CHAPTER 2
Mechanics of Futures Markets
Practice Questions
Problem 2.1.
Distinguish between the terms open interest and trading volume.
The open interest of a futures contract at a particular time is the total number of long positions outstanding. (Equivalently, it is the total number of short positions outstanding.) The trading volume during a certain period of time is the number of contracts traded during this period. Problem 2.2.
What is the difference between a local and a futures commission merchant?
A futures commission merchant trades on behalf of a client and charges a commission. A local trades on his or her own behalf.
Problem 2.3.
Suppose that you enter into a short futures contract to sell July silver for $17.20 per ounce. The size of the contract is 5,000 ounces. The initial margin is $4,000, and the maintenance margin is $3,000. What change in the futures price will lead to a margin call? What happens if you do not meet the margin call?
There will be a margin call when $1,000 has been lost from the margin account. This will occur when the price of silver increases by 1,000/5,000 = $0.20. The price of silver must therefore rise to $17.40 per ounce for there to be a margin call. If the margin call is not met, your broker closes out your position.
Problem 2.4.
Suppose that in September 2015 a company takes a long position in a contract on May 2016 crude oil futures. It closes out its position in March 2016. The futures price (per barrel) is $88.30 when it enters into the contract, $90.50 when it closes out its position, and $89.10 at the end of December 2015. One contract is for the delivery of 1,000 barrels. What is the company’s total profit? When is it realized? How is it taxed if it is (a) a hedger and (b) a speculator? Assume that the company has a December 31 year-end.
The total profit is ($90.50 - $88.30) ? 1,000 = $2,200. Of this ($89.10 - $88.30) ? 1,000 or $800 is realized on a day-by-day basis between September 2015 and December 31, 2015. A further ($90.50 - $89.10) ? 1,000 or $1,400 is realized on a day-by-day basis between January
1, 2016, and March 2016. A hedger would be taxed on the whole profit of $2,200 in 2016. A speculator would be taxed on $800 in 2015 and $1,400 in 2016.
Problem 2.5.
What does a stop order to sell at $2 mean? When might it be used? What does a limit order to sell at $2 mean? When might it be used?
A stop order to sell at $2 is an order to sell at the best available price once a price of $2 or less is reached. It could be used to limit the losses from an existing long position. A limit order to sell at $2 is an order to sell at a price of $2 or more. It could be used to instruct a broker that a short position should be taken, providing it can be done at a price more favorable than $2.
Problem 2.6.
What is the difference between the operation of the margin accounts administered by a clearing house and those administered by a broker?
The margin account administered by the clearing house is marked to market daily, and the clearing house member is required to bring the account back up to the prescribed level daily. The margin account administered by the broker is also marked to market daily. However, the account does not have to be brought up to the initial margin level on a daily basis. It has to be brought up to the initial margin level when the balance in the account falls below the maintenance margin level. The maintenance margin is usually about 75% of the initial margin.
Problem 2.7.
What differences exist in the way prices are quoted in the foreign exchange futures market, the foreign exchange spot market, and the foreign exchange forward market?
In futures markets, prices are quoted as the number of US dollars per unit of foreign currency. Spot and forward rates are quoted in this way for the British pound, euro, Australian dollar, and New Zealand dollar. For other major currencies, spot and forward rates are quoted as the number of units of foreign currency per US dollar.
Problem 2.8.
The party with a short position in a futures contract sometimes has options as to the precise asset that will be delivered, where delivery will take place, when delivery will take place, and so on. Do these options increase or decrease the futures price? Explain your reasoning.
These options make the contract less attractive to the party with the long position and more attractive to the party with the short position. They therefore tend to reduce the futures price.
Problem 2.9.
What are the most important aspects of the design of a new futures contract?
The most important aspects of the design of a new futures contract are the specification of the underlying asset, the size of the contract, the delivery arrangements, and the delivery months. Problem 2.10.
Explain how margin accounts protect investors against the possibility of default.
A margin is a sum of money deposited by an investor with his or her broker. It acts as a guarantee that the investor can cover any losses on the futures contract. The balance in the margin account is adjusted daily to reflect gains and losses on the futures contract. If losses are above a certain level, the investor is required to deposit a further margin. This system makes it unlikely that the investor will default. A similar system of margin accounts makes it unlikely that the investor’s broker will default on the contract it has with the clearing house member and unlikely that the clearing house member will default with the clearing house.
Problem 2.11.
A trader buys two July futures contracts on frozen orange juice. Each contract is for the delivery of 15,000 pounds. The current futures price is 160 cents per pound, the initial margin is $6,000 per contract, and the maintenance margin is $4,500 per contract. What price change would lead to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $2,000 be withdrawn from the margin account?
There is a margin call if more than $1,500 is lost on one contract. This happens if the futures price of frozen orange juice falls by more than 10 cents to below 150 cents per pound. $2,000 can be withdrawn from the margin account if there is a gain on one contract of $1,000. This will happen if the futures price rises by 6.67 cents to 166.67 cents per pound.
Problem 2.12.
Show that, if the futures price of a commodity is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, then there is an arbitrage opportunity. Does an arbitrage opportunity exist if the futures price is less than the spot price? Explain your answer.
If the futures price is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, an arbitrageur buys the asset, shorts a futures contract, and makes delivery for an immediate profit. If the futures price is less than the spot price during the delivery period, there is no similar perfect arbitrage strategy. An arbitrageur can take a long futures position but cannot force immediate delivery of the asset. The decision on when delivery will be made is made by the party with the short position. Nevertheless companies interested in acquiring the asset may find it attractive to enter
into a long futures contract and wait for delivery to be made.
Problem 2.13.
Explain the difference between a market-if-touched order and a stop order.
A market-if-touched order is executed at the best available price after a trade occurs at a specified price or at a price more favorable than the specified price. A stop order is executed at the best available price after there is a bid or offer at the specified price or at a price less favorable than the specified price.
Problem 2.14.
Explain what a stop-limit order to sell at 20.30 with a limit of 20.10 means.
A stop-limit order to sell at 20.30 with a limit of 20.10 means that as soon as there is a bid at
20.30 the contract should be sold providing this can be done at 20.10 or a higher price. Problem 2.15.
At the end of one day a clearing house member is long 100 contracts, and the settlement price is $50,000 per contract. The original margin is $2,000 per contract. On the following day the member becomes responsible for clearing an additional 20 long contracts, entered into at a price of $51,000 per contract. The settlement price at the end of this day is $50,200. How much does the member have to add to its margin account with the exchange clearing house?
