1.____________is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication
patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.
a.Culture
b. Value
2.Intercultural communication refers to communicate between people with ___________________
a.Different characters
b. Different cultural background
3._____________is dynamic, multi-channeled process, which covers internal as well as external communication in
a given organization.
a.Cross-culture communication
b. Business communication
4.________________is formed in a specific culture environment and in the process of the commercial and
industrial structure evolution, represents the norms, values and beliefs in business.
a.Business culture
b. Culture
5.______________ is the ability to compose, critically , analyze, present and deliver information through oral
interactions
a.Oral communication
b. written communication
6.Proper manner in gift receiving: In ____________, the recipient of a gift is expected to open the gift
immediately upon receiving it.
a.The United State
b. Japan and China
7.Proper manner in gift receiving: In ____________, gift receiver will not open gifts while the giver is around.
a.The United State
b. Japan and China
8.In ___________, their businessmen are polite for the first time，whereas during negotiation they are always
arguing, they normally have no customer-care, but very much emphasis the trust you win from them.
a.Italy
b. UK
9.________ tends have high sense of time.
a.Japanese and German B. Russian and Italian.
10.Never arrange a business meeting in the public holiday with __________, since they think holidays belong to
their personal life rather than business. However present promotion is popular during that period, since they like to bring present to their families.
a.Romanian or Danish
b. Chinese or Japanese
11._________would like to have an agenda for their business meeting where time、site、personnel are clarified. And
they expect everything be on time.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a15395008.html,rainian and German
b. Russian and Romanian
12._________to exchange business cards is necessary in the first business meeting, since they believe that business
card represent their/your position in their company or organization. To show your respect to them, you should give your business cards to every person in the room and receive their cards, even though it would take some time.
a.Romania, Japan and South Korea
b. Denmark and Russia
13.In ___________, the interviews are always put off up to 60 minutes in the beginning of the business meeting,
nevertheless the interviewers should still be there on time.
a.Russia and Romania
b. Japan and Germany
14.___________Character is like the followings:
pugnacious but gentle and modesty; aggressive, militaristic but advocating beauty; Ambitious, unruly and arrogant but polite; stubborn but being able to exist in every kinds of surrounding; compliant but unwilling to be controlled;
loyal but traitorous; brave but cowardly; conservative but dare to accept the new way of life, stresses the concept of family.
a.Japanese
b. South Korean
15.People from ___________ has strong nationalism and see state affairs as their family issues. They think highly of
blood relationship, and their life style combine with tradition and openness. They respect the traditional culture, stress the importance of etiquette, but in the same time, they are very stubborn
a. Japan
b. South Korea
16.__________ tends to combine with being conservative and liberal coexistence in business culture, since they
were influenced both by Confucianism and the Western culture.
a South Korean b. Chinese
17.__________tends to have gentle style in business and likes to observe the behavior of business partner.
a. South Korean
b. Japanese
18._________ thinks that drinking is a method to test partner’s attitude towards them. In their country, females
would like to wait for other people to fill beer in their glass, as they do not think it is a good manner do so themselves.
a. South Korean
b. Chinese
1.The purposes of researching the intercultural communication are
a.To improve the ability of understanding the different culture
b.To build an adaptable skill
c.To develop the cross culture intercourse ability
2.Characteristics of Culture are
a.Universals
b.Diversity
c.Nationality
d.Succession
e.Expansibility
f.Contemporaneity
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a15395008.html,munication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of _____________, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.
a.symbols
b.signs
c.behavior
d.the exchange of thoughts
e.messages
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a15395008.html,rmation
4.Five barriers of intercultural communication are
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a15395008.html,nguage differences
b.nonverbal communication
c.stereotypes
d.cultural bias on judgments
e.high level of stress
5.Types of communication includes
a.Verbal communication
b.Non-verbal communication
c.Written communication
d.Visual communication
6.Oral Presentation should
a.Be an information Presentation.
b.Be a persuasive Presentation.
c.Be a goodwill Presentation.
d.Analyze your audienc
e.
e.Add more your residual messages.
7. A great oral Presentation should be like these
a. Restrict your main points to three.
b. Design your introduction.
c. Your pattern of organization must be absolutely clear to your audience.
d. Conclude the business presentation with a call to action.
e. Deliver your presentation confidently from beginning to end.
8.The general guidelines for Oral Communication are
a.Avoid discussing politics or religion unless the other person initiates the discussion.
b.Avoid highly personal questions, including a question like ”What do you do?”
c.Keep the conversation positive. Avoid asking questions that would imply criticisms; phrase questions so they
can be answered in a positive manner.
d.Avoid telling ethnic jokes because of the possibility of offending someon
e.
9.Forms of nonverbal communication includes
a.body behaviors
b.gestures
c.tones of voice
d.facial looks
10.Five stages of culture shock in the following order:
a.The Crisis stage
b.The adaptation stage
c.The recovery stage
d.Reverse culture shock
e.The honeymoon stage
11. Business culture means
a.The commodity culture. Good is attached to the commodity, which is the carrier of culture. It is true at all
times and in all countries
b.Marketing culture of commodity. The core of marketing is that enterprises provide what customers need, and
use various means to deliver goods to consumers to meet the needs of them.
c.Environmental culture of business. Not only needs an enterprise a good internal shopping environment, but
also a good external environment.
d.Ethics culture of business. It’s very important to be creditworthy in commercial competition. No fake, no
cheat, good reputation.
e.New businessman culture. It is to cultivate a new generation of businessmen, to cultivate law-abiding,
moral, and knowledgeable traders, including business entrepreneurs and business personnel.
f.Business spirit. Business spirit is the soul and values of enterprises. The goal of business spirit is to put the
development of enterprise and staff needs together, becoming the staffs’ common goals and ethical norms.
11.When you are being introduced, you should
a.Stand up
b.Smile
c.Shake hands
d.Repeat names
e.Say farewell
12.When you make an invitation, you should pay attention to the followings:
a.An invitation specifies a time, a date and a place.
b.It is polite to respond to invitations with either “yes” or “no”.
c.Whether to bring a gift and what to bring as a gift
d.how to express you appreciation for hospitality
13.Gift giving manner includes:
a.Be sure of the true purpose of the gift.
b.Do your homework about the receiver.
c.Be sensitive to personal and cultural differences.
d.Know when corporate logos are appropriat
e.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a15395008.html,e simple and elegant wrapping.
14.American business culture:
a.Americans often take a “business-first” approach.
b.Americans believe that being direct is a virtue.
c.Americans expect all business interactions to be polite and professional.
d.Americans expect you to be positive about yourself.
e.Americans commonly exchange business cards.
f.Americans appreciate and expect persistence.
g.Be on time to appointments.
15.Nordic countries’ business culture includes:
a.warm and friendly welcome
b.brief and powerful handshake
c.firm eye contact
d.Meeting participation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a15395008.html,municate equally
16.Italian business culture
a.Italians are good talkers, they always get your point before you finish your word resulting from their sharp
thought, so it is common that they interrupt your speak.
b.Italians are accustomed to touching during conversation and staring at others means they are interested in the
culture of Italy.
c.Businessmen in Italy are picky in dress that people usually put much stress on it which requires elegance and
decency.
d.Negotiators in Italy pay more attention on bargain as well as Spain.
17.Spanish business culture includes:
a.Always carry your products to your potential customers.
b.The negotiator should be the decision maker.
c.Once Spanish signed a contract with your company, they will keep their promise. However they would not like to
admit their mistake even though there might be some, because the Spanish like to keep a good reputation from their manufacture.
d.Typical local product from your region could be the best present for the Spanish.
e.The Spanish think that to build a good personal relationship between business partners is rather important,
because they believe a rich social network could provide them more possible access to success.
f.The Spanish pay attention to etiquette, prefers to present their opinion indirectly, even though they are not so
discipline, talk loudly and like to bargain.
