Reading and Writing of English, Book Four
Unit One
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
technique, sensitive, collapse, fatal, primary, issue, municipal, haul, complex, self-esteem, psychological, proportion, standard, hideous, self-confident, convince, wherein, dispense, makeup, dutifully, sane, remotely, superior, demeaning, obsess, shallow, original, suspect, tropical
2. Expressions to be tested
come up with, in the same way, stick to, live up to, contrast…with, apply…to, in hopes of, become obsessed with, be in trouble;
form an opinion of, heart failure, beauty care
II. Sentence Study
1. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive opinion, then collapse on the floor with some kind of fatal seizure.
2. Some men form the opinion that they are irresistibly
handsome and they do not change this
opinion even when their noses bloat to the size of eggplants and their eyebrows grow together
to form what appears to be a giant forehead-dwelling tropical caterpillar.
3. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave
themselves, which is essentially the same form of beauty care that they give to their lawns.
4. Men will think this even if their faces cause heart failure in cattle at a range of 300 yards.
5. She thinks that at any moment a municipal animal-control officer is going to throw a net over her and haul her off to the shelter.
III. Text Study
1. What is the main idea of “The Ugly Truth about Beauty”?
2. Why do women have low self-esteem about their appearance?
3. Why do men never ask anybody how they look?
4. How do most women think about their appearance?
5. What are the two responses men give to women’s
argument for their obsession with trying to look like Cindy Crawford?
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
address, suburban, anecdote, comment, concur, episode, interview, communication, divorce, tangible, accompany, errand,focus, systematic, pattern, intimacy, cornerstone, emerge, bond, subordinate, physical, anchor, periodically, frustrated, distract, analogous, reassure
2. Expressions to be tested
amount to, focus on, first and foremost, attune to, concentrate on,at length, push around, as usual, similar to, analogous to, be on guard to, put down, push around;
burst into laughter, wreak havoc with, have a nap, in silence, complaint about, cross-cultural communication, play a role in, extend a few turns, maintain independence
II. Sentence Study
1. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.
2. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year - a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
3. Most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.
4. What is important is not the individual subjects that are discussed but the sense of closeness, a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings, and impressions.
5. I believe these systematic differences in childhood socialization make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication.
6. For women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven.
7.The impression of not listening results from misalignments in the mechanics of conversation.
8. Analogous to the physical alignment that women and men take in conversation is their topic alignment. III. Text Study
1. Some people say that a happy family consists of a wife who does not see and a husband who does not hear. What do you think of it?
2. Why is it so hard for men and women to talk to each other, according to Deborah Tannen’s opinion?
3. What is the reason that most of the women give for their divorces as revealed in the book Divorce Talk?
4. What are intense bonds between boys based on?
5. Why do men dislike listening?
Unit Two
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
portion, peak, slide, glorious, scale,privilege, triple, caution, phenomenon, boom, diverse, precede, exaggerate, illustrate, reliable, statistics, mission, ethnic, decline, academic
2. Expressions to be tested
pick up, look into ,bottom out, contribute to, take…into account, in the face of;
take a dive, get the point, be excused from, illustrate the point, get into details, all walks of life, draw a conclusion, in all directions
II. Sentence Study
1. Numbers have no place to hide.
2. While experts caution that this phenomenon is only one of many factors affecting test scores, they agree that it has contributed to a lower nationwide average.
3. The soil under every statistic is crawling with worms.
4. You could probably rip the lid off these report card numbers too and use them to prove that kids are getting dumber or smarter.
III. Text Study
1.Why does the larger number of test takers contribute to a lower nationwide average?
2. Why are the statistics from the National Assessment
of Educational Progress the best and most reliable?
3. Why cannot the SAT scores tell people that American kids are getting dumber?
4. What is the main idea of the text “Kids Today: Dumb and Dumber?”
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
merit, decent, lean, assess, consolation, expertise, gauge, genetic, inherit, literary, priority, reverse, statistics, sufficient, doubtful, compound, inducement, industrialize, cancer, assignment
2. Expressions to be tested
equal to, lean on, be doubtful about, in particular, be up to sb., turn off to, take control of, be poised to do, turn up;
break the news to, direct the survey, by the gauge, brain drain, follow instructions, catch one’s attention
II. Sentence Study
1. Experts see cause for concern in the latest report card on American scientific understanding.
2. This is where science can benefit people in their daily lives.
3. So, if it’s up to this country, how does it increase American’s understanding of science? The real engine, experts say, is the schoolroom.
4. It’s very clear that teachers matter, and their knowledge of subject matter content is critical.
5. And the same technology should let a growing class of scientifically literate citizens take more control of science-related government debates by bombarding legislators with e-mail.
6. We’ve already seen some reverse brain drain, back to China, back to Europe, back to Germany in particular,”by people who’ve gotten years of training in the United States.
III. Text Study
1.What is implied by the title “E equals MC-what?”
2.What are Pollak’s two concerns about American people’s poor understanding of science?
3.Wha’s the real engine to increase Americans’
understanding of science?
4.Under what conditions will pupils of fourth or fifth grade possibly not turn off to science and math?
5.Why do nearly half of urban math and science teachers leave the classroom within five years of starting a teaching career?
Unit Three
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
transform, addict, drift, applicable, surf, access, cyberspace, correspondence, gasp, alternative, resemblance, compatible, accustomed, glazed, hook, outweigh, positive
2. Expressions to be tested
transform into, set my mind on, be applicable to, keep up with, open up, blame…on, be accustomed to, remind sb. of, on the basis of;
cyber addict, computer terminal, surf the information superhighway, log on to, an alternative to, bear a resemblance to, fast music, fast food, needless to say, get addicted to, easy access, virtual reality
II. Sentence Study
1. The “Just Say No” to sex, drugs, and alcohol may soon be applicable to e-mail and surfing the information superhighway.
