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三年级英汉笔译(一)学生用书

三年级英汉笔译(一)学生用书
三年级英汉笔译(一)学生用书

北京外国语大学英语学院 英汉笔译实践课教材

(一级)

学生用书

2008年9月-2009年1月

目 录

开篇 课程综述

课程介绍 课程大纲 考核方式 附:阅读书目

单元一 关于翻译

什么是翻译? 翻译的目的、标准、要求 翻译技巧与方法综述与练习 案例分析:如何做翻译---评析Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech 的翻译

单元二 翻译技巧针对性练习

增词、减词的练习:

1. Father?s Toe

2。Henry David Thoreau

加注与释义的练习:

3.Long Bow Village 4.Mao's Childhood 5.My New Pet

拆译---长句翻译练习: 6.I Have a Dream

7.President Nixon's Toast

转换练习:

8.Portrait of A President

9.Amending U.S. Constitution

单元三 综合技巧语篇练习

商务

10.A Letter to Vice Premier Li Lanqing

科技

11.Cyberphobics 12.Water 新闻

13.Up on the New Farm

14.X-Sports

散文、述评、文件

15. The Special Joys of Super-Slow Reading 16.The Age of Rock Revisited 17.The British Museum

附录---申雨平自主学习平台练习 课外练习 The Price of Peace

课程综述

笔译实践课介绍

(三年级第一学期)

1.课程名称: 笔译(英译汉)实践---初级笔译

2.课程简介:

本课程为大学英语专业三年级第一学期的翻译实践课。课程以每周一次的课堂练习和隔周一次的课后练习及讲评相结合,旨在系统向学生介绍翻译的定义、标准、技巧,并进行针对性的训练,同时在各种体裁和题材的翻译实践中强化技巧。学习完本课程的水平大致相当于全国外语翻译证书考试三级(初级)笔译的水平。本课程实用教材为任课教师自行编撰的油印教材以及申雨平、戴宁编撰的《实用英汉翻译教程》。

3.课程目标:参加完本课程的学习,学生将能够:

●在规定时间内进行翻译,速度为每小时300-350字(原文)

●完成课后作业、讨论、汇报、小论文及测验

●综述本课程中讨论的10个翻译的技巧与2个翻译方法,并能在练习中使用相关技巧与方法

●完成一般科技、旅游、商务、经贸、新闻、散文等方面材料的翻译,同时体现各种体裁所需要的不同

翻译技巧

●在翻译时体现出忠实、通顺、流畅的标准,同时进一步提高双语翻译技巧,对两种文化的差异保持敏

感性

●逐步建立分析批评能力,对笔译工作进行评价

●为翻译和相关学术领域进行进一步研究做好准备

*4。国家大纲对大学本科英语专业三、四年级翻译实践课的要求

?根据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中对翻译的要求:三年级(六级)四年级(八级)要达

到:

?了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同

?掌握常用翻译技巧

?将中等难度的英语篇章或段落翻译成汉语

?将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著翻译成汉语

?译文忠实原文、语言通顺、流畅

?速度为每小时翻译250~300个英文单词

?能担任外宾日常生活和一般外事活动的口译

5.本课程的要求

?要求达到国家大纲的上限,每小时翻译300~350英文单词

?对学生的作业从英语水平、汉语水平、知识面、工作态度等方面提出要求

◆理解准确,不应出现重大的理解错误

◆表达忠实、通顺、流畅,语言比较地道,语法正确,标点符号正确,搭配合理,结构

工整,不鼓励编译、自由翻译

◆知识面宽,能够依靠上下文和知识面推测出意义

◆工作态度严谨,勤查字典,减少错字、别字,交作业前至少间隔一天,至少有一次校

对的过程

◆逐步展开专业翻译训练,培养解决问题的能力

◆逐步明确技巧型翻译与技能型翻译的差别,向技能型翻译发展

6. 练习安排:

1)课堂练习:油印教材的篇子,间或配合《实用英汉翻译教程》中的语篇。

2)课后练习:油印教材中的篇子,对此进行深入、仔细的翻译实践和讲评。

3)油印教材最后有附录,收录了学生自主学习的内容。

7.对书面作业的要求:一般都要打印。应注明:

To:

From:

Subject: (e.g.) Father‘s Toe

Date: September 24, 2006

8.教师评改作业可以使用的编辑符号

awk. (表达、用词、行文等)别扭

adding(?) 增译?/增意?

comp. 理解错误

collocation 搭配错误

expr. 表达错误

w. wording 用词不当

punc. 标点符号错误

str. 句子结构

meaning 意思不明确/准确

cap. 大小写错误

gram. 语法错误

spelling 别字

logic 逻辑错误

dic. 用字/词不当

pron.介词用法不当,主要是指第三人称衔接的滥用和误用。

*每个教师可以用自己的符号,只要事先和学生说明一下即可。9. 考核评估:总评分按100分记

课堂练习、发言、测验25%

课后练习、论文、汇报13%

期中考试20%

期末考试40%

出勤2%

*每次无故缺席,总分将被扣除2-3分。10.上课方式:教师讲授、小组讨论、学生汇报、评估与反馈

讨论:对翻译实践课(初级笔译)的期望(在学期末进行对照):目前我(学生)对翻译的了解:

我对翻译实践课的期望:

我对目录中、课程介绍中所列内容的评价、问题:

A Course Syllabus for E-C Translation Practice

(Year III)

Course Name: English-Chinese Translation Practice for Year Three

Course Description:

This is a full course for one year. This syllabus is for the autumn semester.

This course is designed for the 3rd year college students to acquire basic skills in translation through weekly translation practice and feedback so as to empower them with basic and intermediate qualification in translation practice.

Course Objectives:After one year‘s course, 3rd year students should be able to:

●translate with or without the aid of dictionaries in a given time at a speed of

300-350 words (source text) per hour

●summarize 10 translation skills and 2 translation methods

●translate texts of technology, travel and tourism, business, economy, news

report, simple literature works, etc. respecting different features of styles and

applying genre sensitivity into translation practice

●finish assigned tasks, short papers, presentations

●identify and apply basic translation skills through practice

●nurture a deep and sensitive bicultural skills

●develop analytical and critical skills required to evaluate work in translation

●prepare for further study in translation and relation academic field

Course Assessment:

In-class exercises, discussions, quizzes, 25%

Take-home assignments, presentations, short papers 13%

Middle-term exam 20%

Final exam 40%

Class attendance 2%

*For each absence without grounded excuse(s), 2-3 points will be deducted from the

total score.

Aspects to Give Feedback on Translation Practice:

●Competence in source language (E)

●Competence in target language (C)

●Scope of knowledge

●Working ethics and conscientiousness

Teaching Methods:

●Provide in-class exercise---→feedback--→take-home assignment---→in-class feedback

●Help group discussion

●Organize peer evaluation and feedback

关于翻译

第一周:讲座与讨论

1.什么是翻译?

?翻译的定义很多,根据不同目的的翻译活动,界定也不尽相同。

?字典定义:

◆to translate is to turn from one language into another (The Oxford English Dictionary):

从一种语言转换成另一种语言;

◆to translate is to turn into one‘s own language or another language (Webster‘s Third New

International Dictionary of the English Language):转换成本族语或另一种语言)

?本课程大致认为:翻译是把一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来,使译文读者能得到原作者所

表达的思想,得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。

2.翻译的标准

?翻译的标准也很多,不一而足,适用性是我们始终考虑的问题。本课程不拘泥于一种翻译方法和

标准。

?国内外对翻译的标准论述:

◆苏格兰法学家、历史学家Alexander Tytler (1749-1814)提出了翻译三原则:

● A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.

●The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the

original.

● A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A.F. Tytler: Essay

on the Principles of Translation, 1791)

◆严复(1853-1921):信、达、雅

◆鲁迅、茅盾:忠实、通顺

◆傅雷:神似

◆钱钟书:化境

◆美国翻译理论家,《圣经》翻译专家Eugene Nida (奈达)提出了Dynamic equivalence,

functional equivalence(动态对等、功能对等)的原则。(Toward a Science of Translation,

1964)

◆王佐良:一切照原作,雅俗如之,深浅如之,口书如之,文体如之

?本课程选择的翻译标准:

1)忠实、通顺、流畅

2)翻译的标准是动态的,如下图所示:翻译是科学性和艺术性的矛盾与统一。

◆有的文体(法律、科技文体)在艺术性的坐标轴上所占的比例略小。翻译的标准主要紧

跟科学性;

◆有的文体(文学文体等),则在科学性的坐标轴上所占比例略小,翻译的标准要紧跟艺

术性;

◆翻译的标准是多元的、是动态的;翻译实践课的关键问题是培养翻译中的意识和灵活性。

3.翻译的技巧与方法综述

翻译实践课不能不涉及技巧。

第一,我们应当明确翻译技巧和翻译方法。技巧是:―表现在艺术、工艺、体育等方面的巧妙的技能。‖方法是:―关于解决思想、说话、行动等问题的门路、程序等‖(见《现代汉语词典》)。通俗地说,翻译技巧侧重在具体操作中,集中在词法和句法的翻译层面;而翻译方法更多地指导我们在宏观和语篇层面的翻译。当然也有很多学者将技巧和方法统一、综合起来看待,如:―翻译技巧是指译者在翻译过程中使用的方法,它们是许许多多个译者通过翻译实践总结出来的宝贵经验。‖(华先发、绍毅《新编大学英译汉教程》)第二,通过归纳一些专著和翻译教材,我们将翻译技巧总结为:(以例子说明)

1) 加注(annotation):由于社会文化差异,英语有些词义在汉语中不存在,形成了意义上的空缺,翻

译时常采用加注法来弥补。可分为音译加注;直译加注。注释可以采用文中注释或脚注,个别情况下也可以不用括号,直接说明(这更象是释义的技巧)。

音译加注:Saint Valentine‘s Day:圣瓦伦廷节(情人节,2月14日)

直译加注:Ground Zero: 零地带(指911事件后纽约世贸大厦的瓦砾场,源自原子弹的爆炸点。)不标注括号:He shot the ball like a Jordon. 他投篮像飞人乔丹那么棒。

2) 释义(paraphrase):采取解释性的方法,舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻。

●I don‘t know if he is a Trojan Horse. 我不知道是不是内奸。

●The three main newspaper never feature nude pin-ups.这三家主要报纸从不刊登裸体美女的

照片。

3) 增词(amplification/adding):为了语法、意义、修辞上的需要,在翻译时要增加一些词,使表达更

准确、通顺。

●语法的需要:a plane: 一架飞机(增加了量词)

●意义的需要:The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion

neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. 人脑只有三磅重,但就在这三磅物质中,却包含着

一百亿个神经细胞,以及一千亿个更小的细胞。(增加了实义名词)

●修辞的需要:The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like

slivers of ice. 天空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时,零零星星的雨点落在脸上,感觉像薄薄的

冰片。(增加了叠词)

4) 减词(omission):从语法角度和修饰角度考虑,在译文中减省不需要的词语。

In a moment she reappeared to hurl my change and the ticket on the counter with such force

most of it fell on the floor at my feet.不一会儿功夫,她又回来了,将零钱和车票往柜台上猛地一

摔,大半都撒落在我脚边。(减省了―地板‖一词)

He is not well today, but he still came to class and handed in his homework.他今天不舒服,可

还是来上了课,交了作业。(减省了―他‖、―他的‖等代词的修饰。)

5) 转换(shifting):在翻译中,根据需要改变或转化表达方式。

●词类转换:The happiness of having such a sister was their first effusion, and the fair ladies

mingled in embraces and tears of joy.她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦,两位小姐高兴地一次次

拥抱,洒下了欣喜的泪花。(《傲慢与偏见》,名词转换成动词)

●句子成分转换:Brussels fell to him on September 3 and Antwerp the next.他于9月3日攻克了

布鲁塞尔,次日又拿下安特卫普。(主语转换为宾语,介词宾语转换为主语。)

●表达方式转换:Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new

nation. 八十七年前,我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。(计量词转换,变为译语中清楚明了的表达方式。)

●语序转换:Slowly climbs the autumn moon.秋天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。(倒装句转换为自然语

序)

●语态转换:It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television

everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。(将被动语态转换为主动语态,将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语,如:人们、大家等做主语。)

