Paragon Parallel Programming Environment on Sun
Workstations
Stefan Lamberts,Georg Stellner,
Arndt Bode and Thomas Ludwig
Institut f¨u r Informatik
Lehrstuhl f¨u r Rechnertechnik und Rechnerorganisation
Technische Universit¨a t M¨u nchen
D-80290M¨u nchen
lamberts,stellner,bode,ludwig@informatik.tu-muenchen.de
October8,1993
Abstract
Today’s requirements for computational power are still not satis?ed.Supercompu-ters on the one hand achieve good performance?gures for a great variety of applica-
tions but are expensive to buy and maintain.Multiprocessors like the Paragon XP/S
are cheaper but require more effort to port applications.As one consequence,much
computational power of such systems is wasted with debugging these codes.An at-
tempt to withdraw implementation and debugging codes from multiprocessor systems
is the usage of coupled workstations.A software environment for networks of worksta-
tions allows for implementation and testing of applications.After having been tested
the applications can then be shifted to the multiprocessor systems by recompilation.
The paper describes the design and implementation of an environment which allows to
use Ethernet coupled Sun SPARC systems as a development platform for applications
targeted for Intel Paragon XP/S systems.
1Motivation
Scienti?c and commercial applications require much computational power.Today’s su-percomputer systems have been developed to satisfy these demands.Their computational power is suf?cient to solve some of the so called Grand Challenge Problems.Typically, these machines are very expensive and dif?cult to maintain,e.g.they need a water-cooling system.A different architectural approach has been made to reduce the costs for such pow-erful machines.Assembling cheap and simple standard components such as processors and memory chips into a single machine saves purchase as well as maintenance costs.These machines are the classical distributed memory multiprocessor systems where standard mi-croprocessor nodes are interconnected with a high performance interconnection network. Intel’s Paragon XP/S system is a typical member of this class.
A drawback of multiprocessors is that porting existing applications onto those systems requires enormous efforts.Applications have to be parallelized which leads to frequent test runs during the implementation.Therefore,much workload on multiprocessor systems consists of test and debugging runs.To withdraw some of this load an environment is needed which allows the implementation of applications for multiprocessor systems on different hardware platforms.
Today,typical environments in universities and companies consist of several work-stations all interconnected via standard Ethernet.The basic architecture of multiprocessor systems and coupled workstations is similar:independent processing elements(nodes or workstations)which are interconnected.In difference to the multiprocessors’high perfor-mance interconnection network,workstations use a slower interconnect.In addition the network has to be shared with other machines and users which are also connected to the network.
State-of-the-art multiprocessors like the Paragon currently offer a proprietary message-passing environment.An implementation of that library on coupled workstations would allow for using interconnected workstations as a development platform for applications where the production code should?nally run on a multiprocessor system.
Message-passing libraries for coupled workstations which offer a user interface similar to a multiprocessor can withdraw workload from these systems.In addition to that,it is also applicable to use interconnected workstations as additional computational resource.During times of low system load on the workstations their aggregated computational power can be used to run production versions of applications.
Two restrictions apply for this approach.First,the computational power offered by a number of workstations in a local area network does not reach today’s multiprocessor systems.And second,the communication speed of the interconnection network is several orders of magnitudes lower than the one of multiprocessor systems like the Paragon.Thus, suitable applications are restricted to those with limited demands concerning computational power and the granularity of parallelism should be medium or even better coarse.
In the following we will describe the design and implementation of the Paragon OSF/1 communication library for Sun workstations which are interconnected via Ethernet.There-fore we?rst give a short description of the Paragon,its operating system and the message-passing library NX.After that,we introduce the design of the NXLIB message-passing library for coupled workstations.In chapter4we show in detail how this concept has been implemented.The last two chapters?nally give a summary and an outlook on future work. 2The Paragon and its Message-Passing Interface
To get a better understanding of the design and implementation we have chosen,we ?rst present a short overview on the Paragon,its OSF/1operating system and the NX message-passing library.Intel’s Paragon is a MIMD[1]system with distributed memory.
two
Figure1shows the basic architecture of the Paragon nodes.Each node consists of
Intel i860/XP[6]microprocessors:one to run the operating system and user applications (application processor)and one to handle the communication between the nodes(message processor).Both processors access the local memory which can be up to32MB large via a
common bus.A DMA controller(data transfer engine)allows for ef?cient data movement on each node.An additional expansion port and an I/O interface can be used to attach peripherals to a node.Finally a hardware monitoring chip has been integrated to provide low intrusion performance measurements on each node.
The nodes of a Paragon system are interconnected in a two-dimensional mesh topology. Each node is connected to a special routing chip,the so called iMRC.The iMRC chip routes
Figure2:Interconnection scheme of a Paragon system
the messages between the nodes using a wormhole routing algorithm[7].The links between the iMRC chips are16bit wide and achieve a bidirectional communication bandwidth of 350MB/s.
The nodes in a Paragon system are subdivided into three partitions:the I/O partition, the service partition and the compute partition.Figure3shows a typical con?guration of a Paragon https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,ually the largest partition in a con?guration is the compute partition.
Compute Partition Service Partition I/O Partition
Figure3:Different partitions in a Paragon system
Parallel user applications are executed on the nodes in this partition.In contrast to that, interactive processes,like shells,editors etc.,are executed on the nodes in the service partition.Finally,the nodes in the I/O partition are used to connect I/O devices,like disks or local area networks,to the machine.
Although the nodes are arranged in different partitions they execute the same operating system kernel.The Paragon operating system is a Mach3.0based implementation of the
OSF/1operating system[8].It provides the user with a single system image of the machine. Any command which a user invokes during an interactive machine session is executed on any of the nodes in the service partition.Files can be transparently accessed from any node. File accesses are therefore transformed into corresponding requests to the nodes in the I/O partition.
Parallel user applications on the compute partition make use of Intel’s message-passing library which is derived form the NX/2of the iPSC systems[9].Apart from synchronous, asynchronous and interrupt-driven communication calls,NX provides calls for the process management of parallel applications.Cooperating processes address each other via a node number and a process type(ptype).The node number is derived from the node where the process is executing,whereas the ptype can be modi?ed via corresponding calls[3,4,2,5].
The following section will introduce the concepts which were necessary to offer a similar system image on a network of workstations to the one available on the Paragon.This will include a more detailed discussion of some Paragon features where it seems appropriate. 3The Design of the Paragon Message-Passing Library for Workstations
Due to the prede?ned user interface of the environment the design process of the NXLIB was limited to?nding a model for the Paragon node,a layering of the software and a mapping of Paragon partitions to the workstations.Each of the following three sections in turn will give a short introduction to one of those topics.
3.1The node model
In the following the meaning of some frequently used terms will be explained.A parallel application on a Paragon system consists of two parts.The application processes on the compute partition and the controlling process of the application on one node of the service partition.Parallel applications require to be linked with a special linking option(–nx or –lnx),which includes the NX calls.Apart from the NX calls the application processes also can make use of the OSF/1system calls.In the following discussion the term Paragon node will be referred to as the collection of a hardware Paragon node,the OSF/1operating system kernel and a set of application processes running on top of that.
The basic means to model Paragon nodes on coupled workstations is virtualization. Consequently,the term virtual Paragon node(VPN)describes a Paragon node on a work-station.The hard-and software properties of a Paragon node which are not available on a workstation are virtualized in the NXLIB software environment.The VPN is the smallest unit of distribution in the NXLIB environment,i.e.upon startup the user can de?ne how many VPNs he wants to use and on which machine a speci?c VPN should be located. Aspects concerning the mapping of the VPNs to machines will be discussed in section3.3. Currently a standard lightweight process library is not yet available on every UNIX system. Thus,the decision was made to use heavyweight UNIX processes to model a VPN on a workstation.Section4.1will show which processes are required to model VPNs and give
a detailed description of their cooperation.
3.2Layers of NXLIB
An important issue for a message-passing library for coupled workstations is portability and?exibility.A layering of the message-passing library has been designed to cover both aspects.Figure4shows the layers of the NXLIB environment.The basis forms the standard
Figure4:Layers of the NXLIB environment
UNIX system call layer with its different interprocess communication calls.To achieve a great?exibility concerning the communication protocol which is used for the implementa-tion NXLIB distinguishes between local and remote communication.Thus,for either case it is possible to use a protocol which achieves the best performance.Within the local and remote communication layer a protocol speci?c addressing scheme is used.The reliable communication layer provides reliable point-to-point communication calls disregarding the location of the communication partners.The reliable communication interface still uses the Paragon addressing scheme.The address conversion layer has been introduced to map Paragon addresses consisting of a node number and a ptype to corresponding protocol speci?c addresses.In addition to its address conversion task this layer also distinguishes whether a communication is local or remote.Provided with that information the reliable communication layer can invoke the appropriate communication calls of either the local or remote communication layer.