2. “If I didn’t have access I’d have to get a life.”
3. These young people are drawn into a world where they are connected to the world but sadly disconnected to their environment.
4. Love at first byte is even a possibility.
5. Needless to say the week didn’t last.
III. Text Study
1. Is it easy to make instant friends online?
2. Why is the temptation of entering cyberspace great for many young people?
3. What are the characteristics of Internet?
4. What are the suggestions given by the author to prevent people from getting addicted to Internet?
5.What are the bad effects that the Internet has on young cyber addicts?
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
manifestation, scribble, vent, forward, bombard, inaccurate, regulate, abuse,unwary,emerge, approach, tedious, legislation, violation, recipient, convey, expulsion, termination, accommodate, capability, discipline, assert,restrict, feature, guarantee, venture
2. Expressions to be tested
be bombarded with, end up, spell out, slow down, on sb’s part, wear and tear, with respect;
vent feelings, post messages, processing capabilities, freedom of speech, Human Resources Department, junk mail, under one’s name, take an approach to, online chat room
II. Sentence Study
1. Your obligation is to speak freely with respect, common sense, and by thinking FIRST to protect your interests and the interests of those who may venture to see what you have to say.
2. Violation of acceptable behavior online or abuse of email for personal use can sometimes result in the expulsion or termination of the user privileges of the offender.
3. The flux of incoming mail activity can also add wear and tear to the software and computer server, which might have limited space and processing capabilities.
4. In other words, you have to think critically about the complex issues of freedom and privacy, rights and responsibility, as they relate to every area of life, including the expanding universe of the Internet.
5.Or a scribbled complaint about your work supervisor, sent via email to a coworker to vent your feelings after a bad day at the office, is forwarded by who-knows-who to your boss.
6. Or is cyberspace an open canvas where anyone can write anything at anytime and where you must learn to check and double-check their accuracy before taking any words at face value.
III. Text Study
1. In what ways do people communicate with others on
the Internet?
2. How does free speech on the Internet affect the individual?
3. How do people respond to the regulations that govern the Internet?
4. What results does the abuse of email for personal use lead to?
5. What do you think of the contradictory issues of freedom and privacy, rights and responsibility in the cyberspace?
Unit Four
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
decode, prick,genealogy, archive, query, proposition, donate, molecular, counterpart, pedigree, dead-end, database, offspring, maternal, ancestor, billionaire, microfiche, microbiology, buff, chromosome, matrix, pore, philanthropist, high-profile, molecular, submit
2. Expressions to be tested
pore over, extend to, drop by, fill out, strip off, pass from…to, a handful of, compete for;
family history, family trees, search for ancestors, gene testing, genetic material, historical data, blood sample, collect samples, donate blood, to that end,
II. Sentence Study
1. In the future, a supercomputer will create a matrix of all those genes and the historical data from the donated family trees. Woodward says he’ll then be able to focus on any spot in space and time—say, Denmark in 1886—to identify the genes residents carried.
2. Those tests, which tracked the easily identifiable Y chromosomes passed from fathers to sons, and their counterparts, which track certain material that follows the maternal line, have also been used to trace the offspring of famous people or certain genetically distinct populations such as Finns, Sardinians or Basques.
3.To that end, a stack of suitcases and coolers for
sampling trips competes for space in the lab.
4.He figures he needs 100,000 for a solid database, which he could have in three years.
5.But Woodward insists he doesn’t want the database to be for Mormons only.
III. Text Study
1. What kind of research is Scott Woodward engaged in?
2. What is the process of this research?
3. What’s the purpose of this research?
4.According to Ed Gaulin, what are the three major advances in genealogy?
5. In what aspect is DNA important?
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
remnant, culmination, ultradestructible, biceps, mercenary, immunity, polymer, cybernetics, drawback, glucose, preclude, senility, compact, fragile, ail, implant, precarious, spinal cord, duplicate, kidney, medieval, supplement, vacuum, versatile
2. Expressions to be tested
become aware of, adjust to, strive for, external to, be responsive to, consist of, in the way of, in the way, evolve into;
hit/ strike home, body part, hearing aids, immunity mechanisms, suit one’s convenience, hit and miss, delicate control, conquer senility, have difficulty in doing, endure hard environments, outer space, in one’s prime, make use of
II. Sentence Study
1. Improving this fragile and ultradestructible body of ours is, in fact, the name of the game we call mankind. .
2. The tools are faithless mercenaries who will work for anyone who sizes them and who will destroy today the person they were helping yesterday.
3. Such things only help established organs.
4. Once in the body, how do you make artificial parts work to suit one’s personal convenience?
5. It is something we can’t quite do yet, but toward which scientists are working with considerable success.
6. Even if all other forms of death are precluded, a century of life will find you far gone on the road to senility.
7. First, there is the hit-and-miss blindness of natural evolution, which takes billions of years to produce some species that is intelligent enough to begin a directed evolution, making use of advanced biochemical and cybernetic knowledge.
III. Text Study
1. Is it a strange idea that one day an ordinary person becomes a superman? Why or why not? What do you think of such a superman?
2. Please give several examples to prove the idea that every tool we have represents an improved body part.
3. Why must we depend on the brain in order to make a cyborg possible?
4. What is the difference between a cyborg and a cyb?
5.. What is the natural route of evolution, according to the contents of the text?
