代价，与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.
谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还
使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。
10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。
11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter r hymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should b e strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and t ype characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用
英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。
12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。
13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, go od form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising litera ry form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional rom ance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common E nglish people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry
Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。
16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an a pparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the conf essional, inspirational and prophetic. 从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。
17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。
18. Jonathan Swift?s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole Engli sh literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。
(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬
19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。
20. he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share th
e pleasure o
f readin
g his novel and to relive the experience of his chara cters.他的语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。
21. Bunyan?s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinne rs, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim?s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部
22. The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选《天路历程》第一部）
The Pilgrim?s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the En
glish language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctri nes and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakne sses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。
(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯
23. Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the cons tant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire. 蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。
24. For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expressio n in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。
25. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Ess ay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the L ock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。
26. Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neocl assicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical r ules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。
27. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。
(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm alway s brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺
盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。
29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the t ime, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。
30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。
31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。
32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes l ong and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual na rration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。
33. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。
34. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。
35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个部分
The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-hande dly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class m an., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特
36. In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion a nd learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which establi shed his name as a satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇
犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。
37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。
38. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。
39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform an
d improv
e human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。
40. His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。
41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。
42. He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, s imple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and c onciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。
43. Swift?s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Book s, The Drapier?s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver?s Travels and
A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。
44. Gulliver?s Travels: Jonathan?s best fictional work, the book contains f our parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human n ature profound. 《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁
45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considera
ble number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。
46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, Th
e Tragedy o
f Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Ye ar 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。
47. a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in hu man nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。
48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portr ayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。
49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gang ster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。
50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature. 费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。
51. the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies o f human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as t o teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。
52. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English nove l,” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern no vel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。
53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write sp ecifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its s tructure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。
54. He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to presen t not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。
55. Fielding …s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。
56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spir ited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。
57. Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The pa noramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。
(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
58. The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。
59. In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。
60. Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。
61. His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”; a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; a tr agedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。
62. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of t he first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the Englis h Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly an d finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。
63. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eight eenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanit y of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。
64. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。
65. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。
(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹
66. The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School f or Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他大发其财。
67. His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are ge nerally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespe
are and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。
68. In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。
69. The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hy pocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Ch arles Surface. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the ari stocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England. No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare. 《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
70. he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂冠奖。
71. In contrast to those professional writers, Gray’s literary output was small.与其余专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。
72. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was publis hed in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the lea der of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard Scho ol”.1757年，他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。
73. His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the De ath of
a Favourite cat”and so on. (Ode:….赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》，
《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫之死》等等。
74. A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefull y, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。
75. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray?s best and most representative work. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his pers onal melancholy. The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment i n the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the be st of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。
Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
1. This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which hap pened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial ca pitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3. The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, ex pressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where th eir predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him e
ssentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inne r world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
6. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7. They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the s ociety.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
8. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in e motion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。
9. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also ele vate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as som ething crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。
12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would t urn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪
漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen an
d Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14. Jane Austen?s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
15. The major theme of Jane?s novels is love and marriage toward whic
h she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason a nd disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field th at she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been ad mired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and soc ial relationships. 简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱
有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical no velist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the s upernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的1 8世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。
(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克
18. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad. He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁
人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。
19. Childhood is central to Blake?s concern in the Songs of Innocence a nd Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
20. Blake?s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry in to maturity. It
plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布
莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。
21. The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22. Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or i maginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”
23. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直
白朴素。
24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
26. In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following yea r he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。
27. According to the subject, Wordsworth?s short poems can be classifie
d into two group: poems about natur
e and poems about human life.按照主题，华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28. Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。
29. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary int erest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
30. His works contain “The Solitary Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The Old Cumberland Beggar ” and “The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。31. In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of t he experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence” is the trium phant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆
运用这样的主题，同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度，“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。
32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的
诗人。
33. Wordsworth?s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no othe r poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34. he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the s peech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could an d should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源，他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。
35. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poet ry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。
36. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not onl y started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but als o changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于
开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治
37. In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ball
ads, which became a landmark in English poetry. 1798年，他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。
38. In addition to “The Ancient Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,” began writing “Christabel” and composed “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,” “Fr ost at Midnight,” and “The Nightingale,” which are considered to be his b est “conversational” poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》，《忽必烈汗》，《子夜寒霜》，《夜莺》等名诗，这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。
39. Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationali stic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面，科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。
40. he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, bas ed on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。
41. He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature o
f reality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。
42. Coleridge?s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two rema rkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗
歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类，神祗诗与对话诗。
43. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive f eatures of this group.这些诗歌的显著特点，便是神秘与想象。
44. “Christabel” uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atm osphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式，创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。
45. He sings highly Wordsworth?s “purity of language,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he d enies Wordsworth?s claim that there is no essential difference between th e language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高
度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”，“深邃的思想”，“对自然完美真实的描述”
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英美文学选读试题 课程代码：00604 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. 1. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ______ plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. A. 27 B. 38 C.47 D. 52 2. john Milton’s literary achievement can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last ______. A. romances B. dramas C. great poems D. ballads 3. The novels of ______ are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower— class people. A. John Milton B. Daniel Defoe C. Henry Fielding D. Jonathan Swift
英美文学选读-阶段测评4 成绩：30分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 ( )is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th—century “stream—of—consciousness” novels and the founder of psychological realism. A、Theodore Dreiser B、William Faulkner C、Henry James D、Mark Twain (P498.para.2)亨利.詹姆斯是美国现实主义文学大师，他的作品往往涉及美国之外的主题，其作品的风格是“心理活动”。被誉为20世纪美国意识流文学的先驱。 标准答案：C 考生答案：D 本题得分：0 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning( ),ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. A、love and nature B、death and universe C、death and immortality D、family and happiness （P518para2）迪金森的诗歌涉及宗教和爱情两方面，而其涉及宗教的诗歌往往是以死亡和永恒为主题的，所以答案是C。 标准答案：C 考生答案：A
Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.
《英美文学选读》模拟试题（一） 一、单项选择题 1.The excerpt from Chapter 10 of Sons and Lovers ends with the conflict between Paul and his mother. The conflict is possibly caused by Paul and his mother’s different views towards _____. A. Paul’s father B. art C. life D. Paul’s brother 2.The _____ can be regarded as one of the themes of Joyce’s story “Araby”. A. loss of innocence 在所有有關童年故事中，孩子都是同叔叔同姨媽同住，父母則不在身邊—這便是一種象征，象征父母與孩子之間骨肉親情的隔絕和一種正常關系的缺 失. B. childish love C. awareness of harsh life D. false sentimentality 錯誤的多愁善感 3.After reading “Araby”, one more feel the story has a _____ tone. A. joyous B. harsh C. solemn D. painful 4.In “Araby”, Joyce’s diction evokes a sort of _____ quality that characterizes the boy on this otherwise altogether ordinary shopping trip. A. religious B. moral C. sentimental D. vulgar 5.The major concern of _____ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. A. D. H. Lawrence’s B. J. Galsworthy’s C. W. Thackeray’s D. T. Hardy’s 6.The mission of _____ drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 教学设计 主题语境:“人与社会”主题群中的主题群“文学、艺术与体育” 话题：文学 适用对象：高二学生 教材分析： 本文是根据一首诗歌改编的故事,取自北师大版高中英语必修模块五Literature Spot。本文篇幅较短，但情节奇特、引人入胜：主要主人公高文爵士勇敢接受生死挑战、抵御贵妇诱惑、守诺引颈直面斧头、含愧回到亚 瑟王宫几个场景组成。 其中，对高文爵士抵御贵妇诱惑这一场景的描述只是只言片语，为了引导学生更好的理解并归纳高文爵士抵御美色诱惑这一品质，教师在教学过程中补充了对这一场景描述的两个段落，使主人公高文爵士的形象更为多面化、更为立体。 本课根据教学内容，引导学生了解主要故事情节，分析人物品质，并从文学角度--背景，探讨文章中骑士精神在当时社会所代表的内涵。
学情分析： 本次授课对象为高二学生，经过高中一年的学习，他们已经能读懂简单读物、报刊、杂志，基本能理解大意；能根据阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略，逐渐形成用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力；具有明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度；已具备较好的小组合作意识，上课勇于回答问题，思维活跃，敢于张嘴说英语，进一步 确保了各个环节的完成，实现学习目标。 课标分析： （一）主题语境 “人与社会”主题群中的主题群“文学、艺术与体育”。 (二)语篇类型 选修I 2. 记叙文，如：小说、科幻故事、幽默故事等。 具体解读“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”是一篇小说的概要，通过了 解主要故事情节，分析骑士具备的品质，并总结这本小说所承载的文化 意义。 （三）语言知识
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
《英美文学选读》模拟试题（二） 一、单项选择题 1.D. Father and son in the medieval period, it is Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive _____ picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of valid _________ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales”. A. visionary/women B. romantic/men C. realistic/characters D. natural/figures 2.Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the _____ of all things. A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 3.Many people today tend to regard the play “The Merchant of Venice” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___________ and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _____. A. Christians/Jews B. Jews/Christians C. oppressors/oppressed D. people/Jews 傳統的理論認為該劇的主題是褒揚安東尼奧Antonio與巴塞尼奧Bassanio之間的友誼，贊美鮑西婭Portia的完美:美貌，智慧與堅貞，並揭露了Jews--Shylock的貪婪與殘忍 但是經曆了几個世紀對對Jews不會平的待遇,今天許多人將該劇的主題看作chritains的hypocrisy ,為追求世俗利益而不擇手段以及對Jews不公正的偏見 補充閱讀 1) Bassanio——Portia 2) Antonio——Shylock The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweem Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greate beaulity, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality o f the Jew. Tody, many people tend to regard the play as a satire of the christians’ hypocrisy and their false standards of frindship and love, their cunning way of pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气) and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.