The clearing house member is required to provide 20$2000$40000
?,=, as initial margin for the new contracts. There is a gain of (50,200 - 50,000)? 100 = $20,000 on the existing contracts. There is also a loss of (5100050200)20$16000
,-,?=, on the new contracts. The member must therefore add
,-,+,=,
400002000016000$36000
to the margin account.
Problem 2.16.
Explain why collateral requirements will increase in the OTC market as a result of new regulations introduced since the 2008 credit crisis.
Regulations require most standard OTC transactions entered into between derivatives dealers to be cleared by CCPs. These have initial and variation margin requirements similar to exchanges. There is also a requirement that initial and variation margin be provided for most bilaterally cleared OTC transactions.
Problem 2.17.
The forward price on the Swiss franc for delivery in 45 days is quoted as 1.1000. The futures price for a contract that will be delivered in 45 days is 0.9000. Explain these two quotes. Which is more favorable for an investor wanting to sell Swiss francs?
The 1.1000 forward quote is the number of Swiss francs per dollar. The 0.9000 futures quote is the number of dollars per Swiss franc. When quoted in the same way as the futures price the /.=.. The Swiss franc is therefore more valuable in the forward forward price is11100009091
market than in the futures market. The forward market is therefore more attractive for an investor wanting to sell Swiss francs.
Problem 2.18.
Suppose you call your broker and issue instructions to sell one July hogs contract. Describe what happens.
Live hog futures are traded by the CME Group. The broker will request some initial margin. The order will be relayed by telephone to your broker’s trading desk on the floor of the exchange (or to the trading desk of another broker). It will then be sent by messenger to a commission broker who will execute the trade according to your instructions. Confirmation of the trade eventually reaches you. If there are adverse movements in the futures price your broker may contact you to request additional margin.
Problem 2.19.
“Speculation in futures markets is pure gambling. It is not in the public interest to allow speculators to trade on a futures exchange.” Discuss this viewpoint.
Speculators are important market participants because they add liquidity to the market. However, contracts must be useful for hedging as well as speculation. This is because regulators generally only approve contracts when they are likely to be of interest to hedgers as well as speculators.
Problem 2.20.
Explain the difference between bilateral and central clearing for OTC derivatives.
In bilateral clearing the two sides enter into an agreement governing the circumstances under which transactions can be closed out by one side, how transactions will be valued if there is a close out, how the collateral posted by each side is calculated, and so on. In central clearing a CCP stands between the two sides in the same way that an exchange clearing house stands between two sides for transactions entered into on an exchange
Problem 2.21.
What do you think would happen if an exchange started trading a contract in which the quality
of the underlying asset was incompletely specified?
The contract would not be a success. Parties with short positions would hold their contracts until delivery and then deliver the cheapest form of the asset. This might well be viewed by the party with the long position as garbage! Once news of the quality problem became widely known no one would be prepared to buy the contract. This shows that futures contracts are feasible only when there are rigorous standards within an industry for defining the quality of the asset. Many futures contracts have in practice failed because of the problem of defining quality.
Problem 2.22.
“When a futures contract is traded on the floor of the exchange, it may be the case that the open interest increases by one, stays the same, or decreases by one.” Explain this statement.
If both sides of the transaction are entering into a new contract, the open interest increases by one. If both sides of the transaction are closing out existing positions, the open interest decreases by one. If one party is entering into a new contract while the other party is closing out an existing position, the open interest stays the same.
Problem 2.23.
Suppose that on October 24, 2015, a company sells one April 2016 live-cattle futures contracts. It closes out its position on January 21, 2016. The futures price (per pound) is 121.20 cents when it enters into the contract, 118.30 cents when it closes out its position, and 118.80 cents at the end of December 2015. One contract is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. What is the total profit? How is it taxed if the company is (a) a hedger and (b) a speculator?Assume that the company has a December 31 year end.
The total profit is
40,000×(1.2120?1.1830) = $1,160
If the company is a hedger this is all taxed in 2016. If it is a speculator
40,000×(1.2120?1.1880) = $960
is taxed in 2015 and
40,000×(1.1880?1.1830) = $200
is taxed in 2016.
Problem 2.24.
A cattle farmer expects to have 120,000 pounds of live cattle to sell in three months. The live-cattle futures contract traded by the CME Group is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. How can the farmer use the contract for hedging? From the farmer’s viewpoint, what are the
pros and cons of hedging?
The farmer can short 3 contracts that have 3 months to maturity. If the price of cattle falls, the gain on the futures contract will offset the loss on the sale of the cattle. If the price of cattle rises, the gain on the sale of the cattle will be offset by the loss on the futures contract. Using futures contracts to hedge has the advantage that the farmer can greatly reduce the uncertainty about the price that will be received. Its disadvantage is that the farmer no longer gains from favorable movements in cattle prices.
Problem 2.25.
It is July 2014. A mining company has just discovered a small deposit of gold. It will take six months to construct the mine. The gold will then be extracted on a more or less continuous basis for one year. Futures contracts on gold are available with delivery months every two months from August 2014 to December 2015. Each contract is for the delivery of 100 ounces. Discuss how the mining company might use futures markets for hedging.
The mining company can estimate its production on a month by month basis. It can then short futures contracts to lock in the price received for the gold. For example, if a total of 3,000 ounces are expected to be produced in September 2015 and October 2015, the price received for this production can be hedged by shorting 30 October 2015 contracts.
Problem 2.26.
Explain how CCPs work. What are the advantages to the financial system of requiring all standardized derivatives transactions to be cleared through CCPs?
A CCP stands between the two parties in an OTC derivative transaction in much the same way that a clearing house does for exchange-traded contracts. It absorbs the credit risk but requires initial and variation margin from each side. In addition, CCP members are required to contribute to a default fund. The advantage to the financial system is that there is a lot more collateral (i.e., margin) available and it is therefore much less likely that a default by one major participant in the derivatives market will lead to losses by other market participants. There is also more transparency in that the trades of different financial institutions are more readily known. The disadvantage is that CCPs are replacing banks as the too-big-to-fail entities in the financial system. There clearly needs to be careful oversight of the management of CCPs.
Further Questions
Problem 2.27.
Trader A enters into futures contracts to buy 1 million euros for 1.3 million dollars in three months. Trader B enters in a forward contract to do the same thing. The exchange rate (dollars
per euro) declines sharply during the first two months and then increases for the third month to close at 1.3300. Ignoring daily settlement, what is the total profit of each trader? When the impact of daily settlement is taken into account, which trader does better?
