History of the World Petroleum Industry (Key Dates)
A chronological summary of some of the key events impacting the evolution of the world petroleum industry, significant world events that had a major impact on the oil industry are indicated in dark red.
References are listed at the end of the summary. A search of keywords using a search engine will provide further information. Your feedback regarding errors or omissions is welcome!
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6th Century BC - The army of Kir II, first shah of Achaemenid Empire ( present - Iran), used Absheron oil in weapons of fire to invade castles and cities. (Note: much of the historic information relating to the early history in the Middle East ha s been provided by
Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev, Professor of Azerbaijan Technical University in Baku ).
450BC - Herodotus described oil pits near Babylon
325BC - Alexander the Great used flaming torches of petroleum products to scare his enemies c100AD - Plutarch described oil bubbling from the ground near Kirkuk in present day Iraq
347AD - Chinese reported to have drilled holes in ground using bamboo to extract oil
8th Century AD - Baku people used ground impregnated with oil for heating because of absence of wood
9th Century AD - Arabian traveler Baladzori (Al-Belazuri Ahmed) describes in "The Conquest of the countries" that political and economic life on Absheron had been long connected with oil. (Published in English "The origins of the Islamic state", by P.K. Hitti and F.C. Murgotten, v.1-2, N.Y.-L., 1916-1924).
10th Century AD - Arabian traveler Abu-Dulaf visits and describes Absheron's oil sources; and noted that there were two major sources - black and white oil. White oil was exported to Iran, Iraq and India as a valuble article
12th Century AD - A unique medicinal oil from the Naftalan (Azerbaijan region), was used for curing various health problems. It was carried in wineskins through the territory of modern Georgia to the Black Sea shores and from there to other countries of the world.
1273 - Marco Polo recorded visiting the Persian city of Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea in modern Azerbaijan, he saw oil being collected from seeps for use in medicine and lighting
1500s - Oil from seeps in the Carpathian Mountains in Poland was burned in street lamps to provide light in the Polish town of Krosno.
1568 - Under the direction of Englishmen Thomas Bannister and Jeffrey Duckett, Moscow Company agents visited Azerbaijan and wrote about Baku oil (the Moscow Company was founded in London in 1555).
1594 - A stone dated 1594 and signed by Allahyar Mahammad Nurogly is found in an oil well (kolodets) 35 metres deep in Baku (in settlement Balakhani); this well is dug by hand.
1618 - Itallian traveller Pietro Della Valle spoke about great amounts of black oil around Baku; it was cheap and brought lots of income to the shah every year.
1637 - Baku oil is marked as a 'terrible weapon by ignition' in a "List of gun stocks' of Moscow state.
1647 - Turkish traveller Evliya Chelebi examines and thoroughly describes Baku oil fields while in Baku. According to his data, Baku oil brought 7000 tumans of annual income to Shah's treasury and was exported to Persia, Central Asia, Turkey and India.
1666 - Dutch sailor and traveller Jan Struys (he was taken prisoner in Iran and used to visit this place often with the merchant who owned him - he even drew the Caspian sea map) visited Azerbaijan and wrote in his work called "Journey" that there were wells built with stones inside and with white and black oil coming to the surface on Besh Barmag mountain (now - in Siazan region of Azerbaijan).
1723 - Peter the Great (1672-1725) issues special decrees about the order of oil extraction; in a letter to major-general Michael Matyushkin, who governed Baku, he demanded sending "one thousand poods of white oil or as much as possible, and to look for increase in production". Persian campaign (1722-1723) of Peter I resulted in Baku and Derbent (on the East coast of Caspian) being annexed to Russia.
1739 - Academician I.V. Veytbreht publishes the treatise "About the oil", which contains much data about Absheron oil.
1741 - Director of English-Russian trading company Ioannas Hanway investigated condition of Baku oilfields. In 1754 he published "Historical essay about English trade in Caspian Sea" in London.
1771 - Academician Samuil Gmelin (1745-1774) visits Baku and confirms that white oil was sublimated for production of kerosene in Surakhani and describes the technique of well's oil production.
1781 - Count Marko Voynovich (1750-1807), the chief of the Caspian expedition, finds the signs of oil and gas on the bottom of the Caspian Sea near the island Zhiloy (Chilov), near the Absheron peninsula. In 1781-1782 Voynovich M.I. charted a detailed map of Eastern part of the Caspian Sea.
1796 - Marshal von Frederick Bibershtein (1768-1826) notes that "the Absheron peninsula contains an inexhaustible stock of oil".
1836
For the first time in the whole world, academician G.I. Gessi researched Absheron natural associated gas from a scientific point of view and defined its composition.
1801 - First coal powered steam engine
1803 - Offshore oil extraction reported in Bibi-Heybat Bay of the Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan) from two hand-dug wells 18 and 30 meters away from the shoreline. The first offshore oil field ceased existence in 1825 when a huge storm ravaged all wells in the Caspian
1807 - Streets of London lit by coal oil
1814 - One of the first wells that produced oil which was ma rketed was drilled near Marietta, Ohio, in 1814 (Hildreth 1833, p. 64). Well was actually drilled for salt water, the oil was a useless by-product which often spoiled the well. This Ohio well was almost 500 feet deep and produced about a barrel or so of oil per week, which was worth about 50 - 75 cents/gallon.*
1818 - In southeastern Kentucky another salt well produced oil. It was known as the "Beatty Well," named after the owner of the land on which it was drilled (Shepherd 1988). The site is on the banks of the South Fork of the Cumberland River, and the well produced upwards of 100 barrels/day according to some reports. By 1820, oil from this well was being shipped to Europe as well as several other southern states. Thus the Beatty Well seems to be the fi rst drilled well which produced commercial oil in North America.*
1816 - Start of the US manufactured gas industry - the Gas Light Company of Baltimore
1821 - First commercial natural gas production and use in Fredonia, New York - well drilled to 27' and gas piped through hollow logs to adjacent houses
1846 - Baku the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 metres for oil exploration
1849 - Abraham Gesner developed a method for distilling kerosene from crude oil
1857 - Development of the kerosene lamp - provided clean burning light
1857 - First drilling of oil wells at Bend, northeast of Bucharest, on the Romanian side of the Carpathians.
1858 - First oil well in North America at Oil Springs in Ontario, Canada
1859 - Col. Edwin Drake struck oil 69ft below the surface of the ground in Titusville, Pennsylvania.
1861 - First recorded shipping of oil between countries - from Pennsylvania to London on the sailing ship 'Elizabeth Watts'
1862 - de Rochas of France patented the four stroke engine
1863 - J.D.Rockefeller founded an oil refining company in Cleveland
1870 - J.D.Rockerfeller formed Standard Oil (Ohio).- controlled 10% of American oil refining
1872 - Rockerfeller took over 22 of his competitors (The Cleveland Massacre) to increase Standard Oil share of market to 25%
1877 - Rockerfeller controlled 90% of American refining
1878 - First oil drilling at Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
1879 - Thomas Edison invents the electric light bulb
1882 - Standard Oil Trust formed
1885 - Oil discovered in Sumatra by Royal Dutch
1892 - Standard Oil Company of Ohio broken up by Federal Regulators
1893 - First well drilled in Los Angeles
1895 - Extraction of bitumen from bituminous sand using hot water at Carpenteria, California
1895 - John D. Rockerfeller retired
1895 - Invention of combustion engine
1896 - Henry Ford's first motor car
1900
1901 - Spindletop gusher, blew out on January 10, 1901 near Beaumont in East Texas, drilled by Captain Anthony Lucas it heralded the birth of the Texas oil industry - Gulf and Texaco.
1902 - Ida Tarbell begins campaign against the monopoly and questionable practices of the Standard Oil Trust - published a series of articles in McClure's Magazine (1902-1904)
1903 - Wright Brothers first flight
1903 - Ford Motor Company founded
1905 - Baku oilfields set on fire during Russian Revolution
1906 - Federal Government filed suit against Standard Oil under the Antitrust Act.
1907 - Shell (British) and Royal Dutch merged to form Royal Dutch Shell
1908 - Oil discovered in Persia, Anglo Persian Oil company formed (Later BP)
1910 - First oil discovery in Mexico at Tampico on the Gulf Coast
1910 - US Congress authorised legislation to set aside land as Naval Petroleum Reserves.
1910 - Lakeview gusher blew out near Los Angeles, CA, reportedly at rates of >100,000BOPD with a total of 9,000,000 Bbls oil released before the well was brought under control
1911 - Break up of Standard Oil Trust orderd by Supreme Court* (See end for further detail)
1912 - Land in California (Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills) as Naval Petroleum Reserves No. 1 & 2.