18.Greece business culture includes:
a.During business negotiations with the Greek, you must listen to them patiently and never interrupt them during
their speeches. Asking questions is also impolite unless it is in a great need or it would be regarded as a serious mistake in etiquette.
b.Never refuse coffee and Greek spirit that the Greeks sever you during the business meeting in Greece, otherwise
it would be seen as a serious disrespect for the master.
c.Don’t put your hands too close to others, because Greek people would like to behave elegantly and think swing
and shaking hands are all symbols of disrespect and the closer your hands near to one’s face the more humiliated it is.
d.Greeks have a deep love for smoking both in business negotiations and social
19. Russian business culture includes
a.When you do a business with a Russian, you had better dressed in solemn and conservative western-style suit in
gray or cyan rather than in black.
b.Business meeting with the Russians could start one hour late and finish one hour early, since the Russian like to
deal with different meetings in the same time, telephone meeting sometimes could be one of the options.
c.Russian businessmen usually pay more attention to your behaviors during business negotiations. Be calm and
gentle sometimes could be more beneficial. Never expect to have a quick deal with the Russians.
d.In spite of the value of etiquette in Russia, there are also several social classes especially in some rigorous offic
e.
Try to make yourself clear if the person you are talking is a decision maker or not. Meanwhile, be aware that Russian female in high-rise is rare.
e.Never use left (means unlucky) hand to shake hands or delivery stuff to the Russians, or it would commit a serious
fault in manners.
20. Ukrainian business culture includes
a.Personal and informal contact is a central part in doing business in Ukraine. Toasting at the dinner table
in a local bar or at somebody's place is just as important as the work achieved during the day
negotiations.
b.Business cards are essential. If possible, ensure that one side is printed in Ukrainian and the other side in
English.
c.For business, dress should be conservative. Men usually don't take their jacket off unless asked to do so.
d.Try to be reserved in public. Loud speaking or laughing will cause negative reaction most likely, as
Ukrainians generally tend to be pretty somber.
e.The Ukrainian is very decisive. They are disgusted with a long chat and a tedious meeting.
f.The Ukrainian businessmen pay more attention to a precise price rather than quality. And they prefer to
be paid by cash.
21. Czech business culture includes
a.One of the most noticeable legacies of the old system is an inherent mistrust of people on first meeting.
This mistrust can only be overcome through perseverance and demonstrating a professional approach.
Always deliver what you promise.
b.Research the origins of any company you are doing business with – is it a foreign-owned company or a
local entity? This ownership issue can have a big impact on how the company is structured and managed.
c.Be aware of the potential generational divide which exists within Czech society. The older generations are
likely to be far more heavily influenced by the approach to business found under the old Soviet-style
regime whereas the younger generation might have a more open, entrepreneurial approach.
d.When dealing with older managers in former monopoly companies, you can expect to encounter a
hierarchical approach where decisions are made at the top of the organization.
e.Make sure you do some research on the structure of the organization you are dealing with. Don’t waste
too much time with middle managers if all the decisions are made by top management.
f.As with their German and Polish neighbors, Czechs would tend to do significant amounts of preparation
prior to meetings and would expect their counterparties to do the same. Arriving unprepared could add
to their latent sense of suspicion.
g.Meetings should be scheduled well in advance – meetings at short notice are often difficult to organize.
22. Hungarian business culture includes
a.Appointments are necessary and should be made 2 in advance in writing.
b.Punctuality for all social situations is taken extremely seriously. If you expect to be delayed, telephone
immediately and offer an explanation. It is considered extremely rude to cancel a meeting at the last
minute and could ruin your business relationship.
c.Initial meetings are planned to get to know each other and for your Hungarian colleagues to determine if
you are trustworthy.
d.Deals in Hungary cannot be finalized without a lot of eating, drinking and entertaining.
e.Hungarians are very detail-oriented and want to understand everything before reaching an agreement.
23. Bulgarian business culture includes
a.Appointments can take some time to arrange, depending on the seniority of the person you wish to meet. It is
recommended to seek appointments in advance of a visit.
b.Allow sufficient time for business meetings, which can be quite protracted – always allow more time than you
expect.
c.It is expected that visitors arrive on time for an appointment. If unexpected circumstances arise to cause a
delay of more than 10-15 minutes, call to notify the person of the delay.
d.In the public sector, Bulgarians have at least two to four weeks holiday per year. The annual vacation period is
usually in July and August and it is advisable not to arrange appointments during this period or
Christmas/New Year.
24.Japanese Communication Etiquette
a.When you call the Japanese, you can’t call their first name but call their last name, followed by ‘san’.
b.When you talk to the Japanese, you should listen carefully and you shouldn’t interrupt their speeches. If you have
a conversation with more than three people, you should be careful not to cold most of the people. In
conversation, you can’t talk about the Japanese age, marital status, wages and other private affairs. The taboo topic is World War II.
c.Though Japanese often hold a clear opinions, they also avoid saying "I think so", "My opinion is this," the direct
expression, while they use "I'm afraid that is right?" "I consider in this way, what’s your opinion? Such expressions are polite and suitable.
d.Japanese tends to teamwork spirit and stress high loyalty for company.
e.Japanese business has its own unique social etiquette. There is a clear border between work and
entertainment. Do not discuss business during the entertainment. Even if you want to talk about business, it should be proposed by the host after the activities. Playing golf, drink tea, having a drink, singing Cara OK are different levels of entertainment. Japan believes that entertainment is an important part of business arrangements and usually takes place after business hours at a bar or restaurant. Although business may be discussed, these outings are primarily occasions for building friendships.
25.South Korean Negotiation Style：
a.Sale：They usually think it is impolite to start your state of sale with a joke. Try to use visual sense especially when
number is involved.
b.Price: You had better make preparation for bargaining when you give your initial price.
c.Decision: You have to be patient. The vital decision is always made by leadership, unfortunately, they are so busy.
d.Contract: They think the relationship between two companies is more important than a contract. Furthermore,
they do not like you to have a lawyer with you during the business meeting, because they believe lawyer means conflict rather than sincerity and cooperation.
e.Conflict: Korean companies usually try to avoid litigation, and resolve their differences by lengthy negotiations.
Question 1, State briefly the characters of British and French people, and, based on that, make a comparison between British and French business culture.
know that Britain is consisted of four parts and different part has different culture, so does the character, therefore today we choose England to represent Britain. Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. It’s a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather. Very often conventional greetings are replaced by comments on the weather.” Nice day, isn’t it?” may well be heard instead of “Good morning, how are you?” That’ s because English people are very reserved, they are not easy to start a conversation and they feel it impolite to be asked about something private. Weather seems to be a safe subject to them. Another aspect showing their reserved character is that they tend to display their feelings far less. For examples, if an Englishman finds a girl very charming, he will flatly state” Um, she is all right.” If he sees a highly successful film, he will comment” It’s not bad.” This special use of language, particularly common in English, is known as understatement, shows that English people are reserved and indifferent most of time. Secondly, English people are proud and modest. From a historical perspective, we are easy to acknowledge where their pride comes from. They have a strong sense of national pride that leads to their conservatism. Even today England is still keeping some outdated systems, regulations, dress which English people, however, regard as treasures. LuXun once said” French are good at sharp-wit, Russians are good at satire, English are good at humor.” The English humor’s starting-point is self-dispraise, and its great enemy is conceit. During World War Ⅱ,at the time when England was bombed by German fighter planes, a store posted a notice saying“ Open as usual.” Two days later, a bomb left a big hole on the store and the store just changed two words on the notice——“More open than usual.” The English humor makes them keep polite and gentle in every aspect of social contact. In addition, English people are also very fond of sports. For example, many sports like football, rugby, golf are originated from England.
Next let us talk about Germany. Germany is a country of high efficiency. People living there have the reputation of being punctual and planned. A doggerel written by a merchant of Morocco says the Germans are just like trains, depart on time, firmly go straight ahead and never run off the rails. From this we can see that Germans have a strong sense of time and rules.
