北京科技大学研究生英语考试真题

一As is vividly depicted by the drawing above, a boy is sleeping soundly① and comfortably in the sofa, with the television on, when his mother comes and turnsoff the television for him, blaming the boy for not having turned off the television again②。

This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life. Many people are used to doing③ everything with the television on, not actually watching it at all. Such a habit can cause waste of much electricity and energy, and result in the emission of carbo n. This deviates from the popular concept of “low carbon life” — to reduce the emission of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, to protect our environment and realize sustainable development. According to statistics, if we can decrease the time for having the television on by one hour each day, we can deduce the amount of carbon emission by 4. 71 kilogram each month。

北京科技大学研究生英语三级答案1、7．—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] *A．funB．chalk(正确答案)C．waterD．time2、Amy and her best friend often ______ books together.（）[单选题] *A. read(正确答案)B. readsC. is readingD. to read3、—______ is the concert ticket?—It’s only 160 yuan.（）[单选题] *A. How manyB How much(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How long4、Mr. Brown ______ the football match next week.（）[单选题] *A. is seeingB. seesC. sawD. is going to see(正确答案)5、75．Why not________ for a walk? [单选题] *A．go out(正确答案)B．to go outC．going outD．goes out6、It is my _______ to meet you here. [单选题] *A. pleasure(正确答案)B. pleaseC. pleasedD. pleasant7、_____, Martin can reach the branch of that tall tree at the gate. [单选题] *A. As a short manB. Being shortC. As he is shortD. Short as he is(正确答案)8、It’s windy outside. _______ your jacket, Bob. [单选题] *A. Try onB. Put on(正确答案)C. Take offD. Wear9、You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking, _______ you’ll get better soon. [单选题] *A. butB. afterC. orD. and(正确答案)10、—______ is it from your home to the bookstore?—About 15 kilometers.（）[单选题] *A. How far(正确答案)B. How muchC. How longD. How many11、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *A. diedB. deadC. death(正确答案)D. die12、My English teacher has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. storiesB. suggestions(正确答案)C. messagesD. practice13、Sitting at the back of the room（）a very shy girl with two bright eyes. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. hasD. there was14、The organization came into being in 1 [单选题] *A. 开始策划B. 进行改组C. 解散D. 成立于(正确答案)15、74．In England people drive________. [单选题] *A．on the left(正确答案)B．in the leftC．on leftD．in left16、Don’t _______ to close the door when you leave the classroom. [单选题] *A. missB. loseC. forget(正确答案)D. remember17、How I wish I（）to repair the watch! I only made it worse. [单选题] *A. had triedB. hadn't tried(正确答案)C. have triedD.didn't try18、—Does your grandpa live ______ in the country?—Yes. So I often go to visit him so that he won’t feel ______. （）[单选题] *A. alone; aloneB. lonely; lonelyC. lonely; aloneD. alone; lonely(正确答案)19、What’s the point of going to school when I can’t do anything there? [单选题] *A. 时间B. 意义(正确答案)C. 方向D. 目标20、Whatever difficulties you have, you should not _______ your hope. [单选题] *A. give inB. give outC. give up(正确答案)D. give back21、I always make my daughter ______ her own room.（）[单选题] *A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleansD. clean(正确答案)22、I have worked all day. I'm so tired that I need _____ . [单选题] *A. a night restB. rest of nightC. a night's rest(正确答案)D. a rest of night23、33．Body language is even___________ and ___________ than any other language. [单选题] *A．stronger, loudB．strong, louderC．strong, loudD．stronger, louder (正确答案)24、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple25、--Can I _______ your dictionary?--Sorry, I’m using it. [单选题] *A. borrow(正确答案)B. lendC. keepD. return26、What about _______ there by bike? [单选题] *A. goesB. wentC. goD. going(正确答案)27、92．China is a big country ________ a long history. [单选题] * A．hasB．haveC．with(正确答案)D．there is28、The teacher asked him to practice playing the piano _______. [单选题] *A. often as possibleB. as often possibleC. as possible oftenD. as often as possible(正确答案)29、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that30、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none。

北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：618试题名称：基础英语（共10页）适用专业：外国语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效;请用蓝色或黑色钢笔或签字笔答题。