1914-1918 - World War I, the first conflict where control of oil supply really mattered - needed for tanks, ships and planes. British Forces captured Baghdad in 1917.
1915 - Teapot Dome Wyoming established as Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3
1916 - Naval Oil Shale Reserves established in Colorado and Utah
1920
1921 - First experiment of using seismic waves to image the subsrface - at Vines Branch in south central Oklahoma by William Haseman, Clarence Karcher, Irvine Perrine and Daniel Ohern
1924 - Teapot Dome scandal - political manipulation in providing 'friends' with the right to develop the US Naval Oil Reserves resulted in the resignation of the Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) and Secretary of the Navy (Edwin Denby).
1929 - Start of Great Depression
1930
1930 - East Texas Oilfield discovered by 'Dad' Joiner
1931 - Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger sucessfully identify presence of oil in a formation by measuring resistivity
1932 - Oil discovered in Bahrain
1933 - Saudi Arabia granted oil concessions to Standard of California - became California Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc)
1934 - The first floating drilling rig reported in the Caspian Sea
1933 - The Texas Company introduced the first submersible drilling barge which was used in the estuaries (Lake Pelto) Louisiana
1936 - Texaco took a 50% share in Casoc
1938 - Mexico nationalizes foreign oil companies, all assets placed under the control of Pemex
1938 - Oil discoverd in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia
1939-1945 - World War II - control of oil supply from Baku and Middle East played a huge role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the allies. Cutting off the oil supply considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the war.
1940
1941 - For the first time in the world, an inclined (slanted) well to the depth of 2000 metres was drilled by drilling master Aga Neymatulla's team with turbodrill method on Bayil settlement (near Baku).
1942 - Japan invaded Indonesia for access to their oil reserves
1944 - Casoc became Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company)
1947 - Kerr McGee brings in the first producing oil well on the Outer Continental Shelf off Louisiana
1948 - Ghawar Field discovered in Saudi Arabia - the largest conventional oil field in the world (about 80 billion barrels)
1950
1950 - Aramco agreement with Saudi Arabia
1951 - Anglo Iranian Oil Company nationalized
1954 - Anglo-Persian Oil Company renamed British Petroleum
1955 - Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal
1956 - Suez Crisis - Britain, France and Israel attempted to regain control of Suez Canal
1956 - Oil discovered in Algeria and Nigeria
1959 - Natural gas discovered in Groningen Field, Netherlands
1959 - Arab Oil Congress in Cairo - a 'gentleman's agreement' for oil producing countries to have a greater influence on oil production and marketing.
1960
1960 - OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) founded in Baghdad - Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran. *See end for current member countries.
1967 - Six day War between Israel and the Arab world, Suez Canal closed
1967 - Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd (later Suncor) began production of tar sands north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada - first commercial production of the largest oil resource in the world.
1968 - Oil discovered on North slope of Alaska
1969 - Qaddafi seizes power in Libya
1969 - Santa Barbara oil spill, 6 miles offshore from Summerland, California. Created major backlash against industry.
1969 - Oil discovered in North Sea
1970
1971 - Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Iraq negotiate price increase from $2.55 to $3.45 per barrel
1971 - OPEC Countries begin nationalising oil assets. - Libya nationalizes BP concession
1971 - US oil production peaked
1972 - Iraq nationalizes Iraq Petroleum Concession
1973 - Iran nationalizes oil assets
1973 - Saudi Governement acquired a 25% interest in Aaramco
1973 - Yom Kippur War - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel
1973 - Arab oil embargo on oil exports to the US for siding with Israel in the Yom Kippur War - oil prices rise from $2.90 to $11.65.
1974 - (March) Arab oil embargo on oil exports to the US lifted
1975 - Venezuelan oil industry nationalised
1975 - First oil production from North Sea
1975 - Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) authorised in US - to store an emergency supply of oil in salt domes
1976 - Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve, California opened for commercial production
1977 - Alaska oil pipeline completed
1978 - Amoco Cadiz runs aground off French Coast
1978– Natural Gas Policy Act in United States – provided incentives or de-controlled pricing for certain types of gas deemed to be high cost –including ‘Tight Gas’
1979 - First significant coalbed methane drilling by Amoco in San Juan Basin, USA
1979 - Shah of Iran deposed, Ayatollah Khomeini takes power
1979 - Three Mile Island - Nuclear power plant accident
1979 - Saddam Hussein becomes President of Iraq
1979 - (June) Blowout at Ixtoc 1 in the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico - brought under control in March 1980 - largest single oil spill
1979 - November - Iran takes US hostages
1979-1981 - Oil prices rise from $13.00 to $34.00
1980
1980 - Saudis bought out the balance of Aramco from US oil companies
1980 – Crude Oil Windfall Profits Act in United States – included an unconventional gas tax credit – provided tax credit when oil prices were low to reduce the chance of gas consumers switching to oil
1980 - Iraq launches war against Iran
1982 - OPEC's first quotas
1984 - Gulf Oil acquired by Chevron after a bidding war with Arco
1986 - Oil prices collapse
1986 - Chernobyl - Nuclear power plant accident
1986 - 87 - "Tanker War" between Iran and Iraq - destroying oil tankers in Persian Gulf
1987 - Naval Oil Shale Reserve transferred to the Ute Indians.
1988 - Cease fire in Iran-Iraq War
1988 - July 6 - Explosion at Piper Alpha North Sea oil and gas production platform operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. The explosion and resulting fire destroyed the platform, killing 167 men, with only 59 survivors. At the time of the disaster the platform accounted for approximately ten percent of North Sea oil and gas production, and was the worst offshore oil disaster in terms of lives lost and industry impact.
1989 - March - Exxon Valdez aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska
1990
1990 - August - Iraq invades Kuwait, UN embargo on Iraq
1991 - January - Gulf War - Operation Desert Storm, Kuwait oilfields set alight
1991 - November - Soviet Union collapses
1995 - UN resolution to allow partial resumption of Iraq oil exports in "oil for food" deal.
1997 - Qatar inaugurates the world's first significant liquid natural gas (LNG) exporting facility
1997 - Kyoto Agreement proposed to limit greenhouse gases
1998 - Asian economic crisis
1998 - 50 year moratorium on mining and oil exploration in Antarctica approved
1998 - Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve sold to Occidental Petroleum for $3.65 billion.
1998 - BP announces plans to acquire Amoco for $48.2 billion
1998 - Exxon to acquire Mobil for $75.4 billion
1999 - Atlantic Richfield (Arco) acquired by BPAmoco
1999 - US Sanctions against Libya lifted
1999 - Total Fina and Elf Aquitaine agree to merge
1999 - Panama Canal reverts to Panamanian authority
1999 - Y2K has the world holding it's breath - quickly turns to a yawn!
2000
2001 - September 11th - Terrorist attacks on the United States
2002 - Construction started on Bosphorus bypass pipeline bringing oil from Baku to the Mediterranean
2002 - Conoco and Phillips merged to form ConocoPhillips.
2002 - US threatens invasion of Iraq to stop development of WMD's (Weapons of Mass Destruction).
2002 - (November) - UN weapons inspectors return to Iraq.
2002 - (November) - Oil tanker Prestige sunk off NW coast of Spain
2002 - (December) - Chevron-Texaco planning LNG receiving facility on Gulf Coast
(800Mmcf/d increasing to 1.6Bcf/d)
2002 - (December) - National strike in Venezuela shuts down Venezuelan oil production
2003 - (February) - BP to purchase 50% interest in TNK - the 4th largest Russian oil company
2003 - Talisman sells holdings in Sudan following pressure from civil rights gr oups.
2003 - US Senate rejects proposal to allow oil exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) in northern Alaska
2003 - (March 19-20) -US led invasion of Iraq begins - to overthrow Saddam Hussein and prevent the spread of WMD's.
2003 - (April 9) - US take Baghdad
2003 - (May 21) - Alan Greenspan acknowledges that the low level of natural gas supplies is "a very serious problem" in a Presentation to Congress' Joint Economic Committee.
2003 - (Aug 14) - Major electrical failure causes blackout in New York State and Ontario.
