ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Antidepressant-like effects of Sanyuansan in the mouse forced swim test,tail suspension test,and chronic mild stress model
Shuo Yan a ,b ,Zi-Li You a ,*,Qiu-Ying Zhao a ,Cheng Peng c ,Gang He b ,Xiao-jun Gou b ,Bin Lin b
a
School of Life Science and Technology,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China b
Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Commission,Chengdu University,Chengdu,China c
Key Laboratory of Systematic Study and Exploitation Utilization of Tradition Chinese
Medicine Resources,Pharmacy College,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu,China
Received 26November 2014;accepted 26October 2015
KEYWORDS
Antidepressant;Chronic mild stress (CMS);
Forced swimming test (FST);
Sanyuansan;
Tail suspension test (TST)
Abstract Natural products have been widely reported as effective therapeutic alternatives for treatment of depression.Sanyuansan is a compound recipe composed of ginseng total saponins,?sh oil,and valeriana.The aims of this study were to validate whether Sanyuansan has antidepressant-like effects through acute behavioral tests including the forced swimming test (FST),tail suspension test (TST),locomotor activity test,and chronic mild stress (CMS)mice model of depression.C57BL/6mice were given oral administration of 30mg/kg imipra-mine,Sanyuansan,and saline,respectively.The acute behavioral tests including the TST,FST,and locomotor activity test were done after the administration of drugs for consecu-tively three times (24hours,1hour,and 0.5hour prior to the tests).Furthermore,the sucrose preference and the serum corticosterone level of mice in the CMS model were exam-ined.Sanyuansan only at 900mg/kg markedly reduced immobility time in the TST compared with the saline-treated group of mice.Sanyuansan at doses of 225mg/kg,450mg/kg,and 900mg/kg signi?cantly reduced immobility time of mice in the FST.Sanyuansan reversed the CMS-induced anhedonia and hyperactivation of the hypothalamus e pituitary e adrenal axis.In addition,our results showed that neither imipramine nor Sanyuansan at any dosage increased spontaneous motor activity.These results suggested that Sanyuansan induced
Con?icts of interest:All authors declare no con?icts of interest.
*Corresponding author.School of Life Science and Technology,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,No.4,Section 2,North Jianshe Road,Chengdu 610054,China.E-mail address:ysghost@https://www.doczj.com/doc/5615718443.html, (Z.-L.You).https://www.doczj.com/doc/5615718443.html,/10.1016/j.kjms.2015.10.009
1607-551X/Copyright a2015,Kaohsiung Medical University.Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.All rights
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Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences (2015)xx ,1e 8
Introduction
Depression is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability.According to the World Health Or-ganization survey,the relatively high lifetime prevalence of depression ranges from2%to15%around the world[1].It costs$150billion per year,according to the latest survey in the United States[2].Several physiological systems are involved in the pathophysiology of depression,such as the alteration of monoamine system,dysregulation of the hypothalamus e pituitary e adrenal(HPA)axis,and imbal-anced cytokine system[3e5].So far,treatment of depression entirely depends on antidepressants,which, based on serendipitous?ndings made in the1950s,act via the monoamine neurotransmitters,such as serotonin or noradrenaline.Only about50%of patients show full remission in response to these antidepressants[6].Hence, there is a pressing need for more effective and better tolerated antidepressants.
Sanyuansan is a compound recipe composed of ginseng total saponins(GTSs),?sh oil,and valeriana,which is widely used as a tonic food in China.In traditional Chinese medi-cine,ginseng is used for treatment of various diseases of the neuropsychological system,including mood disorders, learning and memory de?cit,and cerebral ischemia[7,8]. The major pharmacological active ingredients of ginseng are triterpenoid saponins,which are responsible for its effects on the central nervous system[9].Omega-3polyunsaturated fatty acids are composed of alpha-linoleic acid,eicosa-pentenoic acid,and docosahexenoic acid,mainly found in ?sh oil.Several epidemiological investigations showed a negative correlation between consumption of omega-3fatty acid and the prevalence and severity of depression.In addition,recent clinical studies also provided evidence about the bene?ts of omega-3fatty acid in the treatment of depressive disorders[10e13].Omega-3supplementation in rodents’diet exhibited antidepressant-like effects in chronic studies[14,15],associated with an increase in the hippocampal volume,an overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and an increase in the number of newborn cells[16].Valeriana is traditionally used for the treatment of epilepsy,insomnia,neurosis,and sciatica[17]. In clinical investigations,extract of valeriana has been shown to alleviate symptoms of depression[18].Moreover,it has been used in the treatment of anxiety and depression in combination with other herbs[19e21].