============================================================================================================= PartⅠVocabulary(30minutes,30points,1point each)Section ADirections:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1.Whatever the causes,English is more widely spoken and written than any other language_____________.A.ever wasB.had ever beenC.has ever beenD.would ever be2.He has_____________strange hobbies like collecting bottle tops and inventing secret codes.A.gone onB.gone in forC.gone withD.gone through with3.The captured criminals were_____________in chains through the streets.A.exhibitedB.displayedC.paradedD.revealed4.The ceremony will_____________as soon as the minister arrives.mencepleteC.disperseD.descend5.Being a pop star can be quite a hard life,with a lot of travelling_____________heavy schedules.A.owing toB.as toC.in relation toD.with regard to6.The old building is in a good state of_____________except for the wooden floors.A.preservationB.observationC.conservationpensation7.The city has decided to_____________smoking.A.do away withB.take awayC.get away withD.put away8._____________of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.A.NoneB.BothC.MostD.Neither9.Louis was asked to_____________the man who stole her purse.A.confirmB.recognizeC.claimD.identify10.The bus that_____________outside the inn would soon take the visitors downtown.A.held backB.pulled upC.set forthD.got downst year,these ships transported a total of83.34million tons of cargo,a4percent increase_____________the previous year.A.overB.beyondC.thanD.up12.My son doesn’t know what to_____________at the university;he can’t make up his mindabout his future.A.take upB.take overC.take inD.take after13.Criticism and self-criticism is necessary_____________it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.A.at thatB.by thatC.in thatD.on that14.I regret_____________the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.A.leftB.to leaveC.leavingD.have left15.How I wish John recognized the fact that he_____________in the wrong.A.is always nearlyB.always is nearlyC.is nearly alwaysD.nearly is always Section BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence.From the four choices given,choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16.Most Americans were unaware of the advent of the Nuclear Age until the news of Hiroshima reached them.A.arrivalB.agitationC.illusionD.rampancy17.We were surprised by the unanimity with which our proposals were accepted by different groups.A.sympathyB.hostilityC.resistanceplete agreement18.We must learn to meet adversity gracefully.A.misfortuneB.discrepancyC.calamityD.despotism19.A shred investor,he took clever advantage of the fluctuation of the stock market.A.bad-temperedB.illicitpetentD.adaptable20.The criminal’s fatal blunder led to his capture.A.weaknessB.errorC.tabooD.instinct21.I am afraid that my parents will reprimand me when I show them my report card.A.discourageB.reproveC.humiliateD.misunderstand22.He had worked in the hospital for so many years that he was callous to the suffering in the wards.A.sympatheticB.obligingC.heartlessD.sensitive23.Seldom have I seen food and drink served in such profusion as at the wedding feast.vishnessB.inadequacyC.diversityD.extravagance24.The deft waiter uncorked the champagne without spilling a drop.A.adeptB.handsomeC.impressiveD.awkward25.I don’t know whether it is better to be ignorant of a subject or to have a mere smattering of information about it.A.ignoranceB.slight knowledgeC.appreciationD.evaluationSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks,each blank indicating that something has been omitted.Beneath the sentence are four lettered sets of words.Choose the set of words for the blanks that best fit the meaning of the sentence.26.Although some of her fellow scientists________the unorthodox laboratory methodology that others found innovative,unanimous praise greeted her experimental results:at once pioneering and________.A.ignored…untrustworthyplimented…foreseeableC.welcomed…mundaneD.decried...unexceptionable27.Although Harry,Stack Sullivan is one of the most influential social scientists of this century, his ideas are now so________in our society that they seem almost________.A.novel…antiquatedB.revolutionary…fundamentalmonplace...banalD.disputed...esoteric28.Her first concert appearance was disappointingly perfunctory and derivative,rather than the________performance in the________style we had anticipated.A.talented…tenuousB.prosaic...classicC.artistic...mechanicalD.inspired…innovative29.Their mutual teasing seemed________,but in fact it________a long-standing hostility.A.aimless...producedB.friendly...maskedC.playful...contravenedD.bitter...revealed30.Having sufficient income of her own constituted for Alice________independence that made possible a degree of________in her emotional life as well.A.a material…securityB.a profound...conformityC.a financial...economyD.a psychological...extravagancePartⅡProofreading and error correction(20minutes,20points,2points each) Directions:The following passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross out the unnecessary word with a slash“/”and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1.anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2.neverthem on the wall.When a natural history museumwants an exhibition,it must often build it. 3.exhibit When you start talking about good and bad manners,youimmediately start meeting difficulties.Many people just cannotagree what they mean.We asked a lady,who replied that shethought you could tell a well-mannered person on the1______way they occupied the space around them.For example,when such aperson walks down a street,he or she is constantly unaware of others.2______Such people never bump into other people.However,a secondperson thought that this was more a question of civilizedbehavior as good manners.Instead,this other person told us a story,3______it he said was quite well-known,about an American who had been invited4______to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East.The American5______ hasn’t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect.If he had6______ known about American food,he might have behaved better.7______ Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread thatlooked,to him,very much as a napkin.Picking it up,he put it into his collar,8_____so that it falls across his shirt.His Arab host,who had been watching,said9_____of nothing,but immediately copied the action of his guest10_____And that,said this second person,was a fine example of good manners．Part III Reading Comprehension(50minutes,40points,2points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part.Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage OneIn the developed countries,the dominant factor in the next society will be something to which most people are only just beginning to pay attention:the rapid growth in the older population and the rapid shrinking of the younger generation.Politicians everywhere still promise to save the existing pension system,but they—and their constituents—know perfectly well that in another25years people will have to keep working until their mid-70s,health permitting.What has not yet sunk in is that a growing number of older people—say those over50—will not keep on working as traditional full-time nine-to-five employees,but will participate in the labor force in many new and different ways:as temporaries,as part-timers,as consultants,on special assignments and so on.What used to be personnel and are now known as human resources departments still assume that those who work for an organization are full-time employees. Employment laws and regulations are based on the same assumption.Within20or25years, however,perhaps as many as half the people who work for an organization will not be employed by it,certainly not on a full-time basis.This will be especially true for older people.New ways of working with people at arm’s length will increasingly become the central managerial issue of employing organizations,and not just of businesses.The shrinking of the younger population will cause an even greater upheaval,if only because nothing like this has happened since the dying centuries of the Roman Empire.In every single developed country,but also in China and Brazil,the birth rate is now well below the replacement rate of2.2live births per woman of reproductive age.Politically,this means that immigration will become an important—and highly divisive—issue in all rich countries.It will cut across all traditional political alignments.Economically,the decline in the young population will change markets in fundamental ways.Growth in family formation has been the driving force of all domestic markets in the developed world,but the rate of family formation is certain to fall steadily unless bolstered by large-scale immigration of younger people.The homogeneous mass market that emerged in all rich countries after the Second World War has been youth-determined from the start.It will now become middle-age-determined,or perhaps more likely it will split into two:amiddle-age-determined mass market and a much smaller youth-determined one.And because the supply of young people will shrink,creating new employment patterns to attract and hold the growing number of older people(especially older educated people)will become increasingly important.1.The passage is mainly about______.A.theinfluence of aging problemB.the shrinking of younger populationC.thechanging of working styleD.thechange of consuming pattern2.From the passage,we learn people will have to keep working until their mid-70s because of ______.A.overallimprovement of people’s health conditionB.oldpeople’s high qualificationC.the lack of young employeeD.the great need for more employees by new economy3.According to the author,what is TRUE about the situation in20or25years?A.There will be stricter laws and regulations on employment.B.There will be fewer people who take full-time jobs.C.There will be more olderemployees.D.There will be more people who work at home and far from each other.4.What does the word“upheaval”(Para.3,Line1)most probably mean?A.greatachievementB.illinfluenceC.goodeffectD.great change5.Theinfluence that the reduction of young people has on economy may include the following BUT______.A.the appearing of mass market centering the youngB.the shift of the market center from the young to the middle-agedC.the shrinking of the population who gets to form familyD.thetendency for the market to split into two onesPassage TwoIn general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In fact,the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious,not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists,for whom testing is a big business,and by their superiors,who judge their behavior,sociability,capacity to get along,etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth century“free enterprise”capitalism?Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.6.By“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is______.A.a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly7.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that______.A.they are likely to lose their jobsB.they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD.they are afraid of competition8.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those______.A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who are higher up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.who could keep far away from this competitive world9.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should______.A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted10.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of______.A.approvalB.disapprovalC.suspicionD.tolerancePassage ThreeThe next society will be a knowledge society.Knowledge will be its key resource,and knowledge workers will be the dominant group in its workforce.Its three main characteristics willbe:Borderlessness,because knowledge travels even more effortlessly than money.Upward mobility,available to everyone through easily acquired formal education.The potential for failure as well as success.Anyone can acquire the“means of production”,i.e.,the knowledge required for the job,but not everyone can win.Together,those three characteristics will make the knowledge society a highly competitive one, for organizations and individuals rmation technology,although only one of many new features of the next society,is already having one hugely important effect:it is allowing knowledge to spread near-instantly,and making it accessible to everyone.Given the ease and speed at which information travels,every institution in the knowledge society—not only businesses,but also schools,universities,hospitals and increasingly government agencies too—has to be globally competitive,even though most organizations will continue to be local in their activities and in their markets.This is because the Internet will keep customers everywhere informed on what is available anywhere in the world,and at what price.This new knowledge economy will rely heavily on knowledge workers.At present,this term is widely used to describe people with considerable theoretical knowledge and learning:doctors, lawyers,teachers,accountants,and chemical engineers.But the most striking growth will be in “knowledge technologists”:computer technicians,software designers,analysts in clinical labs, manufacturing technologists,and paralegals.These people are as much manual workers as they are knowledge workers;in fact,they usually spend far more time working with their hands than with their brains.But their manual work is based on a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge which can be acquired only through formal education,not through an apprenticeship.They are not, as a rule,much better paid than traditional skilled workers,but they see themselves as “professionals”.Just as unskilled manual workers in manufacturing were the dominant social and political force in the20th century,knowledge technologists are likely to become the dominant social—and perhaps also political—force over the next decades.11.According to the author,knowledge can be defined as______.A.understanding of the outside worldB.productive resourcesC.experiences acquired in the course of productionD.something for entertainment12.Among the following,which does NOT contribute to the competitiveness of the new society?A.a vaguer borderlineB.great flexibilityC.high risk of failure and successD.more high-qualified workers13.Which of the following statements is NOT true about Internet?A.It will speed up the spreading of knowledge.B.It will bring great convenience to customers in buying something.C.It will enhance global competition.D.It will push companies to expand their activities abroad.14.It can be learnt that the most striking difference between present knowledge workers andfuture knowledge workers is that______.A.the latter tends to combine theoretical knowledge with manual skillsB.the former tends to be more professionalC.the latter tends to spend more time at work than at schoolD.the former tends to accept more school education than the latter15.It can be inferred that the future knowledge workers view themselves as professionals because ______.A.they can make more money than manual workersB.they are free from manual workC.they are better-educatedD.they are more highly-respectedPassage FourAs a manager in the service industry sector,I’ve looked at hundreds of CVs in my time.They are not necessarily the bland documents some bosses might think they are!They are full of little pointers towards individuals’personalities and suitability for the job.The first thing I always look at is an applicant’s employment record.I check for continuity and stability.If somebody has a long list of previous jobs,all of varying length,alarm bells start ringing.Rather than an irregular route from job to job,what I hope to see is stable career progression.What does their career path look like–is it all steps forward,or are there a lot of sideway moves?And I am always pleased to find a family person with children,because in my experience they tend to be responsible and reliable.I never rely on CVs alone.We get applicants to fill in one of our own application forms.We ask why they’ve applied,what their aspirations and personal goals are,and also about their interests and hobbies and any clubs they belong to.That gives you a useful insight into their personality and lifestyle.The application form also enables us to test how much people have actually been progressing in their careers,because we ask for details of the salaries they have received for each job.It’s always worth looking at CVs and designing application forms with great care.Taking on employees might be rewarding,but it is also a big investment for any business.Mistakes in choosing staff can cost companies dear,so it makes sense to spend time ensuring you get the right person.In the service sector,one of the aims of companies is to maintain and improve customer service,and this is achieved partly through low staff turnover.You need to take on people who understand that,and will want to stay.That’s why,when you’ve taken staff on,the next thing is getting the best out of them.My management style comes from the days when I took over my first business,an ailing road haulage firm which I was certain I could turn into a profitable company.The first thing is to treat others as you’d like to be treated yourself.As soon as I took over the business,I talked to everybody individually,and looked for ways to make sure their particular skills benefited the company.I didn’t have much experience then of managing people,but above all I always tried to be fair and honest with everyone.As a result,I think the staff knew that and accepted my decisions,even if they didn’t agree with them all.Also,bosses must be able to communicate.You also need to create team spirit,and build on the strength of the team.I explained my plans for the company toall the staff,and let them know what I needed from them.The lorry drivers responded brilliantly; and they were the key to mining the business round.They understood that we had to develop a professional reputation,and from then on the days of poor quality deliveries were over.Lastly,I am a great believer in profit-sharing.It takes a team to make a company work,so profits should be shared by all.Job satisfaction is important,but it doesn’t pay the rent.Shared profit and bonuses help to strengthen team spirit by giving everyone a common goal that they work towards together.16.What the writer hopes to learn from applicants’CVs is______.A.whether they have the experience of many different jobsB.whether their careers have developed steadilyC.what opinions their employers had of themD.whether they have enough hobbies17.The writer says the application form is useful because it______.A.reveals something of the applicant’s characterB.gives information about the applicant’s familyC.explains what skills the applicant has for the jobD.shows how much the applicant wants to earn18.According to the writer,why are CVs and application forms so important?A.Because interviewing people is an expensive process.B.Because they indicate whether applicants really want the job.C.Because they indicate whether applicants are efficient or not.D.Because employing the wrong people can be disastrous.4.One reason why the writer was successful in her first business was that______.A.shewas used to dealing with peopleB.she was open with the staffC.the business was already doing well when she startedD.the staff agreed with all her decisions20.The writer believes profit-sharing is a good idea because______.A.it stimulates competitionB.it brings about fairnessC.it encourages team spiritD.it creates job satisfactionPartⅣTranslation(40minutes,30points,15points each)Directions:There are two passages here.Please translate the first one into Chinese and the underlined part in the second one into English.[1]We,the people,still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves,but to all posterity.We will respond to the threat of climate change,knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations.Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science,but none can avoid the devastating impactof raging fires,and crippling drought,and more powerful storms.The path towards sustainable energy sources will be long andsometimes difficult.But America cannot resist this transition;we must lead it.We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries–we must claim it its promise.That is how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure–our forests and waterways;our croplands and snowcapped peaks.That is how we will preserve our planet,commanded to our care by God.That’s what will lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared.[2]联合国是反映国际风雨变幻的一面镜子。