2003 - (Sept) - Mikhail Khodorkovsky, CEO of Yukos Oil Co (largest Russian oil company) arrested
2003 (Dec 23) - Sour gas blow-out in Chongqing, SW China, kills 234 people
2004 (Jan 20) - Explosion at an LNG plant in Algeria halts oil production
2004 (July) - US oil imports at a record 11.3MMBO per day
2004 - (Nov) George Bush re-elected President in USA
2004 (Oct 25) - Oil at a record price of $55.67 US per barrel on concerns over high demand and possible supply disruptions in the Middle East and damage on the Gulf Coast from Hurricane Ivan .
2004 (Dec) - Renationalising of Russian oil industry continued with Rosneft acquiring the largest unit of OAO Yukos Oil Co. Yukos has been forced into bankruptcy due to non payment of taxes.
2004 - Oil production in UK sector of North Sea declined by 10% in 2004.
2005
2005 (Mar 30) - Goldman Sachs suggest oil could spike to $105 US per barrel
2005 (Mar 23) - Explosion at BP's Texas City Refinery kills 15 people and injures 170 others
2005 (Mar 31) - Oil briefly exceeds $58 US per barrel on continued strong demand and concern over supply
2005 (Apr 4) - Chevron-Texaco offer to buy Unocal Corp for $16.4 Billion
2005 (Apr) - Gulf Gateway Energy Bridge Deepwater Port opened - the first offshore LNG receiving facility and the first new LNG regasification facility to be built in the USA in 20 years.
2005 (June 23) - China State Oil Co offers $18.5 Billion for Unocal Corp, (offer withdrawn in August)
2005 (July 4) - First import of LNG to United Kingdom in 20 years as North Sea natural gas production declines
2005 (July 7) - Terrorist attacks in London - 4 bombs - 3 planted on Underground, 1 on a London bus.
2005 (July 24) - Iran and Iraq sign a cooperative oil trading agreement
2005 (Aug) - Chevron Corp acquisition of Unocal Corp finalised
2005 (Aug 29) - Hurricane Katrina strikes the Gulf Coast of the US with devastating results
2005 (Aug 29) - Oil reaches $70.80 US per Bbl.
2005 (Sept) - The 1770 km long Baku-Tbilisi-Jeyhan (BTJ or BTC) oil pipeline began operation at the Sangachal Oil Terminal in Baku. The second longest oil pipeline in the world after Russia's "Druzhba".
2005 (Sept 19) - Natural gas (NYMEX) at all time high of $12.33US on fears of new storm approaching Gulf of Mexico.
2005 (Sept 23) - Hurricane Rita strikes Gulf Coast
2005 (Dec 13) - Natural gas price hits a record high of $15.65US/mmbtu in the United States
2005 (Dec 13) - Conoco Philips and Burlington Resources to merge in a deal valued at $35.6US Billion
2006
2006 (Jan 1) - Russia attempts to penalise the Ukraine by blocking gas sales - the effort failed after a few days.
2006 (Jun 23) - Anadarko Petroleum Corp offers US$21.1Billion for Kerr McGee Corp and Western Gas Resources Inc.
2006 (July 13) - Oil hits a record high of $78.40/bbl on New York Mercantile Exchange on supply and world political concerns - nuclear tensions in Iran and supply concerns in Iraq, Nigeria, Gulf of Mexico; missile testing by North Korea and flare ups between Israel and Lebanon.
2006 (Aug 6) - BP to shut-in part of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska to replace corroded pipelines, resulting in accusations of poor maintenance procedures.
2006 (Aug 18) - Mexico receives first shipment of Liquefied Natural Gas at its Altamira Terminal near Tampico in NE Mexico, LNG to be used for power generation.
2006 (Sept) - Russia exerting nationalistic pressures on multi-national oil companies - Shell, Exxon and ConocoPhillips
2006 (Dec 18) - Statoil and Norsk Hydro to merge to create a $92.3Billion enterprise.
2006 (Dec 22) - Gazprom to buy half of the Sakhalin-2 project from Shell and partners for $7.45Billion - continuing Russian efforts to have more control over their industry.
2007
2007 (Jan 8) - Russia turns off flow of oil through Belarus to Eastern Europe on ac cusations that Belarus was illegally taking their oil.
2007 (Jan 8) - Venezuela planning to nationalise oil refineries
2007 (Mar) - European Union introduced new environmental regulations to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2020
2007 (Mar 23) - Oil prices rise on tension over Iran capture of 15 British soldiers reportedly strayed into Iranian waters. Released on 4th April resulting in oil prices falling back.
2007 (Mar 27) - Venezuela deal with China National Petroleum Corp to export more oil to China instead of US.
2007 (Apr 9) - GECF - Gas Exporting Countries Forum met in Qatar - a group of gas exporting countries countries led by Russia with plans to 'strengthen ties towards cooperation and stability in natural gas markets. - Possibly the start of an 'OPEC' for gas? (Member countries are listed at the bottom of the page)
2007 (May 1) - Venezuela nationalizes part of oil industry by taking over operating control of oilfields operated by ConocoPhillips, Chevron, ExxonMobil, BP, Statoil and Total.
2007 (May 31) - May LNG imports to USA highest ever at 3.1Bcf/d. Compared to 2006 average of 1.6Bcf/d.
2007 (July 9) - StatOil and Norsk Hydro to merge
2007 (Oct 5) - Ecuador announces plan to increase royalties from 50% to 99% on oil and gas prices above a contractual benchmark
2007 (Nov 20) - W TI oil price futures hit a record close of $99.29US driven by supply concerns and weakness in the US dollar
2008
2008 (Jan 2) - WTI oil price briefly touches US$100 per barrel for the first time driven by supply concerns and the weak US dollar
2008 (Mar 18) - Venezuela announces plans to price more of its oil sales in Euros to protect against the drop in value of the US dollar
2008 (Apr 8) - BP and Conoco Phillips announce plans to develop an Alaska gas pipeline - in competition to the previously announced plan led by TranCanada Pipeline.
2008 (July 11) - Crude oil hits a record high over $147.27 per barrel on continued concern over supplies and the weak US dollar.
2008 (July 23) - Alaska gives nod to TransCanada Pipeline to devel op the Alaska Gas Pipeline.
2008 (Sept -Nov) -- Global recession fears
2008 (Nov 18) - Saudi supertanker hijacked off Somalia
2008 (Nov 20) - Price of oil drops below $50/bbl (see July 11, 2008)
2008 (Nov - June 2009)Global Recession a reality
2009
2009 (Jan) - Gas exports to Europe greatly reduced as a dispute between Russia and Ukraine causes a halt to gas exports through the Ukraine
2009 (Jan 19) - Oil price falls to $34 US per barrel
2009 (1Q) - Declining natural gas prices in North America cause significant cut in gas drilling in both Canada and USA
2009 (June) - Khurais oilfield in Saudi Arabia brought onstream - largest single oil development ever - expected production of 1.2MMBO, 315Mmcf/d Gas and 70mbbls NGLs per day
2009 (July 24) - California Government approves new offshore oil lease off Santa Barbara - see 1969
2009 (Sept 13) - Chevron announces plans to develop the Gorgon LNG Project at Barrow Island offshore Australia
2009 (Oct 20) - Oil above US$80 per barrel - driven mainly by weakness in US dollar
2009 (Dec 7 - 20) - Climate change conference in Copenhagen, Denmark yielded very little results
2009 (Dec 14) - Exxon-Mobil offer $30 billion to acquire XTO Energy Inc (a significant shale gas exploiter in the United States)
2010
2010 (Jan 13) - Apache Canada Ltd. to acquire 51 percent of Kitimat LNG Inc.'s planned liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminal in British Columbia.
2010 (Feb 5) - Russia and Venezuela to jointly invest $20billion over 40 years to develop the Junin 6 Field in the Orinoco Basin
2010 (Apr 15) - Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland erupted - disrupting air travel in Europe and across the Atlantic - problem lasted about one week.
