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期末英语专业跨⽂化交际试题试题及参考答案中央⼴播电视⼤学2003--2004学年度第⼆学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨⽂化交际试题注意事项⼀、将你的学号、姓名及分校(⼯作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
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Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are：Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes)Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20minutes)SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes)Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)．Section I：Listening [20 points]You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D toanswer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women? A．The modern concept．B．The traditional concept．C．The responsibility to the society．’D．The responsibility to the family．2．According to the passage，raising children——．A．is an unbearable burden to womenB．is a significant part of a woman’s lifeC．is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3．Giving birth ．A．brings great pleasure to womenB．differs men from women physically and spirituallyC．makes the women’s life completeD．all the above4．Those oppose giving birth think that ．A．giving birth is something rather primitiveB．women do not need to follow their mothers’ideasC．they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD．giving birth is necessary for women5．According to the passage，which statement is true9．A．City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get old．B．Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．C．City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．D．Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline．Part 2：Questions 6—15 are based on this part．(10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity．As you listen，fill in the blanks tocomplete Sentences 6—1 5．Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank．6．Diversity——our lives．7．Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for thebenefit of all．8．Yet consider how——life would be if we all looked alike，thought alike，and acted alike!9．Together we can overcome and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful andproductive world．10．People may fear diversity simply because they are to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable．11．Others may somehow feel ．because they perceive increased participation bytraditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace．12．Education universalizes the human ．13．The word university is to this idea．14．I believe that the is also true：if you lose a language，you lose a world．15．We can cross and feel comfortable in other worlds．This is the end of the Listening TestSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below．You are offered four choices markedwith A，B，C，and D for each statement．Choose the most appropriate one and write it on theAnswer Sheet．．16. Maybe it's asking too much 0f you to follow the idea of‘love me love my dog’，but atleast you should tolerate my love for jazz．A．10ve my dog as much as loving meB．10ve everything about me because you love meC．tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD．10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17．What a fabulous car—I’m very jealous．A．red with envyB．blue with envyC．green with envyD．white with envy18．As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcy．A．the great white hopeB．the great red hopeC．the great green hopeD．the great black hope1 9．He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows．A．boastingB．imagingC．telling 1ies aboutD．denying20．I’m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made beforehe came into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilled． A．Dutch courageB．fl piece of cakeC．the salt of the earthD．castles in the air21． These days Mr.．Smith looks anxious and restless．What happened?I heard his wife was in the family way this month．A．badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22．“Well，”said the Master，“if you won’t listen to what I say，I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances．A．zip my lips ofB．wash hands ofC．1ick my boots of23．She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas．A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD．agreeing with others ’ideas24．It’s not easy to organize such a party，as everyone has his own likes and dislikes． A．every dog has his day B．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD．one man’s meat is another’s poison．25．When Greeks meet，then comes the tug of war．A．If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time，chaos will reign．B．Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy．C．There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness．D．When two adversaries are of equal strength of character，the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought．26．Which of the following statements are true of collectivist culture?A．Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful．B．People are suspicious of outsiders．C．Uniformity is not highly thought of．D．There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement．27．I can’t stand listening to jazz．It’s just ．A．a storm in a tea cupB．not my cup of teaC．not for all the tea in ChinaD．a cuppa28．Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A．as wise as a fox．‘B．as happy as a lark．C．as strong as a horse．D．as stupid as a goose．29．Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb “驴唇不对马嘴” to hisAmerican friend Bob．What he means is ．A．the donkey’s lip is not suitable to the horse’s mouthB．1eft right outC．out of left field30．The‘ring’gesture is an insult in ．A．FranceB．the U．S．A．C．South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1：Questions 3 1—35 are based on this part．(10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1——35 briefly．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close，though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate，personal，socialand public．Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters．Beyond this comes personal stance．．This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters·It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives。
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。