2004/6 Listening Comprehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D.He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B.They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C.They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B.The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C.The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B.For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C.For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B.He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C.He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.16.What did the several hundred college studentscompete to build recently in Washington D.C.? 17.Which department in the United States organized thecompetition?18.How many teams took part in the competition?19.How much did each team spend on equipment andother materials?20.What is the purpose of the competition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1.A: I heard no women were allowed to take part in theOlympic Games in ancient Greece. Is that true? B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even compete in the Games in those days.They could compete in a separate festival.Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2.A: Now you are in the new company, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear.But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3.A: What do you usually do when you feel tired?B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4.A: How do you get along with your partner?B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance of spending timealone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D.They are generally pretty cold to each other.5.A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job. B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I'm fed up with working anunskilled job for a minimum wage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6.A: Did you watch the report about the accident indowntown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck and I saw a lot of ambulances at the scene.Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7.A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I'm astudent of Professor Cohen's. May I speak to himplease?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phone number hemay call you back when he returns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8.A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when I wasface to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before they meet their favorite star they seem to have a lot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can't say anything. Q: What happened to the woman when she met the famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9.A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It's really informative and it is the top one among those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D.Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a committee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims. Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device to carry electric current ever made.The committee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the committee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his computer had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings. They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the committee's report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position. He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a committee to investigatesome of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11.What did the committee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12.What did Bell Labs do after the committee's reportwas released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to the public.C. They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthur Fellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.To be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. A twelve-member committee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation's directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthur Fellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. She is a computer scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in their environment.Brian Tucker from California is another winner. Mr. Tucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes. Mr. Tucker says that being recognized as a MacArthur Fellow will make a huge difference for his company.13.Which of the following is one of the requirements fora MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year'sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15.Why was Brian Tucker given this year's MacArthurFellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B. He helped the developing countries to fight againstearthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a competition to see who could build the best solar-powered house. The United States Department of Energy organized the competition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in this Solar Home Competition. Student teams competed in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the best house powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house.Each house cost as much as $250,000 to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the competition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used computers, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery. The competition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works, because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world. Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。

2021 年北京科技大学 211 翻硕英语考研真题I.Vocabulary and Structure ( 30 points, 1 point each, 60 minutes)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, orD.1.It was nearly always organized by the government, although some club members acted their own initiative.2.by B.on C.with D.in3.4.saving B.to save C.saved D.save5.Modern bodies are especially to cancer, because technology produces waste that inhibits their proper functioning.6.relevant B.invulnerable C.prone D.attractive7.Some of his plans were impractical and good for his work, but he never wavered in what he considered just.8.too much B.much too C.so much D.much so9.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution, but critics condemned it as and unfairly influenced by recent events.10. A.delayedB.indisposedC.hastyD.imperious11.It is odd that a person’s worth is measured by his wealth, instead people’s character should be measured by their value to society.12.wh ile B.so C.because D.when13.Du ring the 17th century many artists became involved in color theory andpainting for enlightenment.14.looked up to B.looked out C.lookedon D.looked to15.No government can meet thedemand for ever more sophisticated medical technology by an aging population.16.intransigent B.insatiable C.ingenious D.inglorious17.It is difficult to distinguish between the things that celebrities do and those that are carefully contrived for effect.18.reluctantly B.publicly C.spontaneously D.prolifically19.The monkeys in the zoo are a group, because primates are inevitably and build their lives around each other.20.social B.independent C.stable D.curious21.When economy, language, culture and history interact, people begin to view them as subjects rather than isolated ones.22.idiosyncratic B.integral C.synchronized D.synthesized23.24.give out B.give away C.give of D.give off25.Even though formidable winters are the norm in this region, people wereunprepared for the of the blizzard that year.dness B.ferocity C.inevitability D.probability27.28.prolific B.prominent C.promising D.marginalized29.All are in the stages, until architectural historians survey each house to determine which have historic value.30.preliminary B.primary C.prevalent D.predicative31.He has unusual insight and imagination, which has made him succeed innew and fundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.32.coordinating B.discerning C.acknowledging D.dispelling33.The storyline of the novel was extremely involved and included many lesser characters to the central events.34.consequential B.peripheral C.indispensable D.permeating35.Once I finally finding a definition, I see that it was never any such thing.36.get across to B.get away with C.get round to D.get in with37.Despite the fact that the life span of animals is conveniently divided into separate stages, those periods are not truly .38.distinct B.continuous C.reflexive D.codependent39.In spite of among scientists, and years of contentious discussion, the claim that earthquake can be predicted with great precision prevails.40.reception B.popularity C.skepticism D.antipathy41.No dictionary can really capture something as fleeting and as slang.42.equivocal B.equitable C.equable D.ephemeral43.They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them as valuable antiques.44.out B.by C.away D.off45.46.in B.under C.to D.with47.48.infinity B.conformity C.affinity D.fluidity49.It is no accident that most people find his book disturbing, for it is calculated to undermine a number of beliefs they have long .50.cherished B.denied C.anticipated D.misunderstood51.Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry, even now only a few independent observers his works.A.52.The exhibition, though small in scale, succeeded in its members with a firm sense of self-worth and purpose.53.endowing B.imbuing dening D.providing54.We were all impressed by the style of his books which is strongly of Virginia Woolf’s novels.55.reminiscent B.symptomatic C.indicative D.imitative56.Historian can “Augustan peace” only by failing to recognize that this peace in many respects resemble that of death.57.demand B.ridicule C.applaud D.disapprove58.II.described B.acknowledged C.overlooked D.authenticatedIII.Section IDirections: In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions.Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet. Passage OneMuch of this eavesdropping has long been surmised, and none of it is necessarily illegal.America gives wide powers to its law-enforcement and spy agencies.They are overseen by Congress and courts, which issue orders to internet firms.Afghanistan and Iraq.And the public seems happy: if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten.Yet because the spies choose what to reveal about their work, nobody can judge if the cost and intrusion are proportionate to the threat.One concern is the size, scope and cost of the security bureaucracy: some 1.4 million people have “top secret”clearances of the kind held by Mr Snowden.Is that sensible?A second worry is the effect on America’s ties with other countries.The administration’s immediate response to the PRISM revelation was that Americans have nothing to fear: it touched only foreigners.That adds insult to injury in countries that count themselves as close American allies: the European Union, in particular, fastidiously protects its citizens’ data.Fears abound that the spy agencies practice a cynical swap, in which each respects the letter of the law protecting the rights of its own people—but lets its allies do the snooping instead.Lawyerly officials denials of such machinations fail to reassure because of the third worry: the governments acting outside public scrutiny are not to betrusted.James Clapper, America’s director of national intelligence, told Congress in March that the NSA does not gather data on “millions of Americans”.He now says he answered in “the least untruthful manner” possible.Trawls through big databases may produce interesting clues—but also life-ruining false alarms, especially when the resulting decisions are cloaked in secrecy.Those on “no-fly lists”, which ban an unknown number of people from most air travel, are not told what they have done wrong and cannot clear their names.In desperation, 13 American citizens, including some who were exiled from their own country by the travel ban, are suing the government.Our point is not that America’s spies are doing the wrong things, but that the level of public scrutiny is inadequate and so is the right of redress.Without these, officials will be tempted to abuse their powers, because the price of doing so is small.This is particularly true for those who bug and ban.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements about vigilance is true?A.President Obama describes the spying as a defense of security.B.Americans differ in their attitude towards the government’s vigilance.C.The administration and Congress feel ashamed of the spying.D.America’s law-enforcement and spy agencies are not entitled to spy.2.The sentence in paragraph two “if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten” probably means .A.Americans need divert their attention from the spying event.B.Vigilance would be accepted by the public if America was faced with danger.C.Mr Snowden’s revelation of PRISM would be forgotten sooner or later.3.Americans have the following concerns regarding vigilance EXCEPT .A.Spy agents leave Americans little privacy and less security.B.Spying will dama ge America’s relation with other countries.C.It is not sensible to devote much money and energy to vigilance.D.There lacks effective scrutiny of the government’s surveillance.4.The case that some citizens are banned from air travel in paragraph 7 is presented to illustrate .A.the efficiency of spyingB.the absurdity of the banC.the inadequacy of the spying systemD.the interesting findings of spying5.What is the author’s stance on vigilance by the government?A.Vigilance does more harm than good to American citizens.B.Protection of society is merely an excuse for illegal vigilance.C.The legitimacy of vigilance is still open to discussion.D.Vigilance is necessary but should be better scrutinized by the public.Passage TwoToo many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis.A rule of thumb among biotechnologyEven when flawed research does not put people’s lives at risks—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it squanders money and the efforts of some of the world’s best minds.The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast.And they could be rising.every academic post.Nowadays verification does little to advance a researcher’s career.And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead.Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results.In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates:in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts.The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page.Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results “based on a gut feeling”.And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise.Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted.“Negative results” now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990.Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true.The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either.Whena prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested.All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world.What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be forall disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards.Ideally, research protocols should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks.This would curb the temptation to fiddle with the experiment’s design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are.Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test.6.Which issue about science is mainly addressed in the passage?A.Science calls for more verification.B.Flawed science research does harm to humanity.C.D.An objective evaluation of science is necessary.7.Which of the following statements can best explain the major issue in science?A.Scientific research is too flawed to be turned into productivity.B.Scientists are unwilling to get papers published for promotion.C.D.Peer review mechanism is not fully implemented.8.“cherry-picking of results” in paragraph five refers to .A.overstating the results to get papers publishedB.keeping only positive results to get paper publishedC.selecting only papers with the most favorable resultsD.safeguarding the high quality of experiment results9.According to the passage, negative results in scientific experiments should be.A.B.published to avoid unnecessary waste of money and effortC.D.adapted to incorporate with a new hypothesis10.The passage suggests the following solutions to the issue in science EXCEPT.A.implementing higher standards in scientific experimentB.carrying out larger scale of inspection and test of trial dataC.allocating more funding for the verification of science resultsD.speeding up the application of science results to the marketSection IIDirections: Read the following two passages and answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow the passages.Write your answers in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage ThreeThe American dream has taken hit after hit the past half-decade.It just suffered another blow, based on a new poll.Yet young people seem determined to turn things around, giving us all cautious cause for optimism.When writer James Truslow Adams coined the phrase in 1931 he called the American dream “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” So it was all about opportunity, which largely has disappeared amid a poor job market, heavy debts, and wages that have stalled for 25 years.All this pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it.More than half of teens in the poll say it’s better to be a kid today, and nearly half say that when they are their parents’ age they will have more opportunity—not less.Maybe that’s because young people learned a lot during the Great Depression.They saw their parents get socked.But with no real assets at risk themselves they came through it unscathed, financially speaking, and yet took the lessons to heart and are more conscious about spending and debt than Mom and Dad have been.11.What is the passage mainly about?12.What specific aspects about American dream are discussed in the passage?13.How do you interpret the first sentence in p aragraph eight: “All the pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it.”?14.What is the author’s attitude towards the issue being discussed?15.Could you give a title to the passage?Passage FourIt’s an exciting notion that one’s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages.In obvious ways (exposure to new friends, literature and so forth) the self-reality is broadened.Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language.A former colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English.So what is going on here?Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers.Often called “Whorfinanism”, this idea has its skeptics.But there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language.Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual.Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school.So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language.For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap (answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer) than when tested in their native language.In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking.No wonder people feel different when speaking them.And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.Many bilinguals are not bicultural.But some are.And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages.Experiments in psychology have shown the power of “priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways.Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood.The choice between two languages is a huge prime.Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home.Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.So there are two very good reasons that make people feel different speaking their different languages.We are still left with a third kind of argument, though.People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages’ inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers.A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision.Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical.We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes andself-stereotypes: French, rigorous; German, logical; English, playful.Of course.Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs.It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more likely to interrupt each other.Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.16.Which statement or notion is under discussion in this passage?17.18.According to the passage, why do people feel different when they speak different languages?19.Why are Greeks likely to interrupt in conversation according to some scholar?20.Does the author agree on the causation from language to personality? How does he argue for or against it?IV.Writing ( 30 points, 60 minutes)。