6) 切分(division/splitting/cutting):将修饰多、句子结构复杂的部分,尤其是长句进行拆译,分解成

两个或两个以上的单位,灵活处理。

●单词分译:The American commander, Admiral Nimitz, was understandably reluctant to join the

battle. 美军司令海军上将尼米兹怠于出战,这是可以理解的。(将副词分译成一个小句。)

●短语分译:Playing its principle role, Israel in a few days destroyed more towns and villages and

committed more savage acts all over the territories it invaded than the Vandals of old committed in many a month. 以色列表演了它的拿手好戏,几天之内在其入侵的全部土地上,摧毁的城镇和村庄就比古代汪达尔人在好几个月之内摧毁的还要多,犯下的罪行还要野蛮。(将分词译成一个小句)

●从句分译:This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build

a new and a better world.我们两国人民攀登高峰的时刻已经到来。在这个伟大高峰的境界之上,

我们才能建立一个美好而崭新的世界。(将定语从句分译成一个句子,同时运用增词法,加上―我们‖做主语,将原文的意思梳理清楚。)

7) 合并(combination):有一些英语句子较短,在翻译时应注意采用合并的方法,使意思紧凑连贯。

●I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as

being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 我把椅子挪过来坐下,起初两腿分开,但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重,不太拘礼节,便把两腿并拢,把双手随便地放在膝盖上。(四句合一)

●One may have to learn to live with pain, but there‘s one thing you never have to live without.

Hope. 一个人可能必须学会忍受痛苦活下去,但有一样东西是你活着绝不能缺少的,那就是希望。

(并列复合句与简单句合并)

8) 具体化(specification):在翻译时考虑把一些抽象的概念具体化。

●No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe‘s. Her novels are amusing enough; they are worth

reading; some fun and nature in them.我要是看小说,那就看拉德克利夫夫人的。她的小说倒挺有意思,值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写。

●I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of

former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我梦想有一天,在佐治亚的红山上,昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起,情同手足。

●Owing to his unorthodox upbringing, and the fact that he had no parents to teach him the facts

of life, Quasimodo became convinced that he was not a bird at all and refused to fly. 加西莫多从小疏于教养,又没有父母教授生活常识,所以自以为根本就不是鸟,因而拒不飞行,到哪里都走着去。

9) 抽象化(abstraction):英语中有一些具体意义或形象不便于在翻译中移植,

那就要进行抽象化处理。

●He is a rolling stone. I don‘t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人,我想他不会有多大出息。

●If you dare to play the fox with me, I‘ll shoot you at once.你要是敢对我耍滑头,我立马毙了

你。

●I was practically on my knees but he sill refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他依然拒绝。

10) 正说反译、反说正译(negation):英语中有一些不带否定词no, not, never,等的否定表达,如:too…to…, fail to…, -free, instead, rather than 等等以及不含有否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-等和否定后缀-less等的句子称为―正说‖,在汉语中可以用―反译‖。而汉语中不带―不、没、非、未、否、无、莫、勿、别‖等的句子也是―正说‖,在翻译时可以采用灵活的正说反译、反说正译的技巧。

●He yelled ―Freeze!‖他大喊一声:―不许动!‖(正说反译)

●Mary drew a long, soft breath, as though the paper daffodils between them were almost too

sweet to bear.玛丽轻轻地、长长地吸了一口气,就好像摆在他们中间的那些纸水仙几乎是香得让人受不了了似的。(正说反译)

●You can‘t be too careful.你要特别小心。(反说正译)

●For three weeks I held both jobs, working from eight in the morning until midnight. Never in my

life have I been happier.我身兼两职历时三个星期。每天从早晨8点钟一直工作到午夜。我的一生中却以那一段时间最为快乐。(反说正译)

应当注意:这些技巧是相辅相成的,其间有交叉和重叠的部分,在翻译实践中千万不可教条机械地使用。我们应该力争从技能型译者转变为技巧型译者,让技巧为我所用,而不是为技巧所束缚。

技能型翻译:competent translator

技巧型翻译:skillful translator:

第三,在更宏观的层面上,我们将翻译方法主要总结为两组概念:

1) 直译和意译:主要由中国学者茅盾、巴金等人谈及过,关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义

●直译(literal translation) :在译入语条件许可的前提下在译文中既传达原文的思想内容又保

留原文的语言表达形式。

●意译(liberal translation/free translation):译文能正确表达原文的思想内容,但不必拘泥于

原文的表现形式

举例说明:A stone kills two birds.

