阅读基本功难句卡片（基础篇）
一、前言
阅读分为四个层次：词、句、段、章。同学们一般习惯于以词为单位阅读，所以遇到存在―生词‖的句子就无从下手了。其实阅读的真正障碍并不在于―生词‖，而在于―难句‖，因为难句即使每个单词都认识，只要―结构‖复杂，可能也读不懂。反之，一旦能够把握―结构‖，就可以忽略生词，掌握大意，从而实现―无词阅读‖的境界。为此，本人特意为广大同学制作了这一套―难句随身卡‖（包括基础篇和提高篇）。
二、难句的构成
英语的难句=主句+从句+短语，不同于汉语的句子全是简单句，没有复杂句。如果把英语的难句比喻成大树，那么主句相当于树干，从句相当于树枝，而短语相当于叶子。只要把握主句，就可理解大意。相比之下，汉语的句子就好比是竹子，一节一节的。
因此，我们在理解英语难句的时候要学会―拆‖——把复杂句拆成简单句来理解。也就是说，要学会抓住―树干‖，拆掉―枝叶‖。
三、如何―拆‖
任何句子都必须有谓语动词，所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此，理解难句的基本步骤是：1）识别出有哪几个谓语动词；2）找出主句的谓语动词，先理解主句；3）再去理解从句和短语。
四、符号说明
1．谓语动词用黑体的斜体字表示，例如：Everyone should know …。
2．从句的引导词用方框表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located。
3．从句用横线表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located，表示where引导的从句。
4．插入语成分用括号表示，例如：Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may mak e the difference between…
第一章平行并列结构
本章难句列表
1．Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
2．The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
3．I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
4．Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.
5．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
6．Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.
7．Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.
8．There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in
winter.
9．But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
10．This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be ours.
11．More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.
12．The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work, and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.
13．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
14．We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly. 15．Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
难句分析：
1．Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为should know，其余两个都是由where 引导的并列宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：
1) Everyone should know.
2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located.
3) Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
翻译：每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。
2．The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
结构：本句有2个谓语动词，其中第二个is influenced是主句的谓语动词，主干是The way is culturally influenced。第一个is used是定语从句的谓语动词，但是该定语从句省略了引导词。定语从句中三个并列的不定式短语动词to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities共同作为is used的目的状语。本句可以拆分为：
1) The way is culturally influenced.
2) Space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities.
翻译：怎样利用空间来获得个人隐私、建造家园以及设计城市都会受到文化的影响。
3．I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为wanted。was和thought分别属于两个
由that引导的并列宾语从句。而owed和was going为两个并列的谓语动词，共同主语为England。England这句话前面为了避免重复而省略了宾语从句的引导词that，实际上是thought的宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：
1) I wanted her to know.
2) That my heart was with her.
3) That I thought.
4) (That) England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英国欠了她一大笔债，很快就会想念她。4．Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.
结构：本句有两个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为may make，其主语是动名词短语keeping your head。breaks out是when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词。插入语(instead of…)中的crowding和pushing两个动名词是平行并列结构。本句可以拆分为：
1) Keeping your head may make the difference between life and death.
2) When fire breaks out.
翻译：当发生火灾时，保持头脑冷静，而不是向安全出口拥堵，能够带来生与死的不同结果。5．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
结构：本句有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为can convince，其主语为Neither friends nor family。其余三个谓语动词全是convince的宾语从句的谓语动词，其中最后一个从句前面省略了that。拆分为：
1) Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people.
2) That most animals are harmless.
3) That thousands of travelers fly safely everyday.
4) (That) millions of people ride … each day.
翻译：朋友及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使其相信大多数动物都无害，无数旅行者每天安全地飞行，上百万人每天都多次安全地乘坐电梯。
6．Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.
结构：本句有2个谓语动词，都是并列的主句谓语动词。三个并列的by…, by…, by…作为travel的方式状语。本句可以拆分为：
1) Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile.
2) Millions of people drive to and from their places of work and their homes.
翻译：上百万人乘坐火车、公交车或者小汽车在周游全国，或者开车往返于工作地点和家庭处所之间。
7．Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.
结构：本句只有一个谓语动词have。here…there属于平行并列结构，表示两个事物的对比状态，相当于the one …, the other …。
翻译：一方是一个没有任何知识或者经验的小孩，另一方是一个有着健全发展的智力的成年人。
8．There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in
winter.
结构：本句只有一个there be句型。relay races和relay并列作为主语。本句可以拆分为：
1) There are relay races in running … in summer.
2) There are relay in skiing in winter.
翻译：夏季有赛跑和游泳赛接力赛，冬季有滑雪比赛。
9．But we remember (with far greater pain) that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中remember是主句的谓语动词，被(with far greater pain)分隔了两个并列的宾语从句that we did not see…和that we failed to…。本句可以拆分为：
1) But we remember with far greater pain.
2) That we did not see that beauty.
3) When it flowered.
4) That we failed to respond with love.
5) When it was tendered.
翻译：但是我们更加痛苦地回忆着，当花儿开放时我们没有看到她的美丽，在别人给予我们爱的时候也没有用爱来做出回报。
10．This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire (with the full force of our passionate being) can be ours.
结构：本句有6个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为is。think后面有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，而第二个宾语从句里面有一个由whatever引导的主语从句。(with the full force of our passionate being)分隔了主语从句和其谓语can be。being是动名词。本句可以拆分为：
1) This is not an easy lesson to learn.
2) Especially when we are young and think.
3) That the world is ours to command.
4) That whatever we desire can be ours.
翻译：这不是容易学会的一课，尤其是当我们还年轻，认为这个世界是由我们掌控，而且认为无论我们渴望得到什么，只要充满激情、全力以赴，就能实现。
11．More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.
结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为两个并列的live。which引导非限定性定语从句修suburban area；that引导定语从句修饰villages，而what引导form的宾语从句。可以拆分为：
1) More than … people live in inner London.
2) And nearly five million people live in …area.
3) The area is made up of … villages.
4) The villages have merged to form.
5) What is now called outer London.
翻译：三百多万人住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人住在周边郊区——该地区由以前分散的村庄组成，后来逐渐合并形成今天所谓的外部伦敦。
12．The journey and the stay are (by definition) outside the normal places of residence
and work and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.
结构：本句有三个并列的主句谓语动词。两个are的共同主语是the journey and the stay。(by definition)分割了are和表语outside the normal places。nature在这里表示―本质、性质‖的意思。本句可以拆分为：
1) The journey and the stay are outside the normal places of residence and work.
2) The journey and the stay are of short-term and temporary nature.
3) There is a clear intention to return home …
翻译：（旅游中的）旅程和停留从定义上讲是在通常的居住和工作处所之外的，而且有一种短暂的性质。在短期之内，还要有一个明确的回家的意图。
13．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
结构：本句有3个谓语动词，其中第二个are focused是主句的谓语动词。rather than意思是―而非‖，其前后并列两个on引导的介词短语。拆分为：
1) The limited investments are … focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills.
2) The investments are made in training workers.
3) The skills make it possible to absorb new technologies.
翻译：用于培训工人的有限投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培训上。
14．We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly. 结构：本句有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为have tried，不定式to后面并列两个动词isolate和offer。两个of并列作为examples的后置定语。of some指代的是of some organizations。本句可以拆分为：
1) We have tried to isolate some of the key factors. and offer examples of organizations and of some.
2) Factors govern service quality.
3) Organizations manage service well.
4) Organizations manage it poorly.
翻译：我们力图挑选出一些控制服务质量的关键因素，并且提供一些例子来说明某些机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。
15．Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
结构：本句只有2个谓语动词have distinguished和have ensured。主干是Human beings have distinguished themselves … and … ensured their survival。by引导的方式状语后面并列了多个动词不定式to observe and understand…/to adapt to…/to control and adapt it to…，作为ability的修饰成分。
翻译：人类已经将自己与其他动物区分开来，并且通过这样做来确保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通过观察和理解周围的环境，然后适应，控制并且改造该环境，使其适合自己需要的能力。
第二章插入结构
1．A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, what is more important, always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure.
2．Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well. 3．Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away.
4．Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, at certain rare intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.
5．Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
6．However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
7．Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.
8．What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper.
9．While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter, with an ingratiating smile on his false face, came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge apples.
10．But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. 11．You found upon that a general law that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction.
12．It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation. 13．Computer crime, a phrase denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts to invade data banks in order to steal or modify records, or to release over computer networks software called a virus that corrupts data and programs, has grown at an alarming rate since the development of computer communications.
14．Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
1．A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, (what is more important), always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句的是hears。(what is more)是插入语，而插入语并不重要。所以要先理解插入语两端的内容，再理解插入语。因此，对于插入语，我们的处理方法是：―先读两端，再读中间‖。with后面的right…right…and right…是并列结构。
翻译：儿童从早到晚都能听到别人在讲（母语），而且更重要的是，听到的总是一种正确的发音、语调、用词以及语法结构的纯正语言。
2．Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.