Unit Five
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
peril, prohibition, imperative, explore, restriction, predicament, responsible, peer, proscribe, pose, beverage, supervision, consumption, dilemma, worsen, current, sneak, sophisticated, inevitable, orientation, potency, prudent, adolescent, designate 2. Expressions to be tested
(all) on one’s own, hang out, on / upon the sly, to the point of, sneak away, contrast…with… come down on, head to, in moderation, out of date, blend…with…, make up for;
ban drinking, alcohol content, on an empty stomach, it’s imperative that …, deserve high praise for, have concerns about, alcohol level, hard liquor, have access to
II. Sentence Study
1. Prohibiting the sale of liquor to responsible young adults creates an atmosphere where binge drinking and alcohol abuse have become a problem.
2. In parts of the Western world, moderate drinking by teenagers and even children under their parents’supervision is a given.
3. Banning drinking by young people makes it a badge of adulthood—an attractive forbidden fruit.
4. But teens today have to go on the sly with fake IDs and the fear of getting caught.
5. Christine and her classmates now find themselves in
a legal no man’s land.
6. We contrasted its potency with wine and hard liquor and stressed the importance of not drinking on an empty stomach.
7. With no parents to stop them, they have a “let’s make up for lost time” attitude.
III. Text Study
1. What kind of dilemma are Christine and her classmates in at 18?
2. What makes the 21 restriction seem out of date?
3. What are the differences between American teens and European peers concerning drinking?
4. What are the perils of prohibition?
5. What suggestions have been given to prevent binge drinking from happening?
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
notion, conviction, demonstrate, genuine, disapproval, prominent, dread, astonish, assure, integrity, flawless, unforgiving, harp, vulnerable, warrant, guilty, abrupt, console, motivator, betray, paralyze, incorporate, aspire, generous
2. Expressions to be tested
be traced to, for fear, be assured of, harp on, insist on, all the more, make one’s way to, attach to, be at war with, in some sense, aspire to;
the more…the more… , generate the conviction, show impatience, spelling drill, get points, lose points, absorb the lesson, lose a case, lose respect for sb. admit mistakes, feel guilty, betray one’s marriage, achieve a fulfillment
II. Sentence Study
1. Nothing can make us feel worse about ourselves than
the conviction that we don’t deserve to be loved. And nothing will generate that conviction more certainly than the idea that when we do something wrong, we give God and the people closest to us reasons not to love us.
2. When he shared this fear with them, he discovered to his surprise that his colleagues liked him better when he made mistakes because they saw him as more human.
3. But before taking on that guilt, we need to ask ourselves whether it’s truly warranted.
4. If it turns out that our guilt is appropriate, we should be careful that the emotion attached to the deed, not to ourselves.
5. We lose the sense of wholeness that enables us to do things that matter to us.
6. But it is useless and destructive when it paralyzes the person with a sense of unworthiness and unlovability.
7. When we accept that imperfection is part of being human, and when we can continue rolling through life and appreciating it, we will have achieved a wholeness that others can only aspire to.
8. And at the end, if we are brave enough to love, strong enough to forgive, generous enough to rejoice in another’s happiness, and wise enough to know there
is enough love to go around for us all, then we can achieve a fulfillment that no other living creature will ever know.
III. Text Study
1. According to the writer, what should be responsible for a lot of misery?
2. From whom may we have got this message of perfection?
3. Why did the writer’s children love him all the more after he admitted his mistakes?
4. In what sense is guilt useful and when is it useless?
5. What lesson can you get from The Missing Piece?
6. What do you think of the writer’s opinion?
Unit Six
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
ignition, initiate, habituate, threaten, evolve, mechanism, glance, immune, camouflage, inject, suppress, fascinating, volunteer, procedure, solution, switch, inhibit, fantasy, balance, emotion, function, influential, virtually, tendency
2. Expressions to be tested
become habituated to, at hand, come up, be familiar
with, delight in, similar to, have the reaction to, spin out, be hung up in, respond to;
demonstrate the power, initiate the program, take an exam, at the sight (smell, taste, thought, sound) of, crystal clear, a conditioned response, the immune system, without one’s knowledge, tell the difference between, tip the balance / scales, unlearn attitudes, outlive usefulness
II. Sentence Study
1. Physiological conditioning is a kind of rapid learning that evolved to help us master cause-and-effect situations that might determine survival.
2. They have involuntarily learned to get sick as a conditioned response to the thoughts, sights, and smells of the chemotherapy situation.
3. Their expectation that nothing ever happened after the injection from the green vial apparently was enough to inhibit the immune system’s powerful inflammatory response to tuberculin.
4. This tendency to escalate a situation into its worst possible conclusion is what I call awfulizing, and it can be a key factor in tipping the balance towards illness or health.
5. The flood of “what ifs” and “if onlys” engages the various human emotions, which can influence virtually all body functions.
6. Awareness of our conditioning is the first step toward unlearning attitudes that have outlived their usefulness.
7. Such awareness opens our ability to respond to what is happening now rather than reaction out of a conditioned history that may be archaic.
III. Text Study
1. What does the author mean by “The rest of driving is second nature”?
2. Please give an example to illustrate the idea that “because of our conditioning, we are all creatures of habit.”
3. Why does the author tell the story about Uncle Dick, who reacts strongly at the mere mention of cheese?
4. Why is conditioning a powerful bridge between mind and body?
5. What’s the importance of awareness of our conditioning?
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
investigate, assumption, elegant, approach, alleviate, environment, preference, attribute, intend,
neglect, adjust, straightforward, ecology, evaluation, proficiency, naive, equivalent, ultimately, formulate
2. Expressions to be tested
be akin to, attribute to, be dismissive about / of, draw on, derive from, refer to, one way or the other / one way or another, be correlated with, for the most part, in support of, show preference for/to;
physical condition, alleviate ailments, take the position, a blind spot, make a choice on, retard advances
II. Sentence Study
1. To those of us who have pets, such as dogs or cats, it is difficult to think of them as machines without self-awareness— as entities more akin to our washing machines, personal computers, and blow-dryers than to or family members and friends.