Almost every German has a timetable full of plans and arrangements. If a person asks ” What will you be doing this time on December 20th? Chinese people may feel very confused about this question, but for Germans, they are very likely to take out their timetables and check the schedules. A German theologian, Martin Luther once said” Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, I
would still plant my apple tree. ”Now it seems to be tradition that Germans think highly of plan and punctuality. Even the housewives have detailed schedules about what to do firstly and secondly. Also Germans are well-known for their rigorousness. When it comes to best automobiles in the world then German cars are placed in the top category. Many successful automobile brands such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi are created and manufactured in Germany. From many German brand automobile users, we find that the main advantages of German automobiles are the high precision and long-term stability which is because German car manufacturers have always claimed to make the best. Almost every German is a perfectionist so that they can’t accept any flaws. Lastly, It’s needless to say that Germany is a nation of discipline. There is a statement in the West. “The French work to live while the Germans live to work.” It’s doubtlessly saying Germans are very diligent. In fact, we don’t need anything to prove it but only to see how q uickly Germans rebuilt their homeland after World War Ⅱ. And we also can find that many excellent scientists are Germans, especially in technology and medicine. In addition, Germans are very dutiful and ordered. In Germany, people are used to acting according to rule, you can hardly see a German jump the red light or drive while Intoxicated. But many other western people deem it wooden. There is an interesting story once happened in England. In a night raining cats and dogs, two Germans hurried on their way, neither of them wore a rain coat nor carried an umbrella. From their anxious expression, they must have something urgent to handle. After taking a turn, they came to a cross of a secluded street, the red light was on. The two Germans stopped and waited for the green light. They waited and waited, half an hour later, the red light was still on. At that time, the rain began to fall more heavily, after another half an hour, the young German couldn’t keep patient any more. He took a step but was immediately s topped by the elder German. The man said” Come back, this red light is still effective on you.” Finally, however, it turned out that there was a breakdown on the traffic lights, only the red light could give out light. Though this story is a little bit exaggerated, it genuinely shows that Germans are disciplined.
Then let’s see what French people are like. On the one hand, needless to say, French are romantic. The romance of France comes from their love towards life. French people attach great importance to consumption. Most of them don’t save money at all, they spend all the money to enjoy life. There is a common understanding in France” Money is dead, only by using can it make a worth.” On the other hand, For French, liberty is upon everything, they believe that they have the freedom to do everything they like within the law. So it’s not rare to see strikes in France. (a video) Also French are impulsive and stubborn. For example, if French farmers find someone of other country is selling farm produce at a lower price, they will lift his booth at once or create a disturbance. Another example is that political affairs are easily to go to the extreme. Besides, loving reading books is a tradition for French, the art of literature is prosperous there. Therefore almost every French has a wide range of knowledge and a silver tongue.
That’s all about characters of English, German and French. After gaining a sight of their characters, we need to put the knowledge into practice. In future, we may have the chance to do business with Western people. In order to have a good performance, you must know their
business culture. So what is the definition of business culture? Business culture is diverse and very different in countries. But it closely related to character. Now, let’s look at the chart.
British character
Now, we will research the characters of British people. After several years of social change, they formed their own unique way of thinking and behavior, with people of other countries with different
quality and characteristics. Sum up, there are five characters : reserved, modest, conservative, humorous, sportsmanship.
Reserved ——The best-known quality of the British is “reserved.” A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. British people tend to be like that. Like this picture, the reserved person. The British people seem to be quiet most of the time. If they are making a journey by bus they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment.
Modest——Closely related to British reserve is British modesty. Within their hearts, the British are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others，they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be impolite.
Conservative——The conservativeness of the British is famous all over the world. The majority of British people are unwilling to accept new things but old-fashioned conservative ideology. the British view their way of doing things is the best and most reasonable. Britain has so far no common metric used in the world still use miles, until 1971 will be changed to decimal currency.
Humorous——The British sense of humor is famous . Its starting-point is self-dispraise, and its great enemy is conceit. Its object is the ability to laugh at oneself---at one’s own faults, one’s own failure, even at one’s own ideals. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. There is a
small English humor, maybe most of you ever heard it. 英国人非常看重一个人的幽默感。英国式幽默的出发点自我贬低，以自负为大敌，其最终目的是能够自嘲，嘲笑自己的缺点、失败、窘境乃至自己的理想。有时候，我们都很难找到它的笑点在哪里。
Sportsmanship—— Like a sense of humor, this is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in this modern form is almost entirely a British invention. One of the most elementary rules of life is “never hit a man when he’s down”---in other words, never take advantage of a person’s misfortune.
British business culture
Working practices——In accordance with British business etiquette, punctuality is essential at any business meeting or social event. When making business appointments it is best practice to do so several days in advance. The British are inclined to follow established rules and practices; therefore decision-making is often a slow and systematic process.
Structure and hierarchy in UK companies——Today, UK businesses maintain relatively “flat” organizational hierarchies. The principal divide is between managers and other ranks. In general, the board of directors is the principal decision-making unit. Major decisions are made at the very top. The British prefer to work in the security of a group-established order with which they can identify.
Working relationships ——UK managers generally favor the establishment of good working relationships with their subordinates. The boss often takes the role of a coach, creating an atmosphere of support and encouragement. Teamwork is very important, however there exists a strong feeling of individual accountability for implementation and error.
Business practices in the UK——Business meetings in the UK are often structured but not too formal , begin and end with social conversation. First names are used almost immediately with all colleagues. Business cards are an essential prop and are usually exchanged. Negotiations and decisions are usually open and flexible.
British business etiquette (Do’s and Don’ts)——
DO respect personal space. The British value their space and keeping an acceptable distance is advised.
DO remember to shake hands on first meetings. It is considered polite to do so.
DO make direct eye-contact with your British counterpart, however remember to keep it to a minimum or it could be considered impolite or rude.
DON’T ask personal questions regarding your British counterpart’s background, occupation or i ncome.
DON’T underestimate the importance of humor in all aspects of business in the UK.
DON’T forget that instructions are often disguised as polite requests.
French character
Romantic—— We have heard it numerous times before that the French men are romantic. France is the most romantic country in the world, their words, their behaviors, even their buildings, sights are romantic.
Knight demeanor(骑士风度)，respect for women ——It is often realized that women held a high place in France. It has been said that if the woman is the number one, dog will be the next one, child is the third one, with man, rating last place. 流行于欧美各国尊重妇女的“女士优先”风尚，即所谓的“骑士风度”，是中世纪法国人的创造。男女见面时，男子要待女子伸出手后才能与之握手，如女子无握手之意，男子就应点头鞠躬致意，而不可主动伸出手主动执意与女子握手。在饭店一同就餐时，男子应走在前面为女士打开门，帮女士把椅子摆好。与女子同乘小汽车时，女士先上后下，在车内，无论是吸烟还是听广播，开窗户等，均应事先征得女士的同意等。
Desire for freedom, poor discipline——French don’t like to be at the mercy of the clock, they sometimes say that a person acts “like clockwork” is in fact run this man is too mechanical, don’t know how to live. If the French treat , about eight o’clock in the evening to see you. At eight o’clock, you go from your home just
right, do not step on a point .you need not go ahead of eight o’clock. So they more free , less punctual than German.
work and private life is clear——The French workers go on strike most often of all nations. Even the overtime payment is unusual, the workers are opposed to overtime work. They prefer to enjoy the warm house and delicious food with their families.
French business culture
Greetings and First Meetings——In France, making eye-contact is a serious statement of equality. As for smile, the French do not trust a smile. If they can see no apparent reason for it, it is hypocritic,
a very unpleasant thing to a French person. But this is not said the French don’t smile or that smiles aren’t important. The French love to smile, and do so very quickly, as soon as a reason to do so has been established. Between friends who are greeting or parting, a kiss on both cheeks is normal, even in publ ic. However, if there is a group, you should be sure to include everyone, even you don’t know them, treating them as family. Don’t panic. This is not usually expected in business and certainly not between businessmen. The French shake hands with everyone t hey know. It’s a brief holding of the hands with an even briefer visual acknowledgement, and it is most important as a French greeting. The other ‘whole body’ language that the French use is touching. They touch each other to express friendship .
Gift-giving——Gift giving is a very important part of business. In France, Gifts are expected for social events, especially as thank-you after a dinner party.” As for the kind of gifts, we don’t need to be concerned about price of the gifts, just select something we think just will appreciate. We should notice some information about gift giving, like when we give flowers to others should be given in odd numbers but not 13, which is considered unlucky. French business etiquette dictates that you don’t include your bu siness card with a gift."