1.What is Big Brother? Give an example. (Unit 1)Any person, organization, or system that seems to want to control people’s lives and restrict their freedom(a figure representing the oppressive control over individual lives exerted by the government)camera phone,bugs3.Why is it risky to have multiple procedures at once? Give an example. (Unit 3)Generally,Having multiple procedures not only prolongs recovery but also increases the time a patient is anesthetized.,which can be risky.James mccormick undergo multiple procedures ,and the next day,he was dead.4.Why is it bad for children to learn too much at an early age? (Unit 4) Through early childhood and into adolescence this timetable is significantly influenced by myelin.Current reaserch identifies that the escalation of myelin occeurs in various stages and there is actually a 100% increase in myelin during adolescence.In other words,the bulid-up and acquisition of myelin towards full brain maturation is more marathon than sprint and no measure of extra tuition or early training in any activity will influence this developmental timeline.5.Do you think that free online lectures will destroy universities? (Unit 5)Freely available online lectures and textbooks give universities the opportunity to reduce costs and increase quality,while focusing resources on what really matters:contact time between teaches and students. the simple fact is that the education most universities provide isn’t worth the money. if they don’t have world-class reputations-and only a few do-then need to change fast,or watch an exodus of students away to cheaper, better alternatives.8. Why are manners important in our daily life? Give an example. (Unit 8) If we want to be good ,we have to get into the habit of being good.Just think about the nicest people you know and most of the time you’ll discover that you regard for them is not based on their tireless work to eradicate world poverty, but a basic decency expressed through their everyday dealing with others.Wrong numbers; travelling right; good loving; new age; social work9. What is the main idea of the book Essay on the Principle of Population? (Unit 9)Human population, he observed, increases at a geometric rate, doubling about every 25 years if unchecked, while agricultural production increases arithmetically-much more slowly. Malthus thought such checks could be voluntary, such as birth control, abstinence, or delayed marriage--or involuntary, through the scourges of war, famine ,and disease.。

【考研英语】2021年1月北京科技大学研究生招生考试英语练习题100道（附答案解析）第1题【单选题】The secretary and principal ________ at the meeting now.A、are speakingB、is speakingC、were making a speechD、have a speech【正确答案】B【答案解析】The secretary and principal指的是一个人，所以用单数谓语动词is。

第2题【单选题】We have great differences today. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.A、现在我们有很大的分歧。

但使我们走到一起的，是我们有跨越这些分歧的共同利益。

B、今天我们有巨大的不同。

使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些不同的共同利益。

C、今天我们有巨大的分歧。

使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。

D、今天我们有巨大的不同。

使我们来到一起的，是我们有超过这些不同的共同兴趣。

【正确答案】C【答案解析】答案选C。

great differences在句子中表示的是“巨大的分歧”的意思；interests在本句中不是表示“兴趣”，而是表示双方之间共同的利益。

第3题【单选题】The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last ________ the attention of average Americans.A、clarifiedB、cultivatedC、characterizedD、captured【正确答案】D【答案解析】本题的四个选项意思各不相同，但能与题句空格后的名词attention搭配并符合题意的只有一个。

北京科技大学考研翻译硕士英语真题北京科技大学2011年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题====================================== ========================================= ===============试题编号试题编号：：211试题名称试题名称：：翻译硕士英语（共10页）适用专业：翻译硕士（专业学位）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