结构：只有一个谓语动词：involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under)是插入语。本句的主干为：Work involves responsibility。for后面的内容修饰responsibility，而a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well为并列结构。
翻译：对于大多数美国和中国的55岁或者以下的妇女而言，工作的全部职责包括了负责家务、照顾孩子以及在家务之外还要上班。
3．Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, (unless there was a ship nearby), would be on an island 885 miles away.
结构：共有5个谓语动词，主句谓语动词为could not help。that引导think的宾语从句。could contact属于定于从句，省略了引导词，修饰person。unless引导条件状语从句，为插入语。拆分为：
1) Still, he could not help thinking.
2) That if anything should happen.
3) The nearest person would be on … away.
4) he could contact the person.
5) Unless there was a ship nearby.
翻译：他仍然忍不住想到，如果发生了什么意外，那么除非附近有条船，否则他能用电台联系到的最近的人也885英里之外的岛屿上。
4．Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, (at certain rare intervals), a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.
结构：只有1个谓语动词：has。its…, its…, its…, and a…or a…是并列结构，作为has的宾语。(at certain rare intervals)是插入语。
翻译：然而，这另一种生活也有其情趣、快乐、满足，而且也偶尔伴随着平静的喜悦或者突如其来的激动。
5．Our knowledge of social systems, (therefore), (while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate), is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中is not是主句的谓语动词。while引导的让步状语从句，作为插入语，分隔了主语和系动词。拆分为：
1) Our knowledge of social systems is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
2) While it is in many ways extremely inaccurate.
翻译：因此，虽然在很多方面，我们对社会体制的认识极度不准确，但是这些认识并不能够被新的发现所正式推翻。
6．However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, (no matter how virtuous), can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中is是主句的谓语动词。because引导原因状语从句。(no matter how virtuous)是插入语，分隔了从句的主语和谓语。拆分为：
1) Self-fulfillment is important to morality.
2) Because unfulfilled citizens can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
翻译：然而，自我实现对于道德而言至关重要，因为没有自我实现的公民，无论多么有道德，
都无法履行道德赋予他们的义务。
7．Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, (whether they work in manufacturing or services), will have the advantage and produce the wealth.
结构：共有4组谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为will become和will have and produce。whether引导让步状语从句为插入语。拆分：
1) Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people will have the advantages and produce the wealth.
2) People possess it.
3) Whether they work in manufacturing or services.
翻译：信息和知识将会变得更加重要，而且掌握它们的人们，不论是在制造业还是服务业，都将会拥有优势，创造财富。
8．What I was being blamed for, (it turned out), was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper.
结构：共有5个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为was。What引导主句从句。(it turned out)
为插入语。拆分为：
1) What I was being blamed for was a newspaper strike.
2) The strike made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts.
3) The inserts normally are included with the Sunday paper.
翻译：原来，我因为一场报纸行业罢工而受到责备。罢工造成不得不用人工把那些通常是夹在周日报纸里面的广告插页递送出去。
9．While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter, (with an ingratiating smile on his false face), came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge apples.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为came up。(with an ingratiating smile on his false face)是插入语，分隔了主语和谓语。Ingratiating这个形容词修饰smile，不认识也不妨碍理解。拆分为：
1) The head waiter came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge apples.
2) While we were waiting for the coffee.
翻译：正在我们等咖啡上来的时候，领班面带着奉承的微笑，走到我们跟前，带来了一大篮子的特大苹果。
10．But a great book, (rich in ideas and beauty), (a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions), demands the most active reading of which you are capable.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，其中demands是主句谓语动词。(rich in ideas and beauty)和(a book that…)是插入语。前者做a great book的后置定语，而后者是a great book的同位语，起补充说明的作用。that引导定语从句修饰book，which引导定语从句修饰reading。拆分为：
1) A great book demands the most active reading.
2) A book rises and tries to an swer …questions.
3) You are capable of the reading.
翻译：但是一本富于思想和美感的伟大的书能够提出并试图回答一些伟大的根本问题。这样的书需要你尽最大所能来积极阅读。
11．You found upon that a general law that all hard and green apples are sour; and that,
(so far as it goes), is a perfect induction.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为found和is。分号前后的两句话是并列的主句。upon that等于because of that。第一个that指a general law。第二个that引导a general law的同位语从句。(so far as it goes)是插入语，意思是―迄今为止‖。拆分为：
1) You found upon that a general law.
2) That all hard and green apples are sour.
3) And that is a perfect induction.
翻译：由此你发现了一条普遍规律，即所有又硬又青的苹果都是酸的。而且，迄今为止，这是一条不错的归纳。
12．It is, (everyone agrees), a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
结构：共有6个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为is和challenges。and连接两个并列主句。(everyone agrees)为插入语。第二个that引导the fact的同位语从句。拆分为：
1) It is a huge task.
2) The child performs the task.
3) When he learns to speak.
4) The fact challenges explanation.
5) That he does so in so short period of time.
翻译：每个人都同意，孩子学说话是件艰巨的任务，而且他们能在如此短时间内做到，确实需要好好解释一下。
13．Computer crime, (a phrase denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts to invade data banks in order to steal or modify records, or to release over computer networks software called a virus that destroys data and programs), has grown at an alarming rate since the development of computer communications.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句的为has grown。主干为Computer crime has grown at an alarming rate…。中间的(a phrase…programs)是插入语，虽然很长，但是即使看不懂也不重要，只要明白是在解释computer crime即可。denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts …作为分词修饰a phrase。steal or modify records, or to release …software为并列结构。called a virus修饰software。
翻译：随着计算机通讯的发展，计算机犯罪已经在加速增长。计算机犯罪这个术语是指非法、秘密侵入数据库盗取或修改数据记录，或者在计算机网络上散布病毒软件来破坏数据和程序的行为。
14．Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, (that is to say), of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为must face。主干为：Britain must face the problem。almost more than any other country in the world作为Britain的后置定语。(that is to say)是插入语，意为―也就是说‖。两个of介词短语都在修饰the problem。
翻译：英国几乎比世界上任何国家都更加需要严肃对待向高空建筑房屋的问题，也就是说，要在很高的公寓楼里面容纳下人口总数的一大部分的问题。
第三章分隔结构
1. Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler’s life.
2. We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.
3. Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.
4. The willingness to recognize the va lue of these newer ―unscientific‖ ways of doing science may be another instance of the human ability to adapt and survive, of which we spoke earlier.
5. It is an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes.
6. The tour races of France and Italy, held each year, cover more than 2,000 miles.
7. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.
8. The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
9. I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years, about how excessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate growth.
10. Even his critics say the Ames test – his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer – is a remarkable achievement.
11. The cessation（停止）of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent（即将来临的）is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.
12. Although her characters were portrayed（描绘）in many settings and situations, they all reflected, by the often tragic outcome of their lives, her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness（悲伤，痛苦）of another.
13. I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 Downing Street.
1. Evening had now come, (the last of Adolf Hitler’s life).
结构：只有1个谓语动词：had come，分隔了主语evening和它的同位语(the last of Adolf Hitler’s life)。(the last of Adolf Hitler’s life)由于较长，所以放在了后面。本句的原型是：Evening, (the last of Adolf Hitler’s life), had now come.
翻译：阿道夫.希特勒生命中的最后一个夜晚已经来临了。
2. We live in a time when, (more than ever before in history), people are moving about. 结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是live。(more than ever before in history)分隔了定语从句的引导词when和people are moving about。拆分为：
1) We live in a time.
2) In a time people are moving about (more than ever before in history).
翻译：在我们生活的时代中，人们四处奔波的程度远远超过历史上的任何时期。
3. Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是hope。that引导的是an announcement的同位语从句，原型是an announcement that enemy missiles are approaching comes over the radio。是，由于谓语动词太短，造成头重脚轻，所以同位语从句被放到了后面。拆分为：
1) Several neighbors hope to find … on their street.
2) When an announcement comes over the radio.
3) That enemy missiles are approaching.
翻译：当电台里面宣布敌人的导弹袭来的时候，有几个邻居希望能在街上唯一的避弹所里找到藏身之处。
4. The willingness to recognize the value of these newer ―unscientific‖ ways of doing science may be another instance of the human ability to adapt and survive, of which we spoke earlier.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是may be。主干是The willingness…may be another instance…。of which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the human ability，被to adapt and survive 分隔。
1) The willingness to recognize the value of these newer ―unscientific‖ ways of doing science may be another instance of the human ability to adapt and survive.
2) We spoke of the human ability.