Business meal——In France, business meal usually last 2 to 3 hours. People usually drink much wine. When you eat meat, for example grilled fillet steak, you should cut a piece of it from a side and eat it. If you don’t want to eat something, you should put it in your plate edge. If you have something what you want to put it out, you should use your fork or your fingers take it out and put it in your plate edge. If you want something you can’t get, you can ask
someone near it to pa ss it to you. You can’t stand up and take it, it is rude. When you finish your meal, you can wipe your mouth gently. Remember don’t wipe mouth emphatically .If you are a host, you should talk with your guest frequently during the meal. And sit near with your guest means that you want to build an intimate relationship.If you are a guest, you should go to have meal 15 minutes late. You can buy a chocolate to the host. After the host begins eating, you can eat. If the host asks you to eat more, you must refuse her at first. But if she sticks to do so, you should eat a little more. You must remember that you should eat up all the food for you.
Attention to hierarchy——In France, business is characterized by a strong hierarchy, with positions and power clearly defined. Indeed, enter a meeting room and the seating within the room is organized according to rank. French women have higher status in social life. When shaking hands with them, be sure to wait for their first hand and they may wear gloves while men have to take off gloves. Wherever man must clearly remember “lady first”.
Question 2, State briefly the characters of Norwegian and Swedish people, based on that, make a comparison between Norwegian and Swedish business culture.
Norway’s national culture
The Norwegian is usually very frank and direct speech. To Norway to businessmen will find Norwegian very advocate equality, also don't like those more pay attention to the culture of the social class of people less formal.
Norway and Denmark "alliance" for over 300 years, and the Swede "alliance" nearly a century.
Norway's business culture
Doing business in Norway, avoid by all means ignoring the Norwegian brokers, do any business must properly handle the relationship with the broker, otherwise, the whole sales work could be brokers intervention and accomplish nothing.
The concept of time is strong
Norway prevalent shake hands in the business. Meeting with Norway customer for the first time, unless someone make an introduction, otherwise should be notified to the other party's own name, and tell your company name. The Norwegian people used to call names of acquaintances and commercial partners, but as a businessman, we should not be to call each other names, unless the other party requires us to do so. Especially when meet older customers, you must be polite. In Norway, in addition to the "Sir", "ms" and "miss", do not use the title. Visit Norway customer, be sure to make an appointment in advance. Norwegian time concept is stronger, always on time for appointments, think this is a least etiquette. Therefore, our personnel appointment, remember to be punctual, don't be late. The schedule and deadlines are strictly abide by. If we did not perform their duties on time, the Norwegian will soon lose interest in doing interest.
Emotional conservative not exposed
Avoid by all means ask personal income
The Norwegian appreciate humility and a certain degree of humility. They think the pompous vanity of wealth and success is no taste. Be sure to avoid may be considered boast or boast. Good to talk about topics include personal interest, politics, travel and sports, especially in winter sports, such as skiing. Avoid evaluating individual or culture, Norwegian attaches great importance to the tolerance and kindness. Should also avoid the evaluation of the high cost of living in Norway, they probably got tired of this topic. Norwegians are taboo in their own personal income, social status, political attitude, religious beliefs, and so on, that these belong to personal affairs, do not need to ask others and intervention. Norwegians often invited guests dining out. Business entertaining is usually lunch or dinner. Nothing wrong with at lunch to talk about work. In a business dinner, it is better to politely wait for owner first mention business matters. Such as being Norway are invited to dinner, the guest should wait outside at the door until the host invited into the house. Should stand politely waiting for the hostess sat before the seat must be in the master to please every guest after dinner after began to move chopsticks. To thank the hostess for the local custom is said "thank you, madam." From east Asia guests should bear in mind that after dinner for a moment that should be politely to leave. Winter is more appropriate, about 10 PM at night to leave in the summer or so that it is better to leave when he was about 11 at night. Unless your host smoking before permission, please don't in the home or the office of the Norwegian lit cigarettes.
Norwegian character
1. cold outside , warm inside ,not good at communication
2. more like nature, like living in seclusion, like peace and quiet
3.reserved，be hard to accept new thing
1. 挪威人面色冷峻，表情严肃，且不善言谈，更不会主动地与人交往，如果去了挪威,在机场、车站、银行、邮局等公共场合和挪威人打了照面，热情些的朝你点点头，多数人往往“视而不见”一般与你擦肩而过；如果你乘飞机、火车去外地旅行，你旁边坐的是挪威人，你不要期待他会给你“磨嘴皮”，他们也许对你连眼皮子都懒得抬一下；邻里之间也不会有很多的交往。甚至朋友之间、父母和子女之间都很少交往。很多挪威人宁肯牵着狗抱着猫溜圈、散步、逛公园，也不愿意和人聊天。不过，让人“望而生畏”的挪威人，却有点“表里不一”。有人形容说：挪威人的性格就像“热水瓶”，外边凉，里面热。这话说得恰到好处。挪威人表面看来似乎一副“拒人以千里之外”的样子，不过，表层之内却有—?副热心肠。当你和他们熟悉了，他们就会露出笑容热情相待；挪威人不主动与人交往，但是如果你主动走了第一步，他们就会走第二步，甚至第三步；
2.挪威是一个位于北极、三面环海的国家，海岸线弯曲，峡湾众多，陆地高山峻岭连绵起伏。挪威冬天漫长阳光稀少，日照时间短，气候寒冷且长年积雪，动植物种类比较稀少。在这种环境下，挪威人形成了“自给自足”的自然经济形态和性格孤僻、不善言谈、不喜人际交往，较多与大自然“为伍”的民族性格和生活习惯。比如，很多有钱的挪威人都去深山老林里建木头房子，房子设施简陋，甚至没有自来水和电灯、电视机等现代生活用品。他们希望利用节假日过“返璞归真”般的生活。据资料统计，90%以上的挪威人喜欢室外活动，去高山滑雪，去大海游泳，去沙滩晒日光浴是挪威人“乐此不疲”的爱好。很多挪威人的心态是“各人自扫门前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜”，他们的生活习惯是“交物不交人”。在挪威生活，经常会看到挪威人“天马行空，独往独来”，一个人在效外散步，在田野慢跑，在草坪上晒太阳，三人一帮、五人一伙扎堆聊天的现象在挪威极为少见。
3. 挪威人一般来说接受新生事物比较慢，不过，他们—旦认准了，就会“孤注一掷”地去接纳。比如，如果哪位华人在奥斯陆市区新开张了一家中餐馆，开始时肯定光顾者“寥寥无几”，可是如果他的饭菜“物美价廉”，他提供的服务“热情周到”，挪威人就会慢慢接受他、认可他，进而“乐此不疲”地“频频光顾”他的饭馆。
Norwegian business culture
1. First meeting
In the first meeting, Nordic know each other through formal conversation after a brief greeting.
Pay attention to business, chatting and chatting is not necessary
They are informal and advocate equality.
初次会见时，挪威人常常只在简短的寒暄之后就直接切入正题。在这个文化中，寒暄和闲聊对做生意并非必不可少。
2. Communication
Conservative communication
Their speeches are direct and simple. And they talk gently.
心直口快。挪威人讲话通常很坦率、直接。这与亚洲、拉丁美洲和中东的委婉、迂回的语言习惯形成鲜明对比。但另一方面，大多数挪威人都没有德国人那么率直。例如，如果他们并非真的对某笔交易感兴趣，他们可能不太情愿直接讲出来。在这一点上，他们同许多英国谈判者有些相似。
In the business meetings, the Nordic people tend to stand with the cooperators at an arm's length. Standing closer makes them feel very uncomfortable and feel much pressure.
In the table, the Nordic people usually only watch each other moderately and implicitly (适当的含蓄的). That is to say they gaze into each other's eyes and look away from time to time.
在谈判中挪威人显得不动声色，很少使用手势或者身体语言。“A-OK”手势，即拇指和食指形成一个圈的手势被认为是无礼的。
3. Business etiquette and manners
Nordic businessmen are accustomed to wearing casual clothes in the office.
Meeting etiquette
Although Northern European are conservative, they will give you a warm and friendly welcome with brief and powerful handshake and firm eye contact.
Dining etiquette
The Nordic people often invite guests to have dinner outside. Business entertainment is usually lunch or dinner.