2010 (Apr 20) - Deepwater Horizon rig explosion and fire while drilling BP’s Macondo exploration well, in Gulf of Mexico, 11 workers killed and concern about a major environmental catastrophe along the Gulf Coast
2010 (Apr 27) - Russia and Norway sign agreement resolving sovereignty of a portion of the Barent's Sea that has been in dispute for more than 40 years. The area is believed to be highly prospective for oil and gas exploration
2010 (June 3) - EOG blowout of gas well in the Marcellus trend in Pennsylvania - reporting reflected some of the sensitivity around oil and gas activity following the BP blowout (see April 20)
2010 (June 16) - BP suspends dividend payments and sets aside $20Billion to cover damage claims from the blowout in the Gulf of Mexico
2010 (July 15) - BP succeed in placing a cap to stop the leak on the Maconda exploration well in the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently, 4.9 Million barrels of oil estimated to have leaked from the well
2010 (July 19) - Apache Corp to buy BP's Permain Basin, Egypt Western Desert and Canadian Upstream assets for $7 Billion
2010 (July 26) - Rupture in Enbridge oil pipeline leaks 19,500bbls oil into the Kalamazoo River, Michigan
2010 (Oct 10) - China National Oil Corp (CNOC) to spend $2.2Billion to acquire an interest in the Eagle Ford Shale (liquids rich gas) in South Texas
2010 (Oct 11) - Statoil and Talisman Energy buy $1.8Billion to acquire interests in the Eagle Ford Shale (liquids rich gas) in South Texas
2010 (Oct 12) - USA lifts ban on deep water drilling in the Gulf of Mexico
2010 (Nov 9) - Chevron Corp to buy Atlas Energy for US$4.3Billion to gain access to the Marcellus Shale play
2010 (Nov 23) - Freeport LNG and MacQuarrie Bank plan to build LNG export facility in Texas with a capacity of 1.4Bcf/d to be operational in 2015 at a cost of $2Billion
2011
2011 (Jan 16) - BP signs deal with Rosneft to jointly explore for oil and gas in the South Kara Sea of the Russian Arctic
2011 (Jan - Apr) - Unrest in various countries of the Arab world creates concern over energy supply and boosts oil prices
2011 (Feb 1) - Exxon-Mobil and partners report driling a horizontal well with a reach of
7.13miles (11425metres) to the Odoptu Field offshore Sakhalin Island. The actual measured depth of the well was reported as 12,345metres.
2011 (Mar 11) - A 9.0 earthquake offshore Japan created a tsunami that caused considerable damage to the Fukushima Nuclear plant 150 miles north of Tokyo - raising questions on the viability and safety of nuclear power
2011 (Apr 19) - A blow out in a shale gas well owned by Chesapeake Energy in Bradford County, north Pennsylvania ignites debate on the safety of hydraulic fracturing
2011 (May 18) - BP and Conoco Phillips withdraw Denali Pipeline Application - proposal to build a pipeline to bring gas from Prudhoe Bay to southern or export markets
2011 (Jul 12) - EIA estimates 2011 growth in US gas Production of 5.8% or an estimate of 65.39Bcf/day for a new record level of gas production in the United States. (Driven by the enormous growth in shale gas production)
2011 (Jul 14) ConocoPhillips announces plans to split into two comp[anies - an E&P company and a refining/marketing company
References:
Many different resources have been tapped for this information.
Particularly useful resources include:
National newspapers, periodicals, newswire services, Nickel's Daily Oil Bulletin. Economides, M. and Oligney, R., The Color of Oil, 2000.
Epstein, L. et al. The Politics of Oil, 2003 - from the 'Complete idiot's Guide' Series gives a very good summary of the issues and opposing forces and ideologies behind the world oil industry.
Mir-Babayev M.F., Contribution of Azerbaijan into History of the World Petroleum Industry (His willingness to share his research is much appreciated - Dave R 2010)
Sampson, A., The Seven Sisters*, 1975.
Tertzakian, P., A Thousand Barrels a Second, 2006.
US Department of Energy - World Oil Market and Oil Price Chronologies: 1970 -1999
Yergin, D., The Prize - The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, 1992 - this book has a good chronology of significant events and excellent Bibliography.
* Pers Com. from Joyce Hunt quoting information from W. Brice of the Petroleum History Institute, Dec 2007.
The Break-up of Standard Oil Trust in 1911 - The empire of John D. Rockefeller broken up by court order to create: Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of New York, Standard Oil of California, Standard Oil of Ohio (later taken over by BP), Standard of Indiana (became Amoco), Continental Oil (became Conoco), Atlantic Oil (became Arco).
* The Seven Sisters - first used in the 1950's in it's current context by Enrico Mattei,
President of AGIP - the Italian National Oil Company - "Le Sette Sorelle". They had a love-hate relationship that dominated the oil industry through to the 1970's:
Exxon (Standard Oil of New Jersey) Mobil (Socony - Standard Oil of New York)
and Socal (Standard Oil of California - later Chevron) - Companies evolving from
breakup of Standard Oil in 1911. Gulf and Texaco evolved from the discovery of
Spindletop in Texas in 1901. Shell and BP were British based companies whose
interest in world oil expanded with the Empire.
Note how the "Sisters" have changed in the past 20 years:
Exxon and Mobil have merged, Gulf was acquired by Chevron and Texaco has
disappeared in a series of deals. So the Seven Sisters are now
4: ExxonMobil, Chevron-Texaco, BP (British Petroleum which
acquired Amoco and Arco and now christened "Beyond Petroleum")
and Shell. Connoco-Phillips and Total-Fina-Elf have possibly become step
sisters(?).
OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - Members: Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela
GECF - Ga s Exporting Countries Forum - Members: Algeria, Bolivia, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.
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高二《甜美纯净的女声独唱》教案 一、基本说明 教学内容 1）教学内容所属模块：歌唱 2）年级：高二 3）所用教材出版单位：湖南文艺出版社 4）所属的章节：第三单元第一节 5）学时数： 45 分钟 二、教学设计 1、教学目标： ①、在欣赏互动中感受女声的音域及演唱风格，体验女声的音色特点。 ②、在欣赏互动中，掌握美声、民族、通俗三种唱法的特点，体验其魅力。 ③、让学生能够尝试用不同演唱风格表现同一首歌。 ④、通过学唱歌曲培养学生热爱祖国、热爱生活的激情。 2、教学重点： ①、掌握女高音、女中音的音域和演唱特点。 ②、掌握美声、民族、通俗三种方法演唱风格。 3、教学难点： ①、学生归纳不同唱法的特点与风格。
②、学生尝试用不同演唱风格表现同一首歌。 3、设计思路 《普通高中音乐课程标准》指出：“音乐课的教学过程就是音乐的艺术实践过程。”《甜美纯净的女声独唱》作为《魅力四射的独唱舞台》单元的第一课，是让学生在丰富多彩的歌唱艺术形式中感受出女声独唱以其优美纯净的声音特点而散发出独特的魅力。为此，本课从身边熟悉的人物和情景入手，激发学生学习兴趣，把教学重心放在艺术实践中，让学生在欣赏、学习不同的歌唱风格中，培养自己的综合欣赏能力及歌唱水平。在教学过程中让学生体会不同风格的甜美纯净女声的内涵，感知优美纯净的声音特点而散发出的独特魅力，学会多听、多唱，掌握一定的歌唱技巧，提高自己的演唱水平。为实现以上目标，本人将新课标“过程与方法”中的“体验、比较、探究、合作”四个具体目标贯穿全课，注重学生的个人感受和独特见解，鼓励学生的自我意识与创新精神，强调探究、强调实践，将教学过程变为整合、转化间接经验为学生直接经验的过程，让学生亲身去感悟、去演唱，并力求改变现在高中学生普遍只关注流行歌曲的现状，让学生自己确定最适合自己演唱的方法，自我发现、自我欣赏，充分展示自己的的声音魅力。 三、教学过程 教学环节及时间教师活动学生活动设计意图
对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识 班级：外语学院、075班 学号：074050143 姓名：张学美 摘要：运用异化与归化翻译方法,不仅是为了让读者了解作品的内容,也能让读者通过阅读译作,了解另一种全新的文化,因为进行文化交流才是翻译的根本任务。从文化的角度考虑,采用异化法与归化法,不仅能使译文更加完美,更能使不懂外语的人们通过阅读译文,了解另一种文化,促进各民族人们之间的交流与理解。翻译不仅是语言符号的转换,更是跨文化的交流。有时,从语言的角度所作出的译文可能远不及从文化的角度所作出的译文完美。本文从翻译策略的角度，分别从不同时期来说明人们对异化法与归化法的认识和运用。 关键词:文学翻译；翻译策略；异化；归化；辩证统一 一直以来,无论是在我国还是在西方,直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)是两种在实践中运用最多,也是被讨论研究最多的方法。1995年,美籍意大利学者劳伦斯-韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)提出了归化(domestication)与异化(foreignization)之说,将有关直译与意译的争辩转向了对于归化与异化的思考。归化与异化之争是直译与意译之争的延伸,是两对不能等同的概念。直译和意译主要集中于语言层面,而异化和归化则突破语言的范畴,将视野扩展到语言、文化、思维、美学等更多更广阔的领域。 一、归化翻译法 Lawrwnce Venuti对归化的定义是,遵守译入语语言文化和当前的主流价值观,对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治潮流。采用归化方法就是尽可能不去打扰读者,而让作者向读者靠拢(the translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him)。归化翻译法的目的在于向读者传递原作的基本精神和语义内容,不在于语言形式或个别细节的一一再现。它的优点在于其流利通顺的语言易为读者所接受,译文不会对读者造成理解上的障碍,其缺点则是译作往往仅停留在内容、情节或主要精神意旨方面,而无法进入沉淀在语言内核的文化本质深处。 有时归化翻译法的采用也是出于一种不得已,翻译活动不是在真空中进行的,它受源语文化和译语文化两种不同文化语境的制约,还要考虑到两种文化之间的
团队英语口号 收集整理的团队英语口号，以供大家参考借鉴。 1、事成于和睦，力生于团结。 Thingscomefromharmony,andstrengthcomesfromunity. 2、销售要冲冠，全靠我来创。 Thekeytosalesistorelyonmetocreate. 3、成就团队辉煌，助我人生成长。 Theachievementofteambrilliancehelpsmylifegrow. 4、精心创造完美，合作实现超越。 Meticulouslycreateperfect,cooperatetoachievetranscendence. 5、快乐奋斗，展示精彩。 Happystruggle,showwonderful. 6、为推而销，为售而卖。 Sellforpromotionandsellforsale. 7、坚信自我，坚信伙伴。 Believeinyourselfandtrustyourpartner. 8、有梦就追，有路就闯。 Whenyoudream,youchase. 9、要铺垫未来，先改造自己。 Tolayafoundationforthefuture,transformyourselffirst.