翻译：认识到从事科学工作的一些更新颖的、―非科学‖方法的价值的愿望，也许是我们早先提到过的人类所具有的适应能力和生存能力的另一个例子。
5. It is an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是is。主干为It is an activity…, not something…。you turn to for pleasure是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰activity。修饰something的定语从句that you have to do分隔了something和它的另一个定语like helping with the dishes。拆分为：定语of France and Italy分隔。当一个名词或代词后面同时接有两个以上的定语，或者名词或代词后面的定语被其他成分（例如状语，插入语，同位语等）隔开时，称为―分割定语‖。例如：The man in old age who can see his life in this way will not suffer from the pain of death. in old age分隔了the man的定语从句。
teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.
in a local newspaper) at a school in a suburb of London…。(advertised in a local newspaper)也是a teaching post的定语，但是分隔了saw和a teaching post。之所(advertised in a local newspaper)提到a teaching post之前，是因为主句的原型中，a teaching post的后置定语太长，容易造成理解上的混乱。
所在的学校位于伦敦郊区，而那个地方离我的住处有大约10英里的路程。
8. The second aspect is the application (by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen), of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是is。(by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen)分隔了the application和它的定语of the special methods…。that引导的定语从句修饰the special methods。拆分为：
1) The second aspect is the application…of the special me thods of thought and action.
2) Scientists use the special methods of thought and action in their work.
翻译：第二个方面是社会的全体成员，从政府官员到普通公民，都要使用科学家在他们的工作中所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。
9. I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years, about how excessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate
growth.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，主句的是launched into。I had made for years是省略了that的定语从句，分隔了the speech和about。about后面是两个并列的宾语从句。拆分为：
1) I launched into a variation of the speech about...
2) I had made the speech for years.
3) How excessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce.
4) How cutting taxes can generate growth.
翻译：我做了一次与几年前内容不同的演讲，谈的是关于过高的税率会如何挫伤生产的积极性，以及减税如何能够促进发展。
10. Even his critics say the Ames test – his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer –is a remarkable achievement.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，主句的是say。his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure…是一个很长的同位语，分隔了宾语从句中的the Ames test和is a remarkable achievement。拆分为：
1) Even his critics say.
2) The Ames test is a remarkable achievement.
3) His simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure helps determine.
4) Whether a substance might cause cancer.
翻译：甚至连他的批评者都说爱姆兹试验是一项非凡的成就。这种试验是一种简单而又廉价的实验过程，却有助于确定某一种物质是否能够造成癌症。
11. The cessation（停止）of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent（即将来临的）is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是第三个is。主干是The cessation…is the decision…，但是主语与系动词之间被长长的定语of the employment…所分隔。that引导evidence的同位语从句。拆分为：
1) The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.
2) When there is irrefutable evidence.
3) That biological death is imminent.
翻译：当有确凿的证据证明病人即将进入生物死亡时，停止采用非常规手段来延长其生命的决定，应该由病人和（或）其直系亲属做出。
12. Although her characters were portrayed（描绘）in many settings and situations, they all reflected, (by the often tragic outcome of their lives), her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness（悲伤，痛苦）of another.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，主句的是reflected。(by the often tragic outcome of their lives)分隔了reflected和它的宾语her profound conviction。that引导了her profound conviction的同位语从句。拆分为：
1) Although her characters were portrayed（描绘）in many settings and situations.
2) The all reflected her profound conviction.
3) That no human could be happy.
4) If that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness of another.
翻译：虽然她描绘出的角色出现在各种背景和情节当中，但是由于这些角色经常都是以悲剧而告终，因此他们都能反映出她深深地相信，如果把快乐建立在别人的痛苦之上，那么没有人会真的快乐。
13. I plan to see her soon in England, though not, (she reminded me), again at 10 Downing Street.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是plan。(she reminded me)是分隔结构。Though实际上引导了一个省略的让步状语从句，其原型是though (it will) not (be) again at 10 Downing Street。拆分为：
1) I plan to see her soon in England.
2) Though (it will) not (be) again at 10 Downing Street.
3) She reminded me.
翻译：我打算很快在英国见到她，虽然她提醒我地点将不再是在唐宁街10号了。
第四章倒装句型
1. Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.
2. They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on conventional people.
3. Down came the ―white only‖ notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.
4. Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848.
5. Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers.
6. Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.
7. Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.
8. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.
9. But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
10. Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasn’t careful enough to make sure that he really did understand.
11. Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.
12. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
13. Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are ―good‖ and others are ―bad‖.
14. Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of Lactobacillus, discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin, both at Tufts University School of Medicine.
15. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.
1．
Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：stood。本句是完全倒装结构，按正常语序应该是：A small pistol in his hand, a man stood halfway across the room. 其中，a small pistol in his hand 是一个独立主格结构，修饰主语a man.
翻译
一名男子站在屋子中间，手里拿着一支手枪。
2．
They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on conventional people.
结构
全句有2个谓语动词：do和are。本句的后半部分是一个主谓倒装的单句，按正常语序应该是：They are neither too keen on conventional people. 注意neither 指的是―（两个中的）一个都不‖。
翻译
他们看起来不太喜欢彼此。他们也都不怎么喜欢传统的人（普通人）。
3．
Down came the ―white only‖ notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.
结构
全句有2个谓语动词：came，could be。其中主句的是：came。按照正常语序句子主干应该是：The ―white only‖ notices … came down. Notices后面的介词短语，作为后置定语修饰notices。介词短语后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰notices。为了避免主语部分过于冗长，因而将主谓倒装。
翻译
曾经一度在南部的公车上，旅馆里，火车上，饭店里，在体育赛事中，在公共卫生间里，在公园长椅上到处可见的―白人专用‖的牌子已经取下。
4.
Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：is。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：The outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848, is quite different.介词短语like those of…作为后置定语修饰insurrections，其中为了省略而使用those 代替the insurrections。
翻译
像1830年7月起义和1848年2月起义这样的成功起义的结果是大不相同的。
5.
Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred
and more skyscrapers.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：is。本句是一个完全倒装句。按照正常语序应该是：The architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers, is splendid.
翻译
作为这座城市的中心，曼哈顿的摩天大厦有百余幢之多，其建筑十分壮观。
6.
Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：were。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：His Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances,
were especially popular. 过去分词短语followed by musical performances作为后置定语修饰dinners。
翻译
他的周日晚餐尤其受欢迎，晚餐结束后通常还有音乐演出。
7.
Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：begun。本句是一个以only开头的主谓倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：Women have begun to catch up with men in this area only in recent years. Only在句中起强调作用，所强调的是in recent years.
翻译
仅仅是近几年来，妇女才开始在这个领域赶上男子。
8.
Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.
结构
全句有2个谓语动词：was和would be。整句话由两个简单句构成，其中第一个简单句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：The idea of Saturday afternoon cricket was perhaps worse。
翻译
星期六下午去打板球这主意也许更糟糕；那个时候我的朋友通常都会自在享受悠闲时光。
9.
But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
结构
全句有2个谓语动词：has been和is。其中，as引导的让步状语从句是一个部分倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：Although red has been unpopular in the past。句子可被拆分为：
1．Red has been unpopular in the past.
2．But at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
翻译
尽管过去红色不怎么流行，现在却是一种备受欢迎的染发颜色。
10.
Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasn’t careful enough to make sure that he really did understand.
结构
全句有4个谓语动词：has，does realize，wasn’t和did understand.。其中主句的是：does realize。本句话是以only开头的强调句，其所强调的是when引导的条件状语从句。第一个that引导的是realize的宾语从句。第一个that引导的是make sure的宾语从句。
翻译
只有当他迷了路，他才明白到当时自己不够谨慎，没有确定自己是否真的懂了。
11.
Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：can correct。本句话是以only开头的强调句，其所强调的是方式状语by becoming wealthier。按照正常语序应该是：Countries can correct these conditions only by becoming wealthier。
翻译
一个国家只有通过变得富强才能纠正这些问题。
12
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
结构全句有3个谓语动词：were，should have和should hesitate。其中主句的是：should hesitate。本句是一个条件式虚拟倒装句。前半部分是一个if引导的条件状语从句，按照正常语序为：If it were left to me to decide…。whether 引导的是decide的宾语从句。
翻译如果由我来决定是有政府无报纸还是有报纸无政府，我会毫不犹豫选择后
者。
13
Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are ―good‖ and others are ―bad‖.
结构
全句有3个谓语动词：comes，are和are。其中主句的是：comes，两个are是that引导的主语feeling的同位语从句中的两个并列谓语。为了避免造成头重脚轻的感觉，主句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序句子主干应该为：A social feeling of agreement … comes out of our emotional experience with objects and events.
翻译
从我们对于客观物体和事件的情感经验中产生了一种共同的社会情绪：某些东西和行为是―好的‖而其他的是―坏的‖。
14
Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of Lactobacillus, discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin, both at Tufts University School of Medicine.
结构全句只有1个谓语动词：is。整个句子是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序句子主干应该是：The GG strain of Lactobacillus … is among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics。过去分词短语discovered by…作为后置定语修饰the GG strain of Lactobacillus，后面的短语both at…则是两个人名的定语。
翻译
由塔夫茨大学医学院舍伍德·哥尔巴赫教授和生化学家巴利·格尔丁发现的鼠李糖乳杆菌是最有前途并且研究得最充分的益生菌之一。
15
Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.