2. Or that ZiZi, our neigbor's cat, that would seemingly "favor" starvation to dry cat food, is, in her behavior, just reflecting an idiosyncratic program rather than expressing a conscious preference.
3. Human desires, fears, and attitudes were attributed to animals, and numerous stories were accepted without any careful attempts at verification.
4. Ethologists who studied animal behavior, for the most part, were equally dismissive about probing the inner world of animals.
5. A well-known investigator of animal behavior, Donald Griffin of Rockefeller University, argues that neglecting animal awareness and thinking is not only an overreaction to the naive acceptance of undocumented animal stories, but also a blind spot that retards advances in the scientific understanding of animal behavior.
6. Griffin believes that mental experiences in animals could have an adaptive value—the better an animal understands its environment, the better it can adjust its behavior to survive and reproduce in it.
7. The strongest supporting evidence of Griffin’s hypothesis involves cases in which animal communication is active and specialized, information is exchanged, and the receiving animal responds interactively.
III. Text Study
1. What about the writings done in the late nineteenth century on the animal mind?
2. Why did psychologists conclude that the question of animal’s thinking was not a meaningful topic for science?
3. What was the primary thrust of ethology?
4. What conclusion does the author draw in this essay?
5. Do you think whether animals have awareness or not and give an example to support your idea?
Unit Seven
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
standpoint, enlightenment, simultaneously, portable, rear, resolution, oppose, manipulate, download, large-scale, scribble, microscopic, premise, hurdle, deceptively, capsule, diagram, stake, negative, positive, margin, integrate, conductive, transmit 2. Expressions to be tested
to one’s liking, on a large scale, in volume, browse through, thanks to, at stake;
from a practical standpoint, be / have done with, when it comes to, come to fruition / be brought to fruition, for sale, as opposed to, make / take notes, becomes available, LCD screens, laptops / laptop computers, flash-memory cards, large-scale manufacturing
II. Sentence Study
1. It’s an electronic book—a single volume that could contain a library of information or, if your tastes run toward what’s current, every title on today’s
best-seller list.
2. Fact is, when it comes to portability, easy viewing, and low power requirements, it’s hard to beat plain old paper.
3.That’s deceptively simple premise behind a project currently coming to fruition at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4. The direction in which the particles move depends upon whether a negative (dark) or positive (white) charge is applied.
5. Only a small battery would be required, as opposed to the large ones needed to power laptop computers and their LCDs.
6. If your first choice is not to your liking, a new title becomes available at the push of a button. III. Text Study
1. What are the characteristics of the future electronic books?
2. What are the drawbacks of laptop computers and their
LCD screens compared with an
electronic book?
3. Why is each paper page in an electronic book readable?
4. What hurdles remain before an electronic book comes into being?
5. Do you think electronic books can give readers the same enjoyment as traditional paper books?
Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
scrutiny, dramatic, preferential, radical, survey, trend, foresee, commentator, vehicle, conventional, frugal, performance, reinforce, recreational, insurance, hybrid, enthusiasm, steer, poll, monitor, concept
2. Expressions to be tested
off limits to, in evidence, make no difference to, catch on, back up, trim off, in nature;
under scrutiny, radical changes, at the wheel, on a single charge, public opinion polls, mass markets, a common sight, preferential tax rates, night-vision systems, collision-avoidance systems,
environmentally-aware cars, the dollar-driven international car industry, technological breakthrough
II. Sentence Study
1. Many countries will ask car buyers to prove they have somewhere suitable to park their vehicle, and
introduce “smart highway” systems to direct cars much
as air traffic controllers now look after the flight
of aeroplanes.
2. The survey results show that despite years of
research into alternative fuel sources for vehicles,
no clear winner has emerged for a replacement for the conventional petrol-engined car.
3. The adaptations to the Twingo don’t end with engine.
4. Cutting the fuel consumption has had no negative
effect on the handling or performance of the car.
5. What remains to be seen is whether the enthusiasm
of environmental designers catches on with the
dollar-driven international car industry, and whether
motorists back up with their chequebooks their desire
for “greener” cars.
III. Text Study
1. What kind of cars will be popular in the future?
2. What measures will big cities take to deal with the dramatically increasing car population?
3. What trend will mark the motorists’ world 20 years
from now?
4. In what ways is the environmental car, SmILE, put
together by the environmental group Greenpeace
different from traditional cars?
5. Do you think the international car industry will
embrace the environmental concept of cars? How about motorists?
Unit Eight
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
alarming, block, civic, explicit, grind, immerse, immune, hit, intersperse, isolate, label, legwork, mockery, pre-emptive, prime, qualification, rebellion, recur, spatter, subtlety, tap, violence
2. Expressions to be tested
grind to silence, by any measure, around the clock, make a mockery of, in anticipation of, immerse in, show up, next to, by no means, aim at, be immune to, go /come into effect;
heavy metal, cable channel, prime time show, hot topics, visual and audio techniques, roller skates, a candy stick, special effects, ad revenues, corporate giant, meet the qualifications for, grab one’s eye, take responsibility
II. Sentence Study
1. Yet kids are showing up at school in alarming numbers with guns packed next to their sandwiches.
2. Why then, when violent television’s relationship to violent behavior is such a hot topic, do we only hear about labeling prime time network films and dramas?
3. Rock-video violence is more deadly because it is fashioned by youth for the appetites of youth.
4. It taps the most advanced visual and audio techniques to grab the teenager’s eye and weaves in anger and explicit rebellion against schools, parents and police.
5. But the subtlety with which violence is interspersed makes it necessary to do a great deal of legwork and watch MTV in large blocks of time, something adults may not have.