I. Match the words and phrases in column A with the explanations in column B and write the answer letter in the brackets. (10%)A B( ) 1.device a. plan( ) 2. voyage b. not serious or important( ) 3. content c. a person who asks for a job( ) 4. arrange d. sea journey( ) 5. minor e. satisfied( ) 6. efficient f. able to plan and work well( ) 7. relax g. become less tense( ) 8.barely h. piece of equipment( ) 9. applicant i. very old( ) 10.ancient j. hardlyII. Fill in the blanks with words or expressions given in the box, changing the form where necessary2.I didn't see your boss at the meeting，if he _______，I would have told him the news.3.The place was so_________ that the tourists spent much more time there than in any other places.4.She was too young ___________ such work.5.You have to___________for the final examination.6.We felt the house____________ .7.Although John was not experienced in business，he did it with ___________ .8.He ____________ his new plan at the meeting last week.9.If the economy get worse，we shall have to ____________ our belts.10. Can you tell me what your_____________ football team is?III. Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of the words given in the brackets. (10%)1.They_____________ (obtain) a lot of experience from this experiment.2. If the team members hadn't helped me, I ________ (fail)in the last experiment.3. I asked him not ________ (say)anything about our contract until the end of the month.4. We usually ________ (go)abroad for our holiday, but this year we are staying at home5. With the ________(develop)of foreign trade, more and more people are doing import and export business.6. ________(See)from the top of the hill, the village is very beautiful.7. It was very ________ (help)of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.8. He___________ (play) the piano when I came in .9. Mark was a little upset, for the manager didn't allow him ________(take) his holiday the following week.10. Some American businessmen in China are spending a lot of time in _________ (learn)Chinese.IV. For each sentences, there are four choices. Choose the one that best completes. (10%)1. Mary says this is the ________decision she has ever made in her career life.A) bad C) worseB) badly D) worst2. We won't be able to leave the office until the rain_____.A) will stop C) stoppedB) stops D) is stopping3. We all think that John is the only candidate ________will get the job.A) who C) whomB) whose D) whoever4. Judging from his accent, I can ________that he is from the south.A) speak C) tellB) look D) show5. Most of the machines in the workshop ________next month.A) are repaired C) were repairedB) have been repaired D) will be repaired6. The boss told his secretary to ________the documents for later use.A) put away C) make upB) turn on D) break out7. If I work in a small factory, it is not ________for me to gain much experience.A) weekly C) likelyB) friendly D) lively8. The fact ________Mary was late for the meeting again made me angry.A) why C) whatB) that D) which9. The villagers have offered much help to us and we think we should do something for them________.A) in return C) in fashionB) in place D) in danger10,________is quite difficult for Mary to pass the interview.A) What C) ThatB) This D) ItV. Complete the following dialogue by using the patterns and expressions you have learned. (10%)A: How 1) _______times does the college hold sports meet a year?B: 2) _______ _______ _______ (一年两次). One is in spring and the 3) _______ isin autumn.A: Look, many people are on the playground.B: 4) _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (你愿意加入他们吗) ? A: Yes. And I am 5) e_______ (急于) to take part in an event .B:6) _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (你擅长什么) ?A: Oh, I’m good at shot-put.B: Look there! Lily is on the fifth track! She runs very fast.A: Let’s 7) _______ (加油) for her .VI. Reading Comprehension. (20%)Part ADirections: Read the following passage and then answer the following questions.Passage 1Fly with Singapore Airlines to Australia and you could win free tickets.There is a winner every day from January to April 30th 2005.Lucky Promotion( 促销)Fly between January 1st and April 30th 2005, and you could win free tickets daily, plus a chance to win one of the 2 Great Prizes:First Prize: One pair of First Class return tickets on Singapore Airlines to any of our destinations (目的地) in Australia, 5 nights' accommodation (住宿) in a 5-star hotel and US$5000 cash.Second Prize: One pair of Business Class return tickets on Singapore Airlines to any of our destinations in Australia, 5 nights' accommodation in a 5-star hotel and US$3000 cash.Plan your holiday to Australia on Singapore Airlines now and try your luck for the good chance!For more information, contact the Singapore-Airlines office at your place or visit our websites at or .1. How long does the Lucky Promotion last?2. What could you win if you fly with Singapore Airlines within the period mentioned?3. How many First Class return tickets can you get if you win the first prize?4. What kind of hotel can you stay in free of charge if you win a second prize?5. Where can you get more information about the promotion?Part BDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then choose the best answer from the four choices.Passage 2It is often difficult for a man to be quite sure what tax (税) he ought to pay to the government because it depends on so many different things: whether the man is married; how many children he has; whether he supports any relations; how much he earns; how much interest he receives; how much he has spent on his house during the year, and so on and so forth. All this makes it difficult to decide exactly how much the tax is.There was a certain artist who was always very careful to pay the proper amount. One year, after posting his check as usual, he began to wonder if he had paid enough, and after a lot of work, with a pencil and paper, decided that he had not. He believed that he owed the government something.He was just writing another check to send to the tax-collector when the postman dropped a letter into the box at the front door. Opening it, the artist was surprised to find inside it a check for five pounds from the tax-collector. The official explained that too much had been paid, and that therefore the difference was now returned to the taxpayer.1. According to the passage, to decide the exact amount of tax to be paid isA) simpleB) easyC) difficultD) interesting2. It is mentioned in the passage that one has to pay tax according to________.A) how much education one has receivedB) whether one is single or marriedC) how old one's children areD) where one lives3. The word "proper" in the first line of the second paragraph means________.A) smallB)bigC) rightD) wrong4. After a lot of work, the artist thought that he had paid the government________.A) less tax than he should haveB) more tax than he should haveC) as much tax as usualD) just enough tax5. Why did the tax-collector send a letter to the artist?A) To send him a new tax form.B) To return the money over-paid.C) To remind him of paying the tax.D) To explain the rules of tax-paying.VII. Translate the following sentences into English. (15%)61. 他喜欢一边做作业，一边听音乐。