结构
全句有4个谓语动词：expands，fall和does fall。其中主句的是：does fall。这是一个由only开头的条件式强调句，主句采用倒装句式。按照正常语序句子主干应该为：the unemployment rate does fall。在when引导的条件状语从句中which引导的是第三个rate的定语从句。
翻译
只有当总产量增长率大于劳动力增长速率加上生产力增长率并减去平均年劳动时间下降的速率时，失业率才会下降。
第五章分词
1. A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire.
2. Bolenciecwcz was staring at the floor, trying to think, his huge hands rubbing together, his face red.
3. Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.
4. He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.
5. Freed from TV, forced to find their activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset.
6. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses.
7. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty he was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, France, and English.
8. The materials used – copper, stainless steel, concrete and glass- give the building a
striking beauty.
9. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.
10. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say.
11. Registering for classes, becoming familiar with the buildings on campus, buying books, adding and dropping classes, and paying fees are confusing for everyone.
12. Spending all their time working to a rigid curriculum, the passing of examinations by their pupils gradually became the whole object of their working life.
13. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
14. They also bring together in one display a group of object drawn from various parts of the museum in an effort to represent the whole life-style of a region or a historical period.
15. The problem is how museums can continue to serve as storehouses for treasures while encouraging public to enjoy visiting them.
1．
A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：can get。句子主干是：A homeowner can get hurt。trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire是一个现在分词结构，在句中作条件状语，修饰谓语动词. Try to do something是一个固定用法，表示―试图，试着做某事‖ 。
翻译
如果业主在电气火灾中使用了错误的灭火器，可能会受伤。
2．
Bolenciecwcz was staring at the floor, trying to think, his huge hands
rubbing together, his face red.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：was staring。trying to think是一个现在分词短语作伴随方式状语，表示主语Bolenciecwcz在staring的同时还在trying to think。同时，后面的两个独立主格结构his huge hands rubbing together和his face red也是伴随方式状语。
翻译
伯伦西维茨盯着地面，试图思考，他搓着大大的双手，脸色通红。
3．
Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.
结构
全句有2个谓语动词：is和is built。整个句子由两个完整的单句组成。句首的现
在分词短语Facing the Atlantic在句子中作方式状语。
翻译
它面临大西洋，坐落于美国的东北海岸线，其城市的大部分建设在岛屿上。
4.
He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：sat。句子主干是：He sat in front of them。dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit是过去分词短语作伴随状语，而never moving是现在分词短语作伴随状语，表示主语在sat时的伴随状态。同样，独立主格结构his dusty face
masking his age也是伴随状语。
翻译
他坐在他们前面，穿这一身朴素的不合身的衣服，纹丝不动，满面的风尘遮住了他的实际年龄。
5.
Freed from TV, forced to find their activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：might take。句子主干为：they might take a ride。Freed from TV和forced to find their activities是两个过去分词短语，在句中作条件状语。翻译
如果不看电视又不得不另找些活动，他们可能会一起骑车去观日落。
6
Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：are employed。句子主干为：Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed。其中，maintaining，renewing the old roofs 和thatching newer houses是三个并列的现在分词短语作伴随状语。As well as 表示并列。
翻译
目前有800名全职茅屋匠人在英格兰和威尔士工作，进行维修，翻新旧屋顶并且还盖新的茅屋顶。
7
He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty he was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, France, and English.
结构
全句有4个谓语动词：had been，had studied，was
和was。全句由三个并列的简单句组成。he was twenty是一个由by the time引导的时间状语从句。其中句末的现在分词短语speaking Swedish, Russian, GermFrance, and English 作伴随状语，对excellent linguist进行解释说明。
翻译
他从来没有上过中学或大学，但是他都是自学的。到20岁时，他已经是一个很熟练的化学家，一个优秀的语言学家，会说瑞典语，俄语，德语，法语和英语。
8.
The materials used – copper, stainless steel, concrete and glass- give the building a striking beauty.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：give。句子主干是：The materials give the building a striking beauty。其中，过去分词used作为后置定语修饰materials。现在分词striking作定语修饰beauty。破折号之间的并列的名词结构是materials的同位语，起补充说明作用。
翻译
使用的这些建材——铜，不锈钢，水泥和玻璃等——给这个建筑物增添了一种夺目的魅力。
9.
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.
结构
全句有2个谓语动词：was和chose。句子主干为：eighty was a special birthday。Another decade是birthday的同位语，后面的lived or endured是过去分词作后置定语修饰decade。最后是as引导的状语从句。
翻译
毕竟，八十大寿是一个特殊的生日，是又生活了十年还是忍受了十年全凭你选择怎么去看待了。
10.
But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say.