In the present study,we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of Sanyuansan in acute and chronic mice models of depression.Materials and methods
Animals
All137male C57BL/6mice weighing18e22g were pur-chased from the Institute of Experimental Animals (Chengdu,China).The animals were housed in groups under controlled conditions(23.5? 1.5 C,under a12-hour light e dark cycle with lights on at8:00AM,food and water provided ad libitum).The animals were allowed to adapt to laboratory conditions for at least1week before the ex-periments started.All experiments were performed during the light phase of the light e dark cycle.All animal handling procedures were performed in compliance with the Prin-ciples of Laboratory Animal Care(NIH publication No.80-23,revised1996)and the PR China legislation for the use and care of laboratory animals.All possible steps were taken to avoid animals’suffering at any stage of the experiments.
Drug preparation and administration
Fish oil(25%omega-3)and imipramine(99%)were pur-chased from Sigma e Aldrich(St.Louis,MO,USA).GTSs was purchased from Jilin University,and contained major gly-cosides(Rg111.90%,Rb114.50%,Rb28.87%,Rc11.25%,Rd 4.09%,and Re3.17%)and other ginsenosides and compo-nents(46.22%),and methanol extracts of valeriana(vale-potriate,>50%)were obtained from Wuhan Jianan Co. (Wuhan,China).Sanyuansan was composed of GTSs, omega-3,and valeriana in a ratio of2:3:1(w/w/w),sus-pended with0.1%carboxymethylcellulose.
In acute behavioral tests,animals were randomly divided into?ve groups(n Z21per group)and orally administered with imipramine(30mg/kg),low dose Sanyuansan(225mg/kg),medium dose Sanyuansan (450mg/kg),high dose Sanyuansan(900mg/kg),and saline, respectively.These doses were chosen based on earlier reports that GTSs,omega-3,valerian,and imipramine were effective in producing physiological and behavioral effects on rodents.All drugs and water were given at a volume of 20mL/kg for three times at24hours,1hour,and0.5hour prior to each behavioral test.
In the chronic mild stress(CMS)experiment,animals were randomly divided into four groups(n Z8per group): Control(saline),CMStVehicle(CMStsaline), CMStSanyuansan(CMStSanyuansan900mg/kg),and CMStIMI(CMStimipramine30mg/kg).These doses were
chosen according to the acute behavioral tests results.All drugs and water were given at a volume of20mL/kg once per day during the CMS experiment.
Acute behavioral tests
We conducted three acute behavioral tests:the tail sus-pension test(TST),the forced swimming test(FST),and the locomotor activity measurement.These three tests were each performed on seven mice of each drug/dose group. TST
The TST was conducted as previously described by Steru et al.[22].Brie?y,30minutes after the last drug adminis-tration,animals were suspended by the tail from a ledge with adhesive tape(approximately1cm from the tip of the tail).The distance between the tip of the tail of the mouse and the?oor was approximately30cm.Each animal was partitioned to avoid interference during the test.Immo-bility was de?ned as the absence of movement for6mi-nutes.Each mouse in the test was recorded by a videocamera and scored by a blinded experimenter.
FST
The test was performed using the method described by Porsolt et al.[23].Brie?y,30minutes after the last drug administration,animals were placed in an open cylindrical container(total volume,2500mL;height,20cm;diameter, 14cm)?lled with10cm of water(25 C).Immobility was de?ned as mouse ceasing struggling,remaining?oating motionless in water,and making only movements necessary to keep its head above water.The duration of immobility in the last4minutes of the(total)6minutes of swimming time was recorded with a videocamera and scored by a blinded experimenter.
Locomotor activity measurement
Locomotor activity was measured with a36-point infrared ray passive sensor system(model No.ZZ-6;Taimeng Tech Ltd.,Chengdu,Sichuan,China).Thirty minutes after the last drug administration,animals were placed in a chamber of locomotor activity measurement device to adjust to the environment for1minute,then recorded and scored by with infrared ray passive sensor system for10minutes. CMS experiment protocol
The CMS procedure followed a?xed weekly schedule of commonly used mild stressors such as cold water swimming (4 C,5minutes),overnight illumination(10W LED,15Hz, 12hours),wet cages(200mL water in sawdust bedding,12 hours),cage tilt(keeping the cage tilted45 without bedding),restraint stress(2hours),tailed clipped(5mi-nutes),empty water bottle(2hours),and deprivation of food and water(22hours)with animals of the CMS group. Single housed CMS mice received one stressor once per day for3weeks consecutively.Sucrose preference test
The sucrose preference test was used to evaluate the anhedonia state of CMS mice[24].The test involved22 hours of food and water deprivation,followed by presen-tation of2%sucrose and water for2hours.Intake was measured by comparing the bottle weight prior to and after the test[25].The sucrose preference test was composed of training and testing trials.The training test also served as the baseline test prior to the start of the CMS protocol.The testing trial was performed24hours after the3-week CMS protocol was completed.Sucrose preference index was calculated as the ratio of the consumed sucrose solution to the total amount of liquid consumed in2hours.