On a Paragon system the OSF/1operating system provides a sophisticated buffer man-agement.Its parameters can be con?gured upon the startup of an application with several command line switches.This mechanism allows for adapting the usage of the limited mem-ory resources on each node to the needs of an application in the best way.In addition, reserving enough buffer space may be required for certain applications to avoid deadlocks.
A communication?ow protocol has been included in the Paragon communication to avoid ?ooding a node’s buffers with messages.
The buffer management layer we have introduced is based on the simplifying assump-tion that on each machine unlimited buffer space is available.Unlike the Paragon,where incoming messages are placed in a prereserved memory area,in NXLIB the memory is dynamically allocated when a message arrives on a node.Consequently a control?ow protocol and the con?guration parameters for the buffer sizes can be omitted in NXLIB.
The Paragon OSF/1communication interface?nally provides the user calls which are available on a Paragon system.The calls of the buffer management to insert and delete messages into the message table are used to map messages to corresponding user calls.All user calls are therefore not directly based on a communication but make use of calls which update the message table.
3.3Modeling Paragon partitions
A short overview concerning the three basic partitions on a Paragon system was already provided in section2.As an enhancement to the hardware de?nition of partitions the users can also de?ne software partitions.These software partitions are compounded of any selection of nodes in the compute partition.The Paragon OSF/1operating system provides calls to de?ne and modify such partitions.Similar to the UNIX?le system partitions have an owner(creator),access permissions,a name and may be created hierarchically.
In a workstation environment the situation is different.One way to provide a similar
semantics is to use mapping ?les.Within the ?le a table has to be speci?ed to map virtual node numbers to workstation names or Internet addresses respectively.The owner,access permissions and name of the mapping table can be used to simulate the corresponding Paragon partition properties.In addition to that the ?le system hierarchy can be used to model the hierarchical de?nition of the partitions.Thus,the mapping table de?nes a virtual compute partition .
A problem occurs for the service partition.It is not part of the Paragon partition management which is available for the user.Consequently a different means has to be provided to establish a virtual service partition .This is simply done by de?ning the machine where the application has been started as the virtual service partition of the virtual Paragon on the workstations.
4The Implementation of NXLIB
In the previous section we have shown which concepts were developed to virtualize a Paragon system on a network of workstations.The next sections will show how these concepts were realized.
4.1Implementation of virtual Paragon nodes
The implementation of the virtual Paragon node concept includes the controlling process on the virtual service partition as well as the application processes on the virtual compute partition .In the following we will ?rst introduce how the VPN concept has been imple-mented on the virtual compute partition and then discuss the implementation on the virtual service partition .
The goal of virtual Paragon node s is to have an equivalent to a Paragon node which consists of the node hardware,the operating system on that node and the application processes on that node.A natural approach to model this environment is to introduce a daemon process which is responsible to virtualize the node hardware and the operating system.The application processes’calls to NX communication routines are transformed into requests to the the daemon process.Like on a Paragon system the application processes are clients which request some service from the operating system.But in difference to that every system call would require an interprocess communication in such an implementation.As an enhancement of the above described implementation we have introduced the following improvement which reduces the amount of interprocess communication.As not all system calls require the assistance of a centralized operating system parts of the operating system’s tasks have been migrated into the application processes.Figure 5shows a virtual
AP DP Daemon Process
Application Process
Paragon OSF/1
User Program Figure 5:Processes and the distribution of the operating system on a VPN
Paragon node with two application processes and their corresponding daemon.Operations which can be carried out without the assistance of a centralized operating system must be independent of each other and must not address common operating system structures or
tables.These are for example NX send operations,as only address lookups of the destination address and a transformation to interprocess communication calls are necessary.In contrast to that,changing the ptype of a process will require the daemon’s assistance as only one process on a virtual Paragon node is allowed two have a certain ptype.The daemon as the central control instance to grant ptype s can easily guarantee their uniqueness on a single virtual Paragon node.
The implementation of the VPN on the virtual service partition is different from the approach described above for the virtual compute partition.But as the tasks of the controlling process on the virtual service partition are different to those of the application processes on the virtual compute partition this difference is no contradiction to a uniform implementation. In contrast to the application processes where mainly computational work is done the controlling process has the following jobs:starting the application,managing the processes, propagating signals,providing I/O facilities and terminating an application.If a similar implementation had been chosen like for VPNs on the virtual compute partition frequent interprocess communication between the controlling process and its daemon would have been necessary.In addition there is only one process on the virtual service partition,so a natural improvement is to join the controlling process with its daemon into one process.For applications which were linked with the–lnx linking option the controlling process may also take part in the computation.This functionality is not affected by the decision to have only one process to implement the VPN on the virtual service partition.
4.2Implementing the layers of NXLIB
For the following discussion concerning the implementation of the layer in the NXLIB refer again to?gure4.To reduce the effort which was necessary to implement and test the NXLIB the decision was made to use a communication protocol which supports both local and remote communication.For that reason we have chosen TCP-sockets which also offer a reliable point-to-point communication.Consequently no additional code was necessary to achieve a reliable communication protocol.Nevertheless the distinction between local and remote communication has been made throughout the whole implementation:the local and remote communication layer simply call the same basic communication functions.An exchange of the communication protocol in later versions is no problem as only the calls in either the local or the remote layer have to be substituted.
TCP-sockets are addressed via a descriptor which is similar to a?le descriptor.The basis of the address conversion layer forms a table where all necessary information about the processes is stored.Functions to add,delete,update and retrieve this information are provided by this layer.The address mapping information which is necessary to communicate between different processes can be extracted from retrieved process descriptors.
The reliable communication layer uses the calls of the address conversion layer to retrieve information about a destination process of a send or receive call.Based on this information it issues the corresponding local or remote communication calls with the appro-priate communication protocol addresses.For a further discussion of the implementation of the NX communication calls refer to section4.3.
To handle incoming messages the buffer management keeps a message table where they are stored.During a send call a message type is associated with the message.The destination of the message is a process on a VPN with a dedicated ptype.A receive call on that VPN matches an incoming message if the current ptype of the process is the same as the one speci?ed in the send call and if the message type is identical.Hence,the buffer management provides a set of calls to insert,retrieve and delete messages from the message table.
Depending on the fact whether or not a corresponding receive call was already placed and the type of the receive call,the Paragon OSF/1communication layer invokes different actions.If a user speci?ed message handler has been installed with a previous hrecv call, the handler is invoked and the message is deleted from the table.If on the other hand a synchronous receive was placed before,the message is extracted and the call returns with it as a result.A previous call to a asynchronous irecv call simply leaves the message in the table and marks it as received,so that later calls to probe functions can determine that the message is now available.In the case that no matching receive has been called at all the message is also inserted in the table until a later receive operation deletes the message from the table.
4.3NX message passing calls
Section4.2already explained the functionality of the different NXLIB layers.This section provides an overview how these layers cooperate to simulate the Paragon message-passing calls on a network of workstations.Therefore,the following topics will be addressed:?rst the basic concepts are presented,then the start of an application will be described and the address resolution protocol will be explained.
4.3.1Implementation concepts of NX message-passing calls
An important issue for message-passing programming libraries is the latency of the commu-nication calls.To reduce the latency it is desirable to use direct paths between communica-tion partners.Every stage in an indirect scheme increases the latency as additional calls are necessary until a message is sent.On the other hand,on most UNIX systems the descriptors which are available for open?les and sockets are limited.A full interconnection of all application processes would therefore reduce the number of processes in an application drastically.Establishing and terminating a communication link between two processes for every communication call is not feasible either as this would introduce much additional effort for every communication.
The basic assumption of our implementation is that typical parallel applications have a regular communication structure in the sense that certain processes regularly communicate with each other.Thus,two processes are either connected and use this communication path frequently during the computation or they do not communicate at all.Consequently, communication paths need only to be created for those processes that wish to communicate. As the communication structure of an application can not be determined at start time,the interconnection of the processes can certainly not be done during the initialization of the application.So the communication paths between processes are set up on demand.Once established a connection between two processes is kept until the application terminates. Building up the connections on demand has the advantage that all interacting processes are fully interconnected.So communication latencies can be kept minimal for established communication links.And as only those processes are interconnected which need to com-municate more processes can participate in an application.The only drawback is that the ?rst communication between two processes is more expensive than the following because the connection has to be set up.
4.3.2Start of an NXLIB application
Like on a Paragon system an application is automatically started if it was linked with the –nx linker option.If the–lnx switch was used the programmer is responsible to call the corresponding system calls in the controlling process.As the basic sequence of system calls is the same the following describes only the–nx case.
To start the application the user simply types the name of the application at a command line prompt.The command is started as any conventional UNIX command and executes a
nx
loadve call which initiates the creation of the application
processes.%myapp Application Process AP Controlling Process
CP Daemon Process
DP 1myapp 2nx_initve 3nx_loadve
AP DP AP
DP
AP VPN 1VPN 0CP
321
sun1sun2
Figure 6:Starting an NXLIB application
The daemons on the remote machines are currently started via a standard Berkeley rsh command.The daemons on the remote machines inherit the environment of the machine where the application was started.A prerequisite for starting the node program is that the binary on
each workstation is located somewhere in the PA TH environment variable of the machine where the controlling process is located.