Cross-culturalCommunication-最新⽂档Cross-cultural Communication1. Communication and Cross-cultural CommunicationAccording to Larry A Samovar: “Communication is a dynamic, systemic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.”“Co mmunication—our ability to share our ideas and feelings—is the basis of all human contact.” People are communicating everywhere all the time in various manners for different purposes. They communicate with friends and strangers, at work and at play, in public and in private. They get across to others with their knowledge and their ignorance, their anger and their pleasure, their needs and their intentions. In this paper, communication refers to any process that takes place whenever meaning is attached to messages including speaking, listening, reading, writing, translating, teaching, etc.Cross-culture communication is communication between two or more speakers who do not share the same cultural background. It occurs when a message sender is a member of one culture and message receiver of another.2. LanguageLanguage is man’s principal means of communication. Man uses the language to express his/her thoughts, feelings and perceptions and wants to share them with other people. In this way man integrates himself/herself into a human group, a member of human society.In linguistic sense, “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a speech community communicate, interact, and transmit their culture.” According to L iYanfu, whatever the definition of language is, it must include directly, or by close implication, All languages have their own systems of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar: the reason why languages other than our own sound like gibberish is that we have not mastered the complexity of their system. However, mastering the linguistic rules will not always guarantee the success of communication. This is because language represents a kind of cultural phenomenon, and bears a cultural load and carries cultural information. To understand a language means to understand the cultural information it loads. In this sense, language is a subsystem of the culture system.3 .The Relationship of Culture, Communication and。
The Answer Keys and Assessment CriteriaFor the Written Exam Paper of “Cross-Cultural Communication”《跨文化交际》课程终结考试参考答案与评分标准Section I: Listening [20 points] Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each.)1. D2. A3. A4. B5. CPart 2. (10 points, 1 point each. The exact words are required.)6.pace7.Planning8.process9.mobile10.physical 11.hint12.frustrated13.clue14.positioned15.SharpeningSection II: Language Appropriacy [30 points] (30 points, 2 points each.)16.D17.C18.A19.B20.D 21.A22.B23.C24.B25.A26.B27.A28.B29.B30.ASection III: Reading Comprehension [20 points] Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. 0.5 point off for each grammar/spelling mistake, but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar/spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same. )31.Newcomers need to remember that the host culture has its own reasons for doingthings in a certain way. They should try to avoid the simple assumption that people are behaving in an unreasonable or hostile fashion.32.British workers in a Japanese factory in England have to learn to adapt to thedifferent work practices imported by their Japanese managers from Japan; at the same time as the latter have to become acclimatized to life in England.33.People are happy to criticize their own society amongst themselves, but they don’tthink it is proper for newcomers to do the same.34.Criticizing almost all aspects of society from the government to economy.35.Because Australians feel that English newcomers’ criticizing their country sug gestsingratitude.Part 2. (10 points, 2 points each.)36. T 37. T 38. F 39. T 40. FSection IV: Communication Analysis [30 points] Question 41.Case 1 (7 points, 5 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality.) 1)The American tourist thinks that Li Hong’s surname is her husband’s surname,because she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.2)Li thinks that “Miss” is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker,but unaware of the fact that in America it is not used before someone’s first name.She also mistakes the given name “Lucy” for the surname.Question 42.Case 2 (10 points, 8 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality.)1)Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely partof Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship. 2)In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so theydon’t feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person giv es more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friends.3)As an American, Susan would like to help her Chinese friend Li Lan. But she didn’texpect Li Lan would ask for money, which goes against the principle of independence and equality. While as a Chinese, Li Lan regarded Susan as her good friend, and she considered it natural to ask to borrow money from Susan when she needed the money urgently.4)Li Lan first should try to get to know American culture as much as possible. She mayalso need to have a discussion with Susan about the different ways of friendship in both cultures. If possible, she could try to ask for a loan from a bank.5)Susan should also try to learn to understand Chinese culture. She could also have adiscussion with Li Lan about the different expectation of friendship in both cultures.If she could understand the Chinese ways, she might help Li Lan out financially by lending her the money.Question 43.Case 3 (13 points, 11 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality.)1)“人怕出名，猪怕壮”means that people are afraid of being popular or famed just asthe pig is afraid of being fat. As a fat pig is readily to be killed by the man, a popular person is easily to be criticized by the public.2)“树大招风”means that a big tree is easily destroyed by the wind. Just like the bigtree, a famous person will be easily exposed to the public criticism.3)Mike comes from America, which tends to be defined as individualist culture. In hisculture, people value independence and try to be unique rather than similar to others.As a result, they do not fear the actions that call attention to the self; in fact they often seek the notice of others. While in collectivist culture, great importance is attached to the uniformity instead of uniqueness. Going one’s own way is not favored and would even arouse criticism from the others. People are afraid of being different from the others. Since Wang Jie is a Chinese, whose culture is usually regarded as collectivist-oriented, he is afraid of being unique. To be promoted deputy director means not only responsibility but also uniqueness and fame. Although he is an excellent doctor, probably he doesn’t want to be more famous by being deputy director with the fear that a famous person tends to be the target of criticism and be easily found fault with, just as the fat pig and big tree would first take the risk of losing their lives.。