6. But the industry has made a mockery of the process by packaging the lyrics on folded inserts inside wrapped cassettes or CDs where they’re inaccessible until the album is safely purchased.
7. MIV, in anticipation of eventual outrage from parents and civic groups, has built preemptive defenses into its young viewers.
8. Thus, MTV is seemingly immune to criticism, able to stand outside of any debate on TV violence, while its profit margin is supported by an ever-expanding audience and ad revenues from corporate giants like McDonald’s, Time-Warner and Coca Cola.
III. Text Study
1. How does the author introduce the theme of the essay in the first two paragraphs?
2. Why is MTV so harmful to the youth?
3. What are the three reasons that parents have difficulty in supervising their kid’s music?
4. How can MTV make its profit?
5. What is the author’s attitude towards “kids’ music”? Reading Selection Two
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
accordingly, advocate, alienate, anonymous, boast, bully, chaos, competitive, consult, curb, desolate, fantasize, grapple, heighten, lobby, precaution, random, revenge, tease, tolerate, tranquil, upsurge 2. Expressions to be tested
in sight, grapple for, rest on, lobby for, act out, attribute to, play a role in, serve as an example, leave alone, fit in with, get even with, boast about,
in exchange;
a parking lot, mass murders / killings, school violence, gun control, take safety precautions, the low crime rate, gang members, take sth. seriously, fill the emptiness in one’s life, under intense pressure, fierce competition, in public
II. Sentence Study
1. The most widely-held explanation of this new phenomenon of mass killings at schools has
rested on the increase in the availability of high powered guns in the 90’s.
2. Gun control advocates argue that the accessibility of guns is a major contributing factor to school shootings, and they have urgently lobbied for tougher gun control policies.
3. Nor does it tell us why students in suburban schools are acting out on their frustrations by shooting, often randomly, at any student or teacher in sight.
4. The recent upsurge in mass killings at suburban schools can be partially attributed to the strong sense of denial among suburban residents that shootings can even occur at their schools.
5. While urban communities have an overall awareness of violence and have taken many safety precautions, suburban residents continue to believe they are protected from school violence, often citing the low crime rate and lack of gang members in their community.
6. This feeling of alienation is further magnified when parents are not involved in their children’s lives and are busy working in the city.
7. Suburban schools are more homogenous than large urban schools, making students less tolerant of peers who do not fit in.
8. Most importantly, considering that teenagers frequently consult with peers before committing a crime, school officials must encourage a more open environment in the suburbs where students who know about a potential crime are not afraid to tell authorities and are offered rewards, protection, and anonymity in exchange.
III. Text Study
1. What are the reasons that the author gives for the constant occurrence of shootings at suburban schools?
2. Why do some children have the sense of boredom and alienation in small suburban communities?
3. What are the possible methods to control teenage gun crimes at suburban schools?
4. What is the main purpose of this passage?
Unit Nine
Reading Selection One
I. Vocabulary Study
1. Words to be tested
forge, distraction, rigorous, administrator, valid, commute, diploma, festivity, lounge, gown, extracurricular, sacrifice, neglect, conflict, justify, steep, deem, workload, spectator, constitute, routine, resident, protest, downtown, earplug, self-reflection, unity
2. Expressions to be tested
sleep over, hang around, in part, isolate from, concentrate on, hang out, go at sth., figure out; receive criticism, change the attitude, academic burden, Ivy League university, living environment, on campus, make the sacrifice, take the first step, award show, take for granted,
the sense of community, believe it or not
II. Sentence Study
1. The student body of Columbia University has received
考博详解与指导 南京大学历史系中国古代史博士入学考试题目 中国通史： 1五经及其意义 2夏商周断代工程 3汉唐时期选官制度的变化及其特点 4五代以前的王位更替大多是以禅让的形式完成的，而五代以后则主要是以武力争夺实现的，试分析其原因。 5一条鞭法。 先秦社会历史文化 1郭店竹简的概况及对先秦史的意义，为什么一出土就成为热点？ 2，谈谈你对文明起源的看法 3，战国百家争鸣产生的原因 4。先秦时期的宗法制度 1宫体诗发生发展的三个阶段 2《西游记》中的佛道思想 3科举制与唐代文学
1.What’s your name? 2.Does your name have any special meaning? 3.Where were you come from? 4.What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown? 5.What is the climate like in your hometown? 6.What is people’s favorite food in your region? 7.What do you do during the Spring Festival? 8.Can you describe one of the main festivals celebrated? 9.Tell me something about the customs of your hometown. 10.How long have you lived in XXX? 11.What place in XXX do you like best?Why? 12.Which is the best place you’ve been to China? 13.What is the biggest problem you will face? 14.Could you tell me something about your family?、 15.When will you get married? 16.What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take? 17.What difficulties do your parents have concerning their old age? 18.Which kind of professor do you like best? 19.What does friendship mean to you?What kind of people do you make friend with? 20.What is your major? 21.How do you like your major? 22.When and where did you graduate?What qualifications have you obtained? 23.What impressed you most when you were at university? 24.What is the best university in your opinion? 25.Could you sum up your own study habits in a few points? 26.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society?Why? 27.What do you do for a living? 28.What are your job prospects? 29.If you had the opportunity to change your subject,what would you do with it? 30.What are your spare time interests? 31.How do you spend your weekends? 32.What is your favorite sport?What are the rules? 33.What kind of films do you like best? 34.What kind of music do you enjoy? 35.Where have you been traveling to?Which place interested you most? 36.Do you enjoy traveling?If yes.Where and why?