4.3.3Address resolution protocol
Concerning communication links with TCP sockets the situation after the start of an appli-cation is as shown in ?gure 7:the daemon processes are connected to each other and the application processes are linked to their corresponding daemon.The address conversion
DP-AP DP-DP CP-DP
Daemon Process Application Process
Controlling Process
DP AP CP AP DP AP
AP DP
CP
VPN 0VPN 1sun1sun2
Figure 7:Con?guration after starting an NXLIB application
layer within the daemons has information about all other daemons and the application
processes of its associated VPN.The application processes on the other hand have only address information about their daemon.During an application is executing further connec-tions between application processes are created on demand when two application processes are communicating for the?rst time.
If an application process tries to send a message to a VPN to which no connection exists, its address conversion layer cannot retrieve a process descriptor for this process.To get the information of the requested process the address conversion layer contacts its daemon process with an ADR protocol unit.If the daemon can provide the requested information it forwards it to the process with a DAA protocol unit.Otherwise the daemon contacts the daemon of the speci?ed VPN with a DDR protocol unit.As this daemon is responsible for the VPN where the destination application process resides the necessary addresses must be stored there.Otherwise the application process does not yet exist and an error has occurred in the program.The daemon returns the addresses with a DDA to the requesting daemon, which in turn updates its address conversion information and?nally forwards the address to the application process with a DAA unit.In the last step the application process now contacts the destination process with a AAR to establish a new socket connection.This results in a new point-to-point connection between the two processes which will be used for all further messages sent between the two application processes.
4.4Implementing global operations
On a Paragon global operations manipulate data which are distributed among the nodes of an application,e.g.it is possible to calculate the sum of an array which is spread over the nodes.This requires the collection of data from every node.On a Paragon algorithms using a minimal spanning tree communication structure are used to collect the data.The same implementation could be used for NXLIB but as a network of workstations is coupled via an Ethernet bus the messages are serialized anyway.Consequently a similar optimization is not possible for global operations in NXLIB.
The implementation for global calls in NXLIB uses a simpler approach which is not less ef?cient on a network of workstations.As the execution of a global operation synchronizes the application processes the controlling process is used to collect,evaluate and distribute the result of a global operation.Therefore,all processes send a protocol unit via their daemon to the controlling process with the necessary parameters to carry out the operation.After that the application processes wait until the answer from the controlling process arrives. The controlling process on the other hand collects the incoming protocol units from every VPN,then computes the requested global operation and?nally forwards the result of the computation to all application processes.
4.5Workstation speci?c changes and restrictions
Although a network of coupled workstations basically has the same type of architecture as a multiprocessor system like the Paragon there are differences which put several restrictions on the implementation of NXLIB.A short summary of these restrictions and changes will be given in this section.
The compiler and linker on a Paragon system use special switches(–nx or–lnx)to create parallel https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,pilers and linkers on workstations do not have an equivalent switch.To support an easy to use compilation system for Paragon applications which should run with NXLIB two special shell scripts have been provided.One to compile and link C