跨文化交际英语考试随着全球化的推进，英语作为一门国际通用语言，在跨文化交流中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
因此，许多人在追求学术成功或职业生涯的过程中，都将英语能力视为一项必要的技能。
然而，单纯的英语语言考试已经无法满足人们对于多元化、深层次交流的需求。
在这样的背景下，跨文化交际英语考试应运而生，为人们提供了一个全新的评估标准，不仅考察语言能力，更重视文化理解和交际策略。
跨文化交际英语考试（Cross-Cultural Communication English Test, CCCET）是一种评估考生在跨文化交流中英语运用能力的综合性考试。
它涵盖了语言知识、文化理解、交际策略等多个方面，旨在全面考察考生在跨文化环境中的适应能力和沟通能力。
这种考试不仅测试语言技能，还着重考察考生在面对文化差异时的应对策略，以及解决实际交际问题的能力。
参加CCCET考试，考生可以了解自己在跨文化交流中的优势和不足。
通过这样的考试，他们可以发现自己在语言运用、文化理解、交际策略等方面的能力，以及在面对文化冲突时的应对策略。
同时，CCCET考试也为考生提供了一个提升自我、不断进步的平台。
通过学习和实践，考生可以逐步提高自己在跨文化交际中的英语运用能力。
在全球化的今天，拥有良好的跨文化交际能力已经成为一项重要的竞争优势。
无论是在学术研究、商业合作还是旅游交流中，能够理解和尊重不同文化之间的差异，运用恰当的沟通方式进行交流，往往能取得更好的效果。
CCCET考试正是一个评估这种能力的好方法。
通过参加这样的考试，考生可以证明自己已经掌握了一种重要的技能，并且能够在未来的跨文化交流中发挥积极的作用。
跨文化交际英语考试是一种评估和提升跨文化交际能力的有效方式。
随着全球化进程的加速，这种能力的重要性日益凸显。
通过参加CCCET 考试，考生不仅可以了解自己的优势和不足，还可以得到专业的指导和建议，从而进一步提升自己的语言能力和文化素养。
在未来的人生道路上，这将是一项宝贵的财富。
College English Intercultural Communication TestPart I Multiple Choice (25 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement.1._____ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source2.Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress ________, which is mostnotable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.A. exchanging informationB. harmonyC. respectD. instrumental function3.In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC. international communicationD. interpersonal communication4._____ is any policy, practice, belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status toindividuals based on their race.A. SexismB. CollectivismC. RacismD. Individualism5._____ refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new hostculture.A. AcculturationB. DeculturationC. MarginalizationD. Assimilation6.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC. international communicationD. interpersonal communication7.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similarhabits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that_______.A. Human nature is evil but perfectible.B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil.C. Human nature is good but corruptible.D. None of the above.8.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his firstweek in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot.Liming is in_____ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoonB. crisisC. reintegrationD. gradual adjustment9._____ is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.A. DeculturationB. AcculturationC. AssimilationD. Enculturation10.An American company that operates in Japan almost caused a disaster in the UnitedStates—Japanese relations by addressing 500 red Christmas cars to its Japanese joint-venture partner, since funeral notices are red in Japan. This case has reflected that each country has its art for _____.A. tippingB. greetingC. card exchangeD. giving gift11.In ______, the handshake is accompanied with a light kiss; even males kiss both cheeks aftera handshake.A. the United StatesB. Saudi ArabiaC. RussiaD. France12._____ refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbolsystems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Interracial CommunicationC. intracultural communicationD. Intercultural communication13._____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or incertain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. Culturally loaded wordsD. Dialect14. Which of the following should you avoid asking when talking to an English-speaking person?A. Where are you from?B. How much did you pay for your nice dress?C. How do you like the place you’re living?D. Do you have a large family?15._____ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact.A. ChronemicsB. ParalanguageC. ProxemicsD. Kinesics16. While the highest goal of communication in the Eastern Culture is to achieve _____, thehighest goal of communication in the West is to achieve the practical cooperation from others.A. proprietyB. further relationshipC. practical purposeD. definite result17. Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is not true?______.A. It is communication between people of different cultures.B. We need understanding and acceptance in intercultural communication.C. During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s back on one’sown culture.D. We should develop tolerance and acceptance in intercultural communication.18. You go into a dining-hall and see a fellow international student from Australia eating herlunch there. Which of the following is not the appropriate greeting?A. Hello. Eating lunch alone?B. Hello. How are things with you?C. Hello. Oh, your lunch smells good.D. Hi. Rather co ld today, isn’t it?20. In business negotiation, ______ depend heavily on the level expertise; subordinates briefsuperiors who in turn use their influence to negotiate and make decisions.A. the AmericansB. the Saudi ArabiansC. the MexicansD. the Japanese…….Part II Decide whether the following statements are true (T)or false (F). (20 points, 1point each)26. Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.A. FB. T27. All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.A. FB. T28. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.A. FB. T29. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans.A. FB. T30. Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication.A. FB. T31. When doing business, American negotiators often consider that the goal of a negotiation is not a signed contract, but the creation of a relationship between the two sides.A. FB. T32. The appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.A. FB. T33. Arabs belong to nontouch culture.A. FB. T34. Women usually use communication to establish status and power.A. FB. T35. The East and the West have different perceptions of cosmic patterns, resulting in different approaches to knowledge.A. FB. T36. Cultural mistakes are serious because they can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.A. FB. T37. The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing.A. FB. T38. Most men dislike to disclose their feelings because doing so makes them vulnerable.A. FB. T39. A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.A. FB. T40. Failure to understand humor is even common among native speakers.A. FB. T…….Part II. Term Interpretations (15 points, 5 points each)Directions:There are three terms in this section. Try to explain the following terms in your own words. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.46. Intercultural communication47.Kinesics48.EuphemismPart III. Case Analysis (20 points, 10 points each)Directions: In this section you are supposed to analyze the following cases from the perspective of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.49.While visiting Egypt, Richard, an engineer from the United States, was invited to aspectacular dinner at the home of an Egyptian friend. And what a dinner it was! Clearly the host and the hostess had gone out of their way to entertain him. Yet, as he was leaving their home he made a special effort to thank them for their dinner and sensed something he said was wrong. Something about his sincere compliments was misunderstood. Could you discover the problem?50.Korean has special vocabularies for each sex, for different degrees of social status and degreesof intimacy, and for formal occasions. When two people are introduced, they first engage in small talk to determine each other’s social position in order to know who should use common language and who should use honorific language.Part IV. Answer the Following Questions. (20 points, 10 points each)Directions:In this section you are supposed to answer the following questions with the knowledge of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.51. What are the contributions of Edward Hall to the study of intercultural communication?51.Is it possible to interpret cross-cultural humor? And how?。
1.____________is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communicationpatterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.a.Cultureb. Value2.Intercultural communication refers to communicate between people with ___________________a.Different charactersb. Different cultural background3._____________is dynamic, multi-channeled process, which covers internal as well as external communication ina given organization.a.Cross-culture communicationb. Business communication4.________________is formed in a specific culture environment and in the process of the commercial andindustrial structure evolution, represents the norms, values and beliefs in business.a.Business cultureb. Culture5.______________ is the ability to compose, critically , analyze, present and deliver information through oralinteractionsa.Oral communicationb. written communication6.Proper manner in gift receiving: In ____________, the recipient of a gift is expected to open the giftimmediately upon receiving it.a.The United Stateb. Japan and China7.Proper manner in gift receiving: In ____________, gift receiver will not open gifts while the giver is around.a.The United Stateb. Japan and China8.In ___________, their businessmen are polite for the first time，whereas during negotiation they are alwaysarguing, they normally have no customer-care, but very much emphasis the trust you win from them.a.Italyb. UK9.________ tends have high sense of time.a.Japanese and German B. Russian and Italian.10.Never arrange a business meeting in the public holiday with __________, since they think holidays belong totheir personal life rather than business. However present promotion is popular during that period, since they like to bring present to their families.a.Romanian or Danishb. Chinese or Japanese11._________would like to have an agenda for their business meeting where time、site、personnel are clarified. Andthey expect everything be on time.rainian and Germanb. Russian and Romanian12._________to exchange business cards is necessary in the first business meeting, since they believe that businesscard represent their/your position in their company or organization. To show your respect to them, you should give your business cards to every person in the room and receive their cards, even though it would take some time.a.Romania, Japan and South Koreab. Denmark and Russia13.In ___________, the interviews are always put off up to 60 minutes in the beginning of the business meeting,nevertheless the interviewers should still be there on time.a.Russia and Romaniab. Japan and Germany14.___________Character is like the followings:pugnacious but gentle and modesty; aggressive, militaristic but advocating beauty; Ambitious, unruly and arrogant but polite; stubborn but being able to exist in every kinds of surrounding; compliant but unwilling to be controlled;loyal but traitorous; brave but cowardly; conservative but dare to accept the new way of life, stresses the concept of family.a.Japaneseb. South Korean15.People from ___________ has strong nationalism and see state affairs as their family issues. They think highly ofblood relationship, and their life style combine with tradition and openness. They respect the traditional culture, stress the importance of etiquette, but in the same time, they are very stubborna. Japanb. South Korea16.__________ tends to combine with being conservative and liberal coexistence in business culture, since theywere influenced both by Confucianism and the Western culture.a South Korean b. Chinese17.__________tends to have gentle style in business and likes to observe the behavior of business partner.a. South Koreanb. Japanese18._________ thinks that drinking is a method to test partner’s attitude towards them. In their country, femaleswould like to wait for other people to fill beer in their glass, as they do not think it is a good manner do so themselves.a. South Koreanb. Chinese1.The purposes of researching the intercultural communication area.To improve the ability of understanding the different cultureb.To build an adaptable skillc.To develop the cross culture intercourse ability2.Characteristics of Culture area.Universalsb.Diversityc.Nationalityd.Successione.Expansibilityf.Contemporaneitymunication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of _____________, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.a.symbolsb.signsc.behaviord.the exchange of thoughtse.messagesrmation4.Five barriers of intercultural communication arenguage differencesb.nonverbal communicationc.stereotypesd.cultural bias on judgmentse.high level of stress5.Types of communication includesa.Verbal communicationb.Non-verbal communicationc.Written communicationd.Visual communication6.Oral Presentation shoulda.Be an information Presentation.b.Be a persuasive Presentation.c.Be a goodwill Presentation.d.Analyze your audience.e.Add more your residual messages.7. A great oral Presentation should be like thesea. Restrict your main points to three.b. Design your introduction.c. Your pattern of organization must be absolutely clear to your audience.d. Conclude the business presentation with a call to action.e. Deliver your presentation confidently from beginning to end.8.The general guidelines for Oral Communication area.Avoid discussing politics or religion unless the other person initiates the