挪威人常常邀请来访的客人外出用餐。商务招待一般是午餐或晚餐，而不会是早餐。如果会见是在接近中午时举行的，你可邀请对方吃午餐。然而，准备好大方地接受挪威人的邀请。在这里，邀请的一方会付账单。
引起服务员的注意，举高你的手，食指伸出。在午餐时谈论工作没什么不妥。在商务晚餐中，最好还是礼貌地等待主人首先提及生意方面的事情。
女士拜访者邀请对方男士吃晚餐是最好不过的情况，她通常也不必为付账单而发愁。
A gift
A quality marked gift, your company famous products or books introduce your country are very nice.
4. Sales presentation.
Nordic businessman is easy to angry with ’hard sell’. They are more willing to accept a proof material.
In a presentation, humor can be mentioned. But you must be careful, it may be offend them.
销售陈述。北欧商人容易被“强行推销”的技巧激怒。他们更乐于接受带有证明材料、直截了当的销售方式，而不喜欢扬言浮夸的推销。
幽默。与其他北欧文化，如德国的文化不同，在做演示的时候，亦可捎带幽默。玩笑和随意的交谈与严肃的商业讨论相得益彰。但是，请记住由于幽默与文化密切相关，所以常常不能被对方理解。自我解嘲的幽默可能是最不会冒犯他人的方式。
谈判风格。避免所谓的“先高后低”打开局面的谈判策略：起初报价高出实际价格很多，然后再降低价格。习惯于在盛行这种策略的文化中做生意的商人，在挪威改用更切合实际的报价会更容易取得成功。
以实际不存在的最后期限作为施加压力的策略也很可能会适得其反。但是，更糟的是以直接或间接的方式提出某种所谓好处，这会被当做是贿赂。一直以来，在各种廉洁商业文化的排名中，挪威和其他北欧国家都是首屈一指的———这也是人们乐于同挪威人做生意的另一个原因。
The Swedish business culture
Sweden's population is twice its northern neighbor, powerful machinery manufacturing to the Swedish people proud, its manufacturing is composed of several big companies like Ericsson, walter and walter and in accordance with the lake terrace (Electrolux) to lead. Like all cultures, the country's business behavior directly reflects its social values. If you know the Swedish people pay attention to the equality and efficiency and modesty, that will be foreseen for you in the city of Stockholm or gothenburg, there will be happened is in the table is very helpful.
Pay attention to the business. In this respect americans in this extreme position in the field of culture, Sweden is just a slightly trading location, pay attention to the business culture of business. Although in pay attention to the relationship between the market the company is not doing business with strangers, but the Swedish company has always to those who they had never heard of the company open the gate. Swedes usually positive response to a request for a meeting, without the introduction of a third party or recommendation, of course it must be in this business proposal under the premise of meaningful.
Straight words. From relational orientation culture like China or Japan business visitors may also be the Swedes candor shocked, accustomed to the manners of excuses and tactfully and a statement of the negotiators may think this is a very reckless. Swedish people doing business in Shanghai or Tokyo, to remind myself to get more euphemistic words, in case the cause offense or lose face. In general, the Swedes like Asians will carefully to avoid conflict and confrontation on the table.
Emotional conservative way of communication
Emotional conservative way of communication is another cause of cross-cultural chaos, although now the Swedes have a lot of companies. Most Nordic people, including the Scandinavians, East Asians and Southeast Asians, prefer to avoid to show affection in public. Different with them, and be good at table
Language communication. Swedish relative to the expressive Italy, Greece and Spain, speech is more moderate. If a negotiators from expressing cultural yell or continuous tap the table during the meeting, the Swede will feel shocked or upset. In addition, visitors from the Middle East and southern Europe often felt strange to Scandinavian conservative. They don't know what happened.
Nonverbal communication. In business negotiation, reserved the swedes to keep an arm spacing distance with other people, and their expressive partners prefer to close to the point. Swedish people
smile less than americans and latinos. The contact behavior is limited to shake hands. Sweden, for example, the eye contact as well as Arabs enthusiasm, but than many people in east Asia and southeast Asia used to the way to eager.
Time behavior. Sweden for their punctuality and proud to be strictly in accordance with the schedule, business partners and hope they can also do this. Business visitors from repetitive cultures usually on time and schedule are very casual, so talk to the Swedish business should pay attention to this.
Business etiquette and social etiquette
The dress code. Men to the traditional style of suit and tie, at least when they met for the first time. Women want to wear a suit or dress.
Meeting and greeting. Shake hands firmly. Ask you to call them by the other party before the given name should have been addressed when you introduce them, Mr., Mrs. Or miss plus their last name. For young people, they will soon be claimed to the given name. Call professionals should use the appropriate title and last name, such as doctors.
Business entertaining. Business lunch and dinner are held in a formal dining room. Husband and wife are often invited to dinner, and not for lunch. In many parts of southern Europe, business lady is common to pay bills. Although Swedes are usually informal, but the drink is an exception. Usually the host will first propose a toast, and then is a man of high position. Wait to hear their owners say "cheers", you can drink.
Give gifts. Although Sweden recently conducted a series of reforms to winemaking, but prices are very high, so, good quality wines, brandy and whisky or a good gift.
Social etiquette. If invited to a Swedish home, he brought a bouquet of flowers, to send a box of sweets to the children. If had the pleasure of sitting next to the hostess, be prepared to make a speech.
Swedish negotiation etiquette
Sales presentation. Sales presentation if you often practice the strategy of "hard sell", that is about to consider again. Swedish people think themselves are very smart, they can tell what is good in your proposal, which is not good.
Bargaining range. Start price should be realistic. Begin with an exaggerated figure, in order to give yourself leave room for "bargain", in Sweden, the result is likely to be counterproductive.
The contract. Swedish company that a written agreement is not to change, and they will not ask for a recently signed a contract negotiations again.
Swedish character
1 .shy, reserved, quiet
2. behave from habit
3. law-abiding
4. not impulsive, alert
1.他们生性腼腆、含蓄.寡言，，如果在中国碰到自己国家的人又想搭腔的话，一定要先喝点酒壮壮胆才行
2.瑞典人喜按习惯行事，每天早晨五点半起床，为的只是在出发上班前有足够时间阅读晨报。因为上班总在八点后才开始，所以可推断瑞典人的阅读速度并不那么快。
3.守时、严格守法，诚实、。说他们守法的依据尤其体现在人行十字路口。不论天气多么糟糕，他们宁愿站在雨中淋个湿透也决不横闯空无来车的红灯。同样，他们总不忘记系安全带，从不酒后开车，瑞典人对酒后开车罚款是很重的。总及时交纳电视费、申报税单.
瑞典人十分警觉，除了打喷嚏，绝少冲动行事。对他们来说，所有的决定都是生死悠关的。举个简单的例子，他们会先尝上至少十种不同的奶酪，才下定决心买仅仅二十克其中的某一种。正是这种警觉性，使得他们不会轻易将自己投入婚姻之舟。他们会先与一个女性同居，生一两个孩子，然后——如果没有发现问题的话——才向她求婚。谈到婚姻，瑞典人与大多数欧洲人也是相当不一样。所有家庭主妇能做的事，从烹饪到缝一颗扣子，他们都能做得更好。瑞典的男人都会做家务事！特别是做饭！他们认为，做饭是很享受的事情！
They are shy、implicit and inarticulate. While meeting a compatriot in China, they may dare not speak to him unless having some alcohol.
In Sweden, people are accustomed to lead a ritual life: getting up at 5:30 every morning to spare enough time for morning papers. It can be estimated that they don’t acquire a skill to read fast from the fact that they begin their work at 8:00.
They are a loyal keeper to law for they would rather wait for in front of a red light where no cars approach than pass the road even in terrible weather. What’s more, the y never neglect safe belt and the danger of driving after drinking. Paying taxes and TV bills in time are the evidence to this.
Swedish are vigilant and they seldom behave impulsively expect for sneezing,
Sweden business culture
Meetings: everyone should participate in and come up with his idea. In order to draw a conclusion, there would be so many meetings.
Decision making: it takes a long time for them to make a decision, Swedish seldom say it is or it is not ,they always use ambiguous words.