applications and one for Fortran applications.These scripts can be called with the same parameters and options as the Paragon compiler and linker.
In contrast to the Paragon where a distributed operating system is used the workstations all have independent operating systems.Thus,the single system image which is provided on a Paragon is not fully available within NXLIB,e.g.the process identi?ers are not transparent to every node,gang scheduling and priorities are not supported.Modi?cations of the operating system on every machine would have been necessary,to implement these features.
Due to different hardware units,features like the partition management and the con-?guration of the buffers used for messages have been neglected or are available in a different manner.An implementation of these features would require similar hardware as on a Paragon.
Finally several facilities of a Paragon system were left out during the implementation as only limited man power was available.These are the reactive kernel interface,the iPSC/860 compatibility calls,support for parallel I/O and the nx
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普吉岛旅游注意事项 一、准备阶段： 旅行箱：一定要买大的，最好是万向轮的，自重要轻，本人这次买的是24寸的，一开始觉得大小够了，结果回来还是塞爆。建议还是买个26的。还有你会忍不住买很多东西回来，最好半空的状态出门。我就是买的不够大，所以回来拼命塞。普吉很多酒店没有电梯的，行要自己搬上楼梯。另外准备一个防水的背包，去海滩用得到。 衣服：能多鲜艳就多鲜艳，把平时不敢穿的吊带啊，短裤啊，长裙啊，统统带去。记得买一件沙滩衣，除了黑色，其他颜色都可以。 泳衣：女生比基尼那是必不可少的，建议多带几套可以替换。当地也有买，不过我是没见到特别好看的，而且价格有点贵，价格差距很大。男生最好不要买很宽松样式的泳裤，一是因为浸水后容易掉下来，二是因为海里面会有鱼，大家懂得 帽子：最好选大帽檐的，材质建议最好不要草编的，普吉经常下雷阵雨，草编的遇到水就软掉了，在当地也有买， 100~200泰铢不等。我就自己带了一个大帽檐的，到了普吉
看到一个尼龙小帽檐帽子非常可爱，也忍不住买了一顶。 墨镜：墨镜那是必不可少的，最好能把一半脸遮住的那种更好，超有。拍照也好，防晒也好，墨镜是必备的。如果你想在车上睡觉，又不好意思不听导游在辛苦的讲话，带上墨镜吧。 丝巾：我觉得可以不用带，去普吉当地的小店买那种特色的纱笼，很好看，扎帽子上或者穿在身上都可以，方式由很多种，可以让店员教你。我学会了好几种。特别好玩。按照材质100-300泰铢不等，一定要买泰国特色的，比如说有大象图案的，或者是颜色搭配特有民族感觉的那种都是非常好看的，平时搭配素色衣服也很合适。 防晒：防晒是必不可少的，建议购买SPF50，PA+++以上等级的，不然涂了白涂。当地便利店也有买，品种很多，价格也还可以，可以让导游给你推荐效果比较好的。我这次带了一支倩碧全天候25的当做基础涂抹，一支Fancl 40的涂脸，听了导游的建议然后在当地买了一支欧莱雅的50的涂身体（欧莱雅那个便宜啊，后面购物的地方再说），我同事在淘宝买了水宝宝的，补擦得时候就互相用了，实际晒下来结果是，水宝宝的效果很好，身上基本就晒黑一个色度，属于能
普吉岛机场购物攻略 我们不远万里的来到普吉岛旅游，最好购买一些能够代表普吉岛当地特色的纪念品。普吉岛机场购物攻略你了解吗? 来到普吉岛旅游的我们，除了各种旅游景点的照片之外，总是想要给自己的此次浪漫普吉岛之旅留下比较难忘的纪念吧，而购买一些能够代表普吉岛当地地域特色的纪念品就是不错的选择。那么普吉岛的特色物品到底有哪些呢。其实只要来到这里的商店，我们就会发现很多丰富而有趣的纪念品，其中腰果，锡制品和蜡染制品都是非常受到外国游客们欢迎的特色产品，这三种物品几乎成为每个来到普吉岛旅游的外国游客都会购买的物品，所以如果我们还在为不知道购买什么当地特色物品而发愁的话，就不妨试着够买这些特色产品吧。相信大家一定都能够满载而归。 在普吉岛购物的地方有很多，这里有专门的购物街，我们可以在购物街当中购买到各种各样的商品，从平常的日用品，到各种让人垂涎三尺的当地美食，从新鲜的水果和海鲜，到美不胜收的纪念品，在这里都能够购买到。在普吉岛，有些大型的商场和购物中心，如果我们想要购买服装或者是化妆品之类的产品，就可以在这些地方购买。而普吉岛机场购物则是一种非常流行的购物方法，但是这种购物
渠道也是需要一定的条件的。我们都知道，在普吉岛的机场当中常常会有一些免税店，如果我们在其中购买物品，还是有着一定的好处的。首先，如果我们购买的是非普吉岛当地的其他国家生产的商品，那么我们尽量不要在其他的免税店当中购买，而是尽量在普吉岛机场免税店当中购物，因为我们都知道，在其他地方的免税店当中购物，我们是在机场提货的，所以如果一旦出现什么问题，我们没有办法去到商店当中解决问题，所以在普吉岛机场免税店当中购物，我们可以防止其他问题没有时间解决。、 非常让我们感到惊喜的是，在吉普岛机场购物，可以享受到一定程度的退税优惠，所以我们可以在普吉岛机场购物，可是如果我们想要成功的退税，还是需要一定的条件，我们必须满足了这些条件才能够享受到退税的优惠。首先我们必须从V AT Refund for Tourists此种标志的一些商店当中购物，并且我们购物的时间必须是在同一天当中，在一家商店当中购物的总额不能低于两千泰铢，我们购买所有物品的总费用必须要超过五千泰铢，所以我们在购物的时候一定要索要刷卡凭条和小票。 以上是怎样在机场购物最划算。想了解更多机场安全小知识，
2020泰国普吉岛旅游全攻略 普吉是泰国第二大岛，和新加坡的大小差不多。普吉位于温和的安达曼海水中，在泰国的印度洋海岸线上，位于曼谷以南862公里。普吉幸运的享有美丽的小湾和海湾，四周都是棕榈树的白色粉末状 沙滩，岛屿星罗棋布、闪闪发光的大海，真诚好客的居民，华丽的 住所和美味的海鲜，有趣的19世纪末20世纪初的中葡建筑；众多 的运动和休闲机会；青翠的热带风景——所有这些结合起来为使您 度过真正难以忘怀的假日创造了令人愉快的环境。 最佳旅游时间 每年11月至翌年4月是普吉岛的旅游旺季。普吉岛地处热带， 属潮湿癿热带气候，常夏无冬。每年的4月至9月，即太阳直射赤 道时，是普吉的雨季，尤其是5月份，几乎天天陈雨。而在返个时候，还会举行标榜苦行主义的素食节。 到了11月，从巴东海滩的狂欢节开始到翌年4月底海鲜节的举行，不仅整个普吉岛都是一片热闹的景象，而且天空也呈现温和的 阳光，海水湛蓝，波涛温柔，可以舒舒服服地潜水，看多彩的热带 鱼游过身边。 普吉岛海滩游玩 1、卡伦海滩KaronBeach 普吉主要观光海滩中第二大海滩，在芭东海滩南面。许多大型复合式饭店布满一旁道路。沙滩细白，走过时可清楚听见沙子吱吱作 响的声音。南端有一片美丽的珊瑚群，向卡塔及铺岛延伸。餐厅、 酒吧、旅行社及其他非饭店业皆集中在北端靠近交通圆环，及南端 与海滨路相连的小路上。在卡塔及卡伦之间的小路有一些小型商店 及DinoPark迷你高尔夫设施。卡伦是普吉最具规模的海滩。白天有 巴士往返普吉市区。
2、卡塔海滩KataBeach 卡塔海滩位于卡隆海滩以南，是一片长约1.5公里的“弓”形海滩。海滩隔为南、北两大区域，南部海滩（小卡塔海滩）坐落在银行、宾馆云集的繁华闹市之中，海水清净，适宜游泳和浮潜；而北部海滩（大卡塔海滩）椰林密布，静谧祥和，据说是普吉岛最佳的冲浪胜地。横贯南北的观景台可以将这里的海滩美景尽收眼底。 3、芭东海滩PatongBeach 距市区15公里，是岛上最热闹的海滩。这个月牙型的海滩是游泳和进行各种水上活动的好地方。普吉岛首批开发的芭东海滩是岛上人气最旺的海滩。它位于普吉岛的西海岸，距离普吉城大约15公里。在芭东海滩横亘4公里的白色沙滩上，点缀着众多的遮阳伞和休闲椅，前来潜水、度假的游客络绎不绝。沿着海滩主要街道旁停靠着载客的笃笃车，成排的商家、餐厅、当地旅行社、小旅馆为游览提供了极大的便利。夕阳从安达曼海沉落之后，附近的餐馆、酒吧便开始亮起霓虹，展现出别样的芭东风情。海鲜店和各国餐馆、酒吧内客流如织，人们可以在这里彻夜狂欢。因此成为喜欢夜生活的游客的理想之地。