Network Education College, BLCU 《英美文学选读》模拟试卷一 注意： 1.试卷保密，考生不得将试卷带出考场或撕页，否则成绩作废。请监考老师负责监督。 2.请各位考生注意考试纪律，考试作弊全部成绩以零分计算。 3.本试卷满分100分，答题时间为90分钟。 4.本试卷分为试题卷和答题卷，所有答案必须答在答题卷上，答在试题卷上不给分。 I.Multiple Choice. (1 point for each, altogether 30 points) Directions:There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word that you think best complete the sentence. Write your answers on the answer sheet. 1. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of_______. [A] Piers Plowman [B] Sir Gawain and the Green Knight [C] Confessio Amantis [D] The Canterbury Tales 2. In "After Apple- Picking," Robert Frost wrote: "For I have had too much / Of apple -picking: I am overtired/ Of the great harvest I myself desired." From these lines we can conclude that the speaker is_______. [A] happy about the harvest [B] still very much interested in apple-picking [C] expecting a greater harvest [D] indifferent to what he once desired 3.With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,_______became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century. [A] Sentimentalism [B] romanticism [C] realism [D] naturalism 4. Of the following American poets in the twentieth century, the one who has the best knowledge of Chinese culture is _______. [A] Robert Frost [B] Allen Ginsberg [C] Ezra Pound [D] Cummings 5. _______is the first important governess novel in the English literary history. [A] Jane Eyre [B] Emma [C] Wuthering Heights [D] Middlemarch 6. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their_______. [A] indestructible spirit [B] pessimistic view of life [C] war experiences [D] masculinity 7. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’Ode to a Nightingale? _______
英美文学框架 英美文学重要笔记，精华版，推荐！ Old English 450-1066
自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理 [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1、Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance、人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2、 the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things、人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3、 Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy、人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4、 Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English
英美文学选读试题 Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices [A],[B],[C],[D] of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement and write the letter on the answer sheet. 1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of ___ adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period. A.Christian B.knightly C.Greek D.primitive 2.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___. A.Piers Plowman B.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C.Confessio Amantis D.The Canterbury Tales 3.Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaiss sance Movement? A.The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture. B.The new discoveries in geography and astrology. C.The Glorious revolution. D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion. 4.Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18? A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B.The speaker satirizes human vanity. C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D.The speaker meditates on man's salvation. 5.“And we wil l sit upon the rocks,/Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.”The above lines are probably taken from __. A.Spenser's The Faerie Queene B.John Donne's “The Sun Rising” C.Shakespeare's “Sonnet 18” D.Marlowe's “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” 6.“Bassanio:Antonio,I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself; But life itself, My wife, and all the world. Are not with me esteem'd above thy life; I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all, Here to the devil, to deliver you. Portia:Y our wife would give you little thanks for that, If she were by to hear you make the offer.” The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of V enice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate ____. A.dramatic irony B.personification C.allegory D.symbolism 7.The ture subject of John Donne's poem,“The Sun Rising,” is to ___. A.attack the sun as an unruly servant B.give compliments to the mistress and her power of beauty C.criticize the sun's intrusion into the lover's private life D. lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lie 8.Of all the 18thcentury novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “___ in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. A.tragic epic https://www.doczj.com/doc/5f17323489.html,ic epic
Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国） Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Historical background: Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794) The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain. Cultural background 1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth. 2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. 3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. Features of the romantic literature 1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs 2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now. 3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical. 4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”. 5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials 6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural Willam Blake Points of view: 1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. 2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. His works: Poetical Sketches (1783) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) Songs of Innocence (1809) Songs of Experience (1794) 1. Songs of Innocence (1809)