结构全句有2个谓语动词：would distinguish和deserve。句子主干是：they would distinguish the organizations…from the organizations that…。其中，entitled to a continuing voice是过去分词短语作为后置定语修饰第一个organizations。其后是一个复杂的介词短语，其主干是in the dialogue with…about…。that引导的定语从句修饰第二个organizations。并且，还应注意到整句话的主要结构：distinguish…from…。
翻译但是，至少他们会分辨出哪些组织有资格与研究机构继续进行对话，就科研活动中的动物的权力发表意见，而哪些组织不应进行这种对话。
11.
Registering for classes, becoming familiar with the buildings on campus, buying books, adding and dropping classes, and paying fees are confusing for everyone.
结构
全句只有1个谓语动词：are。值得注意的是这一句话的主语是5个并列的动名词短语：Registering, becoming familiar, buying books, adding and dropping classes, and paying fees。并且，在系动词are后的confusing是一个现在分词形
口部操 1、唇的练习 （1）喷：也称作双唇后打响，双唇紧闭，将唇的力量集中于后中纵线三分之一的部位，唇齿相依，不裹唇，阻住气流，然后突然连续喷气出声，发出P、P、P的音。 （2）咧：将双唇闭紧尽力向前噘起，然后将嘴角用力向两边伸展。（咧嘴），反复进行。 （3）撇：双唇后闭紧向前噘起，然后向左歪、向右歪、向上抬、向下压。 （4）绕：双唇闭紧向前噘听起，然后向左或向右作60度的转圈运动。 2、舌的练习 （1）刮舌：舌尖抵下齿背，舌体贴住齿背，随着张嘴，用上门齿齿沿刮舌叶、舌面，使舌面能逐渐上挺隆起，然后，将舌面后移向上贴住硬腭前部，感觉舌面向头顶上部“百会”穴的位置立起来。这一练习对于打开后声腔和纠正．“尖音”、增加舌面隆起的力量很有效。口腔开度不好的人、舌面音J、Q、X发音有问题的人可以多练习。 （2）顶舌：闭唇．用舌尖顶住左内颊、用力顶，似逗小孩儿嘴里有糖状，然后，用舌尖顶住右内岬颊做同样练习。如上左右交替、反复练习。 （3）伸舌：将舌伸出唇外，舌体集中、舌尖向前、向左右、向上下尽力伸展。这一练习主要练习使舌体集中、舌尖能集中用力。” （4）绕舌：闭唇，把舌尖伸到齿前唇后，向顺时针方向环绕360度，然后向逆时针方向环绕360度，交替进行。 （5）立舌：将舌尖向后贴住左侧槽牙齿背，；然后将舌沿齿背推至门齿中缝。使舌尖向右侧力翻。然后做相反方向的练习。这一练习对于改进边音L的发音有益。 （6）舌打响 （7）捣舌 口腔的静、动态控制 一、静态控制：打开口腔、提颧肌、开牙关、挺软腭、松下巴、欲达声挂前腭： 1、调整呼吸，声波成束 2、声波畅通，音饱色纯 3、声射腭前，声音鲜明 二、动态控制：字头（吐字）、字腹（立字）、字尾（归音） 字头：咬住，弹出，部位准确，气息饱满，结实有力，停暂敏捷，干净利落 字腹：拉开，立起，气息均匀，音长适当，圆润丰满，窄韵宽发，宽韵窄发，前音后发，后音前发，圆音扁发，扁音圆发 字尾：尾音较短，完整自如，避免生硬，归音到位，送气到家，干净利落，趋向鲜明
语文基础知识（一） 一．组词 纱（）蓝（）愿（）公（）坐（）员（）低（）作（）有（）甜（）沙（）篮（）原（）工（）座（）圆（）纸（）做（）友（）田（）示（）第（）改（）因（）抱（）话（）纷（）粗（）晒（）买（）是（）弟（）政（）困（）泡（）活（）粉（）组（）洒（）卖（）二．填词语 （白白的）云（）山（）塔（）月亮（）耳朵（）眼睛一盘（）一个（）一辆（） 一只（）一件（）一双（） 一只（）一条（）一块（） 一把（）一头（）一列（）三．照样子写词语 仔细----仔仔细细 高兴---- 认真---- 蹦跳---- 许多----
明白---- 安静---- 高兴---- 模糊---- 清楚---- 热闹---- 四．用偏旁组字.再组成词语 衤（）亻（）彳（） 疒（）且（）圭（） 西（）兆（）礻（） 穴（）钅（）宀（）五．填数量词 一（个）人一（）老爷爷一（）马 一（）鸟一（）鱼一（）树 一（）桥一（）小花一（）树叶一（）伞一（）计算机一（）孩子一（）雪花一（）北风一（）竹林六．给多音字注音、并组词 都地兴 （） -------（） -------（）------- （） -------（） -------（）------- 为得倒 （） -------（） -------（）------- （） -------（） -------（）-------
没切哪 （） -------（） -------（）------- （） -------（） -------（）------- 背似拉 （） -------（） -------（）------- （） -------（） -------（）------- 露重觉 （） -------（） -------（）------- （） -------（） -------（）------- 更乐干 （） -------（） -------（）------- （） -------（） -------（）-------
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5116492340.html, 阅读是写作的基本功 作者：亚比煞 来源：《家教世界·V家长》2019年第08期 最近一阵子，各式各样的写作班忽然遍地开花。我身边好多朋友，不拘以前是干什么 的，忽然都开始热衷于写作;我还经常收到邮件，问我是怎么学写作的。 自媒体如日中天，会写作的优势，这时候就表现出来了。写得好的人，就有显而易见的 红利，最低的红利，是能收获他人的理解和关注，获得孤独的纾解;更高的红利，甚至能成名、赚钱、接广告、成为IP，走上人生巅峰。 于是，大家一股脑地都想学写作了。但写作这事，真的和别的事不太一样，虽然也有一 些技巧，但真不是仅仅通过了解一些技巧，或通过简单的重复劳动就能写好的。 因为大家都没有时间，都追求速成，追求抄近路，所以就把目光锁在了写作技巧上。但 大家忽略了一件更重要的事，就是阅读。在我看来，阅读的才华远比写作的才华重要，而写作的才华也一定是和阅读的才华相生相伴的。 道理很简单，阅读是水池，而写作是水桶。要想有充沛的思想放进自己的作品中，强大 的阅读才华是必不可少的。所谓阅读的才华，其实也就是理解的能力。理解能力这玩意儿，一以贯之，一通百通，无论是读还是写，是分析文本还是分析世界，处处给力，处处好用。 举一个我自己的例子。我大概从十岁开始阅读《圣经》，但是很长一段时间里，我其实 蛮讨厌《圣经》的，也根本不会主动去读。当然，我是不敢说的，如果我这么说，只会显得自己很无知，因为《圣经》太有名了嘛。所以，我也就随大流地说，写得好。但是好在哪儿呢？我根本不知道。 比如，《但以理书》第三章中，尼布甲尼撒王铸造了一座金像，要行开光之礼，《圣 经》是这么描写的： “那时传令的大声呼叫说：‘各方、各国、各族的人哪，有令传与你们：你们一听见角、笛、琵琶、琴、瑟、笙，和各样乐器的声音，就当俯伏敬拜尼布甲尼撒王所立的金像。凡不俯伏敬拜的，必立时扔在烈火的窑中，因此各方、各国、各族的人民，一听见角、笛、琵琶、琴、瑟、笙，和各样乐器的声音，就都俯伏敬拜尼布甲尼撒王所立的金像。” 曾经，我看到这一段，心理活动就是，这也太啰唆了。要是让我来写，首先“各方、各国、各族”有必要出现这么多次吗？直接划掉，改成“他们”不就完了吗？“角、笛、琵琶、琴、瑟、笙，和各样乐器的声音”也是够啰唆的，有什么必要非得这样重复呢？ 但是有一天，当我再看到这段文字的时候，忽然就明白了它为什么这么写。
2012小学6年级英语阅读基本功—长难句 过关(2) Exercise 练习之前先征求大家一点意见，有同学反映说三句太多了？大家觉得是不是要减少到每天两句？或者对节目还 有其他的意见也可以和我说哦：）下面开始今天的练习吧。 In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing. At whatever table , they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：这两句为对偶句，结构工整。 In whatever company 意为”无论和什么人交往”不要误以为”不论在 什么公司”. persons and conversations的定语后置。同
样道理meat and drink，dishes 也都带有后置定语。参考译文：无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然。同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分。 要点：they are too old for是定语从句修饰 jobs.Rather than 前后为相同的语法成分即stay 和 face. 参考译文：许多工人宁愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作，而不愿意去面对（再找工作时）可能会遇到的拒绝 要点：remember 后面有两个并列的宾语从句，一个是that we did not see……，另一个是that we failed to……。由于介词短语with far greater pain 的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句，而使全句的结构变得较为复杂。参考译文：可是，我们更痛苦的回忆是，我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽，没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。