Timing Concept: they keep time strictly but seldom work extra hours. they have coffee breaks during work hours.
Management mode: they have a lot of holidays.瑞典人仅仅5月和6月的假期天数就可以超过美国人一年的假期天数， Resulted from that, they work efficiently and happily.
Communication: they communicate equally regardless of statue. They are also modest and lagom.
Question 3,How to apply the knowledge of cross-culture communication to marketing practice, especially in world-wide product promotion.
?M arketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. ( Adopted by America Marketing Association).
That’s the definition.
The global environment of international marketing, including five parts, including management style, decision making, customer buying behavior, business etiquettes and product design.
I .Intercultural brand marketing(跨文化品牌营销)
1. Definition and ingredients of a brand（品牌的定义和构成）
1).Definition: A brand is an entity of name, term, sign, symbol, trademark, logo, sound, color, or package and product design, which distinguish its product and services from others. A brand can be a promise to make, an attitude to follow, a personality to present to the consumers. For many, Mercedes-Benz indicates social status, wealth and power. And Dell stands for excellent service and high respect for consumers.
2).There are three elements consisting of a brand: brand name, brand mark, and trademark.
● A brand name is the name given to a product by the company that produces it. Brand name is part of a brand
including letters, words, and numbers that can be spoken verbally such as Adidas, Starbucks, Lipton, and so on.
●Elements indicating a brand other than words, like symbols or designs are called brand mark, like the
famous lion symbol Peugeot adopted in all its automobiles.
● A trademark is a legal designation symbolizing the owner has exclusive right to use a brand or a part
of a brand, and others are prohibited by law from using it. For example, the world famous trademark of Nike, the hook, or the nickname “Swoosh”, is endowed with speedy, dynamic and explosive movement, which is vivid and impressive to all the consumers around the world.
2. Branding globalization strategies（品牌全球化策略）
1).Establishing a brand team （建立品牌团队）
Establishing a brand team is convenient with less or even no investment, which is also conductive to establishing the global reputation of the brand and corporate image in the global market. Companies may globalize their brands by establishing a global brand team with participants from different countries and regions, or by selecting brand team leaders to manage and supervise the brand extension, or by nominating a global brand manager responsible for coordinating the globalization process.
2).Pursuing adaptability and standardization（追求适应性和标准化）
As for this topic, McDonald’s can be a good example. People from all over the world share the same McDonald’s food, as well as their high quality. However, McDonald’s are not satisfied with the standardization. Rather, it investigated some foreign markets and modified itself to cater to the local tastes, e.g., in China, McDonald’s focuses on consumers like children and youngsters, playgrounds can be found in every McDonald’s restaurant, a variety of toys are produced and sold with combo to cater to youngsters.
3).Establishing brand image（树立品牌形象）
Brand image refers to the notions that customers hold about a particular brand. In most cases, consumers buy not only the product itself, but also the image associated with the product. Brand images can be reinforced by activities such as packing, advertising, promotion, customer service, world-of-mouth and other forms of brand communication.
As a tangible part to build up a brand image, brand naming should be brief, novel, readable, and distinctive. Besides, the intangible part also plays a vital role in establishing a brand image, which includes the participation in public welfare projects, engagement in charity work and sponsoring activities.
There are so many products of the same type for customers to select from and the brands what hold a more positive image would be more competitive. For example, Nokia has contributed to the public projects and sponsoring activities for environmental protection, sports and education. Therefore , Nokia has won praise not only for its cell phone, but its humane acts as well.
4).Expending brand publicity （扩大品牌宣传）
A well-known brand owns a great deal to brand publicity. The popular methods to publicize a brand are various exhibition, advertisements, direct sales, promotion, the Internet, spokesperson, and so on.
For example, in Amway’s advertisement, many sports stars including Tian Liang, Liu Xiang are invited as the spokesmen, indicating Amway’s quality can be guaranteed. Besides, Amway is also a brand famous for direct sale, which has designed a series of sales strategies and established a promotional award system for its salespeople around the images.
5).Promoting brand extension and brand stretching（推动品牌延伸和品牌扩张）
●Brand extension is defined as the use of a successful brand name to launch a new or modified product in
the same market.
For example, Olay was originally only a skin-care brand by P&G, but gradually it extended its products to soap, shower gel and so on.
●Brand stretching refers to the use of an established brand name for products in unrelated market.
For instance, BMW is a world famous car manufacture, and it stretches its product line into costume, watch, spectacles, tie, pen, and accessories, which proved to be a success in catering BMW fans. Another example is Haier Group. Staring from refrigerator, Haier Group has made use of the famous brand with a series of new products, ranging from washing machine, microwave oven, to personal computer and cell phone.
II.Intercultural advertising （跨文化广告）
1.Definition and ingredients of advertising （广告的定义和内容）
1).Definition: Advertising is a form of commercial mass communication designed to promote products, services or ideas through various media.
Intercultural advertising, as the name suggests, can be defined as advertising of products, services or ideas from a source culture to another target culture.
2).There are five basic ingredients indispensable for successful advertising as follows: target, sponsor, cost, message, and media.
●The target of advertising is the public as a whole instead of individuals.
●Advertisement is usually sponsored by an organization or an individual with certain purpose, who will
be responsible for the cost of the advertisement.
●As the ultimate goal of advertising is to publicize products, services, or ideas, advertisement must convey
some messages to the whole public.
●Forms of mess media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and Internet are needed as they
act as various carriers to convey the messages to the public.
2.Intercultural advertising strategies （跨文化广告策略）
1).Standardization strategy （标准化策略）
In the process of globalization, the world is becoming a common marketplace, where more and more people tend to have the same needs and desires for products and life style. As a result, a global company may offer identical products worldwide, convey and extend identical advertising message to different markets and cultures at identical price via identical distribution channels, supported by identical sales and promotion programs. The key point is to deal with different markets using the standardization strategy.
Marlboro is a classic example for standardized marketing strategy. A few years ago, the image of a cowboy has been seen around the world throughout a diversity of cultural background, presenting the global customers the message: “a real man smokes Marlboro”. Other examples like Maxwell’s slogan “Good to the Last Drop”, De Beers’logo “A diamond is forever” and Nokia’s “Connecting people”.
Besides, a country with a distinctive feature tends to be more easily globalized. For instance, France is famous for its wine, Belgium for its chocolate, Switzerland for its watches, and Germany for its car manufacture. Products that use a country-of-origin positioning may well be advertised by means of a standardized strategy.
2).Localization strategy （本土化策略）
Localization marketing strategy involves investigating differences between domestic and foreign advertising, pointing out blunders, and suggesting creative strategies.