10、没有任何借口，顽强的执行力。 Noexcuses,stubbornexecution. 11、创新思维，燃烧**。 Innovativethinking,burningpassion. 12、销出奇迹，售尽满意。Miraclesaresoldandsoldsatisfactorily. 13、人之所以能，是相信能。Peoplecanbelievethattheycan. 14、扬理想之风帆，抵成功之彼岸。Sailtheidealsailingtotheshoreofsuccess. 15、需求万变，努力不变。 Demandkeepschanging,andeffortsremainunchanged. 16、夫妇一条心，泥土变黄金。 Acoupleofhearts,thesoilbecomesgold. 17、用心才能创新，竞争才能发展。Onlybymakingeffortstoinnovatecancompetitiondevelop. 18、永不言退，我们是最好的团队。 Neversaydie,wearethebestteam. 19、产品严格检验，质量自然更好。Theproductisstrictlytestedandthequalityisbetter. 20、成就自己，服务世界。Makeyourselfandservetheworld.
适合女生KTV唱的100首好听的歌别吝色你的嗓音很好学 1、偏爱----张芸京 2、阴天----莫文蔚 3、眼泪----范晓萱 4、我要我们在一起---=范晓萱 5、无底洞----蔡健雅 6、呼吸----蔡健雅 7、原点----蔡健雅&孙燕姿 8、我怀念的----孙燕姿 9、不是真的爱我----孙燕姿 10、我也很想他----孙燕姿 11、一直很安静----阿桑 12、让我爱----阿桑 13、错过----梁咏琪 14、爱得起----梁咏琪 15、蓝天----张惠妹 16、记得----张惠妹 17、简爱----张惠妹 18、趁早----张惠妹 19、一念之间----戴佩妮 20、两难----戴佩妮 21、怎样----戴佩妮 22、一颗心的距离----范玮琪 23、我们的纪念日----范玮琪 24、启程----范玮琪 25、最初的梦想----范玮琪 26、是非题----范玮琪 27、你是答案----范玮琪 28、没那么爱他----范玮琪 29、可不可以不勇敢----范玮琪 30、一个像夏天一个像秋天----范玮琪 31、听，是谁在唱歌----刘若英 32、城里的月光----许美静 33、女人何苦为难女人----辛晓琪 34、他不爱我----莫文蔚 35、你是爱我的----张惠妹 36、同类----孙燕姿 37、漩涡----孙燕姿 38、爱上你等于爱上寂寞----那英 39、梦醒了----那英 40、出卖----那英 41、梦一场----那英 42、愿赌服输----那英
43、蔷薇----萧亚轩 44、你是我心中一句惊叹----萧亚轩 45、突然想起你----萧亚轩 46、类似爱情----萧亚轩 47、Honey----萧亚轩 48、他和他的故事----萧亚轩 49、一个人的精彩----萧亚轩 50、最熟悉的陌生人----萧亚轩 51、想你零点零一分----张靓颖 52、如果爱下去----张靓颖 53、我想我是你的女人----尚雯婕 54、爱恨恢恢----周迅 55、不在乎他----张惠妹 56、雪地----张惠妹 57、喜欢两个人----彭佳慧 58、相见恨晚----彭佳慧 59、囚鸟----彭羚 60、听说爱情回来过----彭佳慧 61、我也不想这样----王菲 62、打错了----王菲 63、催眠----王菲 64、执迷不悔----王菲 65、阳宝----王菲 66、我爱你----王菲 67、闷----王菲 68、蝴蝶----王菲 69、其实很爱你----张韶涵 70、爱情旅程----张韶涵 71、舍得----郑秀文 72、值得----郑秀文 73、如果云知道----许茹芸 74、爱我的人和我爱的人----裘海正 75、谢谢你让我这么爱你----柯以敏 76、陪我看日出----蔡淳佳 77、那年夏天----许飞 78、我真的受伤了----王菀之 79、值得一辈子去爱----纪如璟 80、太委屈----陶晶莹 81、那年的情书----江美琪 82、梦醒时分----陈淑桦 83、我很快乐----刘惜君 84、留爱给最相爱的人----倪睿思 85、下一个天亮----郭静 86、心墙----郭静
三一文库（https://www.doczj.com/doc/5416926974.html,）/演讲稿 英语演讲稿3分钟：We Are The World ,We Are The Future 《英语演讲稿3分钟：WeAreTheWorld,WeAreTheFuture》，希望大家喜欢。 ： 竞聘演讲稿国旗下演讲稿竞选演讲稿护士节演讲稿师德师 风演讲稿三分钟演讲稿 WeAreTheWorld,WeAreTheFuture 世界是我们的，未来是我们的 Someonesaid“wearereadingthefirstverseofthefirstchapterofabook, whosepagesareinfinite”.Idon’tknowwhowrotethesewords,butI’veal wayslikedthemasareminderthatthefuturecanbeanythingwewantitto be.Weareallinthepositionofthefarmers.Ifweplantagoodseed,wereap agoodharvest.Ifweplantnothingatall,weharvestnothingatall. 一些人说“我们正在读一本无穷的书中的第一章的第一节。”我不知道谁写了这些话，但是我一直很喜欢它，因为它提醒了我，
我们能够创造我们想要的未来。我们都是农夫。如果我们播下好的种子，我们将会丰收。如果我们的种子很差，有很多草籽，收割的将是无用的庄稼。如果我们什么也不播种，什么收获也没有。 Weareyoung.“Howtospendtheyouth?”Itisameaningfulquestion.Toa ns werit,firstIhavetoask“whatdoyouunderstandbythewordyouth?”Y outhisnotatimeoflife,it’sastateofmind.It’snotamatterofrosycheeks,r edlipsorsuppleknees.It’sthematterofthewill.It’sthefreshnessofthede epspringoflife. 我们是年轻的。“怎样度过青春?”这是个有意义的问题。为了去回答它，我首先要问“从‘青春’这个词中你能理解到什么?”青春不是人生的一个时期，而是精神的一种状态。青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，。青春是生命的深泉在涌流。 Apoetsaid“Toseeaworldinagrainofsand,andaheaveninawildflower,h oldinfinityinthepalmofyourhand,andeternityinanhour.Severaldaysa go,Ihadachancetolistentoalecture.Ilearntalotthere.I’dliketoshare itwi thallofyou.Let’sshowourrightpalms.Wecanseethreelinesthatshowho wourlove.careerandlifeis.Ihaveashortlineoflife.Whataboutyours?Iw onderedwhetherwecouldseeourfutureinthisway.Well,let’smakeafist .Whereisourfuture?Whereisourlove,career,andlife?Tellme.Yeah,itisi nourhands.Itisheldinourselves.