小学语文基础训练方法汇编 第一、错题本 准备错题本，把记不清楚或者常考、易考以及老师所强调的重点字词句记录下来。 几乎所有的学霸都有很多个错题本，错题本不仅仅是提醒自己不再犯错误的工具，也是帮助缩减复习时间、提高学习效率的好帮手。试想，当别的同学在一本书一本书翻看考点的时候，自己则只需要拿出平时的错题本翻看，是不是能大量节约时间而且能提高效率呢错题本记录的时候要有重点，最好用不同颜色的笔区别开来，当然，也不要做得花里胡哨的，那样更找不到重点在哪里。 第二，积累本 注意积累，最好准备积累本，记录自己在平时的阅读中所发现的自己认为比较不错的素材，培养积累的好习惯，这对于写作有极大的帮助，在小学阶段，积累本的用处也许不是那么明显，但是到了初中高中的时候，积累本所发挥的作用一定会让孩子感谢积累本，因为设置积累本不仅仅能够帮助孩子扩大课外知识量，更重要的是，能够帮助孩子培养一种良好的学习习惯! 第三，背 最好用也是最普遍的方法，背。 一定要当堂记下基础知识，关于背的重要性，想必不需要小编再
啰嗦了，但是有一点，背是有技巧的，大多数知识不需要死记硬背，背之前，一定要搞明白自己在背什么，也就是搞清楚自己所背的内容的理解，这一点尤其在古诗上特别奏效。 古诗的背诵一直是义务教育期间必考察的内容，由于古人的写作习惯和现代人的不一样，而小学生对于古诗的理解没有高年级同学好，所以小学生背古诗很多在死记硬背，例如《送元二使安西》，不少小学生背诵的时候，将题目读成送元/二使/安西,但是正确的读法应该是送/元二/使/安西,从句子的划分上，便可以知道其实孩子们并不是很理解古诗的意思，所以帮助他们明白自己在背什么很重要。 第四，广泛阅读，培养语感 常常会在考场上碰到一些题，尤其是修改病句的题目，模棱两可的时候，总有同学读一遍就能选出正确答案，而有的同学反复读好几遍也不能选出正确答案，不是运气的问题，而是语感在作怪。培养语感的方法之一，就是大量阅读，看别人的正确的看多了，自然就对病句什么的更有敏感度。此外，语感更作用于作文上，关于写作我们后来再谈。 第五，相信老师的力量 上课的时候认真听讲，老师所说的重点必须掌握，因为毕竟老师是最有经验的，他们更明白考试中的考点，所以上课的时候把老师强调的记下来。小学期间不会偏离课内基础知识太远，大多数出自于课内知识，所以掌握下课内知识及老师强调的内容，基础知识不成问题。 小学语文基础教学方法：
2010考研必备英语资料汇总贴：辅导书籍+辅导班视频+讲义 1986-2009年历年英语真题及解析音频下载汇总： 2010考研英语万能作文MP31992-2009年下载 1986-2009年历年考研英语真题音频阅读+完型+英译汉+写作下载2010夏倚荣考研英语历年真题解析(1992-2009)音频下载 2006-2009经济学家双语阅读汇总下载 2009年经济学人杂志双语阅读汇总打包下载(word+pdf)更新至8月份经济学人双语阅读精选9月份汇总打包下载 2006-2009年经济学家双语阅读汇总下载 一：辅导书籍： 词汇： 2010宫东风教授考研英语词汇复习指南完整电子版下载 2010年新东方刘一男考研词汇更新22-26 2010考研英语曾鸣张剑霍岩核心词汇说文解词完整版下载（409页）2010考研英语高频词汇课堂讲解MP3下载 2010年迦思佑考研6000词逻辑辨证记忆完整电子版下载 2010年考研英语词汇用法详解“新双博士”考点、记忆法、用法 2010考研英语高频词汇课堂讲解MP3需要的请进 新东方名师《2010考研英语分频词汇速记多媒体课堂》电子版下载2010考研英语大纲词汇考点、用法及解析mp3大家网独家下载2010年星火考研英语词汇词根+联想+图解记忆法 2010考研必看--强烈推荐）100句话涵盖所有考研词汇总汇 新东方大愚英语丛书考研英语核心词汇50天突破mp3下载 新东方考研英语培训教材2010年考研英语词组必备大家网独家下载2010年考研英语词汇星火式巧记速记mp3大家网下载 2010年考研英语词汇星火式巧记速记电子版下载 2010年考研英语词汇速记宝典三部分全 2010年星火考研考研英语词汇核心突破配套音频 2010星火考研研英语词汇核心突破电子书下下载 2010星火考研研英语词汇核心突破电子书上下载 阅读： 2010考研英语洞穿考研盘内容(王若平)下载 徐老师送给2010考研同学的礼物：新概念第三册课文精读详解50篇徐绽考研英语阅读理解精读100篇（经济类）
一、语病专项练习 1 （）A、只有密切接触社会，联系群众，才能对国家安危和人民忧乐提出具有真知灼见的意见。 B、“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”这句话，写诗的适用，为文的也适用。 C、对科学问题上的是非之争，不应采取压服的方式，尤其不能搞文字狱一类的东西，历史上凡是这样做了的，没有一次有好结果。 D、驾车经过此地时，他发现一边放着一个写满红字的牌子，看上去字迹不很清楚。 2 （）A、《医师法》明确规定，在世界上许多国家和地区注册医师必须要加入当地的医师协会。 B、用社会科学的理论和方法研究互联网，是社会科学工作者面临的新课题。 C、牌匾格调低俗怪诞，固然不雅；崇洋媚外，带有殖民文化色彩，也为国人所不耻。 D、我国今年国债发行规模一千九百五十二多亿元。 3 （）A、交通研究所研制的能净化低标号柴油废气的过滤器，为环保作出了贡献。B、为贯彻实施《教师法》，万寿县于三八节前夕已报销了所有拖欠教师的医疗费。C、木材加工厂的厂长汇报了他们如何引进先进技术，积极改进本厂设备，发动职工努力学习新设备的使用方法，从而推出了一系列新产品。 D、商店公然出售盗版软件，对这种践踏出版法的行为，我们必须严厉打击。 4 （）A、中国人民自从接受了马克思主义之后，中国的革命就在毛泽东同志的领导下从胜利走向胜利。 B、我们要改革和完善符合科学技术发展客观规律的与社会主义市场经济相适应的科技新体制。 C、今年9月份，“西湖达利”有两位不到30岁的年轻人推到了针织分公司和制衣分公司常务副总的重要位置上，这意味着“西湖达利”开始在人力资源的培养上贯彻它的快半拍意识。 D、一百年前，一位虽还听得见雷声但已听不见大型交响乐队演奏自己的乐曲的五十七岁的倔强的单身老人，最后一次举拳向着咆哮的天空，然后逝去了。 5 （）A、张口“人权”闭口“人权”的那些议员老爷们，请问美国的白人警察对黑人实施的“人权”究竟是什么货色？ B、奥地利的登山俱乐部遍及全国。拥有25万会员，根据会员每年的经济收入况，缴纳一定的会费。 C、目前中国经济面临的问题，最根本的仍是需求不足。从这样的宏观经济现状出发，仍需要继续实行积极的财政政策，以促进经济结构调整，加快基础设施建设，包括推动西部开发。 D、十年间，图书年出版品种增加了一倍多，而总印数基本持平，说明图书的平均数下降了一倍多。 6 （）A、近三年，这个县的粮食总产量，以平均每年递增百分之二十的速度，大踏步地向前发展。 B、河水的来源除了地下水等之外，还有雨水也是它的来源之一。 C、怀素的奔放，八大山人的风骨是汉民族的骄傲，然而梵高的激情、马蒂斯的韵律也早为中国人民所倾倒。 D、全国普通高校招生生源计划编制工作会议近日在山西太原举行。根据计划，今年中央部门所属普通高校面向西部及少数民族地区的生源计划将有所增长，全国各省、自治区、直辖市的高考录取率都将超过30%。 7 （）A、这是一个英雄的母亲，是一个有着坦荡胸怀的母亲。 B、文章分析了无产阶级和资产阶级在各个历史时期进行斗争时所采取的战略特点。 C、香烟走私十分猖獗，我国海关已把打击走私香烟列为重点。 D、作者本人时代的和阶级的局限，不能不在他的作品中有所反映，这是我们评价古代文学作品必须注意的问题。 8 （）A、上网的诱惑令现代人无法拒绝，但昂贵的网上消费又使网迷们心痛不已。 B、日前从有关部门证实，2000年9月入学的我国高中新生，将不再使用沿用20年的现行高中语文教材。各地中学可根据自己的情况，自行决定在人民教育出版社编写的《高中语文试验
刘辛庄小学2014-2015学年度教师教学基本功训练方案 一、指导思想 依据教育局相关文件的精神，围绕学校总体工作思路，立足教师教学岗位，增强全员的教学基本功训练意识，扎扎实实地开展训练活动，从而强化教师的教学能力，激发教师潜能，提高教师整体素质，进一步实施有效教学，科学提高教学质量。 二、训练目标 1．通过一般教学基本功训练，使100%的教师熟练掌握包括三笔字、普通话、计算机使用等在内的教学基本功。 2．通过学科教学基本功训练，使90%的教师精通学科知识，熟悉课程标准规定的学科教学目标、任务和要求，把握教材特点，弄清知识点，灵活组织教材，适当选择教法，提高教学水平。 三、训练原则 1．集体培训与自我研修相结合的原则。学校组织集中讲座学习要领，通过学年组互助与个人自修进行练习。 2．专项训练与教学实践相结合的原则。三笔字、阅读、教具制作与集体备课、教学设计、课堂教学等教学活动结合起来，将各项基本功综合运用在教学实践中。 3．训练效果与绩效考核相结合的原则。通过阶段性培训、训练，学校定期组织考核、总结，将考核结果与教师的评优晋级挂钩。 四、训练内容及形式 采取“培训——练习——运用——竞赛——考核”五环节模式开展活动，通过训练，使教师掌握学科教学所必需的专业基础知识和完成教学活动所必需的基本技能，提高教学水准。 1.校长听课、评课活动 校长集体走进课堂听课、评课，每周确定周听课重点，并做好记录，课后及时反馈情况。反馈分为个别交流、集体研讨、评课单资料反馈等方式。并定期开展课堂教学综合点评活动，肯定成绩，指出不足，提出改进方法。 形式：现场听课、评课，与教师交流 2.骨干教师课堂风采展示活动 强化骨干教师的教学中心意识，充分发挥骨干教师的教学示范作用，促进全校有效课堂教学再上新台阶。 形式：现场作课，围绕课例做专题报告，全校教师观课、议课 3.青年教师大练教学基本功活动 学校每周围绕一项基本功开展专题培训。培训采取讲座、课例示范、资料学习相结的方式进行。 一般教学基本功：粉笔字、钢笔字、阅读、教具的使用与制作、现代信息技术的运用。 形式：自我训练、同伴互助、专项竞赛 学科教学基本功：书写技能、语言技能、观察技能、媒体运用技能、导入技能、讲解技能、提问技能、组织技能、强化技能、学习指导技能。 形式：微格教学，视频回放反思 五、阶段安排