====================================== ========================================= ============================== PART I GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY[60MIN](1x30=30POINTS) T here are thirty sentences in this section.B eneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C,D.Please choose the correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the answer sheet.1.The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who______six years of instruction.A.set aboutB.run forC.sit throughD.make for2.Anderson held out his arms to______the attack,but the shark grabbed his right forearm anddived.A.turn offB.ward offC.trigger offD.call off3.Small children are often______to nightmares after hearing ghost stories in the dark.A.definiteB.perceptibleC.incipientD.susceptible4.Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of______hours.A.meager/doc/e29863278.html,plexC.idleD.active5.It would be______their hospitality to accept any more from them.A.trampling onB.treading onC.trespassing onD.trying on6.We do not mean to be disrespectful when we refused to follow the advice of our______leader.A.venerableB.respectfulC.graciousD.famous7.A safety analysis______the target as a potentialdanger.Unfortunately,it was never done.A.would identifyB.will identifyC.will have identifiedD.would have identified8.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digitalinformation than______in traditional media.A.existB.existsC.existingD.to exist9.Despite the fact that over time the originally antagonistic response to his sculpture haslessened,to this day,hardly any individuals______his art.A.evaluateB.applaudC.denounceD.ignore10.The shortcomings of Mr.Brooks’analysis are______his clarity in explaining financialcomplexity.A.alleviated byB.offset byC.magnified byD.demonstrated by11.Given the evidence of Egyptian and Babylonian______later Greek civilization,it would beincorrect to view the work of Greek scientists as an entirely independent creation.A.imitation ofB.ambivalence aboutC.disdain forD.influence on12.Any language is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt to______experience by reducing it into discrete parcels.A.transcribe/doc/e29863278.html,plicateC.manageD.amplify13.Though science is often imagined as a disinterested exploration of external reality,scientistsare no different from anyone else:they are______human beings enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances.A.vulnerableB.rationalC.carelessD.passionate14.Not until Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in1972______.A.when was its full extent realizedB.that its full extent was realizedC.was its full extent realizedD.the realization of its full extent15.You should have known better than______your little sister at home herself.A.to leaveB.leaveC.leavingD.to have left16.I cannot concentrate on my work with the prospect of the court case______me.A.hanging onB.hanging overC.hanging upD.hanging on to17.The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientificdiscoveries are translated into technological applications______the triumph of human endeavor.A.facilitateB.lead toC.attest toD.herald18.The new conflict between Man and Nature is more dangerous than the traditional one betweenman and his fellow man,______the protagonists at least shared a common language.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.that19.Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels,the carswon’t catch on in a way______drivers can fill them up at the gas station.A.ifB.whenC.unlessD.because20.Having been isolated on a remote island,with little work______them,the soldiers sufferedfrom boredom and low spirits.A.occupyingB.to occupyC.occupiedD.occupy21.An institution concerned about its reputation is at the mercy of the actions of its members,because the misdeeds of individuals are often used to______the institutions of which they are a part.A.coerceB.honorC.discreditD.intimidate22.The newborn human infant is not a passive figure,nor an active one,but what might be calledan actively receptive one,eagerly attentive______it is to sights and sounds.A.asB.whatC.thatD.which23.For him______,what is essential is not that policy works,but that the public believe that itdoes.A.being re-electedB.to be re-electedC.re-electedD.to re-elect24.Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than fourrevolutions around the Sun in the time______takes the Earth to complete one.A.whenB.itC.thatD.which25.The mother would______her son doing his music practice if he could finish his assignmentbefore supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out26.When the streets are full of melting snow,you can’t help but______your shoes wet.A.gettingB.getC.to getD.got27.She could sing these songs______a moment’s notice whenever she was asked.A.withB.toC.onD.at28.As we see______political and national movements,language is used as a badge or barrierdepending on which way we look at it.A.in aspects ofB.in view ofC.in consideration ofD.in relation to29.The emergence of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution;______the newexpansion in literacy,as well as cheaper printing,helped to nurture the rise of popular literature.A.as a resultB.in turnC.thereforeD.in other words30.The notion that a parasite can alter the behavior of a host organism is not mere fiction;indeed,the phenomenon is not even______.A.real/doc/e29863278.html,prehendedC.rareD.observablePART II READING COMPREHENSION[60MIN](40POINTS)=20points)Section One Multiple Choice(2x10(2x10=20Directions:In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions. R ead the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AOn Aug.14,2007a computer hacker named Virgil Griffith unleashed a clever little program onto the Internet that hedubbed WikiScanner.It’s a simple application that trolls through the records of Wikipedia,the publicly editable Web-based encyclopedia,and checks on who is making changes to which entries.Sometimes it’s people who shouldn’t be.For example,WikiScanner turned up evidence that somebody from Wal-Mart had punched up Wal-Mart’s Wikipedia entry. Bad retail giant.WikiScanner is a jolly little game o f Internet,but it’s really about something more:a growing popular irritation with the Internet in general.The Net has anarchy in its DNA;it’s always been about anonymity,playing with your own identity and messing with other people’s heads.The idea, such as it was,seems to have been that the Internet would free us of the burden of our public identities so we could be our true,authentic selves online.Except it turns out—who could’ve seen this coming?—that our true,authentic selves aren’t that fantastic.The great experiment proved that some of us are wonderful and interesting but that a lot of us are hackers and pranksters and hucksters.Which is one way of explaining the extraordinary appeal of Facebook.Facebook is a“social network”:a website for keeping track of your friends and sending them messages and sharing photos and doing all those other things that a good little Web2.0 company is supposed to help you do.It was started by Harvard students in2004as a tool for meeting—at least discreetly ogling—other Harvard students,and it still has a reputation as a hangout for teenagers and the teenaged-at-heart.Which is ironic because Facebook is really about making the Web grow up.Whereas Google is a brilliant technological hack,Facebook is primarily a feat of social engineering.(It wouldn’t be a bad ideafor Google to acquire Facebook,the way it snaffled YouTube,but it’s almost certainly too late in the day for that.Yahoo!offered a billion for Facebook last year and was rebuffed.)Facebook’s appeal is both obvious and rather subtle.It’s a website,but in a sense,it’s another version of the Internet itself:a Net within a Net,one that’s everything the larger Net is not.Facebook is cleanly designed and has a classy,upmarket feel to it —a whiff of the Ivy League still clings.People tend to use their real names on Facebook.They also declare their sex,age,whereabouts,romantic status and institutional affiliations.Identity is not a performance or a toy on Facebook:it is a fixed and orderly fact.Nobody does anything secretly:a news feed constantly updates your friends on your activities.On Facebook,everybody knows you’re a dog.Maybe that’s why Facebook’s fastest-growing demographic consists of people35or older: they’re refugees from the uncouth wider Web.Every community must negotiate the imperatives of individual freedom and collective social order,and Facebook constitutes a critical rebalancing of the Internet’s founding vision of unfettered electronic liberty.Of course,it is possible to misbehave on Facebook—it’s just self-defeating.Unlike the Internet,Facebook is structured around an opt-in philosophy;people have to consent to have contact with or even see others on the network.If you’re annoying folks,you’ll essentially cease to exist,as those you annoy drop you off the grid.Facebook has taken steps this year to expand its functionality by allowing outside developers to create applications that integrate with its pages,which brings with it expanded opportunities for abuse.No doubt Griffith is hard at work on FacebookScanner.But it has also hung on doggedly to its coreinsight:that the most important function of a social network is connecting people and that its second most important function is keeping them apart.1.Which of the following is INCORRECT about WikiScanner?A.It can change or revise some entries of Wikipedia.B.It can trace the origin of some information on the Internet.C.It expresses people’s irritation with the Internet.D.It reveals people’s real selves on the Internet.2.The advantages of Facebook are mainly presented by comparing the differences betweenFacebook andA.WikiScanner.B.Google.C.the Internet.D.FacebookScanner3.What does the last sentence of Paragraph Four really mean?A.You are looked down upon by people on Facebook.B.If you misbehave on Facebook,everybody will know.C.You can pretend to be a dog on Facebook.D.Everybody knows who you are on Facebook.4.What is Facebook’s real appeal according to the passage?A.Only well-educated people can be allowed to register.B.People can do something different from what they do on the Internet.C.It is cleanly designed and has very powerful and diverse uses.D.Its real name registration system makes it difficult to misbehave.5.If you misbehave on Facebook,you will beA.forbidden to use Facebook forever.B.criticized by other people on Facebook.C.dropped out of other people’s lists of friends.D.cut network connections.Passage BClancy Martin knows a lot about lying.He’s now an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Missouri,Kansas City,specializing in19th-and20th-century continental philosophy and business ethics,and he wrote his dissertation on deception.But he really learned how to lie in his youth,when he was a crackerjack jewelry salesman.Not as good as his brother,perhaps,but good enough to turn a fake Rolex into the real thing.“I do miss it,”Martin admits.“I miss that feeling of being on the edge.Say what you will,there is something fun about deceiving people.”Talking to Martin about deception can be unnerving.His voice,sweetened with sincerity,has the compulsive tones of a convert.Sincere people make good salesmen.So what to make of Clancy Martin—a man who wants to sell his debut novel while reclaiming his soul?When he was young,selling was simple—a matter of getting a customer to buy into his fictions.“He was a very gifted liar.”says his brother and former business partner,Darren.That much is still true,as Martin’s novel,How to Sell,makes clear.How to Sell is outrageous,theatrical and slicker than oil.It tells the tale of Bobby Clark,a high-school dropout who joins his older brother at a jewelry shop in Texas.It’s a festival of drugs,diamonds and sex.Prostitution,a saleswoman turned hooker suggests at one point,is a more honest kind of living than the jewelry trade(at least in t his book).