2020年健身行业现状及 前景趋势 2020年
目录 1.健身行业现状 (4) 1.1健身行业定义及产业链分析 (4) 1.2健身市场规模分析 (5) 1.3健身市场运营情况分析 (6) 2.健身行业存在的问题 (9) 2.1缺乏市场和行业标准、运作规范和职业资质准入 (9) 2.2专业化程度低 (9) 2.3市场短期和投机行为普遍 (9) 2.4管理水平较低 (9) 2.5供应链整合度低 (10) 3.健身行业前景趋势 (10) 3.1中国运动健身行业迎来新突破 (10) 3.2需求释放，健身群体规模整体保持增长，健身文化逐渐成为主流11 3.3互联网入局，突破时间、空间限制，带来全新健身体验 (11) 3.4健身行业经历洗牌阶段，建立新格局 (11) 3.5行业协同整合成为趋势 (11) 3.6生态化建设进一步开放 (12) 3.7细分化产品将会最具优势 (12) 3.8需求开拓 (13) 4.健身行业政策环境分析 (13)
4.1健身行业政策环境分析 (13) 4.2健身行业经济环境分析 (14) 4.3健身行业社会环境分析 (14) 4.4健身行业技术环境分析 (14) 5.健身行业竞争分析 (16) 5.1健身行业竞争分析 (16) 5.1.1对上游议价能力分析 (16) 5.1.2对下游议价能力分析 (16) 5.1.3潜在进入者分析 (17) 5.1.4替代品或替代服务分析 (17) 5.2中国健身行业品牌竞争格局分析 (17) 5.3中国健身行业竞争强度分析 (18) 6.健身产业投资分析 (18) 6.1中国健身技术投资趋势分析 (19) 6.2中国健身行业投资风险 (19) 6.3中国健身行业投资收益 (20)
经典励志英文歌曲:《We Are Young》 fromfun.byshannonyvoxgivemeasecondiineedtogetmystorystraightmyfrien dsareinthebathroomgettinghigherthantheempirestatemylovershe'swaiting formejustacrossthebarmyseatsbeentakenbysomesunglassesasking'boutasc arandiknowigaveittoyoumonthsagoiknowyou'retryingtoforgetbutbetweent hedrinksandsubtlethingstheholesinmyapologiesyouknowi'mtryinghardtota keitbacksoifbythetimethebarclosesandyoufeellikefallingdowni'llcarryyouho metonightweareyoungsolet'ssettheworldonfirewecanburnbrighterthanthe suntonightweareyoungsolet'ssettheworldonfirewecanburnbrighterthanthe sunnowiknowthati'mnotallthatyougotiguessthatiijustthoughtmaybewecoul dfindnewwaystofallapartbutourfriendsarebacksolet'sraiseacupcauseifound someonetocarrymehometonightweareyoungsolet'sthesettheworldonfirew ecanburnbrighterthanthesuntonightweareyoungsolet'ssettheworldonfirew ecanburnbrighterthanthesuncarrymehometonightjustcarrymehometonigh tcarrymehometonightjustcarrymehometonighttheworldisonmysideihaven oreasontorunsowillsomeonecomeandcarrymehometonighttheangelsnever arrivedbuticanhearthechoirsowillsomeonecomeandcarrymehometonightw eareyoungsolet'ssettheworldonfirewecanburnbrighterthanthesuntonightw eareyoungsolet'ssettheworldonfirewecanburnbrighterthanthesunsoifbyth etimethebarclosesandyoufeellikefallingdowni'llcarryyouhometonight给我
2019-2020年高一音乐甜美纯净的女声独唱教案 一、教学目标 1、认知目标：初步了解民族唱法、美声唱法、通俗唱法三种唱法的风格。 2、能力目标：通过欣赏部分女声独唱作品，学生能归纳总结出她们的演唱 风格和特点，并同时用三种不同风格演唱同一首歌曲。 3、情感目标：通过欣赏比较，对独唱舞台有更多元化的审美意识。 二、教学重点：学生能用三种不同风格演唱形式演唱同一首歌。 三、教学难点：通过欣赏部分女声独唱作品，学生能归纳总结出她们的演唱 风格和特点。 四、教学过程： （一）导入 1、播放第十三界全国青年歌手大奖赛预告片 （师）问：同学们对预告片中的歌手认识吗 （生）答： （师）问：在预告片中提出了几种唱法？ （生）答：有民族、美声、通俗以及原生态四种唱法，今天以女声独唱歌曲重点欣赏民族、美声、通俗唱法，希望通过欣赏同学们能总结出三种唱法的风格和特点。 （二）、音乐欣赏
1、通俗唱法 ①(师)问：同学们平常最喜欢唱那些女歌手的歌呢？能唱唱吗？ （可让学生演唱几句喜欢的歌，并鼓励） ②欣赏几首通俗音乐 视频一：毛阿敏《绿叶对根的情谊》片段、谭晶《在那东山顶上》片段、韩红《天路》片段、刘若英《后来》片段 视频二：超女《想唱就唱唱得响亮》 ①由学生总结出通俗音乐的特点 ②师总结并板书通俗音乐的特点：通俗唱法是在演唱通俗歌曲的基础上发展起来的，又称“流行唱法”。通俗歌曲是以通俗易懂、易唱易记、娱乐性强、便于流行而见长，它没有统一的规格和演唱技法的要求，比较强调歌唱者本人的自然嗓音和情绪的渲染，重视歌曲感情的表达。演唱上要求吐字清晰，音调流畅，表情真挚，带有口语化。 ③指出通俗音乐尚未形成系统的发声训练体系。其中用沙哑、干枯的音色“狂唱”和用娇柔、做作的姿态“嗲唱”，不属于声乐艺术的正道之物，应予以摒弃。 2、民族唱法 ①俗话说民族的才是世界的那么民族唱法的特点是什么呢？ ②欣赏彭丽媛《万里春色满人间》片段 鉴赏提示：这首歌是剧种女主角田玉梅即将走上刑场时的一段难度较大的咏叹调。
福建省高等教育自学考试应用心理学专业（独立本科段） 《心理学研究方法》课程考试大纲 第一部分课程性质与目标《心理学研究方法》是福建省高等教育自学考试应用心理学专业（独立本科段）的一门专业基础必修课程，目的在于帮助考生了解和掌握心理学研究的理论基础和主要方法，检验考生对心理学研究理论基础与主要方法，检验考生对心理学研究方法的基本知识和主要内容的掌握水平与应用能力。 心理学研究的对象是心理现象。它的研究主题十分广泛：即涉及人的心理也涉及动物的心理；即涉及个体的心理也涉及群体的心理；即涉及有意识的心理也涉及潜意识的心理；即涉及与生理过程密切相关的心理也涉及与社会文化密切相关的心理。心理学研究是一种以经验的方式对心理现象进行科学探究的活动。由于心理学的研究方法是以经验的或实证的资料为依据的，因而使心理学与哲学相区别，也与人文学科相区别。 设置本课程的具体目的要求是，学习和掌握心理学研究方法的基本理论和基本技能，将有助于学生们理解心理学的基本概念、基本原理和基本理论。理解心理学家在探索心理与行动时所做的一切，有助于考生将来为心理学的发展做出有益的贡献。 第二部分考核内容与考核目标 第一编心理学研究基础 第一章心理学与科学 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，要求考生了解心理学的性质，了解心理学科学研究的方法、特征及基本步骤，理解心理学研究的伦理问题和伦理规范。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 1、识记： （1）心理学的含义； （2）心理学科学研究的特征：系统性、重复性、可证伪性和开放性； （3）知情同意。 2、领会： （1）一般人探索世界的常用方法； （2）心理学研究主要包含哪几个步骤； （3）科学研究的开放性主要表现在哪几方面； 3、应用： （1）根据科学研究的特征来分析某些心理学的研究； （2）心理学研究的伦理问题及以人为被试的研究的伦理规范来分析是否可以在心理学研究中使用欺骗的方法。
“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化 归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A．归化 所谓“归化”（domestication 或target-language-orientedness），是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为，归化法源于这一著名翻译论说，“尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤：（1）谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本；（2）有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体；（3）把译文调整成目的语篇体裁；（4）插入解释性资料；（5）删去原文中的实观材料；（6）调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B．“异化”（foreignization或source-language-orientedness）则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒 异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译 归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式 翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式（syntactical structure）按照中文的习惯句式译出。