One of the classic examples is Coca-Cola. During the process of globalization, the original slogan of Coca-Cola “Can’t beat that feeling” is transformed into various expressions in different cultures. In Japan, it is “I feel Cola”, in Chile “The feeling of life”, in Italy “Unique sensation”. And in China, Coca-Cola not only translates its into the meaning of being “Delicious and cheerful”, but also invites famous film and TV stars, as well as Olympic athletes in China to promote its products. Furthermore, Coca-Cola Company always seizes any opportunity to cater to Chinese customers whenever a traditional Chinese festival approaches, plenty of traditional
篮球术语 Jump ball 跳球 Travering 走步 Technical foul 技术犯规 3-second violation 3秒违例 Point scored 罚球 Personal foul 个人犯规 3-point shot 3分球 3-point line 3分线 Sideline 边线 Endline 端线 Midcourtline 中线 Center court 中场 Backboard 篮板 Free throw lane 罚球区 Offense 进攻 Defense 防守 Passing the ball 传球 Receiving the ball 接球 Shoot 投篮 Dunk 扣篮 Lay-up 檫板入蓝 Jump shot 跳投 Hook 勾手投篮 Dribbling 运球 Block off 防堵 Steal the ball 抢断球 Rebound 抢篮板球 Half-court offense 前场进攻 Fast-break offense 快攻 Playing big 高大中锋战术 Playing small 小个子战术 Spreading the court 拉开进攻 Setting up plays 组织进攻 Screen 掩护 Pick and roll 掩护转身切入 Give and go 传切上篮 Posting up 策应 Three-point shooting 三分球战术Isolations 孤立打法 Drawing a foul 导致对方犯规Blocking out 抢篮板时将对方挡在外面Man to man 人盯人
烘焙设备和工具中英文对照冰箱refrigerator, ice box 冰柜、冷冻柜freezer 抽屉式冷柜locker 打蛋机egg beater, beating machine 电炉electric stove 电磁炉electromagnetic oven 发酵箱fermentation room 滚圆机rounder 和面机dough mixer 搅拌器mixer 绞肉机mincing machine, meat grinder 烤炉oven 转炉revolving oven 风车转炉reel oven 链条烤盘式平炉traveling chain oven 钢带式平炉band oven 螺旋式烤炉spiral oven 托盘式炉tray oven 箱式烤炉deck oven 辊切成型机rotary cutter 挤条成型机route press
钢丝切割成型机wire cutter 挤浆成型机depositor 面团拌和机pastry blender 面包整形机moulder 奶油分离器cream separator 食品加工器food processor 食品切碎机food chopper 食品粉碎机masher 洗碗机dish washer 醒发室prover 榨汁机juice extractor, squeezer 油炸机deep-fryer 剥皮器zester 磅秤scale 保鲜纸locker paper 裱花转台revolving cake stand 焙烤用纸碟baking cup 布丁模pudding mold 叉子fork 秤scale 长柄平底煎锅skillet 长筷chopsticks
最新现代物流学考试试题答案资料 【最新资料，WORD文档，可编辑修改】合分人：复查人：
分数评卷人 二、单选题（每空1分，共20分） 1.物流业是一种（C）行业。 A.生产性 B.生活性 C.服务性 D.消费性 2.国际标准化组织（ISO）认定的物流基础模数尺寸是（ A ）。 A.600 × 400mm B.300 × 400mm C.600 × 200mm D.300 × 200mm 3.向社会提供运输、储存、装卸搬运、流通加工、包装及物流信息等服务的能力称为（A）。 A.物流需求 B.物流链 C.物流供给 D.物流量 4.企业将物流系统全部承包给第三方物流供应商称为（ D ）。 A.物流系统剥离 B.物流战略联盟 C.物流系统接管 D.物流业务管理外包 5.生产企业出售商品时，物品在供方与需方之间的实体流动称为（ C ）。 A.采购物流 B.企业内物流 C.销售物流 D.退货物流 6.在同一地域范围内进行的，以改变物的存放状态和空间位置为主要内容和目的的活动称为（ B ）。 A.运输 B.装卸搬运 C.配送 D.流通加工 7.配送是面向 ( A ) 的服务。 A.终点用户 B.中间用户 C.始点厂家 D.中间厂家 8.下列选项中不是配送的功能要素的是（B）。 A.送货 B.包装 C.分拣 D.配货 9.不属于物流增值服务功能的是（C）。 A.加快反应速度 B.业务延伸 C.订货 D.增加便利性 10.下列表述中不属于物流信息特点的是(C )。
A.物流信息种类多 B.物流信息动态性强 C.物流信息对提高经济效益起着非常重要的作用 D.物流信息量大﹑分布广 11.物流运输增值的时间效用表现为通过物品流通过程中的劳动克服了物品( C )时间上的不一致。 A.生产 B.消费 C.生产和消费 D.采购 12.最具灵活性的运输方式是( A )。 A.公路运输 B.铁路运输 C.航空运输 D.远洋运输 13.不适合航空运输货物的是( D )。 A.高附加值产品 B.紧急救援物资 C.生鲜食品 D.大宗低值物品 14.( A ) 是指将部分废旧物料通过收集、分类、加工、供应等环节转化成新的产品，重新投入到生产或消费领域的过程。 A.回收物流 B.废弃物流 C.供应物流 D.场内物流 15.物流是指物资的物质实体由供应者到需求者的流动，包括：（ D ）。 A.物资空间位置的变动和时间位置的变动 B.物资空间位置的变动和形状性质的变动 C.物资时间位置的变动和形状性质的变动 D.物资空间位置的变动、时间位置的变动和形状性质的变动 16.对象物所有权转移的活动称为（ A ）。 A.商流 B.物流 C.信息流 D.流通辅助性活动 17.生产与流通之间的关系是（ A ）。 A.生产决定流通，流通对生产有反作用 B.流通决定生产，流通对生产有反作用 C.生产决定流通，生产对流通有反作用 D.流通决定生产，生产对流通有反作用 18.商流活动可以创造物资的（ B ）。
N B A术语中英版文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
场上用语： a flat shot:一个弧线低平的投篮 alley-oop:空接扣篮 Arena:比赛场；竞技场。比如Seattle的主场名叫Key Arena arc:三分线 Arm in the rim dunk :手肘插进篮筐的灌篮 Air ball：“三不沾”，投出的球什么都没碰到 Alley-oop:空中接力。一个运动员把球抛向空中，另一个队员在空中接住球把球扣入篮筐 ankle－breaker：脚踝终结者。指的是一些球员在告诉交叉运球过程中将防守队员弄到并导致其受伤。 and one：打进加罚,即加罚 a strong finish：有力的结束。球员强力灌篮后，解说员的解说词 away game：客场比赛 baby hook:小勾手 backcourt：后场 back to the basket:背筐 bank shot:擦板球 Baseline：底线。球场两端的边界线 behind-the-back:背后运球 between－the－leg:胯下运球 bounc:反弹传球 Box out:抢篮板球挡人，即抢篮板球时站在对手和篮之间，用身体挡住防守队员的动作backdoor cut：从两边底线往篮下的战术 Back pass:背后传球 backcourt violation：回场违例 baseball pass：快攻时的长传 baseline driver：底线切入的球员 be sidelined：不能上场，退出比赛 beat the shot clock：在出手时限结束之前（完成出手投篮的动作）。在出手时限结束之前（完成出手投篮的动作）.NBA规定进攻一方必须在内24秒出手投篮，但在球过中线以后在前场的发球后，必须在 14 内秒出手投篮，否则违例。 behind-the-back dribble：背后运球 Bench:替补队员 bench warmer：上场时间很少的球员，通常在场下把板凳都坐暖了 blocking foul：阻挡犯规 block out：卡位 Bounce pass:击地传球 Box out:抢篮板球挡人，即抢篮板球时站在对手和篮之间，用身体挡住防守队员的动作brick：球打在篮筐或篮板上被崩出来，许多公牛队的球迷在客队罚球时都手执一块上写“Brick”的牌子在罚球队员的眼前不停的晃动，扰乱他的视线，以达到干扰罚球的目的。 bury a shot：投篮命中 Buzzer beater：零秒出手，即投压哨球
西点名称中英文对照Cake name in Chinese and English 美式芝士饼USAcheese cake 德式蜂巢蛋糕Besting cake 牛轧饼Negative 脆皮朱古力蛋糕Prelate full entwine chocolate cake 榛子薄脆百香果蛋糕Praline Hazelnut full entwine Passion cake 椰青菜糕coconut cake 浓味朱古力杯chocolate in glass 芒果布甸Mango pudding 奇异果米饭吉士杯Kiwi custardin glass 朱古力布朗尼Brownies 香蕉杏仁饼Banana Almond cake 核桃挞WalnutsTarts 忌廉巴夫Piffle 椰子布甸coconut pudding 姜味香芒蛋糕Mango cake 脆皮朱古力忌廉蛋糕Prelate full entwinechocolate cream cake 核桃拿破伦蛋糕WalnutsNapoleon 德式芝士饼Germany cheese cake 纽约芝士饼New Yorkcheese cake 酸奶布甸Yogurtpudding
