………………………………………………sensory adaptation …………………………………………………………………………………sensory analysis………………………………………………………………………………………sensory evaluation……………………………………………………………………………………sensory examination …………………………………………………………………………………sensory test……………………………………………………………………………………………sensory fatigue………………………………………………………………………………………simple descriptive test……………………………………………………………………………skin sensation ………………………………………………………………………………………smell,to…………………………………………………………………………………………………soft ……………………………………………………………………………………………………sour………………………………………………………………………………………………………stimulus…………………………………………………………………………………………………stimulus threshold …………………………………………………………………………………subjective method……………………………………………………………………………………sub-threshold…………………………………………………………………………………………supra-threshold………………………………………………………………………………………sweet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………synergism………………………………………………………………………………………………Ttaint……………………………………………………………………………………………………taste ……………………………………………………………………………………………、tasteless………………………………………………………………………………………………taster………………………………………………………………………………………………………tasting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………tender ……………………………………………………………………………………………………terminal threshold ……………………………………………………………………………………test portion………………………………………………………………………………………………test sample ………………………………………………………………………………………………texture……………………………………………………………………………………………………threshold…………………………………………………………………………………………………tough………………………………………………………………………………………………………triangular test …………………………………………………………………………………………“two out of five”test………………………………………………………………………………Uunipolarscale ………………………………………………………………………………………Vvisual sensation ……………………………………………………………………………………。
PROS:A Personalized Ranking Platformfor Web SearchPaul-Alexandru Chirita1,Daniel Olmedilla1,and Wolfgang Nejdl1L3S and University of HannoverDeutscher Pavillon Expo Plaza130539Hannover,Germany{chirita,olmedilla,nejdl}@learninglab.deAbstract.Current search engines rely on centralized page ranking algorithmswhich compute page rank values as single(global)values for each Web page.Recent work on topic-sensitive PageRank[6]and personalized PageRank[8]hasexplored how to extend PageRank values with personalization aspects.To achievepersonalization,these algorithms need specific input:[8]for example needs a setof personalized hub pages with high PageRank to drive the computation.In thispaper we show how to automate this hub selection process and build upon the lat-ter algorithm to implement a platform for personalized ranking.We start from theset of bookmarks collected by a user and extend it to contain a set of hubs withhigh PageRank related to them.To get additional input about the user,we im-plemented a proxy server which tracks and analyzes user’s surfing behavior andoutputs a set of pages preferred by the user.This set is then enrichened using ourHubFinder algorithm,whichfinds related pages,and used as extended input forthe[8]algorithm.All algorithms are integrated into a prototype of a personalizedWeb search system,for which we present afirst evaluation.1IntroductionUsing the link structure of the World Wide Web to rank pages in search engines has been investigated heavily in recent years.The success of the Google Search Engine[5, 3]has inspired much of this work,but has lead also to the realization that further im-provements are needed.The amount and diversity of Web pages(Google now indicates about4.3billion pages)lead researchers to explore faster and more personalized page ranking algorithms,in order to address the fact that some topics are covered by only a few thousand pages and some are covered by millions.For many topics,the exist-ing PageRank algorithm is not sufficient tofilter the results of a search engine query. Take for example the well-known query with the word“Java”which should return top results for either the programming language or the island in the Pacific:Google defini-tively prefers the programming language because there are many more important pages on it than on the island.Moreover,most of the existing search engines focus only on answering user queries,although personalization will be more and more important as the amount of information available in the Web increases.Recently,several approaches to solve such problems have been investigated,building upon content analysis or on algorithms which build page ranks personalized for users or classes of users.The most2ambitious investigation so far for personalized ranking has been[8],which we have used as starting point for our work.This paper describes the design and implementation of PROS,a personalized rank-ing platform which uses the algorithm presented in[8](called the“PPR algorithm”–Personalized PageRank–hereafter)plus new algorithms for automated input gen-eration to drive and optimize this algorithm.Our platform is based on HubFinder,an algorithm we developed tofind related pages(or hubs,depending on the