中国健身行业的现状以及新发展 健身俱乐部落户海内不外短短几年，却发展得异常红火。 作为该行业核心支柱的健身教练在公家心目中究竟印象如何呢？近日，中国青年报社调查中央、智联招聘和新浪招聘联合进行的一项职业吸引力调查发现，30％的公家觉得“现在做健身教练这行的鱼龙混杂，高素质健身教练却未几”。调查中，28％的公家以为“随着健身热兴起，教练市场肯定需求火爆”。 据08年8月，劳动和社会保障部宣布的“北京市二季度职业排行榜”显示，健身、娱乐场所服务职员作为“新生气力”首次入榜，跻身北京市二季度最轻易就业的20个职业。 现在的健身教练培训机构如雨后春笋般的涌入健身事业大潮，培训项目也五花八门。由此可见健身行业的发展正以惊人的速度从我们身边崛起。而现如今我们需要的是具备健身教练专业培训体系和专业培训技能的培训机构。目的清楚，落到实处——“信誉是教育的本质，质量是教育的核心。”集团操课类着名的培训机构主要集中在北京、武汉、上海等几个城市。而从健身教练的收入水平上来看，排在前面的是深圳、广东、北京、上海等大中型的城市，在这几个城市从业的教练月薪过万是很正常的事情。所以，根据自己的需求，找对地方，才是成为专业操课教练的条件。 健身教练行业目前存在的问题： 1.公家以为健身教练是吃青春饭的 a)很多人以为教练职业是个青春饭，这种认识是不准确 的。能把动作做得好看、有力度好像是教练能立足于领操台
的基本条件，但跟着会员对健身熟悉的不断深化，教练的专业知识是否过硬会成为更重要的评判尺度。此外，经验和服务意识也是赢得顾客的枢纽。国外也有岁数很大的人仍旧在做健身教练。现在从事教练这个职业的人大多是年青人，但是跟着健身行业的发展，以后很可能会泛起四五十岁的资深教练，他们不仅具有很高的理论知识，同时还能够在一线对会员健身做出很全面正确的指导。 b)健身教练的基本素质：1丰硕的理论知识；2亲身的健 身体会；3为人师表的立场。三者缺一不可，而理论知识和健身体会若非长时间参与是很难获得的，为人师表的立场则是一个成功运动员转型做教练的意识形态，很多优秀运动员退役后做不了教练就是因为他平时不留意观察和总结的结果，很多优秀运动员也从来没想过转型做教练。所以可以看出：长时间的积累是一个真正优秀教练的铺路石。 2.健身教练三大来源 a)记者在采访中了解到，目前健身教练的来源主要有三部分组成，或者是健身俱乐部会员，由于成绩凸起，被升格为教练；或者是相关体育专业毕业生毕业后直接进入健身俱乐部；再有就是通过参加培训班，考到有关健身教练资格。 b)据了解，教练中的相当一部门是兼职。科班出身的有扎实的理论功底，但往往会显得缺少个性，而培训班出身的健身教练可能由于培训班的良莠不齐以及缺少同一的尺度而导致水准得不到保障。 c)某健身会所的工作职员说：“我们聘用的教练是需要证书的，什么证书无所谓，口试合格的就可以录用任教。”
让世界充满爱 1986年，100名歌手在首体同声高唱《让世界充满爱》，这在中国流行音乐史上留下了令人难忘的一笔。 1986年初，北京天寒地冻，郭峰的内心却被一团火焰燃烧着。只有22岁的他，实在无法认同当时大环境对通俗歌曲的评价：通俗歌曲（那时流行歌曲被称为通俗歌曲）只能表达小情小调，根本无法表达有内涵的大主题。血气方刚的郭峰在心中暗暗下了决心：一定要作出一首充满凝聚力的歌曲，改变乐坛的这种偏见。 当时，正值国际和平年。而围绕这个主题，当年有两首合唱曲最为引人瞩目——一首是迈克?杰克逊、麦当娜等美国众明星演唱的《ＷＥＡＲＥＴＨＥＷＯＲＬＤ》，另外一首则是由罗大佑主创、港台众多明星演唱的《明天会更好》。一天，中国录音录像总社一个年轻的女编辑受香港举办世界和平演唱会的影响，向郭峰做了个提议：“他们敢做60名歌星的演唱会，我们为什么不可以做一个百名歌星的演唱会，献给世界和平年？”这个建议和郭峰的想法不谋而合。 郭峰手中当时正巧有一首刚刚做出的《走向明天》，于是在这首歌曲的基础上，郭峰、陈哲、小林临时组建了一个主创小组。后来王健和孙铭也加入进来。在创作过程中，陈哲对这首歌的填词始终没有确定，甚至于在录音前最后一天的夜里，陈哲还在录音室的地板上填词。在录音当天，百名歌手陆陆续续走进录音棚的时候，已经感觉被逼到墙角的陈哲这才交出了满意的答卷。 当年的崔健特别郁闷：第一届孔雀杯全国通俗歌曲大奖赛中首轮角逐就被淘汰出局，因为那个时候人们还很难接受他那个唱法的歌曲。可是，《让世界充满爱》却主动向他伸出了友谊之手—由他作为领唱之一。 随后，常宽、张伟进、付笛声、韦唯等人也都接到了郭峰的电话。郭峰回忆说：“当我把这个消息通知给他们时，每个人都非常兴奋，都十分痛快地答应了。他们当中除了当时的一些流行音乐的唱将之外，多数歌手都来自东方歌舞团。说实话，当年大家参加的心态多数是凑热闹，因为当时每个人都没什么事做。同时也是想给中国流行音乐出口气，翻翻身。” 1986年5月里的一天，首都体育馆座无虚席，大家把目光齐刷刷地投向了由篮球场地改造的舞台。被一盆盆鲜花围绕，由一幅幅水粉画印衬的舞台，构成了当时最时髦的演出现场。在这种氛围中，《让世界充满爱》的前奏音乐响了起来。韦唯、程琳、杭天琪、付笛声、蔡国庆、崔健、孙国庆、常宽等当时最出名的一百名歌星从两侧登上舞台。他们手拉手，肩并肩，本来偌大的舞台在他们的身影中消逝。这场震撼当时乐坛的百人合唱，在内地流行音乐史上写下了极为重要的一笔。 另外，在1986年的这次演出中，除了属于东方歌舞团的歌手坐团里派的车去首都体育馆，其他演员多数都是挤公共汽车或骑自行车过去的，相比现在的明星大腕们，只要出门哪怕是几十米远的超市都恨不得开自己的私家车去，简直是天壤之别。 1986年，全国最流行的装束就是上身皮夹克、下身牛仔裤。让世界充满爱---百名歌星演唱会”作为代表那时最高流行音乐水平的演唱会，自然也把这个装扮作为了演出服装。结
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翻译的归化与异化 作者：熊启煦 作者单位：西南民族大学,四川,成都,610041 刊名： 西南民族大学学报（人文社科版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES（HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE） 年，卷(期)：2005,26(8) 被引用次数：14次 参考文献(3条) 1.鲁迅且介亭杂文二集·题未定草 2.刘英凯归化--翻译的歧路 3.钱钟书林纾的翻译 引证文献(15条) 1.郭锋一小议英语翻译当中的信达雅[期刊论文]-青春岁月 2011(4) 2.许丽红论汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-考试周刊 2010(7) 3.王笑东浅谈汉英语言中的差异与翻译方法[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2010(6) 4.王宁中西语言中的文化差异与翻译[期刊论文]-中国科技纵横 2010(12) 5.鲍勤.陈利平英语隐喻类型及翻译策略[期刊论文]-云南农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2010(2) 6.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 7.白蓝跨文化视野下文学作品的英译策略[期刊论文]-湖南社会科学 2009(5) 8.王梦颖探析汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2009(8) 9.常晖英汉成语跨文化翻译策略[期刊论文]-河北理工大学学报（社会科学版） 2009(1) 10.常晖对翻译文化建构的几点思考[期刊论文]-牡丹江师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版） 2009(4) 11.常晖认知——功能视角下隐喻的汉译策略[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学 2008(11) 12.赵勇刚汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-时代文学 2008(6) 13.常晖.胡渝镛从文化角度看文学作品的翻译[期刊论文]-重庆工学院学报(社会科学版) 2008(7) 14.曾凤英从文化认知的视角谈英语隐喻的翻译[期刊论文]-各界 2007(6) 15.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/5416926974.html,/Periodical_xnmzxyxb-zxshkxb200508090.aspx