The total profit of each trader in dollars is 0.03×1,000,000 = 30,000. Trader B’s profit is realized at the end of the three months. Trader A’s profit is realized day-by-day during the three months. Substantial losses are made during the first two months and profits are made during the final month. It is likely that Trader B has done better because Trader A had to finance its losses during the first two months.
Problem 2.28.
Explain what is meant by open interest. Why does the open interest usually decline during the month preceding the delivery month? On a particular day, there were 2,000 trades in a particular futures contract. This means that there were 2000 buyers (going long) and 2000 sellers (going short). Of the 2,000 buyers, 1,400 were closing out positions and 600 were entering into new positions. Of the 2,000 sellers, 1,200 were closing out positions and 800 were entering into new positions. What is the impact of the day's trading on open interest?
Open interest is the number of contract outstanding. Many traders close out their positions just before the delivery month is reached. This is why the open interest declines during the month preceding the delivery month. The open interest went down by 600. We can see this in two ways. First, 1,400 shorts closed out and there were 800 new shorts. Second, 1,200 longs closed out and there were 600 new longs.
Problem 2.29.
One orange juice future contract is on 15,000 pounds of frozen concentrate. Suppose that in September 2014 a company sells a March 2016 orange juice futures contract for 120 cents per pound. In December 2014 the futures price is 140 cents; in December 2015 the futures price is 110 cents; and in February 2016 it is closed out at 125 cents. The company has a December year end. What is the company's profit or loss on the contract? How is it realized? What is the accounting and tax treatment of the transaction if the company is classified as a) a hedger and b) a speculator?
The price goes up during the time the company holds the contract from 120 to 125 cents per pound. Overall the company therefore takes a loss of 15,000×0.05 = $750. If the company is classified as a hedger this loss is realized in 2016, If it is classified as a speculator it realizes a loss of 15,000×0.20 = $3000 in 2014, a gain of 15,000×0.30 = $4,500 in 2015, and a loss of 15,000×0.15 = $2,250 in 2016.
Problem 2.30.
A company enters into a short futures contract to sell 5,000 bushels of wheat for 750 cents per bushel. The initial margin is $3,000 and the maintenance margin is $2,000. What price change
would lead to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $1,500 be withdrawn from the margin account?
There is a margin call if $1000 is lost on the contract. This will happen if the price of wheat futures rises by 20 cents from 750 cents to 770 cents per bushel. $1500 can be withdrawn if the futures price falls by 30 cents to 720 cents per bushel.
Problem 2.31.
Suppose that there are no storage costs for crude oil and the interest rate for borrowing or lending is 5% per annum. How could you make money if the June and December futures contracts for a particular year trade at $80 and $86?
You could go long one June oil contract and short one December contract. In June you take delivery of the oil borrowing $80 per barrel at 5% to meet cash outflows. The interest accumulated in six months is about 80×0.05×1/2 or $2. In December the oil is sold for $86 per barrel which is more than the $82 that has to be repaid on the loan. The strategy therefore leads to a profit. Note that this profit is independent of the actual price of oil in June and December. It will be slightly affected by the daily settlement procedures.
Problem 2.32.
What position is equivalent to a long forward contract to buy an asset at K on a certain date and a put option to sell it for K on that date?
The long forward contract provides a payoff of S T?K where S T is the asset price on the date and K is the delivery price. The put option provides a payoff of max (K?S T, 0). If S T> K the sum of the two payoffs is S T–K. If S T< K the sum of the two payoffs is 0. The combined payoff is therefore max (S T–K, 0). This is the payoff from a call option. The equivalent position is therefore a call option.
Problem 2.33.
A company has derivatives transactions with Banks A, B, and C which are worth +$20 million, ?$15 million, and ?$25 million, respectively to t he company. How much margin or collateral does the company have to provide in each of the following two situations?
a) The transactions are cleared bilaterally and are subject to one-way collateral agreements where the company posts variation margin, but no initial margin. The banks do not have to post collateral.
b) The transactions are cleared centrally through the same CCP and the CCP requires a total initial margin of $10 million.
If the transactions are cleared bilaterally, the company has to provide collateral to Banks A, B, and C of (in millions of dollars) 0, 15, and 25, respectively. The total collateral required is $40 million. If the transactions are cleared centrally they are netted against each other and the
company’s total variation margin (i n millions of dollars) is –20 + 15 + 25 or $20 million in total. The total margin required (including the initial margin) is therefore $30 million.
Problem 2.34.
A bank’s derivatives transactions with a counterparty are worth +$10 million to the bank and are cleared bilaterally. The counterparty has posted $10 million of cash collateral. What credit exposure does the bank have?
The counterparty may stop posting collateral and some time will then elapse before the bank is able to close out the transaction s. During that time the transactions may move in the bank’s favor, increasing its exposure. Note that the bank is likely to have hedged the transactions and will incur a loss on the hedge if the transactions move in the bank’s favor. For example, if the transactions change in value from $10 to $13 million after the counterparty stops posting
collateral, the bank loses $3 million on the hedge and will not necessarily realize an offsetting gain on the transactions.
Problem 2.35. (Excel file)
The author’s website (www.rotman.utoronto.ca/~hull/data) contains daily closing prices for the crude oil futures contract and gold futures contract. (Both contracts are traded on NYMEX.) You are required to download the data for crude oil and answer the following:
(a) Assuming that daily price changes are normally distributed with zero mean, estimate the daily price movement that will not be exceeded with 99% confidence.
(b) Suppose that an exchange wants to set the maintenance margin for traders so that it is 99% certain that the margin will not be wiped out by a two-day price move. (It chooses two days
because the margin calls are made at the end of a day and the trader has until the end of the next day to decide whether to provide more margin.) How high does the margin have to be when the normal distribution assumption is made?
(c) Suppose that the maintenance margin is as calculated in (b) and is 75% of the initial margin. How frequently would the margin have been wiped out by a two-day price movement in the period covered by the data for a trader with a long position? What do your results suggest about the appropriateness of the normal distribution assumption.
(a) For crude oil, the standard deviation of daily changes is $1.5777 per barrel or $1577.7 per
contract. We are therefore 99% confident that daily changes will not exceed 1577.7×2.326 or 3669.73.
(b) The maintenance margin should be set at 3263.227.1577?? or 5,191 when rounded.
(c)The initial margin is set at 6,921 for on crude oil. (This is the maintenance margin of
5,191 divided by 0.75.) As the spreadsheet shows, for a long investor in oil there are 157 margin calls and 9 times (out of 1039 days) where the trader is tempted to walk away. As
9 is approximately 1% of 1039 the normal distribution assumption appears to work
reasonably well in this case.