user)and on a proxy server meant to(temporarily)capture user’s surfing behavior.Hubs in this con-text are Web pages pointing to many other important pages(i.e.with a high rank).Their counterpart are authorities,which are high quality pages pointed by many hubs.In the original[8]paper,PPR user profiles,used as input for building personalized ranks,are gained by presenting users a set of pages/hubs with high PageRank(as com-puted using[14])from which they can choose a set of preferred pages.The disadvantage of this procedure is that this operation takes time and might often be superfluous as most Internet users have some bookmarks of their own already,which could be used to de-rive their user profile.We therefore wanted to build such a preference set automatically, using user’s bookmarks and/or most surfed pages(i.e.pages read for a longer period of time,or voted for by a user).This resulting set can then be extended using an algorithm whichfinds high quality related pages.The contributions of this paper are:(1)a platform which automates the computation of personalized ranks by generating more comprehensive input data with less user ef-fort,and which consists of two modules:one based on user’s bookmarks and the other based on the output of a specialized proxy server which computes the pages most likely to be considered interesting by the user;(2)both modules use HubFinder–a fast and flexible algorithm forfinding related pages using the link structure of the World Wide Web,and HubRank–a modified PageRank algorithm which combines the authority value with the hub value of Web pages,in order to further extend these sets of Web pages into the input data needed by the PPR algorithm;and(3)first experimental re-sults from integrating PROS into a personalized Web search system.We will start by covering the algorithms related to or directly used as background of our research in section2.Section3discusses our PROS platform,which automates the computation of personalized ranks.First experimental results are presented in section4. Finally,section5describes other related Web search systems,and section6concludes with discussion of further work.2Background2.1Web GraphIn the paper we will use a notation similar to[8].G=(V,E)represents the Web graph, where V is the set of all Web pages and E is the set of directed edges<p,q>.E contains an edge<p,q>iff a page p links to page q.I(p)denotes the set of in-neighbors(pages pointing to p)and O(p)the set of out-neighbors(pages pointed to by p).For each in-neighbor we use I i(p)(1≤i≤|I(p|),the same applies to each out-neighbor.We refer v(p)to denote the p-th component of v.We will typeset vectors in boldface and scalars(e.g.,v(p))in normal font.3Let A be the adjacency matrix corresponding to the Web graph G with A ij=1|O(j)| if page j links to page i and A ij=0otherwise.2.2PageRankPageRank is an algorithm for computing a Web page score based on the graph inferred from the link structure of the Web.The motivating idea for PageRank is that pages with many backlinks are more important than pages with only a few backlinks.As this simple definition would allow a malicious user to easily increase the”importance”of his page simply by creating lots of pages pointing to it,the PageRank algorithm uses the following recursive description:“a page has high rank if the sum of the ranks of its backlinks is high”.Stated another way,the vector PR of page ranks is the eigenvector of A corresponding to its dominant eigenvalue.Given a Web page p,the PageRank formula is:P R(p)=(1−c)q∈O p P R(q)O(q)+cE(p)(1)The dumping factor c<1(usually0.15)is necessary to guarantee convergence(A is not irreducible,i.e.G is not strongly connected)and to limit the effect of rank sinks [2].Intuitively,a random surfer will follow an outgoing link from the current page with probability(1−c)and will get bored and select a different page with probability c. 2.3Personalized Page RankingPageRank.Initial steps towards personalized page ranking are already described by [14]who proposed a slight modification of the PageRank algorithm to redirect the ran-dom surfer towards preferred pages using the E vector.Several distributions for this vector have been proposed since.Topic-sensitive PageRank.