Determination of serum corticosterone level
Mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (100mg/kg,intraperitoneally),and cardiac blood was collected just prior to sacri?ce.Samples were centrifuged for15minutes at1300g within30minutes of collection and were stored frozen(à80 C).Corticosterone(CORT)was assayed in serum using an ELISA kit(Biovalue Inc.,China)
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as the mean?standard error of the mean for the indicated analyses.Behavioral data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance.Following the analyses of variance,Dunnett’s post hoc tests were used.For all analyses,a p value of<0.05was considered statistically signi?cant.
Results
Effects of Sanyuansan on immobility time in TST
Sanyuansan at900mg/kg and imipramine at30mg/kg markedly reduced immobility time compared with the sa-line group[F(4,30)Z8.423,p<0.01;Figure1].
Post hoc analysis found that Sanyuansan at900mg/kg (p<0.05)decreased immobility time signi?cantly less than imipramine did(p<0.01)in the TST,suggesting that Sanyuansan was less sensitive than imipramine in the TST. Sanyuansan at900mg/kg showed signi?cant antidepressant-like effects in the TST.
Effects of Sanyuansan on immobility time in FST
The effects of oral administration of Sanyuansan on immobility time in the mouse FST are shown in Figure2. Sanyuansan(at225mg/kg,450mg/kg,and900mg/kg)and imipramine(at30mg/kg)all signi?cantly reduced immo-bility time compared with saline-treated mice[F(4, 30)Z4.984,p<0.05].
Post hoc analysis found that imipramine(p<0.01) decreased immobility time but not as much as Sanyuansan did(p<0.01)in the FST,suggesting that Sanyuansan was more sensitive than imipramine in the FST.Sanyuansan exhibited a slight but insigni?cant dose-dependent decrease
Antidepressant-like effects of Sanyuansan3
in immobility.The results indicated that Sanyuansan showed signi?cant antidepressant-like effects in the FST.
Effects of Sanyuansan on the locomotor activity
Treatments with Sanyuansan at 225mg/kg,450mg/kg,and 900mg/kg did not cause any signi?cant difference in time
of either spontaneous activity or spontaneous standing (Figure 3A and B).On the contrary,mice treated with imipramine at 30mg/kg showed markedly reduced time of spontaneous activity [F (4,30)Z 4.255,p <0.01]and spontaneous standing [F (4,30)Z 3.457,p <0.01;Figure 3A and B].The results indicated that Sanyuansan did not affect the spontaneous activity of
mice.
Figure 1.Effects of drugs on immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST).The mice (7for each group)were orally administered saline,low dose Sanyuansan (225mg/kg),medium dose Sanyuansan (450mg/kg),high dose Sanyuansan (900mg/kg),and imipramine (30mg/kg),respectively.The drugs were administered at 24hours,1hour,and 0.5hour prior to the TST.Results are expressed as mean (?SEM)of immobility time (in seconds).The differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Dunnett’s test.For statistical signi?cance,*p <0.05and **p <0.01when compared to the saline group.ANOVA Z analyses of variance;SEM Z standard error of the
mean.
Figure 2.Effects of drugs on immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST).The mice (7for each group)were orally administered saline,low dose Sanyuansan (225mg/kg),medium dose Sanyuansan (450mg/kg),high dose Sanyuansan (900mg/kg),and imipramine (30mg/kg),respectively.The drugs were administered at 24hours,1hour,and 0.5hour prior to the FST.Results are expressed as mean (?SEM)of immobility time (in seconds).The differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Dunnett’s test.For statistical signi?cance,*p <0.05and **p <0.01when compared to the saline group.ANOVA Z analyses of variance;SEM Z standard error of the mean.
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S.Yan et al.
Effects of Sanyuansan on the anhedonia in CMS mice
The effects of 3weeks of oral administration of Sanyuansan and imipramine on anhedonia in CMS mice are shown in Figure 4with the sucrose preference index.In the baseline phase,the sucrose preference index did not differ signi?-cantly among all the groups [F (3,28)Z 0.993,p >0.05;data not shown].After 3weeks of CMS,signi?cant differ-ences were observed among the groups [F (3,28)Z 32.526,p <0.01].
The post hoc results revealed that 3weeks of CMS signi?cantly reduced mice sucrose preference (Control vs.
CMS tVehicle),and oral administration of Sanyuansan at 900mg/kg and imipramine at 30mg/kg both signi?cantly ameliorated the sucrose preference reduction in CMS mice compared with the CMS tVehicle group.
Effects of Sanyuansan on serum CORT level in CMS mice
The effects of 3weeks of oral administration of Sanyuansan and imipramine on the serum CORT level in CMS mice are shown in Figure 5.After 3weeks of CMS treatment,sig-ni?cant differences of CORT were noted among the groups [F (3,18)Z 11.638,p <
0.01].
Figure 3.Effects of drugs on locomotor activity.The mice (7for each group)were orally administered saline,low dose Sanyuansan (225mg/kg),medium dose Sanyuansan (450mg/kg),high dose Sanyuansan (900mg/kg),and imipramine (30mg/kg),respectively.The drugs were administered at 24hours,1hour,and 0.5hour prior to the locomotor activity test.Results are expressed as mean (?SEM)of the times of (A)spontaneous activities and (B)spontaneous standings.The differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Dunnett’s test.For statistical signi?cance,**p <0.01when compared to the saline group.ANOVA Z analyses of variance;SEM Z standard error of the mean.