健身行业的概况 一、健身行业发展： 中国健身行业起源于上世纪80年代，随着改革开放人们生活水平的提高及全民健身计划的倡导，人们的健身意识得到了很大的提高，此外，由于城市生活节奏加快，工作压力加大，更多年轻白领也加入到了健身的行列，现阶段在写字楼，居民区附近俱乐部星罗棋布，给人们提供更便捷的健身服务。 图表（1）中国健身俱乐部发展历程表---增长幅度（%） 图表（1）显示自2000年开始，中国健身俱乐部以每年37%--41%的速度在飞速发展。 二、健身行业发展现状： 中国的健身行业处于发展阶段，行业的发展现状与国际健身发达的国家相比，还有很长一段距离。1、中国人口基数大，现有俱乐部数量并不能满足需求。2、从业人员数量和素质，专业技术急需增加和提升。3、俱乐部的类型以连锁俱乐部和单店为主，发展还相对比较单一。 图表（2）全国部分城市健身俱乐部品牌数量 图表（2）显示了全国部分城市知名健身俱乐部品牌的数量，其中绝大多数为连锁俱乐部，这些连锁俱乐部在一个城市至少拥有2-50家店。 三、健身行业发展前景： 在国内健身行业是一个正在蓬勃发展中的新兴行业，是世界健身市场最光明的地区。健身企业的数量，质量及规模都将不断提升。就健身俱乐部来说，更多俱乐部实现规模式经营，局部地区发展演变成全国甚至全球连锁发展；俱乐部的类型也将更加多元化；从业人员素质不断提高，经营者从之前的教练转变为职业经理人；俱乐部的器械，设施和项目，服务水平也将大幅度提升。 图表（3）与2009年同期相比，2010年健身俱乐部整体盈利状况（当前问题参与总数量639个） 图表（3）显示了国内大部分俱乐部经营状况以盈利为主。 图表（4）2011年有扩大经营或者开新店的健身俱乐部比例（当前问题参与总数量633个） 图表（5）健身俱乐部新店主要开设地区（当前问题参与总数量633个） 图表（5）显示了国内俱乐部在未来将扩大在二线城市发展的比例，健身也更多渗入到国内各个地区城市。 四、健身行业的主体： 健身教练行业的主体是教练与会员，同时也配备了相关的管理者，销售人员，服务人员。
英语演讲稿开头：We Are The World ,We Are The Future 演讲稿频道《英语演讲稿开头：We Are The World ,We Are The Future》，希望大家喜欢。 相关内容请参考以下链接： 竞聘演讲稿国旗下演讲稿建党节演讲稿八一建军节演讲稿师德师风演讲稿三分钟演讲稿 We Are The World ,We Are The Future 世界是我们的，未来是我们的 Someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. I don’t know who wrote these words, but I’ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. We are all in the position of the farmers. If we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. 一些人说“我们正在读一本无穷的书中的章的节。”我 不知道谁写了这些话，但是我一直很喜欢它，因为它提醒了 我，我们能够创造我们想要的未来。我们都是农夫。如果我 们播下好的种子，我们将会丰收。如果我们的种子很差，有 很多草籽，收割的将是无用的庄稼。如果我们什么也不播种，
翻译作业10 Nov 15 一、请按归化法(Domestication)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing strike while the iron is hot. go through fire and water add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames spring up like mushrooms every dog has his day keep one’s head above water live a dog’s life as poor as a church mouse a lucky dog an ass in a lion’s skin a wolf in sheep’s clothing Love me, love my dog. a lion in the way lick one’s boots as timid as a hare at a stone’s throw as stupid as a goose wet like a drown rat as dumb as an oyster lead a dog’s life talk horse One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, and three boys nobody. Man proposes, God disposes. Cry up wine and sell vinegar (cry up, to praise; extol: to cry up one's profession) Once bitten, twice shy. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening． New booms sweep clean. take French leave seek a hare in a hen’s nest have an old head on young shoulder Justice has long arms You can’t teach an old dog Rome was not built in a day. He that lives with cripples learns to limp. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. The more you get, the more you want. 二、请按异化法(foreignization)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing
2018年健身行业分析 报告 2018年1月
目录 一、2018健身热持续，新机遇带来增长重启 (3) 1、健身行业概况：2020年预期登上千亿元大关 (3) 2、健身产业链：综合布局健身培训较多，互联网企业还需努力 (4) 二、“传统”健身业：和国际相比仍旧略慢一步 (4) 1、以美国为例：市场竞争激烈，商业模式由“大”变“小” (4) 2、国内线下健身房：仍以大型为主，收入结构还未优化 (6) 三、互联网新机遇：提前实现高阶需求，“小”也可以很“美” (7) 1、“颠覆”健身产业，互联网都对健身做了什么 (9) （1）纯线上企业：领先公司已经崭露头角 (10) （2）线上线下结合：不再是互联网企业单方努力，传统健身业正在谋取合作 (11) 2、行业风向：互联网与新技术牵头，重点在于挖掘产业深度价值 (12) 四、互联网是一个好去处，但还称不上“颠覆” (16) 1、市场空间测算：群众的力量总是巨大，互联网覆盖广泛有其优点 (16) 2、风险犹存：前浪已死在沙滩，后浪扑打之方需要再三考虑 (17)
一、2018健身热持续，新机遇带来增长重启 1、健身行业概况：2020年预期登上千亿元大关 2015年健身热情升温、公共健身设施、新型健身俱乐部等的出现使得商业健身行业重启快速增长。而2017年，热词“A4腰”、“马甲线”持续“霸屏”社交网络，健身这一大众运动不仅是各路明星圈粉的手段，更是年轻人群争相参与的活动之一。根据智研咨询发布的《2017-2022年中国健身房行业市场需求预测及投资前景分析报告》预计，未来五年有望保持12%的年复合增长率，到2020年将达到1230亿元。 2014年以来体育产业以超出政府预期的状态呈跨越式发展和政 策的利好不无关系：2014年“46号文”《国务院关于加快发展体育产业促进体育消费的若干意见》发布。2016年，更是有《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》和《关于加快发展健身休闲产业的指导意见》两条政策相继发布，强调重点发展全民健身及业余体育，引导社会资本参与健身休闲产业，到2025年健身休闲产业规模达到3万亿元。
超强阵容：《w e a r e t h e w o r l d》及演唱者介绍 今天从网上下了《we are the world》（《天下一家》）的mv，真是太经典了。这首歌是1985年，迈克尔·杰克逊和莱昂纳尔·里奇共同谱写，昆西·琼斯(Quincy Jones)负责制作，由美国45位歌星联合演唱的。唱片为求援非洲饥民而义卖,推出后很快风靡全球，震撼了亿万人的心。歌曲在录音棚录制，演员出场顺序如下： 第一个是Lionel Richie（莱昂纳尔.里奇） 第二个是Stevie Wonder（史蒂夫.汪德），扎了一个小辫子，戴着默镜的的黑人歌手，他可是盲人啊 第三个是Paul Simon（保罗西蒙），《Scarborough Fair》的演唱者之一 第四个是Kenny Rogers（肯尼.洛杰斯）,满腮的白胡子比较有特点 第五个是James Ingram（詹姆斯殷格朗），这只唱了一句，后面还有诠释表演 第六个Tina Turner（蒂娜.特纳），表情比较夸张，好像要哭了一样，哈哈,不过唱得蛮投入的 第七个Billy Joel（比利.乔） 第八个是Michael Jackson迈克·杰克逊，这个就不用介绍了吧 一段合唱之后，第九个出场的是Diana Ross（黛安娜·罗斯） 第十个和十一个，Dionne Warwick（狄昂·华薇克）（左边）和Willie Nelson（威利·纳尔逊） 第十二个是Al Jurreau（阿尔·朱立奥） 第十三个是Bruce Springsteen（布鲁斯·斯普林斯汀），沙哑但相当有厚度的嗓音 第十四个是Kenny Logins（肯尼.罗杰斯） 第十五个是Steve Perry（史蒂夫.佩里），有点像东方人 第十六个是Daryl Hall（达瑞.霍尔） 又是Michael Jackson之后，第十七个是Huey Lewis（休·路易斯） 第十八个是Cyndi Lauper（辛迪·劳帕），她的声音最有特色了，尖尖地像小孩子一样，头发也染的花花绿绿的 第十九个是Kim Carnes（金·康恩丝） 一段合唱之后，是分别诠释： Bob Dylan（鲍勃·迪伦），也是很特别的声音 Ray Charles（雷·查尔斯），也是个黑人盲歌手，“灵魂乐之父” Stevie Wonder（右）和Bruce Springsteen，前面出现过，两个人配合地相当好 James Ingram，前面也出现过，这次终于看到正脸了 Ray Charles