全国英语四级考试方法和技巧（实用篇） 一．听力 1．短对话 ①.答案往往在后半人的话语中（带有转折词、原因词、总结性的 ），重点也会引申推出选项答案。 ②.从答案选项中推敲，往往关键词听到与材料一致的， 很可能是陷阱（答案往往是总结、规纳性、替换词、意思一致性） ③.场景考点（每年必考），即听关键词（材料中心词往往对应于相应的 场合）比如，看电影想到影剧院，吃、点菜想到餐馆，时间飞机定票等 想到机场更多得自己不断总结此类关键词。 以后便能条件反射迅速选出答案 总结：听懂抓住重点部分信息，关键中心词必须会把握（语气、转折性 、总结性词等后为主），答案以同义词转换 +意思一致，不改变义反映。切忌无中生有，凭主观来选择。 实在是没听懂或没把握住意思和中心词，看选项来确定（同词不选， 与对话内容无关不选，意思和其他完全不一致排除，带大写性关键词 独一的也不选） 更多在于根据真题总结，以上尽为参考和练习 (充分利用时间提前看题为之重要 ) 2．短文 正题：听到什么与选项对应，意思不变情况下往往是答案 此类型关键就是一个能听及时，准确，把握此特点那听到什么与选项 一致就是答案；另一点误区选项意思与文章无关、无中生有、作者主 观臆断、某一选项与其他选项无关、相差太大往往是误区项；还有一 点题目是按照文章顺序来的，答案也往往顺着题目来的。 总结重点：关键性、重点和中心词必须听到，听之前各选项一定有所 了解，确定中心词并带着它有针对性去听文章。更多在于自己的总结 ，以上仅为参考和供练习。 3 填词 听之前有所了解文章大意， 第一遍听把单一性词填个大概并写点第一句关键意思和单词 ;第二遍完全填满单词并附带着写下第一长句， 确定和大概写出第二、三句长句关键词 ; 第三遍校对单词，并尽量补满长句。 更多在于自己的总结和听写的练习。 二．仔细阅读 1. 做之前花一、二分钟了解大意思（必要） CET4知识点
大学英语四级专项训练——选词填空 （一） Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least. [A]skill [B]popular [C]get [D]change [E]similarly 、[F]professional [G]character [H]individuality [I] inspire [J] differently [K]expect [L]practical [M] recall [N] lose [O] ordinary （二） 、 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “If kids know they’re working f or a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
附录二 参考答案 U n i t 1 Ⅳ.B i l i n g u a l S t u d i e s 2.T r a n s l a t i o n (1)h a v eb e e n r e v e r e da sm a s t e r s i nE u r o p e (2)T h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o r em y s t e r i o u s t h a n (3)t h em a i n l a n do fC h i n ah a v en o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s a s av e r y s t r o n gp r e s e n c e (4)a r eh a r d e r ,t o u g h e r a n d s t r o n g e r t h a n (5)i sm o r eb e a u t i f u l t h a na p i c t u r e (6)m o r eo f a na r t i s t t h a no f a t e a c h e r (7)p l a y e dw i t hm o r ed a r i n g t h a n s k i l l (8)w i s e r t h a n t ob e l i e v e ;w i t h o u t a s e c o n d t h o u g h t (9)m o r e t h a n i t d i d l a s t y e a r Ⅴ.V o c a b u l a r y B u i l d e r 2.B u s i n e s sE n g l i s h W o r dB u i l d i n g A c t i v i t i e s (1)C 一(2)B 一(3)A 一(4)C 一(5)A 一(6)C (7)A 一(8)C 一(9)B 一(10)C 一(11)B 一(12 )A ⅥW r i t i n g 1.E n g l i s h W r i t i n g B a s i c s :D i c t i o n (1)E x e r c i s e (A ):(a )s t r a y ;一一(b )l i c k i n g ;一一(c )s o a k ;一一(d )e n v e l o p e d ;一一(e )p r e s s e d ,t h i e v e d ,f l a s h e d ...o v e r E x e r c i s e (B ):(a )W e s h o u l da l s oc o n s i d e r p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s .(b )T h e r e f o r e ,y o u r p r o p o s a l s e e m s t ou s u n p r a c t i c a l .(c )H i s d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s e r i e s o f n e wr e s e a r c hm e t h o d s l e d t oh i s g r e a t s u c c e s s .(d )N o tm a n y t e a c h e r s c a n t e a c he f f e c t i v e l y .(e )E v e n t u a l l y an e wf a dw i l l r e p l a c e t h i s s c o o t e r c r a z e .E x e r c i s e (C ):(a )T h e n e w s a b o u t t h i s e l e c t i o n s c a n d a l w a s f i r s t r e p o r t e d i n t h e l o c a l n e w s p a p e r .(b )N o s c i e n t i s t k n o w s e x a c t l y w h e r e t h e i n f o r m a t i o nh i g h w a y w i l l l e a du s .(c )C o m p e t e n c ea l o n es h o u l d b e a b l et o d e c i d e w h e t h e rat e a c h e rs h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o t e a c h .(d )T h e s t o c k h o l d e r s c a nh a r d l y b e c r e d u l o u s e n o u g h t o b e l i e v ew h a t t h e y a r e t o l d .(e )T h e m o s ta n n o y i n g t a s ki m p o s e d o n t h e y o u n g i m p a t i e n t m o t h e ri st h e c h a n g i n g o f e n d l e s s d i a p e r s .( b e s t o w =授予;含褒义e .g .b e s t o wa nh o n o r o n t h eh e r o )(f )T h es i t u a t i o n h a sb e c o m e v e r y s e r i o u sa n d r e q u i r e si m m e d i a t e a t t e n t i o n . 332 附录二