Antidepressant-like effects of Sanyuansan
5
The post hoc results revealed that the 3-week CMS treatment signi?cantly elevated the mice serum CORT level (Control vs.CMS tVehicle),and oral administration of Sanyuansan at 900mg/kg and imipramine at 30mg/kg both signi?cantly reduced the serum CORT level in CMS mice compared with the CMS tVehicle group.
Discussion
In the present study,we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of Sanyuansan,composed of GTSs,omega-3,
and valeriana,through acute mouse behavioral models of despair tasks,TST and FST,which are well-established screening paradigms for the antidepressants and CMS mice model of depression,one of the most valuable and credible rodent model to study depression in animals and mimicking human depressive symptoms [24,26].In the acute models,Sanyuansan produced a signi?cant reduction in immobility time.In the CMS model,Sanyuansan reversed the anhe-donia state and hyperactivation of the HPA axis induced by CMS.These effects were comparable with that of the reference antidepressant imipramine.Unlike
imipramine,
Figure 4.Effects of drugs on sucrose preference in CMS mice (n Z 8).Results are expressed as mean (?SEM)of sucrose pref-erence index (%).The differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Dunnett’s test.For statistical signi?cance,**p <0.01when compared to the CMS tVehicle group.ANOVA Z analyses of variance;CMS Z chronic mild stress;SEM Z standard error of the
mean.
Figure 5.Effects of drugs on serum CORT level in CMS mice (n Z 6).Results are expressed as mean (?SEM)of serum CORT level (ng/mL).The differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Dunnett’s test.For statistical signi?cance,**p <0.01when compared to the CMS tVehicle group.ANOVA Z analyses of variance;CMS Z chronic mild stress;CORT Z corticosterone;SEM Z standard error of the mean.
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S.Yan et al.
Sanyuansan did not affect the spontaneous activities in the locomotor activity test.These results suggested that Sanyuansan did have antidepressant-like effects,and its antidepressant-like effects were of different pharmaco-logic mechanism from that of imipramine.
The behavioral tests TST and FST are sensitive,believ-able,and useful measurement in the evaluation of antide-pressant drugs[22,23].Both tests placed mice in an inescapable situation,and the antidepressant-like activity is expressed by the decrease in immobility duration.In our study,oral administration of Sanyuansan and imipramine showed different anti-immobility capacity in the TST and the FST.In the TST,only Sanyuansan at900mg/kg signi?cantly decreased immobility time,although at a less effective level than imipramine.In the FST,each dose of Sanyuansan showed more anti-immobility capacity than imipramine. These different behavioral results might be attributed to the following factors.First,variability of the two animal models in response to certain antidepressants indicates potentially different pharmacological mechanisms mediating perfor-mance in these tests[27].Second,the spectrum of phar-macological sensitivity of the two models is different.Detke et al.[28]and Cryan et al.[29]reported that swimming behavior in the FST is modulated by serotonergic neuro-transmission,whereas climbing is mediated by norepineph-rinergic neurotransmission.Norepinephrinergic drugs and the mixed serotonin e noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor are more effective than serotonin reuptake blockers in the TST [30].Moreover,imipramine induces a signi?cant reduction of immobility at lower doses in the TST(4mg/kg)than in the FST(30mg/kg)[31].Based on the different performance of the two drugs between the TST and the FST,we speculated that Sanyuansan might have different effects on the mono-amine system compared with imipramine.
It has been reported that psychotonics,which are clin-ically ineffective as antidepressants,also show anti-immobility effects in the TST and FST by stimulants [32,33].In order to detect the possibility of a false positive result in anti-immobility effects,we also performed a lo-comotor activity test to the mice[22].Our results showed that neither imipramine nor Sanyuansan at any dosage increased spontaneous activity,suggesting that the antidepressant-like effects of Sanyuansan in the TST and FST was unlikely to be attributed to the false positives.It is of interest to note that imipramine signi?cantly decreased locomotor activities including times of spontaneous activity and spontaneous standing,whereas Sanyuansan did not. Several established antidepressants such as?uoxetine, desipramine,and citalopram are reported to decrease the locomotor activity,possibly because of their sedative ef-fect[32,34,35].
The CMS model is considered to be the most valid and reliable rodent model to study depression in animals and mimicking human depressive symptoms[24,36].Stress was thought to be one of the key contributors to depression,so the pattern that CMS induced depressive symptoms was relevant to the causes of depression.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,4th Edition classi?cation,presence of anhedonia,a key symp-tom of depression,is a basis of depressive disorder di-agnostics[37].Therefore,we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of oral administration of Sanyuansan in the CMS model.The results of the study were in line with the previous?nding[38]that chronic exposure to mild stressors caused a decrease in the sucrose prefer-ence index in mice,indicating the anhedonia state of mice. Our result revealed that the anhedonia state induced by CMS was normalized by oral administration of Sanyuansan at 900mg/kg.Moreover,the effect of Sanyuansan was com-parable to that of imipramine,suggesting that Sanyuansan showed an antidepressant-like effect in the CMS model.