普吉岛旅游攻略 行程前准备: 1. 牙刷、牙膏（这2样一定要带，酒店都不提供的）、梳子、毛巾，洗护用品、酸奶面膜(美白修护)，几个密封袋（这样可以放心地把相机装在里头，带去海边或者在当地购买水下照相机，kodak 495B在7-11便宜（本人推荐掏宝网上直接购买带去，更便宜，我买的是90元人民币一个）、手电（晚上岛上有路灯，可是要去比较偏僻的地方呢，还是带着啦）、对讲机（防止走失，其实岛上买HAPPY CARD也很方便，打电话很便宜，具体用法后面介绍）、相机、摄象机、文曲星、签字笔、数码伴侣（或带够大的内存卡）。 2. 比基尼（PHIPHI很多，也可以去那里购买）、游泳裤、游泳镜（如果不游泳其实没有什么用的，深潜和浮潜都有提供的），各带2套方便换洗，大家习惯把游泳衣穿在里面，一到目的地，脱了衣服下水就可以。 3. 不用带太多衣物。在普吉到处有购色彩鲜艳穿着舒适的夏装和拖鞋，（男士体恤大概100-250泰猪，PHIPHI 比PA TONG贵些，可是好象质量和颜色更好的）。因此不用带太多的衣物以至成为累赘，（不过，还是要带一二件长袖的衣服，事实上坐船出海时还是有点冷的）。不用担心浴巾的问题，当地的宾馆都提供了专供游客带去海滩的浴巾。 4. 带上风油精、晕车药、黄连素、消炎药、邦迪、感冒药，蚊不订、方便筷子，藿香正气（那边空调房很冷，外面热，比较容易热伤风，要注意）。 5. 普吉岛阳光强烈，白晃晃的，一定要涂防晒霜。防晒指数在50以上为宜，墨镜和防晒帽子。 6. 带美金，美金换成100或50的面额，这二种面额汇率比较高。拿到手的美金请检查出版年限，96年前的（含96版的）且有B2字样在普及岛是很难换的，据说是机器不认。 7、信用卡、身份证、护照、电子机票、驾照（那边是右舵车，基本咱们过去是开不习惯拉，还是选择摩托或者其他工具的好）。 8、以前听说要在机场换泰朱，以方便交机场建设费（500~1000铢），可是我去的时候没有，都包括在机票里面了。而且在机场汇率低，最好不要换，但一定记得在普吉机场取地图。 （注意在岛上换泰铢时多换点20铢的泰铢，因为那里有给小费的习惯，并且是要纸币的，当地给硬币是带侮辱性质的。） 曼谷时间（GMT＋7）比北京时间（GMT＋8）晚一个小时 换钱： 1、在patong ocean (BANG LA RD.)附近的3家兑换点不错，可以比较。深紫色和橙色兑换点的汇率相对要高点 2、phuket银行兑换店兑率最高，不收手续费，phuket满街都是。 3、刷卡：很多地方都可以用，不过有些地方会收3－5％的手续费，用之前先问一下。 提示：多换点20B一方便支付小费。 交通工具： 岛上公共的交通工具有公车、嘟嘟车、摩托计程车。岛内以租车、骑机车最为方便，也较经济。旅行社可出租附导游兼驾驶的轿车，这种租车方式按小时收费。 中型巴士：到镇上约泰币７０铢，到巴通、卡隆、卡塔海滩则为泰币１００铢，大约１小时一班车。 嘟嘟车（出租车）：如果距离不远（30分钟以内），可以乘坐嘟嘟车（tuk tuk，一种类似三轮车的摩托），车型小，大概可坐6个人，不是很舒服，但价格便宜。费用须事前谈妥，可以泰国旅游局制订的价格表，再行杀价。司机多半不懂英语，为了避免下车後的纠纷，价格谈妥後请以纸笔写下来作为凭证。到镇上约泰币３００铢、到海滩约泰币４５０铢。 摩托出租车：这是全泰国国内通用的交通工具，乘客坐在"机车骑士"的后面。镇上的费用一律泰币１０铢。
泰国普吉岛旅游攻略大全（打印版） 目录： 打包清单 (2) 泰国Happy卡攻略 (2) 泰国电话卡，Truemove卡使用全攻略 (4) PP岛旅游攻略 (6) 普吉岛SPA攻略 (11) SPA场所 (12) SPA场所之Day SPA (13) 普吉岛餐馆攻略 (14) 吃什么怎么点多少钱 (15) 关于水果 (15) 餐馆英语小指南 (16) 常见的菜单栏目分类： (16) 关于做法的词汇： (17) 常见食品形容词： (17) 常见食物名称： (17) 个人心得： (20) 普吉岛跟团游的一些感受 (20) 普吉活动汇总：幻多奇，西蒙秀，泰拳，真枪射击 (22) Fantasea-幻多奇 (22) Phuket Simon Cabaret-西蒙人妖演出 (22) Nightlifes (23) 真枪射击 (23) 查龙寺庙 (24) 先说幻多奇具体演什么： (24) 详解JUNGCEYLON（江西冷）购物退税 (25) 芭东-江西冷购物中心-Junceylon： (25) 值得买回国的小纪念品： (26) 普吉岛退税 (27) 散落信息介绍 (27) 给普吉海关10元小费的问题 (28) 普吉归来总结一下 (29) 泰国手机上网最新攻略 (30) 浮潜/等海岛相关的安全注意事项汇总 (31) 租车的问题 (36) 关于加油： (38) 罚款案例： (38)
打包清单 常规清单： 【文件类】护照和复印件：护照是必须带的，大家常忽略复印件，请多复印几份（给家人留一份，自己随身带1-2份，平时出海玩都请携带复印件，这样不怕丢失或者弄湿）如果真的在境外将护照丢失，请携带复印件去找所在国的中国大使馆，办理临时旅行证即可登机回国，办理时间取决于所在国家。机票/酒店确认单：打印出来带着即可，有些航班仅仅携带护照去柜台即可，无需打印。笔和本：随身携带，一方面方便填入境表，另一方面在英文沟通有问题时，随手写写画画可以解决99%的问题。驾照：本地租车必备，新版的驾照无须翻译的～信用卡/借记卡：信用卡肯定要支持Visa/Mastercard的卡了，去东南亚国家的话，记得带上支持银联的借记卡，取现金又方便又划算。旅游保险单: 也可以不携带，但要记住上面的紧急救援电话以及单号，遇到问题时，记得先给保险公司打电话，问清楚需要在当地开具什么材料才能获得理赔哈。 【卫生用品】牙刷/牙膏/毛巾等：因为环保原因，很多地方都不提供牙膏和牙刷，和酒店档次无关，请自己带着~小包面纸、湿纸巾、隐形眼镜药水化妆品、镜子、梳子、护垫、化妆棉等个人用品指甲刀：特别提醒，忘带了很痛苦...同时，请托运。 【电器】转换插头+接线板(如果电器较多的话)剃须刀、照相机、摄像机、电池、相机储存卡(吹风机一般好点的酒店都有)手机/IPad等：可购买当地SIM卡上网通话哈～（全球通/动感地带的同学也可以咨询10086询问如何开通国际呼叫业务- 但要注意的是，开通的同时，请让他们临时关闭数据漫游业务，防止产生天价流量费） 【衣服】比基尼/长裙/草帽等海边拍照必备品，比基尼要至少带2身，不是特别好干，关键是颜色鲜艳。T-Shirt/短裙/短裤/人字拖等必备衣服内衣裤等多带一点，不容易干。 【其他】小水果刀: 不带，买了木瓜就只能用手扣了......环保袋: 可以带个好看的环保袋去当地超市采购水果^_^最后要说的药物，一般来说，你需要：1. 晕车/晕船贴2. 退烧药+止泻药3. 藿香正气水–或者类似的防中暑药品 4. 抗过敏类药物，比如开瑞坦，很多同学在国内吃海鲜从不过敏，但到目的尝试后就会有脸肿，发炎的情况，所以有备无患。最后的最后：榨菜啊，老干妈啊….或者类似你喜欢吃的东西，带上一点吧～在吃了几天Pizza和海鲜后，你会很想很想吃的：）--- 尤其是带着老人的同学哈！！！他们吃不惯当地食品的。 护照随身放，主要是指在旅途中吧，比如乘飞机、中转的时候，到了酒店，应该就安全了，放在保险柜里OK了 想问一下，需要带洗衣液洗衣服吗？还有洗发水之类的，还是到了现买就可以啊？另外不会游泳还需要买浮潜的东西吗？还是在浅水区就可以看到好多鱼啊？ 泡泡我忘了你要去哪个海岛了。。。。。。但大体上，洗衣液看你假期时间长短了。。。短的话。。就拿回来吧。。。游泳的话不需要浮潜的东西，但。。。要想看鱼，还是买个面镜+呼吸管的好。 浮潜的时候最后再套上见很薄的长袖T，bali那里这种很多的。不然不知不觉会被晒伤，因为在浮潜的时候泡在海水里不会觉得热，但是很容易被晒伤，防晒霜只能保护一时，如果时间长也没啥用，还是罩件衣服比较好。 泰国Happy卡攻略 Truemove的好处是价格便宜，但缺点是在PP岛北部没有信号（仅在前台附近能发现信号），同时又因为论坛的代理TA TA家赠送的是Happy卡，所以我们这里整理下Happy的使用攻略:) Happy卡的优点是信号更强劲，PP岛北也没问题。 除了从TATA家拿，大家也可以从7-11购买，Happy卡的封面有很多种，不用计较，都一样的。比如： 基本使用方法： ×首次使用：将SIM卡插入手机，打开手机，等一会，收到欢迎短信后就可以使用啦。 ×查询自身号码：输入*102*9#按拨号键
折翼的奇术师之清迈自由行攻略 前言 折翼本次是第一次去清迈，第三次去泰国（之前分别去了曼谷、芭提雅；普吉岛、 PP岛等著名的泰国度假圣地，详见： 我的曼谷、芭提雅自由行攻略（2011.6） 我的普吉、PP岛自由行攻略（2011.12） 折翼此次仍旧是独自前往，但是有了之前的泰国游经历，这次出发之前基本上没有做任何行程安排。再加上本次出行恰逢泰国宋干节，由于该节日的缘故很多地点都休息或者关门停业（例如清迈大学），因此，本次攻略不可能像普吉岛、长滩岛那么详尽。但是本人喜欢玩深度，喜欢融入当地人的圈子，所以在这里分享 一些个人的体会和感悟。 言归正传，首先谈一下清迈的概况。