[6]builds a topic-oriented PageRank,starting by com-puting off-line a set of16PageRank vectors based on the16main topics of the Open Directory Project[13].Then,the similarity between a user query and each of these topics is computed,and the16vectors are combined using appropriate weights.Personalized PageRank.Description.As the most recent investigation,[8]uses a new approach:it focuses on user profiles.One Personalized PageRank Vector(PPV)is computed for each user.The personalization aspect of this algorithm stems from a set of hubs(H),each user having to select her preferred pages from it.PPVs can be expressed as a linear combination of basis vectors(PPVs for preference vectors with a single non-zero entry corresponding to each of the pages from P,the preference set),which could be selected from the precomputed basis hub vectors,one for each page from H,the hub set.To avoid the massive storage resources the basis hub vectors would use,they are decomposed into partial vectors(which encode the part unique to each page,computed at run-time)and the hub skeleton(which captures the interrelationships among hub vectors,stored off-line).Algorithm.In thefirst part of the paper,the authors present three different algorithms for computing basis vectors:”Basic Dynamic Programming”,”Selective Expansion”4and”Repeated Squaring”.In the second part,specializations of these algorithms are combined into a general algorithm for computing PPVs,as depicted below:pute one partial vector for each page in H using a specialization of the SelectiveExpansion algorithm.pute the hubs skeleton using a specialization of the Repeated Squaring algo-rithm and taking the intermediate results from step1as input.pute the PPV using the computed partial vectors and hubs skeleton,and thepreference vector.For an in-depth view of this process,we refer the reader to[8].3PROS:A Personalized Ranking PlatformIntroduction.As explained before,personalized rankings can improve current Web search systems by adapting results to user preferences.The algorithm presented in[8] is the most recent step in this direction.An issue left open in[8]is how a set of highly rated hubs,needed as input for the adaptation process,is selected by the user.The personalization(and therefore success)relies on the user’s ability to choose such high quality hubs which match her preferences.In this section,we describe how to exploit information collected from the user to de-rive the highly rated hubs that represent the user profile.The computation is performed automatically based on the following input:–Most surfed pages.Pages visited by the user are tracked using a specialized proxy we implemented.The proxy records information about the duration the user looked at a page and how frequently she returned to it.–User’s bookmarks.Additionally,we use the user’s bookmarks as an indication for user preferences.Currently,bookmarks are directly provided by the user,but this interaction could also be automated(ing a browser plugin).Architecture.The PROS platform consists of two main modules,which use the two input sets described above.They use HubFinder and HubRank,two algorithms we developed forfinding related pages using the Web link structure and for ranking Web pages,respectively(presented briefly later in this section and in more detail in[4]).Thefirst module consists of applying the following operations:1.Get bookmarks from the user.2.Add bookmarks to the preference set.3.Apply HubFinder,using user’s bookmarks as input and HubRank scores as trim-ming criterion.HubRank is the best criterion in this situation,because the PPR al-gorithm needs hubs with high PageRank as input and HubRank has been designed as a biasing of PageRank towards hubs,as discussed later in this section.4.Add the preference set and the output from the previous step to the hub set.The second module is based on using a proxy server for a limited period of time in order to capture user’s”surfing behavior”.Its modus operandi is described below:1.The user surfs the Web using a given proxy.The proxy will output the pages exam-ined by the user for a certain period of time(there must be both a lower threshold and an upper one to avoid the situation when the user leaves the browser open for5a long period of time without using it),as well as those most frequently revisited.The more time it is used,the better ranking accuracy will be aquired.2.Add the user’s most surfed pages(as recorded by the proxy)to the preference set.3.Apply HubFinder with HubRank as criterion and a small radius and number ofoutput pages.We want the pages related to user’s bookmarks to be more important than the pages related to his/her most surfed ones and using a smaller radius is a way to achieve this.4.Add user’s most surfed pages,as well as the pages related to them to the hub set.Finally,the PPR algorithm is executed using the newly computed preference and hub sets.The complete process is depicted infigure1.Fig.1.Personalized Ranking PlatformHubFinder is an algorithm forfinding hubs,related to an initial base set of Web pages.We define related similarly to[7],ing only link information as input.Two pages are related if one is accessible from the other via the link structure of the Web graph(following either in-going or out-going links).We should also add that the dis-tance(the number of links followed)between such two pages is usually less than6 (according to our experiments,in cases where the distance is bigger the link informa-tion becomes insufficient to say that pages are similar in context with a high enough probability),and thus the related hubs are in the vicinity of the starting page.The max-imum distance(notedσand also called radius)is a parameter for HubFinder.In order to get a good set of related pages we took into account the following as-pects:the set has to be small,rich in relevant pages and it should contain many of the strongest authorities.