2011年6月大学英语四级真题 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday. While elderly people __47__ to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a(n) __48__ effect on their brain's performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research. Sean Drummond, a. psychiatrist (心理医生) at the University of California, San Diego, said older people are more likely to suffer from broken sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping __49__ straight through the night. More sleep in old age, however, is __50__ with better health, and most older people would feel better and more __51__ if they slept for longer periods, he said. “The ability to sleep in one chunk (整块时间) overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to __52__ well does not change,” Dr Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego. “It's __53__ a myth that older people need less sleep. The more healthy an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were __54__. Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from __55__ to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. That's __56__ from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75.” 答案Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in depth) 47 N tend 48 L negative 49 H efficiently 50 B associated 51 A alert 52 J function/ 53 F definitely 54 O younger 55 E continuing56 G different 文章大意：本文主要讲述的是关于老年人睡眠的问题：是否老年人与年轻人相比只需要较少的睡眠时间？ 2010年12月英语四级考试真题 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47 . The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology
大学英语四级写作关键词及短语汇总 平时仍然坚持读报纸或者书籍时刻积累我将来自己写作时可以用到的词汇，这个建议希望大家不光是在应试英语的时候很应试的去这样做，应当养成一种习惯，你会发现，几乎所有同学的写作或者口语问题，都是不知道用哪个词，不知道用什么词，并不是语法问题，逻辑问题，那么所那些浩瀚的词库(例如四级要求4500，考研要求6500，托福要求8000，GRE要求12000)加以应用化，精简化，因为很多同学即便单词都会记住了，依然不知道用什么词，至少不能短期反应过来，因为你脑中有太浩瀚的非应用性词汇，一定要在脑子里还要有一个写作词库。 下面列举一部分，很适合各个梯度的考试的写作用词，第一，直接面向常用的高频意思表达。第二，更加地道。 一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多(大)的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词 过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见(opinion) yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect
南京大学2017年成人高等教育招生专业主要课程介绍 专升本 哲学 主要课程：英语、马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、数据库应用、中国通史（上下）、儒家思想研究、道家思想研究、道教史专题、西方哲学史、佛教文献学与文献导读、佛教研究方法、科技思想史、佛教管理学、唯识学研究、天台宗研究、华严宗研究、净土宗研究、南传和北传佛教比较研究、现代逻辑、禅宗文献概论、毕业论文等。 考古学 主要课程：英语、马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、中国通史、考古学通论、文化遗产学、非物质文化遗产概论、古代及近代建筑、古代陶瓷器、古代及近现代书画鉴定、古代玉器鉴定、宗教文物、古代青铜器、古漆木器、古籍版本、钱币学、珠宝金银器鉴定、毕业论文等。 广告学 主要课程：英语、马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、数据库应用、广告学概论、传播学概论、广告策划与创意、广告写作、广告设计、新媒体广告、市场营销学、美学、广告心理学、广告法律法规、广告媒介实务、品牌形象策划、市场调研与统计、毕业论文等。 英语 主要课程：马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、数据库应用、商务英语阅读、英语视听、基础英语写作、商务英语写作、实用英译汉、实用汉译英、商务英语、微观经济学、宏观经济学、管理原理、市场营销、国际贸易、国际贸易实务、商务论文写作、毕业论文等。 新闻学 主要课程：英语、马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、数据库应用、新闻学概论、传播学概论、新闻文化学、基础写作、新媒体传播学、新闻伦理与法规、新闻采访、新闻写作、新闻编辑、新闻摄影、受众研究、中外新闻史、深度报道、媒介经营与管理、广播电视概论、名记者名作品研究、新闻心理学、都市报研究、毕业论文等。 数字媒体技术 主要课程：英语、马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、C++程序设计、数据结构、动画原理与游戏设计、Internet技术、计算机结构原理、计算机图形学、广告学基础、传播学、可视化程序设计、音美技术基础、Photoshop与3Dmax、网页设计与网站制作、毕业论文等。 电子信息科学与技术 主要课程：英语、马克思主义基本原理、中国近代史纲要、工程数学、数字电路、信号与系统、微机原理与接口技术、数字电路实验、微机原理与接口技术实验、计算机语言与程序设计、实用软件（MATLAB）、自动控制、计算机网络、近代电子学实验、现代音响工程、面向对象程序设计、多媒体技术基础、毕业论文等。
2016年大学英语四级各题型备考方法英语四级考试对于大学生来说很重要，因此小编今天就来和大家谈一谈英语四级备考方法，希望对大家有帮助。 1、首先定位自己的英语水平 了结自己，了解四级，可谓是知己知彼，百战不殆。首先可以以自己所参加的几次综合考试或四级考试，以及做全真题的成绩和感受来定位自己的英语水平，至少是英语应试的水平。可以大略地确定自己的长处和短处。长处继续发扬，短处必须恶补。因为时不我待。 2、词汇的积累和熟练 词汇是参加任何英语考试的基础，特别是作为全国大学英语级别考试中初级水平的四级考试。希望朋友们在5月末之前必须把四级大纲所规定4500词汇浏览3遍。注意是浏览!不一定都要背诵。这样可以在辅导班的第3阶段或者自己准备做全真题时，不会无所适从。词汇的记忆和积累，精记和泛记结合起来。精记以词汇书为主，做到”四到“：手到(拼写)，口到(朗读)，心到(专心)和脑到(分析构词法，成串记忆，考点)。同时用卡片或小手册强化记忆每页中难以记住的重要词汇。泛记是积累英语词汇的最有效的方法，但是短时间难以达到大纲所规定的量，不过可以作为辅助手段。就是在平时的阅读，听力，练习，甚至生活中用心捕捉和四级单词和相关单词，特别是某些四级词汇的搭配。 3、语法结构的加强
尽管现在单独作为考试题型的语法结构越来越少，可是在任何一个四级和六级的考试题型中，语句的理解还是以语法结构为基础，特别是结构。同时精选10篇左右文章细看、精看，涉及到每个词，结构，篇章来温习和锻炼自己长句，复杂句等的理解，同时逐步加快速度，可以提高自己在考试中，特别是阅读理解中理解的速度。 4、听力的磨练 听力薄弱的原因很多，词汇量，语音，语法结构(意群)，语气语调重读(语感)，锻炼，技巧等。在加强自己词汇量，语法结构的理解，以及语音尽量标准的基础上，每天或至少经常加强听力练习，以听和四级命题相类似的练习为主。如果不懂，可以反复听几遍。少看或尽量推迟看文字材料。把简短对话和文章结合起来听。同时附以听写短句。难度可以逐步加大。对于基础不好的同学，可以选择比较简单的材料分项训练(时间，数字，地点，转折……)。 5、阅读理解的掌握 阅读是四级中最重要的部分，得阅读者，得天下。但是反之亦然。所以应该极力重视。但是阅读是综合才能。词汇，结构，逻辑，篇章，理解等对阅读产生很大的影响。在加强基本功的基础上，在附以技巧和训练。现在朋友们的阅读不必上量上速度，要精看，找出自己理解的长处和短处(特别是错误后的反省)注意阅读步骤的培养：浏览——看题——找答案点——理解含有答案点句子或段落——看和理解选项——对比和对应选项和答案点。掌握技巧和方法是现在必须要做的，所以完成一篇文章后，最好要返看，提炼自己的得失，总结出题特点和思路，同时提炼好的词汇搭配，结构甚至写作中可以用到的精彩句子。然后逐步加大量和提高自己的速度。