一、出入境卡填写： https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,/redirect.php?goto=findpost&ptid=799323&pid=7404042 二、电话卡使用说明： https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,/redirect.php?goto=findpost&ptid=799323&pid=7404056 三、清迈交通： https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,/redirect.php?goto=findpost&ptid=799323&pid=7404067 四、清迈购物+美食： https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,/redirect.php?goto=findpost&ptid=799323&pid=7404078 五、清迈景点： https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,/redirect.php?goto=findpost&ptid=799323&pid=7407415
PP岛旅游攻略 去普吉岛旅行，80%的同学会选择同时去她附近的皮皮岛(PhiPhi)一日游，或者住在上面几天。 这篇攻略会长期保持更新，有问题大家随时提，有错误请指正：） 先看看PP岛的美丽吧~~~ 从view point看大PP，由岛友www_china拍摄 从高空看小PP的maya bay 论坛岛友自己拍的图： PP岛基本信息 PP岛其实属于甲米，海洋属于Andaman Sea，离普吉岛42公里，坐大船从普吉到PP岛需要2个小时。 PP岛又分为大PP(PhiPhi Don，8公里长2.5公里宽，主要的商业居住区) 和小PP(PhiPhi Ley 3.5公里长1公里宽，离大PP有5公里，是不允许居住的，上面也没有酒店。著名的Maya bay（玛雅湾）就在这里，附近的浮潜点也漂亮，值得一去。) 说到PP岛，则不得不提PP岛北边的竹子岛(Bamboo/Pai Island，直径700米，有漂亮沙滩的无人小岛) 还有蚊子岛(Mosquito/Yung Island 真的以蚊子多命名的...浮潜环境很好)。对于度假的同学来说，一般是住在大PP岛，然后参包长尾船/快艇去小PP，竹子岛，以及附近的浮潜点玩。 如何从普吉岛去PP岛 a. 如果你在PP岛上住宿，那么需要坐大船(Public Ferry) 从普吉岛到PP岛： 航行时间：全年运行，从普吉岛到PP要2个小时左右。 船票：请参考《普吉岛接机/船票/一日游预订贴》里的地接和价格(价格都包含了酒店接送)。班次：出发时间08:30 / 13:30 /14:30 返回时间09:00 / 14:30 (注意：时间供参考，因为淡旺季时间会略有调整，具体时间请咨询代理) 注意事项： 1.大船还是比较稳的，但还是建议吃晕船药，建议去顶层，别坐在空气不流通的船舱里，海浪最大的是9,10两个月，总之做好心理和身体准备！
普吉趴趴走原创攻略共享 (一) 机票与酒店的选择 这将是史上最全的普吉岛自由行攻略… 此乃趴趴呕心沥血之作，掌声在哪里？ 先期准备：这是个充满了期待的阶段，也很大程度的决定了你的普吉之旅是否能够成功。每次假期都会有个预算，你可以根据预算决定假期的长短，乘坐的航空公司和入住酒店的级别。 趴趴建议普吉的假期时间可以定为5晚6天至6晚7天。时间太短食不知味，当然你有钱有闲在泰国签证允许的情况下不设上限。普吉虽然值得玩的地方很多，但是还是不建议你把行程安排的满满的，给自己足够的休闲时间，以免假期结束还要多拿两天的假期在家修养。 说到航空公司有几个选择： 首先是廉价航空，代表是：亚航（Airasia）和虎航（Tigerair）
如果您选择廉价航空多半需要转机，根据您所在的城市可以选择不同的组合，比如：天津-吉隆坡-普吉，各地-香港-普吉，广州-新加坡-普吉…… 廉价航空公司的特色是价格浮动非常大，通常是越早预订越廉价，促销活动的价格低的难以置信。但是机票的价格不包含托运行李，不包含飞机餐，甚至连杯水都要买。所以在订机票的时候要计划好，几件行李需要托运（液体必须托运，所以MM们的瓶瓶罐罐的行头不能手提，以免在机场安检被没收，那就杯具了），重量大概是多少，要不要在订机票的同时订餐，如果要在第三国逗留是否需要提前准备签证==。亚航15公斤的托运行李网上预订的价格一件在250-350泰铢不等（泰铢：人民币≈4.6：1），手提行李每人不超过7公斤。 注意：一定要把托运行李的重量预测好，特别是返程的时候要计算上旅途中血拼成果的重量，超重一公斤在大约200泰铢，伤不起啊亲…… 飞机上一瓶水大约40泰铢，这个价格比机场内的咖啡店还便宜，别为了省钱从家里面带凉白开，还没有上飞机在安检就被没收了。如果持第三国机票用护照在香港转机可以有7日的免签，如果是其他的国家转机只要不出机场就是不需要签证的。廉价航空只限于在该航空公司的网上用信用卡预订。缺点是预订即需要付费，航班的时间很难退改签，晚点也是很无奈的。 如果您觉得廉价航空不符合您的胃口可以考虑直飞，现在国内人口密集的城市都有了普 吉直飞 具趴趴所知的就有：北京（海航、国航），上海（东航、上航），广州（南航），杭州（海 航），成都（川航）
普吉岛旅游攻略之斯米兰一日两日游 近两年来国内数以亿万计的游客前往泰国旅游，有一些景点甚至已经深入人心，比如泰国普吉岛，国内的驴友们早已经耳熟能详，去过泰国的朋友一定会发现泰国的岛屿特别多，但今天我要介绍的泰国旅游景点绝对是你想不到也猜不到的，这个景点号称全年只与世界见面150天，而且只有固定的几个地方可以前往，其他地方是禁止游客游玩的，这究竟是一个怎样的景点？ 这个神秘景点便是我们今天要重点介绍的斯米兰群岛，斯米兰群岛由9个岛屿组成，位于泰国普吉岛西北90公里的安达曼海，每年10月中下旬-次年5月限时开放，半年的保护期，使它远离尘嚣，成为世界上最纯净、未损坏的岛屿群之一，并以其丰富的海洋生物和壮美的珊瑚礁，被誉为“世界十大潜水圣地之一”，为全球潜水爱好者提供了世界级的水下天堂。
斯米兰（similan）的名字来源于马来语，为“九”的意思，整座群岛由九个美丽的小岛组成，其中1、2、3号岛有军队驻守，不允许登岛，5、6、7、9号岛有海龟在此产卵，也不允许登岛，只有4、8号岛可以登岛。
在这你将见到蓝的像薄荷色的海水，白如面、细如粉的沙滩，这里有超过二十多个优质潜水点，你可以见到巨型海扇、无止境的珊瑚礁和奇嶙怪石，你还有机会看到大海龟、以及各种美丽斑斓的热带鱼群。 如何前往斯米兰？斯米兰是离普吉岛较远的群岛，一般只能跟团坐船前往，大部分游客都从普吉本岛出发。国内很多城市可直飞普吉，建议提前办好泰国签证以缩短入境时间，也可选择落地签。签证费：1000泰铢/人（约合200人民币），落地签2000泰铢/人（约合400人民币） 建议提前在国内预订好接送机，省钱又方便，游客可选择浪花朵朵旅行自家2017全新上线的保姆车，游览斯米兰可以选择当天去当天回的1日游行程，也可选择2-3天的过夜游行程。 首先来看下一日游行程安排： 适宜人群：行程安排比较紧，只想浮潜和观景并且不愿意住岛或者船宿的人 可选船型：斯米兰一日游有三种出海船型，让我用一张表来为你比较分析~
普吉岛旅游攻略大全（2014最新版） 来自:新马泰 普吉岛旅游攻略之机票攻略 很多人去普吉岛的时候都习惯买直飞票，或者在去哪儿携程上搜低价票（其实也是直飞票），买这种票往往是就算抢到了低价票，也便宜不了多少，所以个人建议还是多看几条航线，多找几家航空公司，找个中转站，拼一条航空线路出来，例如从杭州去普吉岛，如果在吉隆坡中转的话，往返一千八就够了，而直飞的话可能会到3000+，所以出境卖机票的时候多拼一下线路，是能省下不少花销的，如果你比较懒，或者没时间去拼的话，可以用一些辅助工具，比如微驴儿，是个app,用起来蛮顺手的,新手拿着也会用。 普吉岛旅游攻略之机场攻略 普吉机场 1、普吉机场是一个相对简陋的机场，要记得行李出口是有2个厅的，所以如果你的行李如果没有找到，也不要着急，只需要去到另外一个大厅查看就好了。2个大厅是并排的，很好找到。 转机的行李是可以直接从托运到普吉的。曼谷到普吉是走的国内行班，所以下飞机后，我们理所当然的就到国内行李提取处等，而且提取处也确实显示了我们的航班号。但等了N久，行李都没有出现，而且基本上其它国内到达的人都走了，只剩下我们这一班了，等了近20分钟后，来了个工作人员，告诉我们，行李是在国际到达提取处领取。 如果是结伴一起去的，到时候派个人在国内处，再派个人到国际处看看。 2、机场出口的地方有免费的phuket地图拿，一定要拿哦，很有用。 3、离境：进phuket机场后先去领登机牌，那个离境税的窗口就在领完登机牌进海关的那个门边上，买完税就直接出关了。国际税是500B/人，国内税是50B/人。(目前是随票务价格增收） 4、购物：机场的免税店（King Power）很值得一逛，便宜，而且24小时营业，规模很小，东西不全，不过价格和曼谷是一样的。 注意事项： 1．机场有个表格（出境卡）是要订在护照上的，千万别弄丢了，回来的时候是要收走的。 