[10]extracts the top results of a query sent to a search engine and builds a focused sub-graph of the WWW around them.It then extends this base set by adding all pages pointed to and at most d pages pointing to each page from it.This op-eration is called Kleinberg extension.The author extends the initial set only once,but he focused on computing Hub and Authority scores,whereas we were focusing onfinding related pages or hubs.Therefore we iteratively apply the Kleinberg extension several times on the resulting set of each previous iteration in order to obtain more pages and thus more representative results.As this scenario leads to very big output sets(up to6500,000pages),trimming is necessary after each intermediate step.The pseudo-code of the resulted HubFinder algorithm is as follows:LetΓbe the Base Set of pages whose related hubs we are looking forΓ←Apply the Kleinberg Extension onΓonceΓ ←ΓFor i=1toσdo:Γ ←Apply the Kleinberg Extension onΓ onceTrimΓ to contain only interesting pages,not contained inΓΓ←Γ+ΓΓ ←ΓEnd ForTrimΓto contain as many interesting pages as desiredReturnΓTwo aspects have to be considered:how many pages should we keep after each iteration and which are the interesting pages?Regarding the former one,we keep one percent of the current set size,whereas the best criterion tackling the latter issue are global rank scores(e.g.as computed with PageRank or a similar algorithm).[4]contains an in-depth discussion of the algorithm,a formula on the exact number of pages to keep, as well as a proposed extension based on text analysis.HubRank.We started from the idea that a page pointing to a good hub is a candidate for having a high hub rank as well.Often we encounter pages(perhaps good authorities) with only a few out-going links,but towards very important hubs.We consider such pages more important than the hubs themselves,because while a hub can cover lots of topics,such a page will usually contain information about the content addressed by the hubs it is pointing to,about the value of their content(e.g.author opinions),etc.To compute these hub scores,we modified the PageRank personalization vector to consider the out-degree of the pages.Intuitively,the random surfer prefers pages with a big out-degree when it gets bored.This way,the global importance of the pages will play an important role in defining general scores,as the random surfer will follow the out-going links with a higher probability than the random ones,and on the other hand,the out-degree of pages will always be considered.In PageRank,the vector E isa uniform distribution with1NP in each entry(where NP is the total number of pages).We set the value of each entry i of E to E i=|O(i)|NP|O|where|O|is the summation ofthe out-going links over the whole Web graph.As PageRank focuses on authorities in thefirst part of the formula,we focused on hubs in the second part.Prototype.Current Web search systems apply only basic personalization techniques (e.g.presenting a user interface in Spanish if the access is from a Spanish IP address). However,this refers only to how the search engine interacts with the user,but it uses the same ranking process no matter who submits the query.To exemplify this problem, let us imagine that a user searches using the keyword”architecture”.Output topics may vary from computer architecture to building architecture or even something else.By extracting user’s interests from her bookmarks(if she likes building architecture she would have some bookmarks on it)and from her most visited pages(she would check buiding architecture pages often),we can create a personalized view of the global ranks, and thus provide tailored output for each user.A screenshot of our prototype can be seen7 infigure2.As a comparison,we present the results obtained when ranking URLs with the PageRank algorithm[14]on the left side,and with PROS on the right.Our tester was interested in building architecture.While with PageRank only two output URLs were relevant,allfive generated by PROS were worthchecking.Fig.2.Prototype of the PROS Web Search System4Experiments and ResultsInput Data.We performed tests on several small Web crawls(3to40thousand pages) and on two bigger ones,one with one million and one with three million Web pages. The results presented in this paper use the largest set.Furthermore,we ran PPR and PROS using several data sets as input and several users,but selected only the most representative experiments here because of space constraints.Algorithm