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/5316513140.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） In a telephone survey of more than 2，000 adults，21% said they believed the sun revolved (旋转)around the earth. An 71 7% did not know which revolved around 72. I have no doubt that 73 all of these people were 74 in school that the earth revolves around the sun; 75 may even have written it 76 at test. But they never 77 their incorrect mental models of planetary (行星的) 78 because their every day observations didn’t support 79 their teachers told them: People see the sun moving 80 the sky as morning turns to night，and the earth seems stationary (静止的) 81 that is happening. Students can learn the right answers 82 heart in class，and yet never combined them 83 their working models of the world. The objectively correct answer the professor accepts and the 84 personal understanding of the world can 85 side by side，each unaffected by the other. Outside of class，the student continues to use the 86 model because it has always worked well 87 that circumstance. Unless professors address 88 errors in students’personal models of the world，students are not 89 to replace them with the 90 one. 71.A.excessive B. extraC. additionalD. added 72.A.what B. whichC. thatD. other 73.A.virtually B. remarkablyC. ideallyD. preferably 74.A.learned B. suggestedC. taughtD. advised 75.A.those B. theseC. whoD. they 76.A.on B. withC. underD. for 77.A.formed B. alteredC. believedD. thought 78.A.operation B. positionC. motionD. location 79.A.how B. whichC. thatD. what 80.A.around B. acrossC. onD. above 81.A.since B. soC. whileD. for 82.A.to B. byC. inD. with 83.A.with B. intoC. toD. along 84.A.adult’s B. teacher’sC. scientist’sD. student’s 85.A.exist B. occurC. surviveD. maintain 86.A.private B. individualC. personalD. own 87.A.in B. withC. onD. for 88.A.general B. naturalC. similarD. specific 89.A.obliged B. likelyC. probableD. partial 90.A.perfectB. betterC. reasonableD. correct 【答案】： 71.C72.B73.A74.C75.D76.A77.B78.C79.D80.B 81.C82.B 83.A84.D85.A86.C87.A88.D89.B90.D 【答案解析】： 71.C四个答案都有“额外”的意思，但各有偏重。A重在表达“过量、超过正常的部分”;B是“在一类事物之外的额外部分”;D是“外加的”。因此只有C答案符合本题要求：“另外有7%的人不知道是谁绕着谁转。”
大学英语4级常用短语大全a series of 一系列,一连串 above all 首先,尤其是 after all 毕竟,究竟 ahead of 在...之前 ahead of time 提前 all at once 突然,同时 all but 几乎;除了...都 all of a sudden 突然 all over 遍及 all over again 再一次,重新 all the time 一直,始终 all the same 仍然,照样的 as regards 关于,至于 anything but 根本不 as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于 as far as ...be concerned 就...而言 as far as 远至,到...程度 as for 至于,关于
as follows 如下 as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样 as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于 all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还 as well as 除...外(也),即...又aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次 at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价 at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是 at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多 at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上 at home 在家,在国内
文章长度：229 words 建议做题时间：7分钟实际做题时间：______ Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adult life, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers evidence of a developing underclass. Tests and interviews with hundreds of people born in a single week in 1958 1 illustrated the handicap of educational underachievement. The effects were seen in unemployment, low incomes, depression and social 2 . Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to four years less than good readers at the time they reached 37. Professor John Bynner of City University, who 3 out the research, said that today’s 4 people would face even greater problems because the supply of manual jobs had 5 up. Poor readers were twice as likely to be on a low 6 and four times as likely to live in a household where neither partner worked. Women in this position were five times as likely to be classified as 7 , while both sexes tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to be 8 of others. Those with low literacy and numeracy skills were seldom involved in any 9 organization and much less likely than others to have 10 in a general election. There had been no improvement in the level of interviewees since the sample was surveyed at the age of 21. A) activity B) carried C) wage D) dried E) kept F) vividly G) clearly H) community I) inactivity J) respectful K) unqualified L) depressed M) doubtful N) idle O) voted Your answer: 1______2______3______4______5______6______7_____8______9_____10_____