第一章 1.1请解释远期多头与远期空头的区别。 答：远期多头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格购入某种资产；远期空头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格售出某种资产。 1.2请详细解释套期保值、投机与套利的区别。 答：套期保值指交易者采取一定的措施补偿资产的风险暴露；投机不对风险暴露进行补偿，是一种“赌博行为”；套利是采取两种或更多方式锁定利润。 1.3请解释签订购买远期价格为$50的远期合同与持有执行价格为$50的看涨期权的区别。 答：第一种情况下交易者有义务以50$购买某项资产（交易者没有选择），第二种情况下有权利以50$购买某项资产（交易者可以不执行该权利）。 1.4一位投资者出售了一个棉花期货合约，期货价格为每磅50美分，每个合约交易量为50，000磅。请问期货合约结束时，当合约到期时棉花价格分别为（a）每磅48.20美分；（b）每磅51.30美分时，这位投资者的收益或损失为多少？ 答：(a)合约到期时棉花价格为每磅$0.4820时，交易者收入：（$0.5000-$0.4820）×50，000＝$900; (b)合约到期时棉花价格为每磅$0.5130时，交易者损失:($0.5130-$0.5000) ×50，000=$650 1.5假设你出售了一个看跌期权，以$120执行价格出售100股IBM的
股票，有效期为3个月。IBM股票的当前价格为$121。你是怎么考虑 的？你的收益或损失如何？ 答：当股票价格低于$120时，该期权将不被执行。当股票价格高于$120美元时，该期权买主执行该期权，我将损失100(st-x)。 1.6你认为某种股票的价格将要上升。现在该股票价格为$29,3个月期的执行价格为$30的看跌期权的价格为$ 2.90.你有$5,800资金可以投资。现有两种策略：直接购买股票或投资于期权，请问各自潜在的收益或损失为多少？ 答：股票价格低于$29时，购买股票和期权都将损失，前者损失为 $5,800 ×(29-p),后者损失为$5，800;当股票价格为（29，30），购买$29 ×(p-29),购买期权损失为$5,800;当股票价格高股票收益为$5,800 $29 于$30时，购买股票收益为$5,800 ×(p-29)，购买期权收益为 $29 ×(p-30)-5,800。 $$5,800 $29 1.7假设你拥有5,000股每股价值$25的股票，如何运用看跌期权来确保你的股票价值在未来的四个月中不会受到股价下跌的影响。 答：通过购买5，000份价格为$25，期限为4个月的看跌期权来保值。 1.8一种股票在首次发行时会为公司提供资金。请说明CBOE股票期权是否有同样的作用。 答：股票期权不为公司提供资金，它只是交易者之间相互买卖的一种证券，公司并不参与交易。
第五章 答：远期价格是远期合约中地交割价格，它是双方约定地价格，约定好了就不会变动，到期直接按此价格交割.而远期合约价值是远期合约内在地价值，是由于标地资产价格地变化导 致此合约或盈或亏，这个价值就是用来计算这个合约是赢是亏地.文档来自于网络搜索 解：由题意，股指地当前价格，无风险收益率，股息收益率，.则期货价格()()美元.文档来自于网络搜索 所以，个月期地期货价格为美元. 答：便利收益用于衡量持有实际资产比仅持有期货合约而带来地额外好处，包括从本地地商品暂时性短缺中获利，以及为了保持生产线正常运作地能力.持有成本等于标地资产存储成 本加上融资成本再减去资本收益.假设期货价格为，即期价格为，便利收益率为，持有成本 为，则有()文档来自于网络搜索 答：股指地期货价格低于其将来预期价格.假设为投资者对于股指期货投资要求地投资收益 率，为无风险利率，为到期日地资产价格.由于股指价格与股票市场有正相关性投资者对股 指所期望地收益率要大于无风险利率，及>, ()（），得<()，所以股指地期货价格低于其将来 预期价格.文档来自于网络搜索 解：由题意，股指地当前价格，无风险收益率，股息收益率，.文档来自于网络搜索 则期货价格()() 所以，个月期期货价格为 解：期货理论价格()()美元>实际价格美元，认为期货价格被低估了，应该买入.因此，应当以即期价格卖空股票，并进入一个期货合约长头寸.文档来自于网络搜索 解：期货理论价格为()()*美元<实际价格美元，期货价格过高，因此应该进入瑞郎期货合约 短头寸（假设进入地是美元地），同时借入美元买入瑞郎.文档来自于网络搜索 则在即期，借入美元，并且兑换成瑞郎，并将这瑞郎投入货币市场.到期时，货币市场地瑞郎变为*瑞郎,用于交割期货合约瑞郎，盈利瑞郎，兑换成美元为*美元，借入地美元需偿还 利息*美元.盈利美元.文档来自于网络搜索 证明：若>()，则存在如下套利机会： 进入一份到期日为地期货合约地长头寸，同时进入一份到期日为地期货合约地短头寸.在时刻，以无风险利率借入资金用于交割到期期货合约长头寸，并持有标地资产至，用于交割在到期地合约，获得资金.此时需偿还所借资金为()，盈利().因为这种套利机会不能长期存在，因此≦()文档来自于网络搜索 答：由于()（），所以只有当，即汇率地系统风险为时，远期利率才是未来即期汇率地无偏 估计.文档来自于网络搜索 证：买入一份资产并且进入远期合约地短头寸.在时刻以每单位地成本买入份资产并且进入 一个远期合约，支付，在时刻，单位资产变为份，以地价格交割这份资产，收入为.其贴现值为()应当时刻地现金流，即().式（）成立.文档来自于网络搜索 当> ()时,套利者会买入一份资产并且进入远期合约地短头寸. 当<()时，套利者会卖出一份资产并且进入远期合约地长头寸. 答：组合地价值变化是由组成股票价格地算术平均值计算得到，而几何平均值会小于算术平 均值，因此（）式计算得到地是股票价格算术平均值地理论期货价格会高估其期货价值.文档来自于网络搜索 第六章 解：上一个付息日为年月日，付息期为年月至年月日. 从年月至年月日： 天，
期权、期货和其他衍生品 Chapter 1 第一章 What is a Derivative? 什么是衍生品 A derivative is an instrument whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of another asset. 衍生品是一种金融工具，其价值取决于（衍生于）其他资产的价值。 Derivativesvs Primary Assets 衍生品vs初级资产（标的资产） Primary Assets 初级资产 Stocks 股票Fixed income 固定收益（利率）Foreign exchanges 外汇Loans 贷款Corporate bonds 公司债券Mortgages 住房抵押贷款Commodities 大宗商品Real Estate 房地产 …... What is a Derivative? 什么是衍生品 Commodity futures 商品期货（日本江户幕府时代，美国CBOT 1865）Index futures 指数期货（美国1982年KCBT，CME）Forwards远期合约(美国CBOT1848)Options期权(18世纪，美国CBOE1973)Swaps 互换（掉期美国1980s Swensen）Exotics 奇异期权(1980s)Credit derivatives 信用衍生品(1990s)（CMO, CLO, CDO, CDS, CDX, CMBS… ） Why Derivatives Are Important为什么衍生品很重要？ Derivatives play a key role in transferring risks in the economy 转移经济活动中的风险 Price discovery 价格发现 The underlying assets include stocks, currencies, interest rates, commodities, debt instruments, electricity, insurance payouts, the weather, etc 标的资产可以是股票，货币，利率，商品，债务，电力，保险支付金，天气等等。。。Anything! Many financial transactions have embedded derivatives 许多金融交易和金融业务中都包含了衍生品 The real options approach to assessing capital investment decisions has become widely accepted 利用实物期权的方法评价投资决策已经被广泛使用 How Derivatives Are Traded衍生品如何交易 On exchanges such as the Chicago Board Options Exchange 交易所：如CBOE(芝加哥期权交易所) In the over-the-counter (OTC) market where traders working for banks, fund managers and corporate treasurers contact each other directly 场外交易市场（OTC）：代表银行、基金经理、公司财务主管的交易员们直接进行交易 Size of OTC and Exchange-Traded Markets场外市场和交易所衍生品交易规模
导言 衍生品：远期合约、互换、期权等。可用于对冲风险、投机、套利。规模远大于基本产品。衍生品标的变量：通常是某种交易资产的价格。 1.1交易所市场 交易所中的衍生品，经过交易所标准化之后的衍生产品。 1.2场外市场 规模远大于场内。场外交易缺点：交易会产生对手信用风险。 1.3远期合约 远期合约：在将来某一指定时刻以约定价格买入或卖出某一产品的合约。（场外的）是场外交易市场中金融机构之间或金融机构与客户之间的交易。 多头（长头寸）：在将来某一时刻以某一约定价格买入资产的一方。成交时，执行价格低于市场价格，则有收益。 空头（短头寸）：在将来某一时刻以某一约定价格卖出资产的一方。成交时，执行价格高于市场价格，则有收益。 远期价格和即期价格。 1.4期货合约 期货合约：在将来某一指定时刻以约定价格买入或卖出某一产品的合约。（场内的）是在交易所进行，交易所指定了一些标准特性。 标的：广泛的商品资产和金融资产。 如果较多的交易员想买入资产，价格会上涨；如果较多的交易员想卖出资产，价格会下跌。 1.5期权合约 在交易所市场以及场外市场均有买卖。分为：看涨期权和看跌期权。期权费。数量通常为100股。 看涨期权的持有者有权在将来某一特定时间以某一确定价格买入某种资产； 看跌期权的持有者有权在将来某一特定时间以某一确定价格卖出某种资产； 1.6交易员的种类 分为：对冲者、投机者、套利者。 1.7对冲者 远期对冲：可减少风险，盈利效果不一定；可降低风险 期权对冲：可保证持有的最小价值。可降低风险 1.8投机者 采用期货投机：更大的收益，更小的损失。有杠杆效应。 采用期权投机：更大的收益，更大的损失。但有最小的损失。有杠杆效应。 1.9套利者 期货、远期、期权，包括同时进入两种或更多的交易来锁定无风险盈利。 由于套利的存在，使得实际中大多数金融市场的报价中只会存在很小的套利机会。
第2章期货市场的运作机制 【2.1】说明未平仓合约数量与交易量的区别。 【2.2】说明自营经纪人与佣金经纪人的区别。 【2.3】假定你进入纽约商品交易所的一个7月份白银期货合约的短头寸，在合约中你能够以每盎司10.20美元的价格卖出白银。期货合约规模为5000盎司白银。最初保证金为4000美元，维持保证金为3000美元，期货价格如何变动会导致保证金的催付通知？你如果不满足催付通知会有什么后果？ 【2.4】假定在2009年9月一家公司进入了2010年5月的原油期货合约的长头寸。在2010年3月公司将合约平仓。在进入合约时期货价格（每桶）68.30美元，在平仓时价格为70.50美元，在2009年12月底为69.10美元。每个合约是关于1000桶原油的交割。公司的盈利是多少？什么时间实现该盈利？对以下投资者应如何征税？（a）对冲者；（b）投机者。假定公司年度末为12月31日。 【2.5】止损指令为在2美元卖出的含义是什么？什么时候可采用这一指令。一个限价指令为在2美元卖出的含义是什么？什么时候可采用这一指令。 【2.6】结算中心管理的保证金账户的运作与经纪人管理的保证金账户的运作有什么区别？ 【2.7】外汇期货市场、外汇即期市场、以及外汇远期市场的汇率报价的区别是什么？ 【2.8】期货合约的短头寸方有势有权选择交割的资产种类、交割地点以及交割时间等。这些选择权会使期货价格上升还是下降？解释原因。 【2.9】设计一个新的期货合约时需要考虑那些最重要的方面。 【2.10】解释保证金如何保证投资者免受违约风险。 【2.11】某投资者净土两个7月橙汁期货合约的长寸头。每个期货合约的规模均为15000磅橙汁。当前期货价格为每磅160美分。最初保证金每个合约6000美元，维持保证金为每个合约4500美元。怎样的价格变化会导致保证金的催付？在哪种情况下可以从保证金账户中提取2000美元。
计算题 1.1一个投资者进入了一个远期合约的短头寸，在该合约中投资者能够以1.4000的汇率（美 元/英镑）卖出1000 000英镑。当远期合约到期时的汇率为以下数值时⑴ 1.3900，⑵ 1.4200，投资者的损益分别为多少？ （1.4-1.39）*1000000=1000 （1.4-1.42）*1000000=-2000 1.2 当前黄金市价为每盎司$1,000,一个一年期的远期合约的执行价格为$1,200,一个套利者 能够以每年10%的利息借入资金，套利者应该如何做才能达到套利目的？ 假设黄金存储费为0，同时黄金不会带来任何利息收入 借入1000美元买入黄金，一年后以1200美元卖出 （1200-1000）- （1000*10%）= 100 2.1 一家公司进入一个合约的短头寸，在合约中公司以每莆式耳450美分卖出5000蒲式耳 小麦。初始保证金为3000美元，维持保证金为2000美元，价格如何变化会导致保证金的催收？在什么情况下公司可以从保证金账户提取1500美元？ 如果合约亏损1000美元，则会导致保证金催收，假设价格为S时收到了保证金催收，则（S1-4.5）*5000=1000 S1=470美分，即如果未来价格高于470美分会收到保证呢过金催收通知 假设价格为S2时可以从保证金账户提取1500美金，则（4.5-S2）*5000=1500 S2=420美分即价格跌至420美分时，可以从保证金账户中提取1500美元 3.1 假定今天是7月16日，一家公司持有价值1亿美元的股票组合，此股票组合的beta系 数是1.2，这家公司希望采用CME在12月份到期SP500股指期货在7月16日至11月16日之间将beta系数由1.2变为0.5，SP500股指当前价值为1000，而每一份期货合约面值为250美元与股指的乘积。1）公司应做什么样的交易2）Beta由1.2变为1.5，公司应该持有什么样的头寸 1)该公司需要空头（1.2-0.5）*100000000/1000*250=280份合约 2)该公司需要多头（1.5-1.2）*100000000/1000*250=120份合约 3.2 P52 3.29