2．上机后把时间拨慢一个小时 3．在飞机上要记得先填写入境表和出境表，空姐一般都会分发，要仔细填写 4．普吉机场行李出口是有2个厅的，所以如果行李没有找到，只需要去另外一个大厅查看就好了，2个大厅是并排的。 5．一下飞机请飞奔去移民局柜台,否则将站在那里排队一小时以上。 6．到达PASSPORT CONTROL通道,办理入境手续，是FOREIGNER PASSPORT 7．入关时要凭飞机的登机小票 8．入关时前面填写的Arrival Card和Depature Card就有用了。交给工作人员，留下个人电子档案，在护照上盖章，最后工作人员会把Depature Card钉在护照上，就可以在泰国境内自由旅行了。 9．移民官在检查完护照签证后，会在护照上盖入境章，上面注明允许在泰的停留时间。出境表会被钉在护照内页上，此表千万不能遗失，否则在出境时会有麻烦。 ps:普吉机场大厅里有黄色的小带子，里面有地图，千万别忘了 普吉岛旅游攻略之美食攻略 3点出门，去旁边的7-11，买了好多的豆奶，泰国养乐多，方便面吃宵夜，后来经过比较，家乐福和7-11的差价并不大，一瓶豆奶7-11卖13猪，家乐福12猪也就差2毛钱。第一晚买的宵夜，泰式养乐多，豆奶必备，直到吃到没胃口，因为冰箱不行，热热喝起来黏糊糊，泰式方便面，老婆的最爱，直到走还买了好多带走。TIPS：方便面买一个碗装的（不是杯面），左边的就是碗面，然后全部买袋装的，那些个杯面一盒只有70g，塞牙缝都不够，而袋装的便宜，吃完碗装的，碗留下来，继续泡便宜且量大的袋装面，味道一样，价格是6猪，合1.3元人民币左右的样子。小瓶的水人民币1块多，大瓶的14猪合人民币3元。买来泡面很好。每次去7-11买一大篮的东西，竟然都是在250猪多点，和人民币50块的样子。有好多童鞋问关于如何泡方便面。我住的酒店基本上都提供电热水壶，以及2瓶免费的水，就拿这个泡，即便小酒店没有电热水壶，前台也提供，不用急，关于水，小瓶的1元，大瓶的2元不到，便宜，到处7-11有卖，不比天朝的水贵 首先介绍一下工具，吃水果一定要一把水果刀，但是携带不方便，本来想带把几十元的双立人小刀，结果忘了，别急，在7-11有水果刀卖，好像是10猪，合人民币3元不到，买来一用，真想骂人，锋利的不像话，一点都不输于国内几十元的刀，竟然还是世界名黄芒果，35猪/公斤，3.8元一斤，随便买，必甜青芒果，不行，很酸，买个试试味道可以。
泰国普吉岛旅游攻略_2017普吉岛旅游普吉岛旅游简介 普吉岛，位于泰国南部，由32个离岛组成，是泰国最大的海岛。普吉岛自然资源十分丰富，有“珍宝岛”、“金银岛”的美称。普吉岛是一个美丽热情地热带岛屿，大部分到普吉岛的游客都聚集在芭东海滩或普吉镇上。普吉岛普吉镇位于普吉岛东南部。镇上的游人不多，但在老城，逛一趟周末集市，坐在当地的茶餐厅，质朴的人文气息会给人留下深刻的印象。小镇还有一大特色是可以欣赏各色的建筑。而位于普吉镇的琅山，是当地人最爱的休闲场所。登上山顶，普吉镇的美景尽收眼底，尤其夕阳西下之时，定会让你感到欣喜。芭东海滩是普吉岛最繁华的，游人最多的海滩，也是岛上开发最完善、最宽阔的海滩之一。这里水清沙白，阳光明媚，每年吸引不少游客到此观光度假。这里商店、酒吧、餐厅林立，一到夜晚，热闹非凡，还有极具特色的人妖表演。想要一睹风采的游客千万不要错过。皮皮岛位于泰国南部的安达曼海，由大皮皮和小皮皮组成。岛上的沙子又细又软，散步非常舒服惬意，喜欢宁静的人一定会喜欢皮皮岛的，花上几天在这里，一定会感受到人生最美好的感觉。普吉岛在岛上除了享受悠闲、宁静的自然风光，还可以欣赏最具泰国特色的人妖表演。西蒙人妖艺术团是普吉最大的人妖表演艺术团，每晚都会在芭东海滩区表演。对于第一次去泰国的游客，这是个不可错过的活动。而在芭东海滩的体育馆内，可以欣赏到独具特色的泰拳表演。岛上活动丰富，在这里还可以享受正宗的泰式按摩、潜水。普吉岛是海滨城市，所以这里有各色新鲜的海鲜，蟹、鱿鱼、龙虾、基围虾、生蚝、香螺、扇贝、圆贝、金枪鱼、八爪鱼等等，把海鲜放入烤炉，使其慢慢溢出香喷喷的汁液，十分美味。而普吉菜品中最具代表性的就是冬阴功汤，堪称泰国国菜，一定不能错过。
清迈位于曼谷北方700公里，地处海拔300公尺高的山谷，有「北方玫瑰」之称，与黏腻湿热的曼谷相较之下，这里显得格外舒爽宜人。清迈是泰国的第二大城，也曾是泰国史上第一个独立国家－－蓝纳泰（Lanna Thai ）王朝的首都、宗教、文化及贸易中心，亦保有许多的文化遗产，又有「艺术建筑之宝殿堂」之称谓。 中间蓝色的方块是护城河，虽是手绘地图，图上比例基本正确，护城河周围有老城墙，但是断断续续的，只有清迈城的四个角和四侧城门有城墙，这也方便认路城内城中间东西向的Ratchadamnoen Rd.是清迈城内的主干道，东侧尽头就是塔佩门Tha Pae Gate，西侧尽头是帕辛寺（Wat Phar Sing），图上画出来的都是路（Road），其余的都是巷（Soi/Lane），城内三大寺庙：清曼寺（Wat Chiang Mun）- 位于城东北大佛塔寺/契迪龙寺（wat chedi luang） - 位于城西南帕辛寺（Wat Phar Sing）， - 位于城西出城的道路主要有5条：东：到清迈夜市西南：到机场西：到清迈大学西北：到素贴山北：到清迈新城两大夜市：黄色：每天出摊的清迈夜市淡红色：周日出摊的周日夜市紫色区：酒吧、餐厅密集分布的清迈主要休闲娱乐区旅游季节：清迈有三季：凉季、热季和雨季。 10月到次年2月为凉季，平均气温为21℃，早晚很凉，12月到1月的气温最低；3月到5月为热季，平均气温为30℃，4月是一年中最
炎热的月份；6月到10月为雨季，平均气温为25℃，9月是一年中最多雨的月份。安全：清迈不像普吉那样的海岛，要注意水上安全，它只是一个静静的小镇，又是世界著名的度假圣地，安全无忧！目的：1、漫步佛寺，冥思感悟2、骑大象，体验驰骋丛林的快感3、购物，熙攘中收获清迈的雅致 4、徒步游，单车游，忘记急功近利的旅行 5、泰式按摩，给身体充电景点：上上贴的三大寺庙素贴山，双龙寺蒲屏皇宫清迈动物园清迈大学清迈夜市星期天夜市河岸区 主要一日游项目：Jungle Flight/Flight of The Gibbon Elephant Trekking大象一日游也有旅行社代理素贴山半日游简单的历史背景：说到清迈的历史，就和泰族的历史一样古老。1296年，由创建清莱（Chiang Rai ）城，征服旧孟国都哈瑞贲差（Haripun Chai ），今日的蓝奔（Lamphun ）的明莱王（King Mengrai ）所建。由于夹处于泰、缅边界，使得清迈融合了两国的文化而形成独特的色彩，但也由于泰缅双方交战不断，使得清迈饱受战火之苦，至今清迈建城虽已700 年，可惜许多古迹却多有残破。话说1558年，缅甸王勃固（Pegu ）大举入侵泰国，使清迈一度沦入缅甸人手中，而兰纳泰的大部分地区也因此被缅甸人统治了
语言篇： 出去之前一直担心：在当地找不到会说英语的怎么办？ 事实证明，泰国的英语普及率比国内高很多，一路上机场、旅馆、饭店等，基本上没有不会英语的。最让人惊叹的是夜市里的小摊贩、街 边的烧烤老大妈都会一些简单的英语。 贴几句最最简单但最常用的句子和单词： 1、Where is toilet? 2、How can i get to 某某hotel? 3、How much is this? 4、Do you have any rooms? 5、Do you have any Motobike for rent? 6、Have a discount? 1、炒：fried 烧烤：roast 蒸：steam 白饭：steamed rice 糯米饭：sticky rice 蟹：crab 虾：shrimp 对虾：prown 龙虾：lobster 蚌 ：mussel 蛤：clam 酱油：sauce 咖哩：curry 胡椒：pepper 蒜：garlic 蔬菜：vegetable 火腿：ham 买单：bill 2、芒果：manggo 木瓜：papaya 椰子：coconut 西瓜：watermelon 鸡尾酒：cocktail 3、单人床：single bed 双人床：double bed 空调：air-condition蚊子:mosquito 浮潜：snorkeling 面罩：mask 脚蹼：fin 4、退税：tax refund 充电：recharge 手动档：manual gear 自动档：automatic gear 余额：withdrawal 查询：requiry 代理：agent/agency 货币：currency 国内：domestic 海关：customs 移民：immigrate 护照：passport “body bazaar”，就 是性服务的代名词了 ★电话卡篇： 曼谷机场二楼有很多卖电话卡的，7-11也有卖，我用的是happy卡。 1、打国内拨009+86+国内区号+固定电话。 2、拨打国内手机00986+手机号收费大概7B/分钟， 3、当地的通话费用第一分钟1B，以后每分钟0.25B。 4、上网：好像是1分钟1B。10天，我总共300B的话费，基本上用于上网了。网络带宽为3G，上网速度很快。 5、查询余额：拨打*101*9#，会收到SMS通知你的余额和有效期。 注意的小地方：泰国的手机卡有个有效期的概念，就是手机卡不但要充话费，还要充有效期，有效期完了后，既使还有话费，但也打不了电 话。我拿的是我同事的HAPPY卡，卡上有余额，但有效期己经过了，我在7-11充了10天的有效期100B，便可以用了。 1、下了飞机后，在information拿地图。出机场后向左走十米坐minibus到巴东，一个人150b。坐mini bus处并没有什么标识，如找不到可 询问附近的机场工作人员。机场到巴东一个小时车程，约35公里。