Preference Set Hub Set PPR30user defined er’s bookmarks(30)plus top rankedPageRank pages.Totally about1200pages.PROS30user defined bookmarks plus78pages selected tracking user’s surfingbehavior(108pages in total).The preference set plus its related pages plustop ranked PageRank pages.Totally about1700pages.Table1.Input Data for the PPR algorithm experimentsOurfirst experiment follows all guidelines of the original paper.It has30user book-marks as preference set and a hub set mixing user’s bookmarks with top PageRank doc-8uments.The second experiment uses the input we obtained with our ranking platform.A tester surfed the Web for about two weeks using our proxy and we selected78pages as her”fingerprint”.These were merged with her30bookmarks(same as in thefirst experiment)into the preference set.Then,we applied HubFinder with HubRank as cri-terion on both the set of bookmarks and the set of most surfed pages,obtaining about 900pages from the former one and about400from the latter one(we used a radius of5for the bookmarks and a radius of2for the most surfed pages).To these1300 pages some top PageRank pages were added and the resulting set was used as hub set.A description of the input data used can be found in table1.Our tester was an archi-tect,having traveling and software as other hobbies,and sports as a secondary interest. Her bookmarks were distributed accordingly:15on architecture,7on traveling,6on software and2on sports.Results.To analyze the resulting ranks,we selected some general keywords(see table2)and performed Web searches,exactly as in a search engine.Results were sorted with respect to their ranks,without considering term frequency of keywords in output documents.The ranking algorithms used were PageRank,PPR,and PROS.Although thefirst one does not involve any personalization,we decided to implement it too,as it is the most popular algorithm and useful as background for our evaluation.Query Keywords PageRank PPR PROSRel.Par.Rel.Irrel.Rel.Par.Rel.Irrel.Rel.Par.Rel.Irrel.architecture532370820building325235415Paris604235622park6048021000surf307424721Total235221915163578 Table2.Relevancy value for different search keywords and different algorithms The top10URLs obtained by ranking the search results with each algorithm were classified into the following categories:(a)Relevant(denoted by”Rel.”in table2)if the URL was on one of the four topics of interest of our tester;(b)Partially Relevant(noted as”Par.Rel.”)if it was on a topic related to one of the above-mentioned four ones(e.g.an URL on hardware architectures was considered partially related to computer software); or(c)Irrelevant(”Irrel.”in table2)if it was not in any of the previous categories.A detailed list with all the output URLs can be found in[15].Discussion.The most important issue is that,as expected,the original PageRank algorithm provides top results on several topics,even though the searcher is almost al-ways interested in only a specific one.This behavior is understandable,as the algorithm cannot disambiguate results based on user preferences.The PPR algorithm performs only slightly better in this experiment(the total num-ber of possibly relevant URLs is34,whereas for PageRank it is28),mostly because the input sets were too sparse and qualitatively not very good.This might be improved by adding additional top PageRank pages to the preference set,but we did not use this9 approach,as it would have definitely damaged the personalization aspect(remember that top PageRank pages can be on any topic).Finally,we see significant improvements when using PROS.The number of relevant pages is much higher than for the other two algorithms.However,we still got some bad output URLs(e.g.for the search keyword”building”).We think this happened because of the general profile of our tester.Other tests performed with more focused testers(i.e. with a profile on exclusively one topic,such as”architecture”)provided even better results,but we consider the experiment presented in this paper to be the closest to a real-life situation.As we know from[8],pages from the preference set may have different importance.In our tests,all pages had the same weight,that is1|P S|,where P S is the preference set.Let us denote by B the set of bookmarks and S the set of user’s most surfed pages.Inthis case,we can give for example23∗|B|importance to bookmarks and13∗|S|to user’smost surfed pages.We think this approach(or a more complex one which automatically gives an importance value to each of the most surfed pages,depending on the amount of surfing time or revisits)would provide even more accurate ranks.Further experiments are needed to define the correct biasing of these pages.Generally,our experiments allow us to conclude that PROS increases the ranks of pages similar to user’s bookmarks,as well as those that are most likely to be considered interesting by the user(and thus the granularity of relevant results when performing a Web search).If the tester uses the proxy server for longer periods,the accuracy of the latter set is proportionately bigger(i.e.the size of the”most surfed pages”set is bigger, and therefore the rankings are more accurate).5Other Web Search SystemsResearch on Web searching usually focused on algorithms,as they comprise the most important part of such an engine.However,these algorithms are not always straight-forward to integrate into a search engine and attention must also be paid to the user-search engine interaction.