?直译:一石二鸟。

?意译:一举两得。

?直译和意译相结合:一箭双雕。

在很多情况下都是直译和意译相结合的方法。不论哪一种方法,都要避免硬译、死译、胡译。

2) 异化和归化:是直译和意译概念的延伸,突破了语言因素的局限,将视野扩展到语言、文化、美学等因素。这一概念国内由刘英凯率先提出(《现代外语》1987年第2期),国外由美国翻译理

论家劳伦斯·韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)于1995年在其专著《译者的隐形》中提出。下面的

定义是按照国内某些学者的理解给出的。

●异化:foreignization要求译者向作者靠拢,采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式,来传达

原文的内容。中国异化派的代表人物:鲁迅、董秋斯、卞之琳等人。

●归化:domestication:要求译者向译语读者靠拢,采取译语读者习惯的表达方式来传达原文

的内容。中国归化派的代表人物:严复、林纾、朱生豪、张谷若、傅东华、杨必等人。

举例说明:

A stone kills two birds.

?异化法:一石二鸟。

?归化法:一举两得;一箭双雕

All roads lead to Rome.

?异化法:条条大路通罗马。

?归化法:殊途同归。

翻译技巧和方法的训练实际上使我们培养起一种敏感性和灵活性,自如地游走在各种要求和规范许可的范围内同时展示自己的再创造能力,在直译和意译、异化和归化中体现对―度‖的把握。

4.练习与讨论:翻译(笔译)的分类

香港学者周兆祥根据―翻译的自由度‖,把翻译分为以下几类:

?逐字对译(word-for-word translation)

?字面翻译(literal translation)

?语意翻译(semantic translation)

?传意翻译(communication translation)

?编译(free translation and editing)

?改写(adaptation)

可以通过以下一句话的翻译,体会几种翻译方法的区别:

Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morning. He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagements. (BBC news 11/10/2000)

首先自己翻译:

_____________________________________________。

其次对照以下译文:

?逐字对译:杜瓦尔先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期二早晨。他拣起自己起

来和继续去实行两个午餐约定。

?字面翻译:星期二早晨杜瓦尔先生滑倒在他的爱丁堡官邸外面。他爬起来继续去参加两个午

餐约会。

?语意翻译:星期二早晨,杜瓦尔先生在爱丁堡官邸外滑倒了,但他仍爬起来继续去参加两个

午餐活动。

?传意翻译:杜瓦尔先生的官邸在爱丁堡。星期二早晨,他不小心在屋外摔了一跤。不过他仍

然奋力爬起,去参加两个午餐活动。

?编译:杜瓦尔先生在爱丁堡有一座官邸。星期二早晨,他刚出门就摔了一跤。不过,他觉得

没事,就爬起来继续参加当天的活动,午餐时还与两个团体进行了正式会谈。

?改写:爱丁堡的早晨空气新鲜。杜瓦尔先生喜欢晨练。那天一大早,他穿着运动装出门,正

要开始晨跑,不小心踩到一块香蕉皮上,跌倒在地。他奋力爬起,打消跑步的念头,出门上

班,午餐时还坚持参加了两个见面会。

(该例来自https://www.doczj.com/doc/5d16476765.html,.tw/~hchung/freedomontranslate.htm. 译文

有改动。

(转引自李长栓编著《非文学翻译理论与实践》,中国对外翻译出版公司,2004)

讨论:

1)在上述各种翻译分类的译文中,你更认可哪一种翻译?为什么?

2)在什么情况下,我们可能分别用到各种翻译的方法?举例说明。

3)从上例中可以看出,从―逐字对译‖到―改写‖,译者的自由度越来越大,译文在形式上与原文距离越来越远。你对此有何看法?

4)你认为―改写‖一例的译文合适吗?你有何评价?

5)你认为你自己的翻译应该归为哪一类型的翻译?为什么?

5. 翻译技巧与方法综合练习---句子练习

改译下面的句子:

1)有些英语惯用语表达的真正含义是其喻义或引申义,如果只将其字面意义直译出来,就可能产生误译。

① In a flash the evil intent of the vice-president to usurp power hit the president between the eyes.