“With what I do now,”she tells Bobby,“I sleep well at night.”Martin was born in Toronto,in1967.Like his protagonist,he left high school,moved to Texas and got a job at the jewelry store where his brother worked.“I would say that,unfortunately, m ost of the book is lifted directly from my life—with some exaggeration and lots of omission,”says Martin cheerfully.For a young man,the life had a kind of reckless glamour.“You sell a diamond,and boom,”he says.But Martin was a little different from most employees.He read,for example.Just as Bobby riffs on a Jorge Luis Borges story to sell a bracelet,Martin wove stories for customers from the plotlines of books,and he’d read Spinoza’s Ethics—between booze and bumps of coke.Bobby’s pain,too,comes from Martin’s life:his complicated relationships with his older brother and his charming but crazy father,Bill,who was never quite far enough out of the picture.“I think a lot of Clancy’s interest in self-deception came from his interest in who his dad was,”says his e x-wife,Alicia Martin.Martin tried to steer his life in another direction.He went to college,began graduate school in philosophy and married.Then,one day,when he was in Copenhagen working on a paper on Kierkegaard,his brother called and asked him to help with the business plan for expanding his jewelry store.Suddenly,Martin was out of school and back in jewels.Unlike the shop started by the brothers in the novel,the Martins’joint venture was clean,Darren insists.But the game,more or less,was the same:the process of turning a gem from a mass of matter into a narrative of possibility.In the seven years Martin worked there,life was never boring,but it wasn’t much of a life.“I had all this experience,and no sense of moral responsibility,”Martin says.His marriag e broke up. He despaired.But he began writing,and that seemed to offerthe promise of something worthwhile.He returned to graduate school.He wanted to understand deception—and self-deception—not practice it.Insofar as he could.Martin remarried and became a professor.In addition to writing fiction,he translated Nietzsche and had edited several collections on ethics(including the forthcoming Philosophy of Deception);his nonfiction book Love,Lies and Marriage comes out next year.When we spoke two months ago,he said his life was now“incredibly calm and domestic”.He did not say that he was undergoing one of the most trying periods of his life.With How to Sell,Martin has written a gem of a story.Selling it probably won’t be hard.The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how to stop selling.6.In Martin’s book,the jewelry business isA.an ideal place for high school drop-outs to start their career.B.like a party in which everybody enjoys the excitement and luxury.C.full of opportunities for knowledgeable people to prosper.D.a world where people rarely value the virtue of honesty.7.Which of the following is NOT true about Bobby Clark,the protagonist of the book How toSell?A.He makes use of what he has read to promote sale.B.He was born in T oronto and dropped out of high school.C.He has a brother who introduces him into the jewelry business.D.His relationship with his father is rather complicated.8.It can NOT be inferred from Paragraph Five and Six thatA.the sense of moral responsibility is important to marriage.B.the jewelry business has great appeal to Martin.C.philosophy is a much less interesting subject than deception.D.excitement is not the most important component of life.9.The sentence in the last paragraph“The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how tostop selling”implies thatA.once a person learns how to sell,the skill will never be forgotten.B.if a book becomes a best-seller,it is difficult not to stop selling it.C.cheating might become a kind of addiction that is hard to get rid of.D.books on cheating can always arouse people’s interest of purchase.10.Which of the following best describes the category of writing this passage belongs to?A.A book review in a newspaper.B.An introduction in a jewelry magazine.C.An extract from a biography.D.An analysis of deception from an essay.=20points)Section Two Answering Questions(4x5(4x5=20D irections:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage.U se ONLY information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions1to3Think of the solitude felt by Marie Smith before she died earlier this year in her native Alaska, at89.She was the last person who knew the language of the Eyak people as a mother-tongue.Or imagine Ned Mandrell,who died in1974—he was the last native speaker of Manx,similar to Irish and Scots Gaelic.Both these people had the comfort of being surrounded,some of the time, by enthusiasts who knew something precious was vanishing and tried to record and learn whateverthey could of a vanishing tongue.In remote parts of the world,dozens more people are on the point of taking to their graves a system of communication that will never be recorded or reconstructed.Does it matter?Plenty of languages—among them Akkadian,Etruscan,Tangut and Chibcha —have gone the way of the dodo,without causing much trouble to posterity.Should anyone lose sleep over the fact that many tongues—from Manchu(spoken in China)to Hua(Botswana)and Gwich’in(Alaska)—are in danger of suffering a similar fate?Compared with groups who lobby to save animals or trees,campaigners who lobby to preserve languages are themselves a rare breed.But they are trying both to mitigate and publicise an alarming acceleration in the rate at which languages are vanishing.Of some6,900tongues spoken in the world today,some50%to90%could be gone by the end of the century.In Africa,at least300languages are in near-term danger,and200more have died recently or are on the verge of death.Some145languages are threatened in East and South-East Asia.Some languages,even robust ones,face an obvious threat in the shape of a political power bent on imposing a majoritytongue.A youngster in any part of the Soviet Union soon realised that whatever you spoke at home,mastering Russian was the key to success.Nor did English reach its present global status without ruthless tactics.In years past,Americans,Canadians and Australians took native children away from their families to be raised at boarding schools where English rules. In all the Celtic fringes of the British Isles there are bitter memories of children being punished for speaking the wrong language.But in an age of mass communications,the threats to linguistic diversity are less draconian and more spontaneous.Parents stop using traditional tongues,thinking it will be better for their children to grow up using a dominant language(such as Swahili in East Africa)or a global one (such as English or Spanish).And even if parents try to keep the old speech alive,their efforts can be doomed by films and computer games.The result is a growing list of tongues spoken only by white-haired elders.A book edited by Peter Austin,an Australian linguist,gives some examples:Njerep,one of31endangered languages counted in Cameroon,reportedly has only four speakers left,all over60.The valleys of the Caucasus used to be a paradise for linguists in search of unusual syntax,but Ubykh,one of the region’s baffling tongues,officially expired in1992.The effort to keep languages alive can lead to hard arguments,especially where limited funds are available to spend on education and official communications.In both America and Britain, some feel that,whatever people speak at home,priority should go to making sure that children know English well.But supporters of linguistic diversity make strong arguments too.Nicholas Ostler,a scholar who heads the Foundation for Endangered Languages,a non-profit group based in Britain,saysmultilingual children do better academically than monolingual ones.He rejects the notion that a common tongue helps to avoid war:think of Rwanda,Bosnia and Vietnam.Mark Alber,a Canadian writer,says the protection of endangered species is closely linked to the preservation of tongues.On a recent expedition in Australia,a rare turtle was found to have two varieties;a dying but rich native language,Gagudju,had different words for each kind.Thanks to electronics,saviours of languages have better tools than ever before;words and sounds can easily be posted on the /doc/e29863278.html,cation techniques are improving,too.In New Zealand Maori-speakers have formed“language nest”,in which grandparents coach toddlers in theold tongue.Australia’s dying Kamilaroi language was boosted by pop songs teenagers liked.But whatever tricks or technology are used,the only test of a language’s viability is everyday life.“The way to save languages is to speak them,”says Mr.Austin.“People have to talk to people.”Questions:1.According to this passage,what has caused the disappearance or vanishing of some languages?2.Does the electronic age have any impact on language diversity?If so,what is it?3.What is the main purpose of this passage?Questions4to5Traditionally,the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries,dramatic events,and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure:how one inquires into a historical problem,how onepresents and documents one’s findings,what co nstitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies.The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog:childhood,work,leisure.The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative,it is now entirely analytic.The old questions“What happened?”and“How did it happen?”have given way to the question“Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer the question“Why”is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them.But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend.They are committed,not just to psychology in general,but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its“facts”not from history,the detailed records of events and their consequences,but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history,and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives,but from a view of human nature that transcends history.It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence:that evidence be publicly accessible to,and therefore assessable by,all historians.And it violates the basic tenet of historical method:that historian be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians,convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories,are also convinced thattheirs is the“deepest”explanation of any event,that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past);it also violates the past itself.It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own,in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects.It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present,thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.Instead of respecting the particularity of the past,it assimilates all events,past and present,into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in allcircumstances.Questions:4.According to this passage,how does psychohistory differ from traditional history in treating past events?5.What does the author of the passage probably intend to convey by putting the word“deepest”(in Paragraph3)in quotation marks?MIN]](30POINTS)PART III WRITING[60MINBig cities like Beijing,Shanghai or Guangzhou have been the top choices for many university graduates.But in recent years,much greater pressure of living in those big cities has made some people especially young men think about working in a smaller one.What is your opinion?State your viewpoint clearly and adequately.Write on ANSWER SHEET a composition of about400words on the following topic:Working in Small Cities vs.Big Cities。