discussion.b.Avoid highly personal questions, including a question like ”What do you do?”c.Keep the conversation positive. Avoid asking questions that would imply criticisms; phrase questions so theycan be answered in a positive manner.d.Avoid telling ethnic jokes because of the possibility of offending someone.9.Forms of nonverbal communication includesa.body behaviorsb.gesturesc.tones of voiced.facial looks10.Five stages of culture shock in the following order:a.The Crisis stageb.The adaptation stagec.The recovery staged.Reverse culture shocke.The honeymoon stage11. Business culture meansa.The commodity culture. Good is attached to the commodity, which is the carrier of culture. It is true at alltimes and in all countriesb.Marketing culture of commodity. The core of marketing is that enterprises provide what customers need, anduse various means to deliver goods to consumers to meet the needs of them.c.Environmental culture of business. Not only needs an enterprise a good internal shopping environment, butalso a good external environment.d.Ethics culture of business. It’s very important to be creditworthy in commercial competition. No fake, nocheat, good reputation.e.New businessman culture. It is to cultivate a new generation of businessmen, to cultivate law-abiding,moral, and knowledgeable traders, including business entrepreneurs and business personnel.f.Business spirit. Business spirit is the soul and values of enterprises. The goal of business spirit is to put thedevelopment of enterprise and staff needs together, becoming the staffs’ common goals and ethical norms.11.When you are being introduced, you shoulda.Stand upb.Smilec.Shake handsd.Repeat namese.Say farewell12.When you make an invitation, you should pay attention to the followings:a.An invitation specifies a time, a date and a place.b.It is polite to respond to invitations with either “yes” or “no”.c.Whether to bring a gift and what to bring as a giftd.how to express you appreciation for hospitality13.Gift giving manner includes:a.Be sure of the true purpose of the gift.b.Do your homework about the receiver.c.Be sensitive to personal and cultural differences.d.Know when corporate logos are appropriate.e simple and elegant wrapping.14.American business culture:a.Americans often take a “business-first” approach.b.Americans believe that being direct is a virtue.c.Americans expect all business interactions to be polite and professional.d.Americans expect you to be positive about yourself.e.Americans commonly exchange business cards.f.Americans appreciate and expect persistence.g.Be on time to appointments.15.Nordic countries’ business culture includes:a.warm and friendly welcomeb.brief and powerful handshakec.firm eye contactd.Meeting participationmunicate equally16.Italian business culturea.Italians are good talkers, they always get your point before you finish your word resulting from their sharpthought, so it is common that they interrupt your speak.b.Italians are accustomed to touching during conversation and staring at others means they are interested in theculture of Italy.c.Businessmen in Italy are picky in dress that people usually put much stress on it which requires elegance anddecency.d.Negotiators in Italy pay more attention on bargain as well as Spain.17.Spanish business culture includes:a.Always carry your products to your potential customers.b.The negotiator should be the decision maker.c.Once Spanish signed a contract with your company, they will keep their promise. However they would not like toadmit their mistake even though there might be some, because the Spanish like to keep a good reputation from their manufacture.d.Typical local product from your region could be the best present for the Spanish.e.The Spanish think that to build a good personal relationship between business partners is rather important,because they believe a rich social network could provide them more possible access to success.f.The Spanish pay attention to etiquette, prefers to present their opinion indirectly, even though they are not sodiscipline, talk loudly and like to bargain.18.Greece business culture includes:a.During business negotiations with the Greek, you must listen to them patiently and never interrupt them duringtheir speeches. Asking questions is also impolite unless it is in a great need or it would be regarded as a serious mistake in etiquette.b.Never refuse coffee and Greek spirit that the Greeks sever you during the business meeting in Greece, otherwiseit would be seen as a serious disrespect for the master.c.Don’t put your hands too close to others, because Greek people would like to behave elegantly and think swingand shaking hands are all symbols of disrespect and the closer your hands near to one’s face the more humiliated it is.d.Greeks have a deep love for smoking both in business negotiations and social19. Russian business culture includesa.When you do a business with a Russian, you had better dressed in solemn and conservative western-style suit ingray or cyan rather than in black.b.Business meeting with the Russians could start one hour late and finish one hour early, since the Russian like todeal with different meetings in the same time, telephone meeting sometimes could be one of the options.c.Russian businessmen usually pay more attention to your behaviors during business negotiations. Be calm andgentle sometimes could be more beneficial. Never expect to have a quick deal with the Russians.d.In spite of the value of etiquette in Russia, there are also several social classes especially in some rigorous office.Try to make yourself clear if the person you are talking is a decision maker or not. Meanwhile, be aware that Russian female in high-rise is rare.e.Never use left (means unlucky) hand to shake hands or delivery stuff to the Russians, or it would commit a seriousfault in manners.20. Ukrainian business culture includesa.Personal and informal contact is a central part in doing business in Ukraine. Toasting at the dinner tablein a local bar or at somebody's place is just as important as the work achieved during the daynegotiations.b.Business cards are essential. If possible, ensure that one side is printed in Ukrainian and the other side inEnglish.c.For business, dress should be conservative. Men usually don't take their jacket off unless asked to do so.d.Try to be reserved in public. Loud speaking or laughing will cause negative reaction most likely, asUkrainians generally tend to be pretty somber.e.The Ukrainian is very decisive. They are disgusted with a long chat and a tedious meeting.f.The Ukrainian businessmen pay more attention to a precise price rather than quality. And they prefer tobe paid by cash.21. Czech business culture includesa.One of the most noticeable legacies