误译:一刹那间,副总统篡权的罪恶意图给总统当头一棒。

改译:

② The changes in the education system are a step in the right direction and will improve the teaching in our school.

误译:教育体制改革朝着正确的方向迈进了一步,它将改进我们学校的教学。

改译:

③This is a dangerous and violent city. In some parts of it, the only law is the law of the jungle.

误译:这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有些地方,唯一的原则就是森林法则。

改译:

④When my ship comes in, I‘ll take a trop to Casablanca.

误译:当我的船进港时,我就要到卡萨布兰卡去。

改译:

⑤They slip out one by one and I was left holding the baby.

误译:他们一个个都跑掉了,剩下我来抱孩子。

改译:

2)有些英语惯用语在字面上同汉语表达相似,却貌合神离。如果不求甚解,就会出错。

⑥Mr. Nixon said, ―We two countries have common interests over and above our differences.‖

误译:尼克松先生说:―我们两国具有远远高于我们分歧的共同利益。‖

应译为:

⑦You don‘t seem to come anywhere near to knowing the importance of working on the program, you‘d better take your fingers out.

误译:你看来一点也不了解这项计划的重要性,你干脆别再插手了。

应译为:

⑧To my joy, my son knows a thing or two about Italian.

误译:使我高兴的是,我儿子对意大利语也略知一二。

应译为:

⑨His speech was given a warm reception by the crowd.

误译:他的讲话受到了群众的热烈欢迎。

应译为:

⑩When do you hope to start a family?

误译:你希望什么时候成家呢?

应译为:

3)许多英语惯用表达中包含着固定搭配,如不认清这些特殊句型所表达的意义,极易出现误译。

⑴ It is a good athlete that never loses points.

误译:从不丢分的运动员才是优秀的运动员。

应译为:

⑵You are not going to marry her, and that‘s final.

误译:你不准同她结婚,那就算了。

应译为:

⑶The visit can‘t have left us a deeper impression.

误译:这次访问根本不会给我留下较为深刻的印象。

应译为:

⑷I can‘t see you quickly enough.

误译:我不可很快见到你。

应译为:

⑸ No criticism will be too severe to be gratefully acknowledged.

误译:没有一种批评会是尖锐得使人无法领谢的。

应译为:

4)一些英语表达在特定的语境里,尤其在口语中,有特定的含义,翻译这些表达时,应该将其包含的语气译出。

⑹ They had a good laugh at my expense. How do you like that!

误译:他们大大地把我取笑了一番。你觉得他们做得对吗?

应译为:

⑺—―In the face of all this they actually stood up by and did nothing.‖

---―You don‘t say so!‖

误译:―面对这一切,他们竟然袖手旁观,什么都不做。

―你不要这样说!―

应译为:

⑻ ---―You accepted her offer, didn‘t you ?‖

----―No fear!‖

误译:――你接受了她的建议,是吗?

――不用怕,我当然接受了。

应译为:

⑼I‘ll be blessed if I do it!!

误译:如果我干这种事,我就太有福了!

应译为:

⑽No, I won‘t lend you the money, you‘ve had it!

误译:不,我不会把钱借给你的,你已经借过钱了!

应译为:

被动语态的翻译练习

英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见。凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法是极为重要的。对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:

1)翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。

●英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了―加以‖, ―经过‖,

―用……来‖等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:

例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.

其他问题将简单地加以讨论。

请翻译以下两句:

① In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring

holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.

②Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word:

radiation.

●将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)做主语。例如:

例:It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。

请翻译:

③ Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest

developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.

④ It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his

character and later personality.

●另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:

It is asserted that … 有人主张……

It is believed tha t … 有人认为……

It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为

It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)……

It will be said … 有人会说……

It was told that … 有人曾经说……

●将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一

般被翻译成宾语。例如:

例:A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.

原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。

请翻译:

⑤By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian

and French lives.

⑥And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared

with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

●翻译成汉语的无主句。

例:Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.

应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。

请翻译:

⑦By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit

to heat.

⑧Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them

being perhaps the hovercraft.

⑨New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….

