第二讲定语从句
一、明备考方向
语法填空常考点短文改错常考点写作常用句式
1.关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as的用法；
2.关系副词where, when, why的用法；
3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。1.引导非限制性定语从句该
用which而误用其他关系词
(如that)；
2.关系代词who, whom,
whose, which, that的缺失；
3.关系代词who, whom的错
用；
4.先行词是人或物时，关系
代词who, which的错用；
5.关系代词as的错用；
6.关系副词和关系代词的误
用；
7.人称代词与关系代词的误
用。
1.As we all know .../As is known to all ...“众
所周知……”
2.As sb. puts it ...“按照某人所说的……”
3.such ...as ...“像……这样的……”
4.the same ...as .../the same as ...“像……一
样的”
5.one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句“……中
的一个”
6.the only one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句
“……中唯一的一个”
7.由which引导的非限制性定语从句。
..., which ...(which代替上文整句话，译为
“这一点”)
(一)who, whom, whose引导定语从句的用法
1．先行词是人，关系词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，关系词不可省略；关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that，关系词可以省略。
2．先行词those后常用who引导定语从句。
3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，如果先行词指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。
4．whose引导定语从句时，作定语，且不能省略。
I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的同校同学成了好朋友。
I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.
我要寄贺卡给我的很多朋友。
The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
这家主要顾客是学生的校内商店，放假时关闭。
点津：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.
汤姆是这些工程师中唯一一个想出解决方法的人。
(二)that, which引导定语从句的用法
1．that引导定语从句
既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。
2．定语从句中用that不用which的情况：
(1)当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时。
(2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。
(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
(5)当定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时。
(6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另一个宜用that。
(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。
(8)主句以here, there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。
3．which引导定语从句
(1)先行词为物。
(2)which在从句中作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。
4．定语从句中用which而不用that的情况：
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which而不用that。
(2)关系代词前面有介词时，用which而不用that。
(3)先行词为that/those时，用which而不用that。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which was constructed three years ago.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?
坐在岩石上抽烟的那个人是谁？
The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.
这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。
(三)as引导定语从句的用法
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
1．as引导限制性定语从句时常用于下列句式：
(1)?????
such ＋名词＋as ...像……这样的，像……之类的the same ＋名词＋as ...和……一样的 其中关系代词as 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
(2)...such as ...凡是……的人(或事物)，所有……人(或事物)
其意义相当于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。as 引导定语从句并在从句中担当成分，定语从句修饰先行词such 。
Take such as you need.
你需要什么就拿什么。
You may choose such as you prefer.
你可挑选自己想要的东西。
2．关系代词as 与which 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：
as 意为“正如，正像”，引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which 意为“这件事，这一点”，引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
像在我们车间使用的这样的机器是中国制造的。
Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.
汤姆取得了很大进步，这使他父母很高兴。
“There is no such thing as a free lunch ，” as the old saying goes.
正如老话所说的那样：“天下没有免费的午餐。”
(四)关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句的用法
1．when 引导定语从句
关系副词when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
2．where 引导定语从句
(1)在定语从句中作地点状语。
(2)先行词可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village, city 等)。
(3)先行词也可以是表示抽象意义的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity 等)。
3．why 引导定语从句
关系副词why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which 。
I 'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her.
我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。
Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have
stood out among them.
《中国新歌声》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?
你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？
(五)“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法
1．介词和关系代词的确定
若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose 也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
(1)先行词的意义；
(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
(3)句子的意思。
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”，固定搭配) Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.
心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。
Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (＝whose price) was very reasonable.
最近我买了一个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。
He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.
他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。
三、练高频题点
Ⅰ.语法填空题点全练
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
2．(6月浙江高考)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
3．(全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health.
4．(全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
5．(6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
6．(全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
7．Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her.
8．When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.
9．Many young people, most of whom were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
10．They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Ⅱ.短文改错题点全练
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.which→where或which前加in 2．(全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.that→which
3．(全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.they→that/which
4．He lived in a big house, in front of that stood a big tall tree.that→which
5．I have never performed such a task that you've asked me to do.that→as
6．The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17% in just one year.which→as 7．I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, who we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.who→where
8．Also, I think it's helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attractions that tourists can leave messages.that→where
[课堂应用体验]
Ⅰ.完成句子并改写
1．第二，你会交到一些好朋友，他们也很喜欢打乒乓球。
Secondly, you'll make some good friends and they_are_also_interested_in_playing_ table_tennis.