The HPA axis is one of the responders to stress.In the face of persistent stress,continued activation of the HPA axis could lead to a?nal common pathway,that is,failure in maintaining homeostasis.Moreover,hypercortisolemia had been one of the most reproducible biological?ndings in major depression[39].Therefore,we deteced the level of serum CORT in CMS mice to assess the hypercortisolemia state.Our results were consistent with the previous?nding that CMS elevated the serum CORT level in mice,indicating hyperactivation in the HPA axis of CMS mice[40].Further-more,drug treatment showed that hyperactivation of the HPA axis induced by CMS was reversed by Sanyuansan at 900mg/kg and imipramine at30mg/kg.
Generally,Sanyuansan reduced immobility in the TST and the FST but did not affect general locomotor activity in acute behavioral tests and normalized anhedonia and hyperactivation of the HPA axis in the CMS model,which means that it has an antidepressant-like effect but is not sedative.
In summary,Sanyuansan produced a signi?cant antide-pressant effect in acute and chronic mice models of depres-sion.In contrast to imipramine,however,Sanyuansan did not affect the spontaneous activities in the locomotor activity test,suggesting that Sanyuansan did have antidepressant-like effects,and its antidepressant-like effects involved a different pharmacologic mechanism from that of imipramine. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Key Technologies R&D Program of Sichuan Province(2013SZ0011),the Achievement Trans-fer Program of Institutions in Chengdu(12DXYB345JH-002), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Commission(No.10Y201405),and the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources(No.2014003).
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据介绍，三一重工从2002年开始国际化以来，依靠产品、人才的本土化以及聚焦产品、聚焦市场的“双聚战略”，实现了国际业务的快速增长。 2011年至2013年，三一重工分别实现海外销售34.25亿元，87.40亿元、108.74亿元，同比分别增长60.72%、155.18%、24.42%。三一重工目前海外销售占比已近30%，中期目标为50%，空间巨大。 据了解，因地理位置和文化的接近性，三一重工2009年首先在亚太大区迈出了国际化的步伐，并用5年时间实现业绩翻了6倍，销售额突破18亿元。在泰国、印尼、澳大利亚、缅甸、越南、新加坡几个重点市场的出口额位居中国同行业第一。2013年，三一汽车起重机在泰国的新机产品市场占有率超过70%。亚太地区成为三一集团国际化发展最为迅猛的单元之一。 三一重工对亚太地区后市场的开发力度走在行业前列，竞争实力强劲。数据显示，今年1-8月公司亚太大区工程机械配件销售额近3000万元，较2012年增长了5倍。该公司还表示，在亚太数个重点市场，今年均有望冲击单一国家配件销售1000万的成绩，配件板块正成为新的利润增长点。 另据介绍，三一重工在亚太地区参与建设的重点项目已超过50个，营销及服务体系建设十分成熟，公司未来将在亚太、巴西、美国加大投入力度，在已经完成的全球化生产布点基础上，获取更大的市场份额。 三一布局“一带一路”，深耕国际市场 “一带一路”无疑是今年全国两会期间的一个热点话题，有权威人士透露，即将出台的“一带一路”规划，将包括一份详细的重大工程项目清单，规划未来几年将要签约、开工的项目，涉及铁路、公路、能源、信息、产业园区等总计几百项重大工程。 三一布局“一带一路”，深耕国际市场