of the old system is an inherent mistrust of people on first meeting.This mistrust can only be overcome through perseverance and demonstrating a professional approach.Always deliver what you promise.b.Research the origins of any company you are doing business with – is it a foreign-owned company or alocal entity? This ownership issue can have a big impact on how the company is structured and managed.c.Be aware of the potential generational divide which exists within Czech society. The older generations arelikely to be far more heavily influenced by the approach to business found under the old Soviet-styleregime whereas the younger generation might have a more open, entrepreneurial approach.d.When dealing with older managers in former monopoly companies, you can expect to encounter ahierarchical approach where decisions are made at the top of the organization.e.Make sure you do some research on the structure of the organization you are dealing with. Don’t wastetoo much time with middle managers if all the decisions are made by top management.f.As with their German and Polish neighbors, Czechs would tend to do significant amounts of preparationprior to meetings and would expect their counterparties to do the same. Arriving unprepared could addto their latent sense of suspicion.g.Meetings should be scheduled well in advance – meetings at short notice are often difficult to organize.22. Hungarian business culture includesa.Appointments are necessary and should be made 2 in advance in writing.b.Punctuality for all social situations is taken extremely seriously. If you expect to be delayed, telephoneimmediately and offer an explanation. It is considered extremely rude to cancel a meeting at the lastminute and could ruin your business relationship.c.Initial meetings are planned to get to know each other and for your Hungarian colleagues to determine ifyou are trustworthy.d.Deals in Hungary cannot be finalized without a lot of eating, drinking and entertaining.e.Hungarians are very detail-oriented and want to understand everything before reaching an agreement.23. Bulgarian business culture includesa.Appointments can take some time to arrange, depending on the seniority of the person you wish to meet. It isrecommended to seek appointments in advance of a visit.b.Allow sufficient time for business meetings, which can be quite protracted – always allow more time than youexpect.c.It is expected that visitors arrive on time for an appointment. If unexpected circumstances arise to cause adelay of more than 10-15 minutes, call to notify the person of the delay.d.In the public sector, Bulgarians have at least two to four weeks holiday per year. The annual vacation period isusually in July and August and it is advisable not to arrange appointments during this period orChristmas/New Year.24.Japanese Communication Etiquettea.When you call the Japanese, you can’t call their first name but call their last name, followed by ‘san’.b.When you talk to the Japanese, you should listen carefully and you shouldn’t interrupt their speeches. If you havea conversation with more than three people, you should be careful not to cold most of the people. Inconversation, you can’t talk about the Japanese age, marital status, wages and other private affairs. The taboo topic is World War II.c.Though Japanese often hold a clear opinions, they also avoid saying "I think so", "My opinion is this," the directexpression, while they use "I'm afraid that is right?" "I consider in this way, what’s your opinion? Such expressions are polite and suitable.d.Japanese tends to teamwork spirit and stress high loyalty for company.e.Japanese business has its own unique social etiquette. There is a clear border between work andentertainment. Do not discuss business during the entertainment. Even if you want to talk about business, it should be proposed by the host after the activities. Playing golf, drink tea, having a drink, singing Cara OK are different levels of entertainment. Japan believes that entertainment is an important part of business arrangements and usually takes place after business hours at a bar or restaurant. Although business may be discussed, these outings are primarily occasions for building friendships.25.South Korean Negotiation Style：a.Sale：They usually think it is impolite to start your state of sale with a joke. Try to use visual sense especially whennumber is involved.b.Price: You had better make preparation for bargaining when you give your initial price.c.Decision: You have to be patient. The vital decision is always made by leadership, unfortunately, they are so busy.d.Contract: They think the relationship between two companies is more important than a contract. Furthermore,they do not like you to have a lawyer with you during the business meeting, because they believe lawyer means conflict rather than sincerity and cooperation.e.Conflict: Korean companies usually try to avoid litigation, and resolve their differences by lengthy negotiations.Question 1, State briefly the characters of British and French people, and, based on that, make a comparison between British and French business culture.know that Britain is consisted of four parts and different part has different culture, so does the character, therefore today we choose England to represent Britain. Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. It’s a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather. Very often conventional greetings are replaced by comments on the weather.” Nice day, isn’t it?” may well be heard instead of “Good morning, how are you?” That’ s because English people are very reserved, they are not easy to start a conversation and they feel it impolite to be asked about something private. Weather seems to be a safe subject to them. Another aspect showing their reserved character is that they tend to display their feelings far less. For examples, if an Englishman finds a girl very charming, he will flatly state” Um, she is all right.” If he sees a highly successful film, he will comment” It’s not bad.” This special use of language, particularly common in English, is known as understatement, shows that English people are reserved and indifferent most of time. Secondly, English people are proud and modest. From a historical perspective, we are easy to acknowledge where their pride comes from. They have a strong sense of national pride that leads to their conservatism. Even today England is still keeping some outdated systems, regulations, dress which English people, however, regard as treasures. LuXun once said” French are good at sharp-wit, Russians are good at satire, English are good at humor.” The English humor’s starting-point is self-dispraise, and its great enemy is conceit. During World