11.1 阐述Black-Scholes 股票期权定价模型中对于一年中股票价格概率分布的假设条件。 Black-Scholes 股票期权定价模型假定一年中股票价格概率分布服从正态分布，同样，它假设股票的连续回报率也是服从正态分布的。 11.2 若一股票价格的波动率为每年30%，则在一个交易日内其相应的价格变化的标准差为多少？ 在本题中σ=0.3，假设一年中有252个交易日，则 12520.004t == 因此0.019 1.9%o ==r 11.3 阐述风险中性定价原理。 一个期权或者其他金融衍生品都是通过风险中性定价原理来定价的，期权因此在风险中性下和在真实下有一样的价值。因此我们为了估价期权而假设这个世界是风险中性的，这简化了分析。在风险中性情况下，所有证券都期望得到无风险利率的回报率。因此在一个风险中性世界，用于预计远期现金流的最合适的贴现率是无风险利率。 11.4 计算基于无红利支付股票的欧式看跌期权价格，其中执行价格为＄50，现价为＄50，有效期3个月期，无风险年收益率为10%，波动率为每年30%。 在本题中050,50,0.1,0.3,0.25S X r T σ===== 10.2417d = = 210.0917d d =?= 欧式看跌期权价格是 0.10.250.10.25 50(0.0.0917)50(0.2417)500.4634500.4045 2.37 N e N e ?×?×???=×?×= 11.5 若在两个月后预期支付的红利为＄1.50，则习题11.4中计算会有何变化？ 在本题中我们在使用BS 公式前必须从股票价格中减去红利的贴现值，因此应该是 0S 0.16670.1050 1.5048.52S e ?×=?=其他变量不变50,0.1,0.3,0.25X r T σ==== 在本题中 10.0414d = = 210.1086d d =?=?
1、期货合约中的标的物：期货品种。 2、远期：锁定未来价格。交换一次现金流。 3、互换：两个或两个以上当事人按照商定条件，在约定时间内交换一系列现金流。多次交换现金流。一系列远期合约的组合。 4、期权是一种选择的权利。在交易所是非标准合约，在场外交易市场（OTC）也可以交易。 5、期货交易萌芽于远期交易。 6、规范的现代期货市场在十九世纪中期产生于美国芝加哥。19C三四十年代，成为全美最大的谷物集散中心。1848年芝加哥期货交易所成立，起初采用远期合同交易的方式。1865年推出标准化合约，同时实行了保证金制度。1882年允许以对冲方式免除履约责任。1883年成立了结算协会，向会员提供对冲工具。1925年芝加哥期货交易所结算公司成立之后，现代意义上的结算机构形成。 7、商品期货：农产品期货（谷物经济作物、畜禽产品、林产品），金属期货（诞生于英国伦敦-1899年，其次是美国纽约-1933年），能源化工期货（最具影响力-纽约商业交易所，伦敦的洲际交易所）。 8、金融期货：1975年10月，美国堪萨斯期货交易所上市的国民抵押协会债券期货合约是世界上第一个利率期货合约。中国香港在1995年开始个股期货的试点，个股期货登上历史舞台。 9、国际期货市场的发展趋势：1）交易中心日益集中；2）交易所由会员制向公司制发展；3）交易所兼并重组趋势明显；4）金融期货发展后来居上； 5）交易所竞争加剧，服务质量不断提高。 10、我国期货市场的发展： 1）起步阶段：起因于20世纪80年代的改革开放； 2）初创阶段：1990年10月12日，郑州粮食批发市场——我国第一个商品期货市场。1992年9月，中国国际期货公司成立； 3）治理整顿阶段：1999年期货经纪公司最低注册资本金提高到3000万元。1999年6月，国务院颁布《期货交易管理暂行条例》。2000年12月，中国期货业协会成立，标志着中国期货行业自律管理组织的诞生，从而将新的自律组织引入监管体系； 4）稳步发展阶段：2006年5月成立中国期货保证金监控中心-保证金安全存管机构，有效降低保证金被挪用的风险、保证期货交易资金安全一级维护投资者利益发挥了重要作用。中国金融期货交易所于2006年9月在上海挂牌成立，2010年4月推出了沪深300股票指数期货； 5）创新发展阶段：2014年5月国务院出台了《关于进一步促进资本市场健康发展的若干意见》，简称新“国九条”。 11、国内外远期、互换和期权市场的发展： 1）远期市场：诞生于1973年的外汇远期合约； 2）互换市场：1981年IBM与世界银行在伦敦签署的利率互换协议是世界上第一份利率互换协议，于1982年引入美国； 3）期权市场：期权萌芽于古希腊和古罗马时期，17世纪30年代。
E ( ST Se (T t var( ST S 2e2 (T t [e 2 2 2 (T t 1] Since var(ST E[(ST ] [ E(ST ] , it follows that E[(ST 2 ] var(ST [ E (ST ]2 so that E[( ST 2 ] S 2e2 (T t [e 2 2 (T t 1] S 2e2 (T t S 2e(2 (T t In a risk-neutral world r so that ? [(S 2 ] S 2e(2 r 2 (T t E T Using risk-neutral valuation, the value of the derivative security at time t is ? [(S 2 ] e r (T t E T S 2e(2 r 2 (T t r (T t e S 2e( r 2 (T t (b If: f S 2 e( r 2(T t 2 f S 2 (r 2 e( r (T t t 2 f 2 Se( r (T t -hand side of the Black-Scholes–Merton S 2 2 f 2e( r (T t 2 S The left differential equation is: 2 2 2 S 2 (r 2 e( r (T t 2rS 2e( r (T t ( r 2 (T t rf Hence the Black-Scholes 2 S 2e( r (T t rS 2e equation is satisfied. Problem 15.30. Consider an option on a non-dividend-paying stock when the stock price is $30, the