●另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:

It is hoped that … 希望……

It is reported that … 据报道……

It is said that … 据说……

It is supposed that … 据推测……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……

It must be adm itted that … 必须承认……

It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……

It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……

●翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:

例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。

请翻译:

⑩On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用―被‖, ―给‖, ―遭‖, ―挨‖, ―为……所‖, ―使‖, ―由…‖, ―受到‖等表示。例如:

例:Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.

地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。

请翻译:

⑴These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.

⑵Natu ral light or ―white‖ light is actually made up of many colours.

⑶The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the

viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.

⑷They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are

believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.

⑸Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have

largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

⑹Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of

technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

课后练习---申雨平教材(自主学习平台)

第二周:讲座:如何做翻译

Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech

William Faulkner

任务1:阅读下面的文章,理解全文,可以用字典。

1. I feel that this award was not made to me as a man but to my work - a life's work in the agony and

sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before.

2. So this award is only mine in trust.

3. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which l might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.

4. Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There is only the question: When will I be blown up? Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.

5. He must learn them again. He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and,

teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he does so he labors under a curse. He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which; nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion. His grieves grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands. (350 words)

6. Until he relearns these things he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man.

I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure; that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance.

7. The poet's the writer's duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice, which have been the glory of his past.

8. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to

help him endure and prevail.

(563words)

任务2:阅读参考译文。

接受诺贝尔奖时的演说

威廉·福克纳

我感到这份奖金不是授予我个人而是授予我的工作的,——授予我一生从事关于人类精神的呕心沥血工作。我从事这项工作,不是为名,更不是为利,而是为了从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。因此,这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。为这份奖金的钱找到与奖金原来的目的和意义相称的用途并不难,但我还想为奖金的荣誉找到承受者。我愿意利用这个时刻,利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛,向那些听到我说话并已献身同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。他们中肯定有人有一天也会站到我现在站着的地方。

我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种生理上的恐惧,这种恐惧存在已久,以致我们能够忍受下去了。现在再没有精神上的问题了。唯一的问题是:我什么时候会被炸得粉身碎骨?正因如此,今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人类内心的冲突。然而,只有接触到这种内心冲突才能产生出好作品,因为这是唯一值得写、值得呕心沥血地去写的题材。

他一定要重新认识这些问题。他必须使自己明白世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧。他必须使自己永远忘却恐惧。在他的工作室里除了心底古老的真理之外,不允许任何别的东西有容身之地。缺了这古老的普遍真理,任何小说都只能昙花一现,注定要失败;这些真理就是爱情、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情、牺牲等感情。若是他做不到这样,他的气力终归白费。他不是写爱情而是写情欲,他写的失败是没有人感到失去可贵东西的失败,他写的胜利是没有希望。甚至没有怜悯或同情的胜利。他不是为有普遍意义的死亡而悲伤,所以留不下深刻的痕迹。他不是在写心灵而是在写器官。

在他重新懂得这些之前,他写作时,就犹如站在人类末日一样去观察末日的来临。我不接受人类末日的说法。因为人能传种接代而说人是不朽的,这很容易。因为即使最后一次钟声已经消失,消失在再也没有潮水冲刷、映在落日余辉里的海上最后一块无用的礁石之旁时,还会有一个高音,那就是人类微弱的、不断的说话声,这样说也很容易。但是我不能接受这种说法。我相信人类不仅能传种接代,而且能战胜一切。人之不朽不是因为在动物中唯独他能永远发出声音,而是因为他有灵魂,有同情心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作家的特殊光荣就是去鼓舞人的斗志,使人记住过去曾经有过的光荣——他曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神——以达到不朽;诗人的声音不应只是人类的记录,而应是帮助人类永存并得到胜利的支柱和栋梁。

外研社三年级起点小学英语单词汇总

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I have a crayon. Me too ! 我有一支蜡笔。我也是! I have an eraser. Me too ! 我有一块橡皮。我也是! Hello, I'm Mike. 你好,我是迈克。 What's your name? 你叫什么名字? My name's John. 我是约翰。Goodbye! 再见! Bye, Miss White ! 再见,怀特小姐! What's your name? 你叫什么名字?My name's Lily. 我的名字是莉莉。Oh, no! 哦,不! Zoom! your bag! 祖姆!你的包! Open your pencil box. 打开你的铅笔盒。 Show me your pen. 让我看看你的钢笔。 Close your book. 把书合上。 Carry your bag. 携带你的包。 Hello! 您好! Hi! Who's there? 你好!谁在那里? Guess! 猜! Are you Tutu? 你是图图?