泰国曼谷-普吉岛7日自助游攻略详细路线 作者：Mr.黯〃影↘. 写于2013年4月15日 出国旅游要做的准备非常多，总的来说有： 1、护照和签证 2、机票 3、酒店住宿 4、目的地交通路线 5、美食 6、购物娱乐 7、景点观光8、电话和网络通讯9、泰国的风土民情和风俗习惯10、钱 一、首先确定行程，5月7日到5月13日在泰国，5月有一个非常重要的节日，就是佛诞。 5月7日第一天：机场闲逛——酒店闲逛——考山路闲逛 5月8日第二天：大王宫——玉佛寺——卧佛寺——郑王庙——考山路酒吧 5月9日第三天：安帕瓦水上市场——泰式按摩——唐人街-——人妖秀 5月10日第四天：暹罗广场购物——Siam海洋世界——曼谷杜莎夫人蜡像馆——飞去普吉岛 5月11日第五天：pp岛一日游——卡塔海滩和卡伦海滩漫步——沙滩派对 5月12日第六天：珊瑚岛浮潜——卡图蹦极——神仙半岛看日落——海鲜店吃海鲜——飞回曼谷 5月13日第七天：丹嫩沙多水上市场——四面佛——回国
1. 要出国就先要有护照，回到户口所在地公安机关处办理出国护照，15个工作日内领证， 费用200RMB 2. 然后是签证，泰国签证可以在淘宝解决，准备好相关资料，通过淘宝商家办理，也是 10天左右就可以了，费用在300RMB以内（含快递费） 3. 还有澳门签证，因为选择在澳门坐飞机出发，所以要有澳门签证。费用20RMB 二、机票 首先我要确定出发地点和目的地，通过多家航空公司的信息比较，先到曼谷比较划算。最终选择了同程网预订澳门往返曼谷的机票。
同时也需要考虑时间，所以我选择中午12点起飞的机票，到达曼谷才下午2点，有充足的时间去找预定好的酒店，遇到突发情况也有足够的时间去解决。珠海离澳门近，早上从学校出发到澳门机场，时间也是很充足的。往返机票总价1763RMB（含税）在曼谷逗留3天，5月10日在曼谷飞往普吉岛，这个我在亚航官网预订了曼谷飞普吉岛的往返机票。（经过穷游达人推荐）费用为684.61RMB晚上7点35分起飞，8点55分到达普吉岛。5月12日晚上10点
普吉是泰国第二大岛，和新加坡的大小差不多。普吉岛位于温和的安达曼海水中，在泰国的印度洋海岸线上，位于曼谷以南862公里。普吉的财富以前源自锡和橡胶，有一段富有而且丰富多彩的历史。这个岛屿在印度和中国之间的一条主要的贸易路线上，因此常常出现在外国商船的航行日志中。 葡萄牙人、法国人、荷兰人和英国人都与普吉有贸易往来。其他游客则没有那么友好。普吉最著名的纪念碑是女英雄Thao Thepkasattri和Thao Sisunthon的纪念雕像，1785年她们召集岛上居民击退了缅甸侵略者。 普吉幸运的享有美丽的小湾和海湾，四周都是棕榈树的白色粉末状沙滩，岛屿星罗棋布、闪闪发光的大海，真诚好客的居民，华丽的住所和美味的海鲜，有趣的19世纪末20世纪初的中葡建筑；众多的运动和休闲机会；青翠的热带风景——所有这些结合起来为使您度过真正难以忘怀的假日创造了令人愉快的环境。 如何到达 坐船 在旺季期间，游客可以选择从Ko Phi Phi和Ko Lanta（这两个岛都在甲米府）坐船去普吉岛。普吉岛只有少数港口提供这项服务，票价在300-500铢之间。大约1个半小时至2个小时可到，取决于天气因素。 坐飞机 坐飞机是去普吉最轻松的方式。国内航线每天都有很多趟往返于曼谷和普吉间的航班，也有些航班经停苏梅岛，大概40分钟。下面是各大航空公司联系方式： Phuket Air每天都有航班飞往普吉，大约飞行时间1小时20分钟。联系电话:02 6798999或登陆https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,了解更多航班信息。Bangkok Airways每天都有航班飞往普吉，芭堤雅和苏梅，也往返于普吉和芭堤雅、苏梅之间。曼谷办事处电话：66 2265 5678. 订票热线：66 226 5 5555. 也可以登陆官方网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,了解更多航班信息。Thai Airways每天有很多趟航班往返于曼谷普吉之间。此外，还有定期航班从普吉飞往合艾，素叻他尼和那拉特越府。更多信息可联系泰航在曼谷的办事处，电话：02 628 2000，也可以登陆https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html,在线预定座位。O ne-to-Go是泰国东方航空公司，每天也有航班往返于曼谷和普吉之间。大约飞行时间1小时20分钟。客服电话：1126或登陆https://www.doczj.com/doc/5818694328.html, 了解更多讯息。
泰国旅游攻略秘籍 一、准备 1、货币 泰国的货币叫泰株，简写为“B”，发音为“拔”。去泰国之前，可在中国银行(其他银行不一定有)购买一些泰株，与人民币汇率是1：5不到一点，先与中国银行预约好，第二天就可凭身份证到银行去购买泰株。泰国是一个盛行给小费的国家，一般是20B，随身带些20B面额泰株。 2、机票 成人来回程价格(包括机票价格和所有税费，)是2700元人民币，儿童为 2700-90(税)=2610元人民币。港龙国泰航空是从上海-香港-普吉岛，需要在香港转机，成人来回程机票报价约在3600元-4000元人民币，儿童价2800多元人民币左右。东航是上海直达普吉岛， 3、签证 在旅行社办就行具体的他们会告诉你 4、其他 (1)需要准备一些物品。腹泻、发热、感冒药; 晕船药(如果坐船去皮皮岛，并且晕船的话); 酒精棉花，苯扎溴铵酊棉花(被贝壳或珊瑚扎破皮肤用); 欧护等驱蚊剂，花露水(普吉、皮皮岛蚊子较多，可能是原生态的地方吧); 带有消毒功能的湿巾纸; 墨镜。 (2)一份常用的英文菜单单词注解 (3)防晒霜 二、护照、泰国签证办理篇 1.持个人户口身份证到当地公安局可办理护照; 2.泰国签证分为：旅游签证，商务签证，学生签证，落地签证。 a，旅游签证是可以让美嘉旅行社代办手续费一般为100元，旅游签证为2个月，可以在泰国移民局申请延长一个月。
b，落地签证，在澳门飞到曼谷才可以在泰国国际机场办理，前提要有来回机票，此免费，长14天。较高，所以一般旅游达人都不会考虑。 c，商务签证和学生签证比较繁琐，需要公司学校证明，分为3个月和一年，并且费用 二、旅游基本花费篇 泰国旅游花费和国内二线城市差不多，以下是平均水平。 1.饮食：按快餐计算40-50元可包一天三餐，花100元可吃一顿相当丰盛的大餐哟 2.交通：计程车7元起价 3.公交：2元左右 4.购物:多数是中国制造，不贵的哟（特别提示） 5.景区门票：普遍在100元上下浮动（特别提示：贵了肯定有问题）。 6.人民币在曼谷的super rich 兑换，最划算 最新货币兑换 1人民币元=4.9699泰铢 1泰铢=0.2012人民币元 三、注意事项篇 1.求助电话： 中国驻泰国大使馆电话：0066-2-2457044 救护车： 254425；210935 ； 火警：199 警察：191 2.最常用的交流语言： 你好 sa va di ka 谢谢 kop koon 不客气 mai pen rai 对不起 kor thoad 再见 la gon 是的 chai
泰国普吉岛自助游攻略大放送 随着泰国旅游业的蓬勃发展，泰国普吉岛逐渐成为热门的旅游地区之一。那么如果想去普吉岛自助游的话，有哪些游玩攻略呢?让我告诉你吧。 1、普吉岛介绍及中文地图 泰国最大的岛屿、安达曼海的“珍珠”普吉岛是东南亚具有代表性的旅游度假胜地。它的魅力首先在于它那美丽的大海，岛屿的西海岸正对安达曼海，阳光普照之下，大大小小的海滩闪烁着安达曼海拍岸的浪花。普吉的海滩类型丰富，有热闹无比像是在赶集的海滩，也有清静悠闲的海滩，还有感觉豪华的、像是私人度假的海滩。 2、普吉岛最佳旅游时间 每年11至翌年4月是普吉岛的旅游旺季。普吉地处热带，属潮湿的热带气候，常夏无冬。每年的5月至10月，是普吉的雨季，尤其是5月份，几乎天天降雨。到了11月，从芭东海滩的狂欢节开始到翌年4月底海鲜节的举行，不仅整个普吉岛都是一片热闹景象，而且天空也呈现温和的阳光，海水湛蓝，波涛温柔，可以舒舒服服地潜一个水，和藏在海水下的美丽珊瑚来个亲密接触，看多彩的热带海鱼游过身边。 3、普吉岛常玩海滩/景点/游玩活动 普吉岛很大，大多数海滩在岛的西侧，安静的海滩大多在西北侧。芭东(Paton)，卡塔(Kata)，卡隆(Karon)这3个之所以很有名，是因为大多数酒店，餐馆都在这3个海滩附近。 芭东海滩 Patong Beach 芭东海滩位于普吉岛的西海岸，是普吉岛开发最完善的海滩区，是普古岛上最现代化的海滩度假胜地，其繁华和热闹程度，完全可媲美芭堤雅，是岛上最热闹的海滩。 交通： ① 普吉机场到芭东海滩：如从普吉机场坐出租车前往，车费为600泰株左右，车程45分钟。也有mini巴士，180泰株/人。芭东海滩距普吉国际机场车程约45分钟。 ② 普吉镇到芭东海滩：芭东海滩距普吉镇约15公里，从镇中心可坐TukTuk前往，车费为300泰铢左右。或搭乘中巴，起点在普吉镇Ranong 路上(在机场的对面)，途经几个主要海滩，可随停随上，每隔半小时一班，运营时间为7:00-18:00，车费15-20泰铢。