三一重工：服务“嫉慢如仇” 2012年02月08日20:58中欧商业评论我要评论(1) 字号：T|T 编者按：本文是《组织能力标杆实践》系列调研的第十篇，该系列是本刊联合中欧国际工商学院人力资源与组织管理研究中心、腾讯网联合推出的企业系列调研项目。本次调研的案例成果将以商学院案例形式结集出版；杨国安教授与企业CEO对话的视频将在腾讯财经频道以“巅峰对话”的形式推出。《中欧商业评论》以媒体案例和文字对话的形式，与读者分享调研成果。 2012年1月7日，周六，凌晨两点整，我们拨了贾栓虎的手机号，还真能打通，而且他接了。 贾栓虎是三一重工一名年轻的服务工程师。在访谈中，他向我们“放言”：“公司要求我们24小时开机，随时待命，不信？那你半夜给我电话，我一定接的！” “必须的？” “必须的！” 我们打了电话，他也守了承诺。 三一重工近两年可谓风生水起，智利矿难、福岛核危机大救援都有它的身影。2011年7月，三一重工以215.84亿美元的市值入围FT全球500 强，列第431位，目前是中国最大、全球第六的工程机械制造商。 但在20 世纪90 年代初，中国工程机械行业却是另一番景象。混凝土机械95%为进口产品；大吨位履带起重机械全部依赖进口；挖掘机近100%被国外企业垄断……如今，三一重工混凝土机械、挖掘机、履带起重机、旋挖钻机已成为国内第一品牌；混凝土输送泵车、混凝土输送泵和全液压压路机市场占有率居国内首位；泵车产量居世界首位，是全球最大的混凝土机械制造企业。市场份额冰火两重天变化的背后，究竟是什么支撑了三一重工持续性的快速成长？ 不赢在技术，就赢在服务 三一重工总裁向文波(微博)说：“我们赢在对中国客户的理解。” 向文波的话另有深意。中国的大工程建设除对产品独特性的要求外，工期至关重要，只能提前不可延后，加之工程机械比较复杂，容易出问题，对售后服务的要求很高。早年由于中国市场的混凝土机械很少，国外企业高高在上。设备出了问题，客户必须向国外厂家提出服务请求，厂商会发给客户一个传真，明确提出服务人员的收费、住宿和饮食标准，条件满足后才派服务工程师来，成本高昂。 三一重工从中看到了机会。 在三一重工，有个形象的说法是：“德国产品能用四年，我们的产品能用三年，但我们的服务工程师随叫随到。”在服务上，三一重工坚定地要引领行业。向文波说：“对客户来说，服务至关重要，三一重工在全球打造了一个无与伦比的服务品牌，没错，我说的就是无与伦比！”
三一重工 总部地点：湖南省长沙市经济技术开发区 公司概述： 三一集团有限公司始创于1989年。二十年来，三一集团秉持“创建一流企业，造就一流人才，做出一流贡献”的企业宗旨，打造了业内知名的“三一”品牌。2007年，三一集团实现销售收入135亿元、利润40亿元，成为建国以来湖南省首家销售过百亿的民营企业。2010年实现销售收入约500亿元。 2008年，尽管受金融危机影响，三一仍然延续了以往的增长，全年实现销售209亿元。三一重工主要从事工程机械的研发、制造、销售，产品包括建筑机械、筑路机械、起重机械等25大类120多个品种，主导产品有混凝土输送泵、混凝土输送泵车、混凝土搅拌站、沥青搅拌站、压路机、摊铺机、平地机、履带起重机、汽车起重机、港口机械等。目前，三一混凝土输送机械、履带起重机械、旋挖钻机已成为国内第一品牌，混凝土输送泵车、混凝土输送泵和全液压压路机市场占有率居国内首位，泵车产量居世界首位，是全球最大的长臂架、大排量泵车制造企业。 2002年，三一重工在香港国际金融中心创下单泵垂直泵送混凝土406米的世界纪录。2007年12月，三一重工在上海环球金融中心以492米再次创造单泵垂直泵送的世界新高。三一重工还研制出世界第一台全液压平地机、世界第一台三级配混凝土输送泵、世界第一台无泡沥青砂浆车。2007年10月，由三一重工自主研制