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No Giant Skyscrapers Chicago and New York are famous for their1 tall buildings2. California cannot be3. Its4 buildings have to be famous for their beauty or their historical importance5. California is earthquake country. The San Andreas Fault is a cause of earthquakes6. It7 is a long crack in the earth that stretches from Southern to Northern California. Rocks inside the earth8 move and the earth shakes. These earthquakes make the fault bigger9. The most famous earthquake in California happened in 1906. It10 destroyed most of the young city of San Francisco. People rebuilt the city11. They looked at the buildings that did not12 fall in the earthquake and they learned more about13 building in California. Tall buildings can be dangerous14 in earthquakes. Today California has codes that say15 how a building must be built and how tall it can be. Los Angeles has16 several earthquakes each year. The tall buildings move a little17 and everyone takes a deep breath18. Usually tourists and newcomers are the most frightened19. People who grew up20 in California say, “We're used to it21!” Earthquakes do not stop the building industry in California, but they do make architects work a little harder. The buildings they design have to look good and stand up in an earthquake22. These buildings are good examples of modern California architecture. The Nonaventure Hotel is a few city blocks from the old Mission church. The Century City Complex is near the Ocean. It stands on the site of the old Twentieth Century Fox movie studios. These buildings show that people are not afraid to build23 in California. (264 words) 苗族龙船节 苗族龙船节,与汉族的端午节不同。除时间不同外,一般不举行竞赛,主要活动是串寨子,走亲访友。清晨,龙船在江水中游动,所到之处,亲友们纷纷到岸边“接龙”。 龙船过寨,鸣放铁炮传告亲友,岸上以鞭炮声相呼应。亲友们上前,向船上的人各敬两杯米酒,并将礼品——鹅鸭、彩绸挂于龙头。如系女婿、姑舅等至亲,送上的礼物则是猪羊。 下午四时左右,龙船靠岸休息,水手们将糯米饭团和肉放置船帮上就餐,不用碗筷。岸上的妇女和小孩前来“讨路边饭”。传说,吃了龙船上的食品,能消灾免难,百事如愿。后来这就成为传统的风俗习惯。 岸上,还有苗家传统的赛马、斗牛、踩鼓等活动。姑娘们身着节日盛装应着木鼓鼓点翩翩起舞。飞歌往来,通宵达旦,青年男女得以相识,往往以后成为夫妻。(318字)

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Ss:Nice to meet you. Dialogue 2: D:Look,What's this in English? S1:A cat. D:Spell it,please. S1:Yes,c-a-t,cat. D:What colour is it? S2:Black. Dislogue 4: D:Let's count from 1 to 20,OK? Ss:OK. (Boys 1,3,5…Girls 2,4,6… Clap hands from 1 to 10.Stamp feet from 11 to 20.)(拍手跺脚数数) Dialogue 5: D:Let's sing the song“I can say my ABC.” Ss:OK!(Listen to the tape and sing the song.) 二、新授 (一)按字母表顺序听说读写26个字母。 1.教师在黑板上写Module 1,挂上字母表,让学生逐个认读字母。 2.让1号到26号学生起立并出示他们的头饰从A到Z,然后对学生说Let's count from 1 to 20.全班看着一个个字母用英文数数。 3.高低声朗读(Read the alphabet in a low voice then recite in a loud voice.) 4.书写字母Listen and show the cards of letters:Bb Dd Ff Gg Jj Qq Nn Rr Un Ww Mm Xx Yy Tt. 5.找朋友游戏:带头饰的同学走到教室前说出字母之后将头饰传给别的没有头饰的同学(Play a game of looking for friends.For example,B:A-B-C.Then say G:F-G-H,J:I-J-K,Q:P-Q-R,W:V-W-X.) 6.听歌曲,默写字母接力赛,发给每组一张四线格纸,每组学生按字母顺序一人写一个,看哪组写得又快又好,获胜者得红旗。 (二)学习单词缩写 1.有些单词可以用他们的缩写形式来写,醒目易懂;

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