War Ⅱ,at the time when England was bombed by German fighter planes, a store posted a notice saying“ Open as usual.” Two days later, a bomb left a big hole on the store and the store just changed two words on the notice——“More open than usual.” The English humor makes them keep polite and gentle in every aspect of social contact. In addition, English people are also very fond of sports. For example, many sports like football, rugby, golf are originated from England.Next let us talk about Germany. Germany is a country of high efficiency. People living there have the reputation of being punctual and planned. A doggerel written by a merchant of Morocco says the Germans are just like trains, depart on time, firmly go straight ahead and never run off the rails. From this we can see that Germans have a strong sense of time and rules.Almost every German has a timetable full of plans and arrangements. If a person asks ” What will you be doing this time on December 20th? Chinese people may feel very confused about this question, but for Germans, they are very likely to take out their timetables and check the schedules. A German theologian, Martin Luther once said” Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, Iwould still plant my apple tree. ”Now it seems to be tradition that Germans think highly of plan and punctuality. Even the housewives have detailed schedules about what to do firstly and secondly. Also Germans are well-known for their rigorousness. When it comes to best automobiles in the world then German cars are placed in the top category. Many successful automobile brands such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi are created and manufactured in Germany. From many German brand automobile users, we find that the main advantages of German automobiles are the high precision and long-term stability which is because German car manufacturers have always claimed to make the best. Almost every German is a perfectionist so that they can’t accept any flaws. Lastly, It’s needless to say that Germany is a nation of discipline. There is a statement in the West. “The French work to live while the Germans live to work.” It’s doubtlessly saying Germans are very diligent. In fact, we don’t need anything to prove it but only to see how q uickly Germans rebuilt their homeland after World War Ⅱ. And we also can find that many excellent scientists are Germans, especially in technology and medicine. In addition, Germans are very dutiful and ordered. In Germany, people are used to acting according to rule, you can hardly see a German jump the red light or drive while Intoxicated. But many other western people deem it wooden. There is an interesting story once happened in England. In a night raining cats and dogs, two Germans hurried on their way, neither of them wore a rain coat nor carried an umbrella. From their anxious expression, they must have something urgent to handle. After taking a turn, they came to a cross of a secluded street, the red light was on. The two Germans stopped and waited for the green light. They waited and waited, half an hour later, the red light was still on. At that time, the rain began to fall more heavily, after another half an hour, the young German couldn’t keep patient any more. He took a step but was immediately s topped by the elder German. The man said” Come back, this red light is still effective on you.” Finally, however, it turned out that there was a breakdown on the traffic lights, only the red light could give out light. Though this story is a little bit exaggerated, it genuinely shows that Germans are disciplined.Then let’s see what French people are like. On the one hand, needless to say, French are romantic. The romance of France comes from their love towards life. French people attach great importance to consumption. Most of them don’t save money at all, they spend all the money to enjoy life. There is a common understanding in France” Money is dead, only by using can it make a worth.” On the other hand, For French, liberty is upon everything, they believe that they have the freedom to do everything they like within the law. So it’s not rare to see strikes in France. (a video) Also French are impulsive and stubborn. For example, if French farmers find someone of other country is selling farm produce at a lower price, they will lift his booth at once or create a disturbance. Another example is that political affairs are easily to go to the extreme. Besides, loving reading books is a tradition for French, the art of literature is prosperous there. Therefore almost every French has a wide range of knowledge and a silver tongue.That’s all about characters of English, German and French. After gaining a sight of their characters, we need to put the knowledge into practice. In future, we may have the chance to do business with Western people. In order to have a good performance, you must know theirbusiness culture. So what is the definition of business culture? Business culture is diverse and very different in countries. But it closely related to character. Now, let’s look at the chart.British characterNow, we will research the characters of British people. After several years of social change, they formed their own unique way of thinking and behavior, with people of other countries with differentquality and characteristics. Sum up, there are five characters : reserved, modest, conservative, humorous, sportsmanship.Reserved ——The best-known quality of the British is “reserved.” A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. British people tend to be like that. Like this picture, the reserved person. The British people seem to be quiet most of the time. If they are making a journey by bus they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment.Modest——Closely related to British reserve is British modesty. Within their hearts, the British are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others，they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be impolite.Conservative——The conservativeness of the British is famous all over the world. The majority of British people are unwilling to accept new things but old-fashioned conservative ideology. the British view their way of doing things is the best and most reasonable. Britain has so far no common metric used in the world still use miles, until 1971 will be changed to decimal currency.Humorous——The British sense of humor is famous . Its starting-point is self-dispraise, and its great enemy is conceit. Its object is the ability to laugh at oneself---at one’s own faults, one’s own failure, even at one’s own ideals. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. There is asmall English humor, maybe most of you ever heard it. 英国人非常看重一个人的幽默感。