[12]for example aims at satisfying all types of users(either experienced,or novice)by translating the search goal into good query keywords.Al-though search goals must be manually disambigued(e.g.solve a problem,find people who,etc.),the system allows users to type queries in natural language and produces the search keywords automatically using an inference engine.[11]is somehow similar to PROS in the sense that user profiles are built automat-ically and Web pages are recommended to users based on personalization approaches. However,its contributions are orthogonal to ours:surfers are guided towards rele-vant pages while they are browsing judging on the pages they have previously visited, whereas we focus on integrating such personalization into page ranks used by a search engine.[16]presents a new system for computing Web page ranks in a distributed fash-ion,which could be nicely extended by our PROS approach.Another interesting approach is described in[1],which adds personalization to the JobFinder[9]search engine.It uses profile jobs and Information Retrieval operators to classify retrieved jobs as relevant or irrelevant.106Conclusions and Further WorkWe presented the design and implementation of a personal ranking platform(PROS), providing personalized ranking of Web pages based on user preferencees,while au-tomating the input generation process for the PPR algorithm[8].To achieve this,we use user bookmarks as well as a record about the user’s surfing behavior(gained with a proxy),which are then extended using our new HubFinder algorithm with HubRank scores as trimming criterion.HubRank score is based on PageRank but additionally takes hub quality of pages into account.We are currently extending our tests towards more users and different environments in order to get in depth evaluations of our platform.Furthermore,we are investigating the additional inclusion of collaborativefiltering algorithms to PROS,which would allow us to also use personalize ranking based on groups of similar users instead of single users,to further increase the input set available for the personalization algorithm. References1.K.Bradley,R.Rafter,and B.Smyth.Case-based user profiling for content personalization.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems,pages133–143.Springer-Verlag,2000.2.Sergey Brin,Rajeev Motwani,Lawrence Page,and Terry Winograd.What can you do witha web in your pocket?Data Engineering Bulletin,21(2):37–47,1998.3.Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page.The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web searchputer Networks and ISDN Systems,30(1–7):107–117,1998.4.Paul-Alexandru Chirita,Daniel Olmedilla,and Wolfgang Nejdl.Pros:A personalized rank-ing platform for web search.Technical report,L3S and University of Hannover,Feb2004.5.Google search engine..6.T.Haveliwala.Topic-sensitive pagerank.In In Proceedings of the Eleventh InternationalWorld Wide Web Conference,Honolulu,Hawaii,May2002.7.G.Jeh and J.Widom.Simrank:A measure of structural-context similarity.In Proceedingsof the8th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,2002.8.G.Jeh and J.Widom.Scaling personalized web search.In Proceedings of the12th Interna-tional World Wide Web Conference,2003.9.Jobfinder search engine.http://www.jobfi.10.Jon M.Kleinberg.Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment.Journal of the ACM,46(5):604–632,1999.11.Nicholas Kushmerick,James McKee,and Fergus Toolan.Towards zero-input personaliza-tion:Referrer-based page prediction.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems,2000.12.Hugo Liu,Henry Lieberman,and Ted Selker.Goose:A goal-oriented search engine withcommonsense.In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Adaptive Hyper-media and Adaptive Web-Based Systems,pages253–263.Springer-Verlag,2002.13.Open directory project./.wrence Page,Sergey Brin,Rajeev Motwani,and Terry Winograd.The pagerank citationranking:Bringing order to the web.Technical report,Stanford University,1998.15.Pros project home page.http://www.learninglab.de/˜chirita/pros/pros.html.16.Jie Wu.Towards a decentralized search architecture for the web and p2p systems.In Pro-ceedings of the Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems Workshop held at the HyperText03Conference,2003.。