北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题================================================================================================= ============试题编号： 874 试题名称：综合英语（共 7 页）适用专业：外国语言学与应用语言学英语语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

================================================================================================= ============说明： This paper covers FOUR subjects: (1) A Survey of Great Britain and the United States, (2) British Literature, (3) American Literature, and (4)General Linguistics. You have 180 minutes to complete the whole paper.Please time your pace well.Part I. Survey of Great Britain and the United States (30 points)I. Fill in the blanks:Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished sentence or question four suggested choices marked A, B, C, and D are given. Choose the ONE that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of your choice in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet after the numbers. (10 points)1. Thanksgiving Day is a historical, national and religious holiday that began with the pilgrims. The first was celebrated by the English settlers in __________ on December 13, 1621.A. Plymouth, MassachusettsB. VirginiaC. James TownD. California2. In the early 1960s hope had run high among millions of Americans. Kennedy’s call for a ___________ had inspired many Americans to work to wipe out poverty and end segregation and voting rights abuses,A. New DealB. the Civil Rights ActC. New FrontierD. the Law on Poverty3. Britain is one of the world’s major centers for theatre, and it has some world-famous contemporary playwrights like ____________ whose representative plays include The Caretaker and The Homecoming.A. Tom StoppardB. Harold PinterC. Arnold WeskerD. David Hare4. ___________ is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church, and it is not free to change its form of worship without the consent of Parliament.A. Christian churchB. The Church of IrelandC. Catholic churchD. The Church of England5. The post-war years were not peaceful to England. When Nasser, the Egyptian president, nationalized the Suez Canal in__________, British and French forces invaded Egypt. The action was widely condemned at home and abroad.A. 1960B. 1956C. 1945D. 19326. Under ________, the feudal system in England was established. One feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.A. King EdwardB. King AlfredC. Roman conquestD. William the conqueror7. The three conditions on which the Sino-US diplomatic relation was established are: the U.S.A must withdraw its troops from Taiwan and the Taiwan Straits, end diplomatic relations with Taiwan and cancel ___________.A. the Taiwan Relations ActB. the Mutual Defence TreatyC. American allianceD. Shanghai Communique8. The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was originally in the form of __________, which had little in common with the later officially adopted constitution in 1787.A. Common SenseB. Continental CongressC. the Articles of ConfederationD. Declaration of Independence9. During the last decades of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, some American writers in their works reported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums. They called themselves naturalists, and _______ who was famous for Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy, was one of the representatives.A. Theodore DreiserB. Jack LondonC. Richard WrightD. Ernest Hemingway10. The 18th century was an age of Enlightenment in America. _________ was aspokesman of it: people still believed that God was the center of the world, but they began to see the importance of man, of reason and order.A. Thomas JeffersonB. Lord CornwallisC. Benjamin FranklinD. George WashingtonII. Answer the following questions in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.(20 points, 5 for each)1. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain?2. What do you know about James Joyce and his works?3. What were the causes of New Conservatism that led to the election of RonaldReagan as the president?4. Who were the first Americans? How was America discovered by Europeans inthe 15th century?Part II. British Literature (30 points)I. Fill in the blanks:write your answers on your Answer Sheet after the numbers. (8 points)1. The shift in English literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. One is __________, the French philosopher who is generally regarded as the father of romanticism. Another two are Edmund Burke and Thomas Painer.2. Except for Satan in Paradise lost, the revengeful Heathcliff in __________ has no equal in English literature. His intense love for Catherine and his relentless revenge on his enemy mark him a unique figure.3. In the first two books of ________ the Christian God is described by Satan and his followers as a tyrant, while on the other hand all the fallen angels in council voice unanimously their determination to fight for their freedom and their will to defy tyranny and plot revenge.4. The title of Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyan’s ________, in which the protagonist Christian passes a Vanity Fair, where all sorts of vanity are sold.5. Although the novel was the predominating genre of literature in the _______age, there were still some prominent romantic poets like Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning.6. The works by the Bronte sisters are marked by a new concept of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings. In Jane Eyre, it is Jane’s rebelliousness, her dislike for servility, and her insistence on _______ that make the book unique.7. As the last important novelist of the Victorian age, Hardy was ______ in his view of life. His philosophy was that every thing in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is hostile towards human beings’ desire for joy.8. In the last thirty year of the 16th century there was a flourishing of drama which England had never seen before. Several predecessors to Shakespeare were called University Wits, among whom the most prominent was Christopher Marlowe, who was famous for ____________.II. Identify the title of the work of the following excerpts: write the titles of the works on your Answer Sheet. (10 points)1. Earth has not anything to show more fair:Dull would he be of soul who could pass byA sight so touching in its majesty…2. Jimmy: God, how I hate Sundays! It’s always so depressing, always the same. Wenever seem to get any further, do we? Always the same ritual. Reading thepapers, drinking tea, ironing. A few more hours, and another week gone. 3. The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece!Where burning Sappho loved and sung,Where grew the arts of war and peace,Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung!4. Old Mrs. Linton paid us several visits, to be sure, and set things to rights, and scolded and ordered us all; and when Catherine was convalescent, she insisted on conveying her to Thrushcross Grange: for which deliverance we were very grateful.5. To record of Mr Dombey that he was not in his way affected by this news (his wife is dying), would be to do him an injustice. He was not a man of whom it could properly be said that he was ever startled, or shocked ….6. On nothing per annum, then, and during a course of some two of three years, of which we can afford to give but a very brief history, Crawley and his wife lived very happily and comfortably at Paris. It was in this period that he quitted the Guards, and sold out of the army.7. Go, and catch a falling star,Get with child a mandrake root,Tell me, where all past years are,Or who cleft the Devil’s foot…8. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.9. I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children. Infant’s flesh will be in season throughout the year....10. She speaks, yet she says nothing. What of that?Her eye discourses: I will answer it.I am too bold, ‘tis not me she speaks.III. Answer the question concerning the following paragraph from The Merchant of Venice: write your answers on your Answer Sheet. (12 points)The quality of mercy is not strain’d,It droppeth as the gentle rain from heavenUpon the place beneath: it is twice bless’d;It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes:‘Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomesThe throned monarch better than his crown;His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,The attribute to awe and majesty,Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kingsBut mercy is above this sceptral sway:It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,And earthly power doth then show likest God’sWhen mercy seasons justice.Question: Paraphrase the lines above. (Pay special attention to the words and phrases underlined.)Part III. American Literature (30 points)I. Fill in the blanks:write your answers on your Answer Sheet after the numbers.(10 points)1. Culminated around the 1840s, from Jefferson’s death in 1826 to the Civil War in 1861, was the age of the literary giants. They developed the new national literature of America founded by__________ and______________.2. With open, fluid and long lines sweeping across the pages, ______ wrote in his poems about all kinds of things, the ants, leaves, our hearing and even breathing, expressing his love of life and philosophy about life particularly in the image of grass.3. Name two fiction writers in the first part of 19th c American literature:____________, ___________.4. The 1920s was another golden age of American literature, which boasted of a number of great writers. Among them, ________ is regarded as the spokesman of the Lost Generation; ____________ as an active participant of the Jazz Age, and ____________ as a representative of the Harlem renaissance.5. With _________ as his representative work, and depicting sympathetically about the poor, oppressed California farmers, migrants, and laborers, John Steinbeck is recognized as the foremost writer of the Great Depression in America.6. The 1960s are remembered as a time of widespread social disturbances in America. In the South, ________ organized the black Civil Rights Movement, demanding fully equal treatment for blacks under the law.II. Identify the title of the work of the following excerpts: write the titles of the works on your Answer Sheet. (8 points)1. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But ifa man would be alone, let him look at the stars.2. And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;3. A child said what is grass? fetching it to me with full hands,How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven.4. A Slave Warehouse! Perhaps some of my readers conjure up horrible visions ofsuch a place. They fancy some foul, obscure den, some horrible Tartarus“informis, ingens, cui lumen ademptum.” But no, innocent friend! In these days men have learned the art of sinning expertly and genteelly ….5. “Miss Watson your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville and Mr. Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send.”6. When Caroline Meeber boarded the afternoon train for Chicago, her total outfit consisted of a small trunk,…It was in August, 1889. She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid, and full of illusions of ignorance and youth.7. Down, down, he swam till his arms and legs grew tired and hardly moved… This hurt was not death, was the thought that oscillated through his reeling consciousness. Death did not hurt. It was life, the pangs of life, this awful, suffocating feeling; it was the last blow life could deal him.8. My long two-pointed ladder’s sticking through a treeToward heaven still,And there’s a barrel that I didn’t fillBeside it, and there may be two or threeApples I didn’t pick upon some bough.III. Essay questions: write your answers on your Answer Sheet. (12 points)Read the except from Hemingway’s “In Another Country”, a story about the First World War, and then answer the questions.We all had the same medals…. The boys at first were very polite about my medals and asked me what I had done to get them. I showed them the papers …. After that their manner changed a little toward me, although I was their friend against outsiders. I was a friend, but I was never really one of them after they had read the citations, because it had been different with them and they had done very different things to get their medals. I had been wounded, it was true; but we all knew that being wounded, after all, was really an accident. I was never ashamed of the ribbons, though, and sometimes, after the cocktail hour, I would imagine myself having done all the things they had done to get their medals; but walking home at night through the empty streets with the cold wind and all the shops closed, trying to keep near the street lights, I knew that Ì would never have done such things, and I was very much afraid to die, and often lay in bed at night by myself, afraid to die and wondering how I would be when back to the front again.The three with the medals were like hunting-hawks; and I was not a hawk, although I might seem a hawk to those who had never hunted; they, the three, knew better and so we drifted apart.Questions:1. What kind of writer is Hemingway?2. How different are the metals of the boys and the narrator? And what differentcourage is depicted in the paragraph here through the images of the three boys and the speaker? How can you understand the image of hawks in the secondparagraph?Part IV General Linguistics (60 points)Part I Define the following linguistic terms in your own words (20 points, 4 points each).1.Metalanguage2.Allophones3.Inflection4.The referential theory5.The illocutionary actPart II Finish the following according to the requirements for each (15 points, 5 points each):1.What is macrolinguistics? List no less than three branches of macrolinguistics anddefine them briefly.2. Discuss the difference between DEEP and SURFACE structures.3. What is the difference between sense and reference? Use specific examples toillustrate three kinds of sense relations.Part III Provide as much information as you know about each of the following topics (25 points, 12.5 points each).1.What are the central notions Halliday’s systemic functional grammar?2. What is the theory of conversational implicature? Discuss the characteristics ofimplicature.。

北京科技大学2011年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 618 试题名称：基础英语（共 10 页）适用专业：外国语言文学（包括外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