的66米臂架泵车问鼎吉尼斯世界纪录。2008年底，三一推出72米世界最长臂架泵车，实现了对混凝土泵送技术的又一次跨越。 三一秉承“品质改变世界”经营理念，将销售收入的5%-7%用于研发。拥有国家级技术开发中心和博士后流动工作站，拥有授权有效专利536项和近百项核心技术。荣获国家科技进步二等奖，被认定为中国驰名商标、全国“免检产品”、中国名牌产品、中国工程机械行业标志性品牌。 三一重工已通过国家ISO 9000质量体系认证、ISO14001环境管理体系认证、OHSAS18001职业健康安全体系认证和德国TUV 认证。 三一重工于2003年7月3日上市；2005年６月10日，三一重工成为首家股权分置改革成功并实现全流通的企业，被载入中国资本市场史册。 2003年10月3日中共中央总书记、国家主席胡锦涛视察三一，亲切鼓励三一人：“你们已经取得了辉煌的过去，希望你们团结一心，有一个更加美好的未来！”此后，温家宝、贾庆林、曾庆红、黄菊、周永康等党和国家主要领导人相继视察三一。 董事长梁稳根先生是三一的主要创始人，中共十七大代表，八、九、十届全国人大代表，全国劳动模范、全国优秀民营企业家，优秀中国特色社会主义事业建设者，“中国经济年度人物”、福布斯“中国上市公司最佳老板”、“蒙代尔·世界经理人成就奖”获得者。
课程序号： 《我对三一公司的投资价值分析》 期末论文 学院: 经济与管理学院 专业: 市场营销 姓名：韦亚 学号: 09800245 授课教师:冯潮前 提交时间:2011年 05月 25日 成绩:
我对三一公司的投资价值分析 一、宏观分析 （一）经济周期 经济全球化下世界经济周期的新特征表现为经济周期波动幅度减小，经济周期趋同化。 展望未来我国经济周期的走势，表现为： 第一，中国经济周期逐渐从过去的短周期向中周期过渡，周期持续时间不断延长，波动幅度减缓，波峰和波谷的位势从“高位型”向“中位型”转变。 第二，中国经济周期仍以增长型周期为主，经济增长率将继续保持较高水平，但随着市场经济体制和政府宏观调控的不断完善，实际经济增长率难以越过潜在增长率水平实现超常增长，而会保持在一个合理范围。 第三，我国加入WTO以后，世界经济周期对我国经济周期的影响进一步增强。特别是在若干年后我国实行浮动汇率制及放开对资本帐户的管制后，我国的经济周期将越来越与世界经济周期紧密联系在一起。 （二）国内生产总值 国内生产总值是在一定时期，在一国领土范围内生产的产品和劳务的总值，GDP指标在宏观经济分析中占有重要地位。当国内生产总值持续、稳定的增长，社会总需求与总供给协调增长，则经济发展势头良好，企业盈利水平持续上升，人们生活水平改善，股票的内在含金量以及投资者对股票的需求增加，促使股票价格上涨，股市走牛。而经济结构不合理，高通胀下呈现的GDP高速增长是泡沫经济的表现，经济形势在矛盾激化中有恶化的可能，企业成本上升，重复建设最终导致供大于求，居民实际收入下降，各种因素引发股票价格的大跌。 2010年我国经济去年平稳快速增长，GDP为397983亿元，比上年增长10.3%;CPI比上年上涨3.3%。全社会固定资产投资278140亿元，比上年增长23.8%。社会消费品零售总额156998亿元，比上年增长18.3%。初步测算，2010年内需拉动GDP增长9.5个百分点;净出口扭转了2009年对经济增长的负拉动趋势，拉动GDP增长0.8个百分点，显示内外需对经济增长的支撑比2009年更加协调。去年末国家外汇储备28473亿美元，比上年末增加4481亿美元。全年财政收入83080亿元，比上年增加14562亿元，增长21.3%;其中税收收入73202亿元，增加13680亿元，增长23.0%。在金融统计方面，流动性依旧保持充裕。去年末广义货币供应量(M2)余额为72.6万亿元，比上年末增长19.7%;狭义货币供应量(M1)余额为26.7万亿元，增长21.2%;流通中现金(M0)余额为4.5万亿元，增长16.7%。 综合以上资料，个人认为国内生产总值不乏泡沫的成分，但随着国家政府调控已经得到缓解，预计2011年GDP增幅将在个位数，股票市场仍然保持良好的持续，值得投资。 （三）通货膨胀 目前，干旱冲击推动通胀继续高位运行。5月食品价格走势正常情况下，本应呈现季节性回落态势，但今年在波及全国大部分地区的干旱天气影响下，各种细类食品价格全面上涨。我认为，在干旱和猪肉生产的周期性低谷影响下，食品价格仍然会保持坚挺态势；受经济增速下降的影响，需求下降造成了生产资料价格的下降；未来通货膨胀仍将持续高位运行。 经济过热状况持续。在电力生产正常的情况下，出现电荒现象，说明我国经济结构和现
三一重工SD7535水平定向钻产品资料(图) 2008-09-06 17:20:45 作者：admin来源：浏览次数：274 网友评论1条文字大小：【大】【中】【小】评分等级：0 三一SD7535水平定向钻 主要特点 采用德国Rexroth四个马达/减速机串并联连接，实现双速功能，提供钻机500kN的最大回拖给进力； 进口康明斯QSB5.9-240发动机，提供185kW超强输出功率的同时，实现低油耗，低排放，低噪音等节能环保功能； 89mm钻杆承受20000N?m最大输出扭矩，确保不同地质状况施工中钻杆的高稳定性； 整机总体性能达到国际先进水平，关键零部件采用国际知名品牌； 采用全液压驱动，实现无级调速，整体特性匹配最佳，提高系统的安全可靠性； 采用二级分布式控制系统，应用CANBUS总线技术和虚拟仪表技术，实时整机监控，使操作简单安全；