抓好基本功训练提高语文能力 内容摘要： 小学语文教学的重要内容是字、词、句、段、篇，培养学生的听、说、读、思、写的能力是语文教学的重点。那么，做好课前的预习，是有利于堂上的语言训练，语言训练教学过程中着力抓住重点句，关键词。引导学生积累丰富多彩的语言文字。从而做到重点突出。精讲、精读、多练，提高学生正确地理解和运用语言文字的能力。 关键词：自主精讲精练 小学语文是义务教育中的一门主要学科，小学语文教学是基础教育的重要内容，字词句段篇，听说读思写都是最基本的能力，是形成其他能力的基础，是促进学生素质全面提高的基础条件。素质教育的整体目标在于提高学生的全面素质，而语文教学的目标更是提高学生的语文素质和思想素质。小学语文教学的目的，是指导学生正确地理解和运用祖国的语言文字，使学生具有初步的听说读写能力，受到思想品德教育，养成良好的学习习惯。 小学生语文素质的培养是全面素质提高的必要的和首要的条件，因此，在实施素质教育中，语文教学仍应作为排头兵。必须把能力培养作为素质教育的重点，努力提高学生各种语文能力。因此，语文教学应该指导学生正确理解和运用语言文字，以语感训练为基础，以思想训练为核心，发展学生的语言，培养学生的听说读写能力，并在语言文字训练过程中加强思想教育，达到文道统一。 下面谈谈我的粗浅做法： 一、充分做好课前预习 这是加强语文基本功训练的前提，上课前预习充分，有利于课堂上进行语言训练，活跃学习气氛，同时，有利于学生的自学能力和自学习惯。教师要提出恰如其分的预习要求，有目的地设计好预习内容。预习内容一般包括一下几方面；(1)借助字典学习生字新词，联系上下文理解一些词语的意思；(2)能读课文，初步了解课文主要内容； (3)仔细审题，理解题意；(4)设计若干思考题，让学生做预习作业，教师及时检查学生的预习情况。 二、把语言文字训练放在优先位置 语文教学的内容千头万绪，语言则应是语文教学的第一要素，因此，必须克服只注重课文内容，而轻视语言文字的偏向。在教学中要耍大刀阔斧地浓缩课文内容的教学时间，不应对课文内容作过多的分析。讲解课文内容应放在具体语言环境中进行，架空分析课文内容，会造成语言和内容脱节。语文课不能上成讲故事课，也不能上成思想品德课，要切切实实地把语文课上成语文基本功训练课。 教学过程中，必须着眼于语言训练，思维训练和思想教育都应当有机融进语言训练之中，要坚持从语言到内容，再到语言的原则。引导学生以语言入手，去理解课文内容，通过语言文字来揭示思想内容，在听说读写训练中进行思想品德教育。在教学过程中，要着力抓住重点句、关键词，引导学生理解、品析这些词句，既能使学生学到丰富多彩的语言文字，又能使学生在思想上感受到感染，获得效益。如五年级上册《落花生》这篇课文，从语言入手，着力抓住着重句子“所以你们要像花生，它虽然不好看，可是很有用。”“人要做有用的人，不要做只讲体面，而对别人没有好处的人。”结合实际，联系上下文，从身边的事物领悟做人的道理。从而使学生既学到语言文字，又受到深刻的教育。 三、突出重点、精讲精读多练
抓住阅读的基本训练 顾德希 基本训练，也就是基本功的训练。培养任何一种能力都要重视基本功训练。打球游泳，跑跳投掷，弹琴唱歌，写字下棋，莫不如此，阅读能力的培养自然不应例外。 所谓基本功，指的是形成某种技能所不可缺少的基本操作。随着技能水平的提高，这种基本操作内容和要求也会不同。那么高中阶段培养阅读能力的基本功该是怎样的内容和要求呢？它和初中、小学阶段有哪些不同呢？这显然是应该弄清楚的。这个问题不清楚，阅读训练的盲目性就不可避免。人们很不以为然的“题海战术”之所以屡禁不止，与此也有很大关系。不“练”就不能强化能力，练什么又没有十分明确的要求，除了“题海”也确乎没有更好的办法了。 如果对高中学生应当具备什么样的阅读基本功比较明确，情形就会不一样。我们就有可能据此制定比较全面的训练要求，采用多种方式，有针对性地制定教学目标，使学生的阅读能力有计划、有步
骤地得到强化。这样不仅“题海”会得到一定程度的解决，而且课文讲读的效果也会得到进一步改进。 所以，高中学生阅读基本训练的内容要求必须研究清楚。 根据不同的目的，人们可以进行各式各样的阅读。有为一般了解而进行的浏览，有为研究某个专题而进行的检索查阅，有为评价鉴赏而进行的比较，有为“六经注我”而进行的阐释，也有化腐朽为神奇的发挥，等等。而为了培养高中学生阅读能力所应着力去抓的，我以为主要是“理解”。以理解──从疏通词句到确切弄清作品内容并了解主要写作特点──为主要目的的阅读，称之为理解性阅读或“精读”，这是高中学生所必须熟练掌握的阅读基本功。只有这个基本功过得硬，浏览也好、鉴赏也好、发明创造也好，水平才可能真正提高。所以阅读基本训练，也就是精读训练。它应构成高中阅读训练的基本内容，贯穿始终。 这是一种综合性很强的能力训练，它的构成困素十分复杂。培养这种能力和向学生传授系统的知识，是彼此相关但又差异很大的两种工作。知识的传授，对于大多数学生来说是以“不知”为起点的，阅读理解能力的培养却要复杂得多。由于学生的背
由于最近要开始准备14年考研复习用书，想第一时间拿到最新的书，制定计划，所以去网上找了一下，参考往年误差不会太大，如有错误欢迎指正，共同进步。 英语： 历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路（张剑黄宝书）(3月至4月底)红宝书?考研英语词汇(2月) 张剑《新编考研英语阅读理解150篇》（上5月，下9月） 新编考研英语阅读理解150篇(2月) 考试虫《阅读基本功难句过关》（6月） 新航道《真题长难句突破》（2月） 数学： 李永乐?数学复习全书(2月1日) 李永乐?王式安考研数学系列:数学基础过关660题(2-3月) 李永乐?王式安考研数学系列:线性代数辅导讲义(3月) 李永乐《历年试题解析》（2-3月） 李永乐《基础过关660题》（2-3月） 王式安，蔡燧林，胡金德《考研数学标准全书》（4月） 李永乐《全真模拟400题》（8月）
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高三语文基本功训练（一） 巩固与积累 一、名言警句填空： 1．，恶乎成名？ 2．，于我如浮云。 3．鱼，我所欲也，；，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。4．非独贤者有是心也，人皆有之，。 5．其为气也，，，则塞于天地之间。6．故木受绳则直，，君子博学而日参省乎已，。7．，不能十步；，功在不舍。 8．，教然后知困。知不足然后能自反，。9．井蛙不可以语于海者，；夏虫不可以语于冰 者，；曲士不可以语于道者，。 10．君子之交淡若水，。 二、语文常识练习： 1．请写出你所知道的上古神话名篇女娲补 天；；；。 2。“五经” 指。 “四书”指。 先秦历史散文有。 3．关于诸子百家填空： ①老子，名李耳，字聃，道家学派创始人，著有。
②孔子名，字。儒家学派创始人，《论语》是孔子弟子记载孔子和他的学生言行的书。 ③墨子名，墨家学派创始人，著有《墨子》53篇。 ④孟子名轲，字。儒家学派继承者。《孟子》是孟子学生记录孟子言行的书。我们学过的篇目有、。 ⑤庄子，名周，战国道家。著《庄子》。《庖丁解牛》中的成语 有。 ⑥荀子，战国儒家，著《荀子》32篇。 ⑦韩非子，法家。著《韩非子》，其中有、《五蠹》、《智子疑邻》等。⑧《吕氏春秋》又称《吕览》，是家秦相吕不韦和他的门客的集体创作。我们读过《察今》。 4．先秦诗歌 A．是我国第一部诗歌总集,共305篇分风、雅、颂三类。风是，雅是乐歌，颂是祭歌。诗经的表现手法是比、兴、赋。比即比喻，以彼物比此的。兴，先言他物以引起所咏之词。赋，直陈其事。 B．西汉学者把屈原宋玉等人的作品编辑成《楚辞》。屈原， 名，我国伟大爱国主义诗人.曾在楚国任左徒三闾大夫等职。代表作 有、《九歌》、《九章》等。 理解与运用 课内文言语段一 鱼，我所欲也，熊掌，亦我所欲也；二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，亦我所欲也，义，亦我所欲也；二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。生亦我所欲，所欲有甚于生者，故不为苟得也；死亦我所恶，所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不辟
小学生低段写作基本功训练方法，简单实用 1 把句子写完整 怎样的句子才算是完整的呢？读读下面的句子： 1.我们劳动。(谁，干什么) 2.小蚂蚁运送食物。(什么，干什么) 3.哥哥是一名少先队员。(谁，是什么) 不难看出：在一般情况下，句子是由两部分组成的，前半部分交代“谁” 或“什么”，后半部分交代“做什么”“怎么样”或者“是什么”。 前后两部分说全了，句子才算是一句完整的话。 需要强调说明的是：知道什么是完整句，怎样的句子才算完整，这只是一 个知识性的问题;落实在行动上，即平日在说每一句话，在写每一句话时， 都要认真思考，反复斟酌，提高“完 整”意识，不写残缺不全的句子，这才是最重要的。 2 把句子写具体 句子要完整，这是首要的。但在许多时候，句子只做到“完整”是不能准 确表达意思的，还要做到“具体”。怎样的句子才算是具体的呢?读读下面这几组句子，体会一下： 第一组： 1、爸爸做工。 2.爸爸在工厂里做工。
分析：第二句写清了爸爸在哪儿做工。 第二组： 1.小蜜蜂飞来。 2.夏日，一只金色的小蜜蜂从远处嗡嗡地飞来。 分析：第二句写清什么时候，有多少，什么样，从哪儿，怎么样。 由上面这两组句子可以看出：在句子主要成分的前面或后面，写清什么时 候(时间)、有多少(数量)、在什么地方或从哪儿(地点)、什么样(形状或颜色)、怎么样(态势)、达到什么程度(情境)等，就写清了事物外形特点、活动特点， 就把自己要准确表达的意思写出来了，这就叫做把句子写具体。这样的句 子就算是完整、具体的句子。 学习把句子写具体，这是一项极为重要的技能，需要同学们抓住人物或事 物的特点，准确运用词语，进行持久练习。 3 把句子写通顺 句子通顺，就是句意明白，读得顺口。具体来说，句子通顺包括以下几个 方面： 1、用词要准确，经得起推敲。 例如：我们把门口的泥土消除掉了。句中，“泥土”不能“消除”，只能 “清除”掉。 2、句中词语排列的顺序要合理。 例如：正在花上，有几只漂亮的蝴蝶翩翩起舞。这句话改成“有几只漂亮 的蝴蝶，正在花上翩翩起舞”,句子就通顺了。