exercise price is $29, the risk-free interest rate is 5% per annum, the volatility is 25% per annum, and the time to maturity is four months. a. What is the price of the option if it is a European call? b. What is the price of the option if it is an American call? c. What is the price of the option if it is a European put? d. Verify that put–call parity holds. In this case S0 30 , K 29 , r 0 05 , 0 25 and T 4 12 d1 ln(30 29 (0 0 5 0 252 2 4 12 0 4225 0 25 0 3333 d2 ln(30 29 (0 05 0 252 2 4 12 0 2782 0 25 0 3333 ( 0 4225 0 3363 N N (0 4225 0 6637 N (0 2782 0 6096 N ( 0 2782 0 3904 a. The European call price is 30 0 6637 29e 0 05 4 12 0 6096 2 52 or $2.52. b. The American call price is the same as the European call price. It is $2.52. c. The European put price is 30 0 3363 1 05 or $1.05. d. Put-call parity 29e 0 05 4 12 0 3904 states that: p S c Ke rT In this case c 2 52 , S0 30 , K 29 , p 1 05 and e rT 0 9835 and it is easy to verify that the relationship is satisfied, Problem 15.31. Assume that the stock in Problem 15.30 is due to go ex-dividend in 1.5 months. The expected dividend is 50 cents. a. What is the price of the option if it is a
1.1当交易方进入期货合约的长头寸，意味着他同意在将来某一时刻以某一约 定价格买入资产；当交易方进入期货合约的短头寸，意味着他同意在将来某一时刻以某一约定价格卖出资产。 1.2对冲：采用衍生产品合约来减少自身面临的由于市场变化而产生的风险。 投机：旨在获取收益，对未来资产的上涨或下跌进行下注。 套利：采用两个或更多相互抵消的交易来锁定盈利。 1.4卖出看涨期权：买方有权在将来某一特定时间以某一确定价格从你手里买入某种资产，收益：-max（St-K,0）=min（K-St，0） 买入看跌期权：你有权在将来某一特定时间以某一确定价格向卖方卖出某种资产，收益：max（K-St，0） 二者潜在收益相同，都是K-St，卖出看涨，收益可能为负或0，因为对手方可以选择放弃行权；买入看跌，收益可能为0或正，因为你可以选择放弃行权。 1.8场外市场是由电话和计算机将交易方联系在一起的网络系统，交易员通过电话完成的，交易双方往往是两家金融机构，或者一方是金融机构，而另一方式其客户（某企业的资金主管或基金经理）。 交易所市场是指交易所组织的集中交易场所，交易双方直接面谈或通过电子手段，交易合约受交易所限制。 做市商给出买入价和卖出价，买入价是以该价格买入产品，卖出价是指以该价格卖出产品。 1.10你可以买入50份看跌期权（每份100股），执行价格为25美元每股，到期日为四个月，如果四个月后股价小于25美元，你可以选择行权，以25美元的价格卖出。
1.12若投资者面临对一项资产的价格变动，他可以利用远期合约来对冲。若价格下降投资者盈利而价格上涨投资者亏损，可以进入远期合约的长头寸来对冲风险；如果价格下降投资者亏损而价格上涨投资者盈利，可以进入远期合约的短头寸来对冲风险。所以远期合约的长短头寸可以用来对冲风险。 若投资者并不面临标的资产价格变动，进入远期合约的目的就是投机。若投资者进入远期合约的长头寸，当资产价格上涨则盈利，下降则亏损；若投资者进入远期合约的短头寸，当资产价格上涨则亏损，下降则盈利。所以，远期合约可以用来投机。 1.21卖出方的盈利（亏损）与买入方的亏损（盈利）是相等的，总的说来，所有参与方的净收益为0。 2.1未平仓合约：期货合约的未平仓合约指市场结束一天交易时，未被“结束掉”的单边买或卖的合约数量；交易额：一个时间单位内对某项交易成交的数量。 2.10保证金是经纪人要求投资者存入的资金，作为能够弥补期货合约损失的担保，保证金账户余额逐日调整以反映投资者盈亏。为了保证投资者保证金账户的资金余额在任何情况下都不为负值，设置了维持保证金，若保证金账户的余额低于维持保证金，投资者就会收到保证金催付，这部分资金称为变动保证金。如果投资者未提供变动保证金，经纪人将出售该合约来平仓。该制度有效避免了违约了产生。 4.20在再回购合约中，持有证券的投资商同意将证券出售给其他公司，并在将来以稍高的价格将证券买回。相当于其他公司给该投资商提供了资金贷款。这种贷款的信用风险很低。如果贷款人不遵守合约，那么资金的借出方可以保留证券；如果资金借出方不遵守合约，那么原证券的拥有人可以保留现金。
期权期货与其他衍生产品第九版课后习题与答案 Chapter CHAPTER 29 Interest Rate Derivatives: The Standard Market Models Practice Questions Problem 29.1. A company caps three-month LIBOR at 10% per annum. The principal amount is $20 million. On a reset date, three-month LIBOR is 12% per annum. What payment would this lead to under the cap? When would the payment be made? An amount 20000000002025100000$$,,?.?.=, would be paid out 3 months later. Problem 29.2. Explain why a swap option can be regarded as a type of bond option. A swap option (or swaption) is an option to enter into an interest rate swap at a certain time in the future with a certain fixed rate being used. An interest rate swap can be regarded as the exchange of a fixed-rate bond for a floating-rate bond. A swaption is therefore the