=============================================================================================================Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. Part of Doraemon’s particular appeal is that he is ready to take every situation —and likely, somehow, to get it wrong.A. downB. onC. outD. away2. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them .A. offB. asideC. outD. down3. His should not be confused with miserliness; he has always been willing to assist the poor.A. frugalityB. diffidenceC. intoleranceD. intemperance4. She decided to accept his offer of marriage after he her for months with flowers and expensive presents.A. wrungB. wiggledC. wontedD. wooed5. During his years in Congress he has with the chemical, drug and power companies on behalf of the ordinary person’s right to breathe clean air.A. tussledB. actuatedC. capsizedD. fidgeted6. Most banks offer facilities to students, to help them when they run short of money.A. oversightB. overdraftC. overdoseD. overseeing7. Much of what he said was beyond her comprehension, but she understood the of his remarks.A. tackB. tactC. tannerD. tenor8. He is an exceedingly insular man, as to seem inaccessible to the scrutiny of a novelist.A. such a deep privateB. so deep a privateC. privately deep soD. so deeply private9. It involves the study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion,it is difficult to find our way.A. into whichB. through whichC. from whichD. out of which10. The future of this company is : many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.A. at oddsB. in troubleC. in vainD. at stake11. It’s naïve to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with .A. for longB. in and outC. once for allD. by nature12. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss the bread-winner’s death.A. at the cost ofB. on the verge ofC. as a result ofD. for the sake of13. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to my debt in return for certain services.A. take awayB. cut outC. write offD. clear up14. Life is a candle to burn ever brighter.A. being meantB. meaningC. to meanD. meant15. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded the nurse Florence Nightingale.A. in line withB. in favor ofC. in honor ofD. in place ofSection BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence. From the four choices given, choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16. Nick had retained her hand, and continued to scrutinize her with a strange sense of foreboding.A. doubtB. inspectC. prospectD. retaliate17. At first, John thought that Jenny was full of hot air, but soon he realized that she was not building castle in the air.A. telling liesB. daydreamingC. irritatedD. talking nonsense18. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply.A. scantyB. infrequentC. concentratedD. relative19. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit was susceptible to a fatal virus disease.A. dangerousB. promotingC. dubiousD. responsive20. Peter’s request to his employer to have the next day off met with a blunt refusal.A. was politely turned downB. was politely refusedC. was obscurely turned downD. was flatly refused21. Jeeps increasingly became a vital part of Postal Service fleet because they were strong and agile.A. nimbleB. attractiveC. preferredD. cheaper22. The British, the French and the Dutch are old sparring partners who know each other’s little ways.A. cooperativeB. generousC. quarrelsomeD. ambitious23. Researchers have discovered that dolphins are able to mimic human speech.A. importB. imitateC. impairD. humor24. The criminal insinuated that he had been roughly treated by the arresting officer.A. suggested indirectlyB. denied positivelyC. argued convincinglyD. stated flatly25. London’s Victoria and Albert Museum, according to newspapers, is getting ready to unveil a big exhibition of potter drawings.A. displayB. demonstrateC. organizeD. authorizeSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence.26. This new government is faced not only with its economy but also with implementing new rural development programs to the flow of farm workers to the city.A. managing … stemB. offsetting … harnessC. bolstering … transmitD. challenging … measure27. Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, although it some problems, it also produced new .A. clarified … dataB. eased … interpretationsC. resolved … complicationsD. caused … hypotheses28. It is no accident that most people find Davis’ book disturbing, for it is to undermine a number of beliefs they have long .A. calculated … cherishedB. annotated … assimilatedC. intended … deniedD. anxious … misunderstood29. Several surgeons cautioned against the new procedure, that patients had been kept in dark too long about its possible catastrophic consequences.A. eschewing … ponderingB. adopting … complainingC. publicizing … addingD. revising … advocating30. To believe that a culture’s achievement can be measured by t he of its written material requires one to accept that a page of junk mail is as as a page of great literature.A. volume … valuableB. nature … readableC. quality … prevalentD. timelessness … understandablePart ⅡProofreading and error correction (20 minutes, 20 points, 2 point each) Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1. anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2. neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. 3. exhibitThis book is about adult learning and some factors that caninfluence it. Our present behavior is largely the consequence of our pastlearning. Indeed learning is sometimes defined as the process whichleads to relative permanent changes in our potential for performance as 1.the result of our past interaction to the environment. It would be 2. possible to write this book as a series of case studies illustrating the wayin which limited number of adult learners have assimilated new ideas and 3.skills into their already existing repertoire of behavior and try to cometo an understanding of the process of adult learning in this way. Thus, this 4. approach would be only limited use to the teacher or administrator faced 5.with attempting to foster the learning of many unique individualseach with different past learning experiences and backgrounds.For this book to be useful to people engaged in thebusiness of fostering learning it must attempt to do generalizations both 6.about the nature and progress of adult learning and about those factorsinternal and external to the learner, which are likely to advance their 7. development.To generalize about adult learning, we should first understandadult. Adult is one phase in the human life cycle that covers a lengthy 8. section of the life span. It is a phase that sees the individual to pass 9. through many stages in biological and environmental terms. What wewere in the past very largely determines what we are now and in 10.turn will very largely determine what we will become.Part ⅢReading Comprehension (50 minutes, 40 points, 2 points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage One[1] Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in tile history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes livingtoday in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “knowledge” at all.[2] Unfortunately the more industrialized we become, the further away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and that their seeds could be planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them followed the marvel of agriculture, cultivated crops. From then on humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild, and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.1. Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?A. They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.B. They thought there was no need to cultivate crops.C. They did not enjoy the study of botany.D. They placed great importance on the ownership of property.2. What does the author’s comment “This is logical”(Para.1) mean?A. There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestor’s knowledge of plants.B. It is not surprising that early humans had detailed knowledge of plants.C. It is reasonable to assure that our ancestors behaved very much like people in pre-industrial societies.D. Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.3. According to the passage, general knowledge of botany has begun to fade because .A. people no longer value plants as a useful resourceB. botany is not recognized as a special branch of scienceC. research is unable to keep up with the increasing numbers of plantsD. direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased4. By mentioning “a rose, an apple, or an orchid”(Para. 2) the author’s purpose is .A. to make the passage more poeticB. to cite examples of plants that are attractiveC. to give botanical examples that all readers will recognizeD. to illustrate the diversity of botanical life5. According to the passage, the first great step toward the practice of agriculture was .A. the invention of agricultural implements and machineryB. the development of a system of names for plantsC. the discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replantedD. the changing diets of early humansPassage Two[1] A patent is an exclusive right given to an inventor for his or her invention. In other words,a patent is a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires. In the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years. Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified?[2] In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years? In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent?[3] Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system? First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time. In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable system for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress.6. The first paragraph mainly .A. focuses on business monopolyB. tells us about the patent system in AmericaC. discusses a special form of market organizationD. defines what a patent is7. The second paragraph suggests strongly .A. the contradictory nature of the patent systemB. the importance of the patent systemC. the benefits of the patent systemD. the monopoly of the patent system8. The costs of the patent monopoly .A. are measured by how much the consumers have lost in 17 yearsB. are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 yearsC. can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopolyD. should be determined in the context of an invention9. What benefit can the patent system offer when the patent expires?A. An increase in consumer well-being.B. A reduced price for consumers.C. Higher productivity.D. The promotion of a desirable invention.10. The patent system is valuable for the economy in that .A. it creates goods and services and technologies that did not exist previouslyB. it gives an incentive to the inventor to publicize his research findingsC. it highlights the importance of property rights to ideasD. it is a source of economic growth and progressPassage Three[1] People living today in the northwestern state of Washington who have many sources of news in addition to newspapers must stretch their imaginations to understand the importance of the press during much of the state's history. Beginning in 1852 with The Columbian the first paper in Washington Territory, newspapers served to connect settlers in frontier communities with each other and with the major events of their times.[2] Unlike many mid-century papers, The Columbian, published every Saturday in Olympia, one of Washington's larger towns, was “neutral in politics,” meaning that it was not the organ of a particular political party or religious group. For its first few years, it was the only newspaper in the territory, but during the following decades, enterprising Washingtonians founded many other papers. Few of these papers lasted long. Until the turn of the century, most were the production of an individual editor, who might begin with insufficient capital or fail to attract a steady readership. Often working with no staff at all, these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered papers, oversaw billing, and sold advertising. Their highly personal journals reflected their own tastes, politics, and were known as the “Oregon style”—graphic, torrid, and potentially libelous.[3] Early newspapers were thick with print, carrying no illustrations or cartoons. Advertising was generally confined to the back pages and simply listed commodities received by local stores. Toward the end of the century, newspapers in Washington began to carry national advertising, especially from patent medicine companies, which bought space from agencies that brokered ads in papers all over the country. By 1900, Washington boasted 19 daily and 176 weekly papers. Especially in the larger cities, they reflected less the personal opinions of the editor than the interests of the large businesses they had become. They subscribed to the Associated Press and United Press news services, and new technology permitted illustrations. Concentrating on features, crime reporting, and sensationalism, they imitated the new mass-circulation papers that William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were making popular throughout the United States.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Ways in which various newspapers were advertised in WashingtonB. The history of newspapers in WashingtonC. Editors of the first Washington newspapersD. The illustrations in early Washington newspapers12. What does the passage imply about early Washington newspapers?A. People relied on them as their primary source of news.B. They contained important historical articles.C. They were not as informative as today’s newspapers.D. They rarely reflected the views of any particular religion.13. According to the passage, which of the following was true of early Washington newspapers?A. Most were owned by part-time editors who worked at other jobs.B. Most were run by editors who had little or no earlier newspaper experience.C. Most received financial support from the town in which they were published.D. Most stayed in business for only a short while.14. What does the author mention as typical of early newspaper editors from Washington?A. Their capital grew rapidly.B. Their political opinions changed with time.C. They had many types of responsibilities.D. They were generally members of the same political party.15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about advertising in Washington newspapers of the mid-nineteenth century?A. It contained information about patent medicines.B. It focused on local rather than national products.C. It was printed on entire pages distributed in local stores.D. It was the only part of the paper containing cartoons.Passage Four[1] Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals.[2] Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer. Stones suitable for use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves.[3] Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.[4] Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies. Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.16. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Primates are superior to other animals in using tools.B. The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species.C. Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals.D. Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools.17. Why does the author mention ants and termites in paragraph 2?A. To give an example of food that chimpanzees collect by using toolsB. To emphasize that ants and termites often hide together in the same placeC. To identify an important part of the chimpanzee dietD. To point out a difference between two closely related species18. According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they .A. use tools to gather foodB. use more than one tool to accomplish a taskC. transport tools from one place to anotherD. hide their tools from other animals19. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch?A. It uses its beak as a weapon against its enemies.B. It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees.C. It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest.D. It avoids areas where cactus grows.20. Forest primates and certain sea animals are mentioned in the passage as examples of animals that use tools for .A. self-protectionB. food preparationC. hunting preyD. building nests or home plants to growPart ⅣTranslation (40 minutes, 30 points, 15 points each)Directions: There are two passages here. Put the first one into Chinese and the underlined part in the second one into English.[1] The mobile phone is set to become one of the central technologies of the 21st century. Withina few years, the mobile phone will evolve into a multi-functional communicator capable of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but also video, still images, data and text. A whole new era of personal communication is on the way.Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon lightweight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens will be connected to satellites enabling people to talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of the desktop computer. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new personalized services that are becoming available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, gambling, shopping and buying theater and airline tickets.[2] 当夜幕无声地落下，将一切远山近景从你的视野里抹去的时候；当热闹的晚会结束，欢声笑语已经消逝的时候，什么都没有留下，只有思想还在活动。