英语阅读基本功—长难句过关(二六) 第五章分词和从句 分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语 中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中，有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混，造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语 一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开，因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句，尤其是定语从句，其形式变化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。 Excrise In fa ct, “learning to use a computer” is like “learning to play a game”, but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 要点：“learning to use a computer”和” learning to play a game”均为动名词短语，分别做主语和表语。but连接两个并列句，其中后一句里”whose rules may not be the same”为非限制性定语从句，修饰”a second game.” 译文：事实上，学习使用计算机就像学玩游戏一样，但是学了一个游戏规则可能无助于你玩第二个游戏，因为游戏的规则可能有所不同。 要点：“those”后有定语从句修饰。该定语从句为：who oppose the building of flats.”the assumption”后有一同位语从句修饰，即”that everyone prefers an individual home and garden”. “base on”有”the assumption”和” the high cost”两个并列短语。 译文：那些反对建公寓的人所根据的主要理由是，他们认为每个人都想拥有单独的住宅和花园，另外，公寓楼每个居住单元的成本太高。 要点：that引导的是一个表语从句，这个表语从句的主干结构为”the complaint is inevitable”.”complaint”由后面的介词短语”of one
幼儿舞蹈基本功教学一 幼儿舞蹈基本功教学一，是指对幼儿形体、姿态、腰腿的软度、力度、控制及跳转、基本舞姿等的最基础的训练。幼儿通过训练，能够从小养成良好的坐、走、站等姿态，并能使身体的协调、柔韧、力度、灵活等素质得到全面的发展。 幼儿的形体训练内容应根据年龄来决定，如小班幼儿的形体训练以模仿动作为主，并能按照音乐节奏效为推确地模仿各种动作；中班的幼儿应以姿态准确、优美为主；大班幼儿应以舞蹈表现为主。在形体训练中，教师应把握好训练的尺度。 形体训练一般分成四部分，第一部分为把杆练习，第二部分为把下练习，第三部分为中国古典舞手位与脚位的练习，第四部分为基本舞姿与舞步训练。在形体训练进行之前，要进行热身准备活动，让幼儿们先做一些走、跑、跳，以及颈和肩的放松、扩胸扭腰等活动，使幼儿为适应训练做准备。 一把杆练习 把杆练习是进行形体训练的最基本的训练，主要通过把杆的辅助，帮助幼儿掌握最基本的姿态，以发展肢体的柔韧、力量、协调、平衡、控制等能力。 1把杆练习的方法 扶把训练有两种：一种是双手扶把，另一种是单手扶把。小班幼儿最好采用双手扶把的练习方法。 （1）双手扶把 面对把杆，身体离把杆约1尺左右，双腿贴紧，脚跟并拢，膝盖绷直，双手放松弛，轻轻地放在把杆上，与双肩同宽，两肩放松，双肘下垂，肩胛放松，稍稍往后打开。腹肌，背肌和臀肌收紧向上提，头部正直，面部表情松弛。 （2）单手扶把 侧身扶把杆，内侧手轻轻放在把杆上，另一臂做自然下垂或侧平举等动作。 2把杆基本动作 （1）躯干的训练 正确的躯干姿态是学习舞蹈的基础，受过训练的人体躯干，可以表现各种优美的舞蹈。躯干的训练主要是让幼儿从小习惯于背、腹和臀部肌肉的收紧和提起，躯干的训练对幼儿在表演舞蹈时要做的动作如跳跃、旋转、控制缓慢的动作，以及灵活、平稳等都有很大帮助。训练躯干姿态时可采用抒情平稳的音乐，如；音乐《绿色的祖国》郑律成曲，谢君丽配伴奏。（2）脚尖点地训练 点地练习主要训练幼儿的脚背、踝及腿部肌肉的控制力量以及不同方向的点地方法。 动作要领如下： 1双手轻轻放在把杆上、收腹挺胸、双眼平视，两脚并拢小八字站立。 2一脚向前侧、后点地，绷脚面，两腿绷直，重心在支撑腿上。 3收脚还原时，脚掌紧贴地面收回，保持身体正直，胯部要正。 4易出现错误：点地时绷脚不充分，两腿易屈膝，重心不稳，易出胯撅臀。脚尖点地训练可采用的音乐，如：音乐《春天来了》甄荣光曲，谢君丽伴奏。 (3)蹲姿训练蹲姿主要训练幼儿腿部力量，拉长小腿肌腱及跟腱的弹性、柔韧性。 其动作要领如下： 1先面对把杆，双脚站小八字，准备一两个小节。双手从准备姿势平稳地放到把杆上。 上身保持正直，挺胸收腹、收臂。 2两腿慢慢屈膝半蹲，下蹲时有被压迫下蹲的感觉。
语文基础训练答案 语文基础练习题 1.下列词语中，字形和加点的字的读音全都正确的一项是 A.顶粱柱身体力行蹚浑（hún）水模棱（línɡ）两可．． B.田径赛寥若辰星一刹（chà）那令人咋（zhà）舌．． C.四和院烟消云散抹（mǒ）桌子面如冠（ɡuān）玉．． D.倒栽葱寒冬腊月女主角（ju?）锲（qi?）而不舍．． 2．下列词语中，字形和加点的字的读音全都正确的一项是 A．水蒸气拾人牙惠昵（ní）称弄巧成拙(zhuō) ．． B．发详地一脉相承麻痹（bì）曲（qǔ）意逢迎．． C．快捷键情有独衷阴霾（mái）虚以委蛇（sh?）．． D．元宵节形迹可疑滂（pāng）沱蓦（m?）然回首．． 3．下列词语中，字形和加点的字的读音全都正确的一项是 A．装帧拾人牙慧糟粕（p?）棱（1?ng）角分明．． B．眷顾欢渡佳节庇（pì）护锐不可当（dānq）．． C．坐阵星罗棋布徘徊（huái）酩酊（tīng）大醉．． D．松驰沧海一粟负荷（h?）拈（zhān）轻怕重．． 4．下列词语中，字形和加点字的读音全部正确的一项是 A.隐讳三令五申创伤（ｃｈｕāｎɡ）文采斐然（ｆěｉ） B.追缴微言大意内讧（ｈ?ｎɡ）安营扎寨（ｚｈá） C.座谈转瞬急逝装载（ｚàｉ）人才济济（ｊǐ） D.凋弊所向披靡辟谣（ｂì）义愤填膺（ｙīｎɡ）
5．下列词语中，字形和加点的字的读音全部正确的一项是 A. 洽谈独辟溪径奇葩 (pā) 卓(zhuō)有成效．． B. 膺品返璞归真慰藉 (ji?) 车载（zǎi）斗量．． C. 妥帖纷至沓来青苔 (tái) 殒身不恤（xù）．． D. 遨翔徇私舞弊供暖(ɡ?nɡ) 苦心孤诣（yì）．． 1.下列句子中，加点的成语和熟语使用不恰当的一项是．．． A.阿Q、祥林嫂、孔乙己、闰土这些栩栩如生的人物形象都出自人们耳熟能详的经典作品。．．．． B.大厅里摆放着一块天然形成的奇石，形状酷似一只憨态可掬的大熊猫，真是巧夺天工。．．．． C.为应对 * ，美国政府只好拆东墙补西墙，挪用巨额资金向濒临破产的银行注资。．．．．．． D.上大学不是为得到一纸文凭，把它当作求职的敲门砖，而是为了学习知识、提高素养。．．． （） 2．下列句子中，加点的成语使用不恰当的一项是．．． A．长期以来，一些商业电视广告“打造优等生”“不能让孩子输在起跑线上”的蛊惑之词不． 绝于耳，对一些家长的教育观念产生了负面影响。．．． B．新修订的《老年人权益保障法》增加了给予老年人生活关照和精神慰藉的内容，这对那 些虐待老人的不肖子孙起到了震慑作用。．．．．
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/5116492340.html,/（报名网址） 阅读基本功难句——插入结构 1．A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, what is more important, always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. 2．Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well. 3．Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away. 4．Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, at certain rare intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement. 5．Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. 6．However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, can not perform the duties morality assigns them. 7．Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. 8．What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper. 9．While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter, with an ingratiating smile on his false face, came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge apples. 10．But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. 11．You found upon that a general law that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英