第一部分金融衍生工具概述 基本概念 衍生工具：一种价值依赖于其他的更基本的标的变量的金融工具。 远期：远期合约是一个在确定的将来时刻按确定的价格（交割价）购买或出售某项资产的协议。它是在OTC市场进行交易的 期货：在未来的某个确定时期以某个确定价格购买或售出某项资产的标准化协议。“标准化”的远期合约，是在交易所里进行交易。 互换：是一种以物易物的互利行为，运用在金融工具的操作上，就是指两个或两个以上的经济个体（银行或企业）在相互约定的条件（包括币别、金额、期间、计息方式、利率及汇率）下，将握有的资产或负债与对方交换的协议。 期权：期权是指在未来一定时期可以买卖的权力，是买方向卖方支付一定数量的金额（指权利金）后拥有的在未来一段时间内（指美式期权）或未来某一特定日期（指欧式期权）以事先规定好的价格（指履约价格）向卖方购买或出售一定数量的特定标的物的权力，但不负有必须买进或卖出的义务。 衍生品市场的分类： 交易所市场：交易者们进行标准化合约交易的市场。 场外市场：金融工具交易商，公司和基金经理等通过计算机和电话网络等联系起 来的市场。合约可以是非标准的，存在一定的信用风险。 衍生品市场的参与者 套期保值者：面临着（所持有的）资产价格变动的风险，目的在于降低这种风险。投机者：持有某个头寸，承担风险以获得高收益，利用衍生品获得高杠杆。 套利者：瞬态进入两个或多个市场的交易，以锁定一个无风险的收益。 第二部分期货和远期合约 基本概念 什么是远期/期货：都是交易双方签定的在确定的将来时刻按确定的价格购买或出售某项资产的协议，其中期货是标准化的远期。 期货/远期的多头与空头：其中，多头买入标的资产，空头卖出标的资产。
期权期货及其他衍生产品作业 第五章 5.2答：远期价格是远期合约中的交割价格，它是双方约定的价格， 约定好了就不会变动，到期直接按此价格交割。而远期合约价值是 远期合约内在的价值，是由于标的资产价格的变化导致此合约或盈 或亏，这个价值就是用来计算这个合约是赢是亏的。 5.4解：由题意，股指的当前价格S0=350，无风险收益率r=8%，股 息收益率q=4%，T=4/12。则期货价格F0=S0e(r-q)T=350e(0.08-0.04) 4/12=354.7美元。 所以，4个月期的期货价格为354.7美元。 5.6答：便利收益用于衡量持有实际资产比仅持有期货合约而带来的 额外好处，包括从本地的商品暂时性短缺中获利，以及为了保持生 产线正常运作的能力。持有成本等于标的资产存储成本加上融资成 本再减去资本收益。假设期货价格为F0，即期价格为S0，便利收益 率为y，持有成本为c，则有:F0=S0e(c-y)T 5.8答：股指的期货价格低于其将来预期价格。假设k为投资者对于 股指期货投资要求的投资收益率，r为无风险利率，S T为到期日的 资产价格。由于股指价格与股票市场有正相关性投资者对股指所期 望的收益率要大于无风险利率，及k>r,F0=E(S T)e（r-k）T，得F0 所以股指的期货价格低于其将来预期价格。 5.10解：由题意，股指的当前价格S0=150，无风险收益率r=7%，股息收益率q=3.2%，T=6/12。 则期货价格F0=S0e(r-q)T=150e(0.07-0.032)6/12=152.88 所以，6个月期期货价格为152.88 5.12解：期货理论价格F0=S0e(r-q)T=400e(0.1-0.04)4/12=408美元>实际价格405美元，认为期货价格被低估了，应该买入。因此，应当以即期价格卖空股票，并进入一个期货合约长头寸。 5.14解：期货理论价格为F0=S0e(r-rf)T=0.8e(0.05-0.02)*2/12=0.804美元<实际价格0.81美元，期货价格过高，因此应该进入瑞郎期货合约短头寸（假设进入的是1000美元的），同时借入美元买入瑞郎。 则在即期，借入1000美元，并且兑换成1000/0.8=1250瑞郎，并将这1250瑞郎投入货币市场。到期时，货币市场的瑞郎变为 1250e0.02*2/12=1254.17瑞郎,用于交割期货合约1000/0.81=1234.57瑞郎，盈利1254.17-1234.57=19.6瑞郎，兑换成美元为 19.6*0.804=15.76美元，借入的1000美元需偿还利息1000 e0.05*2/12-1000=8.37美元。盈利15.76-8.37=7.39美元。 5.16证明：若F2>F1e r(t2-t1)，则存在如下套利机会： 期货及衍生品分析与应用 第一章宏观经济 宏观经济分析的核心就是宏观经济指标分析。 第一节主要经济指标 1、国内生产总值 GDP核算以法人为单位进行核算，有三种方法：生产法、收入法和支出法。 GDP=总产出-中间投入 GDP=劳动者报酬+生产税净额+固定资产折旧+营业盈余 GDP=消费+投资+政府购买+净进出口 中国GDP数据由中国统计局发布，季度GDP初步核算数据在季后15天左右公布，初步核实数据在季后45天左右公布，最终核实数据在年度GDP最终数据发布后45天内完成。年度GDP初步核算数据在年后20天公布。而独立于季度核算的年度GDP核算初步核实数据在年后9个月公布，最终核实数据在年后17个月公布。 用现行价格计算的GDP 用不变价格计算的GDP 人均GDP 全社会用电量 铁路货运量 2、城镇就业数据 失业率、非农数据 3、价格指数 价格指数是衡量物价总水平在任何一个时期内对于基期变化的指标。消费价格指数、生产价格指数 4、采购经理人指数 5、固定资产投资 固定资产投资：是以价值形式表示的在一定时期内建造和购置固定资产的工作量以及与此有关的费用总和。 固定资产投资完成额以建造和购置固定资产以及由此相关的费用作为核算主体。 数据来源：国务院各部门、农村社会经济调查、固定资产投资统计司。 固定资产投资与股市 固定资产投资与债券市场 固定资产投资与外汇市场 固定资产投资与大宗商品 第二节货币金融指标 1、货币供应量 2、利率、存款准备金率 3、中国人民银行公开市场操作工具 3.1回购 回购与逆回购 3.2短期流动性调节工具SLO 3.3常备借贷便利SLF 3.4中期结构便利MLF 为保持银行体系流动性总体平稳、适度，支持货币信贷合理增长，中央银行需要根据流动性需求期限、主体和用途不断丰富和完善工具组合，以进一步提高调控的灵活性、针对性和有效性。2014年9月中国人民银行创设了中期借贷便利MLF。 4、汇率 5、美元指数 第三节其他重要指标 1、商品价格指数 2、波罗的海干散货运价指数BDI 好望角型船运价格指数BCI、巴拿马型船运价格指数BPI、灵便型船运价格指数BHA（超灵便型BSI和灵便型BHSI） 原油海运价格指数BDTI 成品油海运价格指数BCTI 3、波动率指数VIX 投资者恐慌指数 中国波指iVX 4、信用违约互换指数 信用违约互换指数CDX由CDS指数公司管理，包含信用违约互换期货及衍生品分析与应用
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