整机操作轻便灵活，作业效率高。广泛应用于电信、燃气、给排水等地下管线的铺设，是保护环境，通畅交通的理想设备。 技术参数 最大给进/回拖力500kN 最大输出扭矩20000N?m 动力头0～60rpm 输出转速0～120rpm 动力头0～9.6m/min 推拉速度0～19.2m/min 动力头行程5400 mm 入射角8～22° 行走速度 2.4 km/h 随机起重机2t/2.1m 钻杆 外径Φ89mm 加厚外径Φ92mm 长度4500 mm 发动机 型号康明斯QSB5.9-240 额定功率186kW 额定输出转速2200rpm 泥浆系统 最大泵压100bar
最大泵量400L/min 运输状态外形尺寸 长度9150mm 宽度2480mm 高度3140mm 整机重量17500kg 本文引用地址： https://www.doczj.com/doc/5615718443.html,/zj/2008/0906/content_787.htm
三一重工——财务报表分析 600031
三一重工财务报表分析 一、公司简介 三一重工股份有限公司是由三一集团有限公司控股的工程机械行业龙头企业，于2000年12月8日成立，2003年7月3日在上海证券交易所上市交易。公司不仅是全球最大的混凝土机械制造商，也是中国最大、全球第六的工程机械制造商，产品线覆盖的工程机械制造商，产品线覆盖混凝土机械、筑路机械、挖掘机械、桩工机械、起重机械、非开挖施工设备、港口机械、风电设备等全系列。其中，混凝土机械、桩工机械、履带起重机为国内第一品牌，混凝土泵车全面取代进口，国内市场占有率达57%。 目前，三一重工在全国已建有15家6S中心。未来几年内，将在全国31个省会城市、直辖市、200多个二级城市开设6S中心。在全球拥有169家销售分公司、2000多个服务中心、7500多名技术服务工程师。近年，三一重工相继在印度、美国、德国、巴西投资建设研发和制造基地。自营的机制、完善的网络、独特的理念，将星级服务和超值服务贯穿于产品的售前、售中、售后全过程。 公司贯彻“守正出奇”、“转型”发展战略，高度重视创新，2015年力争实现营收10%以上增长，做出具体规划包括：1、加强市场开拓与价值销售，聚焦海外国家销售和主打产品推广；2、严格控制成本费用和经营风险，努力降低盈亏平衡点，并建立费用管控长效机制；3、借助互联网的思维、商业模式和技术实现跨越，推进互动式营销、大数据应用、CRM、智能化制造示范等项目；4、加快转型，培育新的利润增长点，如国际化、PC装备、工业4.0、工程机械后市场等。 二、行业分析 公司所属行业为工程机械行业，机械行业是整个国民经济的基础性工业与重要支柱产业，机械产品既可以是终端产品（比如机床、挖掘机），也可以是零部件产品（比如齿轮、弹簧）；既可以是最终消费品（比如家用机器人、游轮），也可以是生产经营设备（比如机床、起重机）。因此，机械行业的繁荣与否与实体经济相关度极高。随着我国经济步入新常态，机械行业也步入新常态，主要特征包括以下方面： 第一，行业增速下降，主要产品产量、行业毛利率、收入及利润增速持续下
三一重工的企业文化 三一重工到企业文化包括以下内容：三一使命，企业精神，核心价值观，三一作风，经营理念，三一信条，企业伦理，三请三问。具体内容如下： 三一使命：创建一流企业，造就一流人才，做出一流贡献。 创建一流企业：在全球产业分工重组中，在所涉及的产业里，三一应努力使自己有能力和资格整合产业链中附加值最高的环节，或有能力和资格在某一特定增值环节中整合最优秀的社会资源。为此，应尽快将我们的核心企业——三一重工，打造成为中国工程机械行业的第一标志性企业，即市场占有率第一，品牌影响力第一，资本号召力第一，人才拥有量第一。 造就一流人才：“造就人才”不应简单地理解为企业实现自身使命的一种手段，它同样可以是企业追求的终极目标之一，最起码三一是这样。企业真正的追求在企业之外，只要我们跳出＂企业就是为了盈利＂这个狭隘的思维定式，站在国家、社会与人类文明进步的角度来看待一个企业，定会发现：造就人才其实是一个优秀企业责无旁贷的社会责任。没有员工个人梦想的实现，要实现组织目标是不可能的，也是不仁义的。三一应成为人才追随的乐园，应成为员工人力资本增值最快的平台。如果你正在三一工作，三一将竭力使你的智力资本得到升值；如果你曾经在三一工作过，三一渴望你已是一流人才，不论你现在任职何方，都会为你对社会所作的贡献倍感激动。 做出一流贡献：不管需要多少年，不管经历多少代，三一都将竭力在以下几方面做出自己的贡献：为社会创造足够多、足够好的产品，广泛而深入地影响与改善人类生活或生产方式；建好一块试验田，为千千万万的中国企业提供经验；培育和传播一套适合中国国情的优秀企业文化，广泛而持久地为促进中国的工业化革命进程贡献力量。 企业精神：自强不息，产业报国。企业可以无国界，但企业家和企业员工是有国籍的，任何变化都无法改变，我们身上流淌着的永远是中华民族的血液。 泱泱大中国，农业化革命的先驱；唐宗何其风光，令周边列国纷纷朝拜、效仿。然而仅工业化革命的一步之遥，乾坤倒转，西方一路引领世界至今。三一有责任和义务，在用高新技术改造传统产业的道路上，在中国工业化革命的进程中，做出自己的贡献。 一个中国企业，若不通晓这个民族的昨天与今天，若领悟不到自己肩上的民族责任，就不可能长久。三一人感慨春秋战国时代的中国人，因为在那段历史里，中华民族的报国情结表现得最为淋漓尽致。也正因为如此，三一毫不犹豫地要把“春秋战国”纳入员工的培训教材。