白桃软心草莓蛋糕Strawberry and peach cake 传统拿破伦饼Traditional Napoleon 白森林蛋糕White forest cake 吉士蓝莓朱古力饼 Blueberry and custard chocolate cake 栗子忌廉饼Chestnut cream cake 栗子朱古力饼Chestnut chocolate cake 草莓朱古力千层饼Strawberry chocolate puff pastry 乳酪红心橘子甘笋饼Yogurt carrot cake 蓝莓杏仁牛油饼Blueberry almond butter cake 德国奶油香橙饼German orange cream cake 芒果芝士饼Mango cheese cake 百香果黄杏芝士饼Apricot thyme cheese cake 局草莓软心杏仁饼Baked strawberry almond soft heart cake 吉士蛋布甸 Custard pudding 法式炖蛋French pudding 鲜果者厘杯Fresh fruit jelly cup 金宝苹果批Apple crumble 玉桂香蕉朱古力忌廉饼Banana chocolate cream cake 浓咖啡朱古力忌廉饼Coffee chocolate cake 浓香椰子蛋糕coconut cake 朱古力沙架sacker cake
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代物 流学试题 课程代码：07114 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1.Logistics是世界公认的物流标准用语，这一词首先应用的领域是 A.生产 B.军事 C.消费 D.经济 2.维持弹性库存，以满足客户非预期的需求，实现市场调节功能的供应链类型是 A.有效性供应链 B.反应性供应链 C.功能性供应链 D.创新性供应链 3.科学的选择运输工具、合理的规划运输线路、保持合理的库存规模等体现物流系统的 A.服务性目标 B.快捷性目标
C.节约目标 D.规模优化目标 4.时效性不强、价格低廉的散重货物，适用于 A.水上运输 B.航空运输 C.公路运输 D.铁路运输 5.相同的运输方式下，客户选择运输服务商的首要标准是 A.价格 B.快捷 C.服务质量 D.运输工具 6.经海关批准，在海关监管下专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所，称为 A.自有仓库 B.特种仓库 C.出口监管仓库 D.保税仓库 7.对托盘进行装卸作业，一般采用的方式是 A.吊上吊下 B.又上叉下
C.移上移下 D.滚上滚下 8.自动导引搬运车的缩写是 A.AGV B.AVG C.GAV D.VGA 9.装卸搬运作业的活性是指 A.货物装卸搬运的难易程度 B.货物中鲜活物品比例 C.装卸搬运消耗的活劳动 D.装卸搬运工具的灵活 10.既是生产的终点，也是物流的起点，将产品由生产领域向流通领域转移的重要环节是 A.运输 B.储存 C.装卸 D.包装 11.以生鲜产品进行的保鲜、保质的冷冻加工主要是为了 A.提高加工效率 B.保护产品
N B A必备英文词汇Last revision on 21 December 2020
看NBA必备的篮球词汇大全球队一览： Eastern Conference 东部联盟 Boston Celtics 波士顿凯尔特人 New Jersey Nets 新泽西网 New York Knicks 纽约尼克斯 Philadelphia 76ers 费城76人 Toronto Raptors 多伦多猛龙 Chicago Bulls 芝加哥公牛 Cleveland Cavaliers 克里夫兰骑士 Detroit Pistons 底特律活塞 Indiana Pacers 印第安纳步行者 Milwaukee Bucks 密尔沃基雄鹿 Atlanta Hawks 亚特兰大老鹰 Charlotte Bobcats 夏洛特山猫 Miami Heat 迈阿密热火 Orlando Magic 奥兰多魔术 Washington Wizards 华盛顿奇才 Western Conference 西部联盟 Denver Nuggets 丹佛掘金 Minnesota Timberwolves 明尼苏达森林狼Oklahoma City Thunder 俄克拉何马城雷霆
Portland Trail Blazers 波特兰开拓者 Utah Jazz 犹他爵士 Golden State Warriors 金州勇士 Los Angeles Clippers 洛杉矶快船 Los Angeles Lakers 洛杉矶湖人 Phoenix Suns 菲尼克斯太阳 Sacramento Kings 萨克拉门托国王 Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛 Houston Rockets 休斯敦火箭 Memphis Grizzlies 孟菲斯灰熊 New Orleans Hornets 新奥尔良黄蜂 San Antonio Spurs 圣安东尼奥马刺 球队组成： assistant coach：助理教练 backcourt：后卫组(包括控球后卫及得分后卫) backup：后备(替换，支持)球员 bench：(指全体)后备(替换，支持)球员 bench player：(指个人)后备(替换，支持)球员center：中锋(又称5号位置球员) coach：教练 frontline：锋线(包括大前锋，小前锋，中锋) GM(general manager)：球队经理
各种食物的中英文对照翻译 水果类（fruits）： 西红柿tomato 菠萝pineapple 西瓜watermelon 香蕉banana 柚子shaddock （pomelo） 橙子orange 苹果apple 柠檬lemon 樱桃cherry 桃子peach 梨pear 枣Chinese date （去核枣pitted date ）椰子coconut 草莓strawberry 树莓raspberry 蓝莓blueberry 黑莓blackberry 葡萄grape 甘蔗sugar cane 芒果mango 木瓜pawpaw或者papaya 杏子apricot 油桃nectarine 柿子persimmon
石榴pomegranate 榴莲jackfruit 槟榔果areca nut 西班牙产苦橙bitter orange 猕猴桃kiwi fruit or Chinese gooseberry 金橘cumquat 蟠桃flat peach 荔枝litchi 青梅greengage 山楂果haw 水蜜桃honey peach 香瓜，甜瓜musk melon 李子plum 杨梅waxberry red bayberry 桂圆longan 沙果crab apple 杨桃starfruit 枇杷loquat 柑橘tangerine 莲雾wax-apple 番石榴guava 肉、蔬菜类（livestock家畜）： 南瓜（倭瓜）pumpkin cushaw 甜玉米Sweet corn 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken 生菜莴苣lettuce 白菜Chinese cabbage （celery cabbage）卷心菜cabbage 萝卜radish 胡萝卜carrot 韭菜leek 木耳agarics 豌豆pea 马铃薯（土豆）potato 黄瓜cucumber 苦瓜balsam pear 秋葵okra 洋葱onion
绝密★考试结束前 全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试 现代物流学试题 课程代码:07114 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.Logistics是世界公认的物流标准用语，这一词首先应用的领域是 A.生产 B.军事 C.消费 D.经济 2.维持弹性库存，以满足客户非预期的需求，实现市场调节功能的供应链类型是 A.有效性供应链 B.反应性供应链 C.功能性供应链 D.创新性供应链 3.科学的选择运输工具、合理的规划运输线路、保持合理的库存规模等体现物流系统的 A.服务性目标 B.快捷性目标 C.节约目标 D.规模优化目标 4.时效性不强、价格低廉的散重货物，适用于
A.水上运输 B.航空运输 C.公路运输 D.铁路运输 5.相同的运输方式下，客户选择运输服务商的首要标准是 A.价格 B.快捷 C.服务质量 D.运输工具 6.经海关批准，在海关监管下专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所，称为 A.自有仓库 B.特种仓库 C.出口监管仓库 D.保税仓库 7.对托盘进行装卸作业，一般采用的方式是 A.吊上吊下 B.又上叉下 C.移上移下 D.滚上滚下 8.自动导引搬运车的缩写是 A.AGV B.AVG C.GAV D.VGA 9.装卸搬运作业的活性是指 A.货物装卸搬运的难易程度 B.货物中鲜活物品比例 C.装卸搬运消耗的活劳动
NBA 各种投篮方式 (slam) dunk：(强力)灌篮 bank shot：擦板球 double pump：拉杆式投篮(verb) fade-away shot：后仰式跳投 hook shot：钩射投篮 jump shot：跳投 layup：带球上篮 perimeter shot：中距离投篮 set shot：立定投篮 three-point shot：三分球 NBA 各种统计术语 assist：助攻 block shot：阻攻，盖火锅儿 defensive rebound：防守篮板球 field goal percentage：投球命中率 field goal：投球命中 free throw percentage：罚球命中率 free throw：罚球offensive rebound：进攻篮板球rebound：篮板球 scoring：得分 steal：抢断
three-point shot percentage：三分球命中率 turnover：失误 NBA场地装备 backboard：篮板 back court：后场 freethrow lane：罚球圈，禁区 freethrow line：罚球线 front court：前场 game clock：比赛用时钟 halftime：中场休息时间 hoop：篮框，篮圈 mid-court：中场 net：篮网 painted area：罚球圈，禁区 restricted area near the basket：禁区内篮框下的小圆圈区域 rim：篮框，篮圈 scoring table：记录台，记分台 shot clock：时限钟（进攻方在24秒内必须投篮，并且球必须触及篮框，否则即违例) three-point line：三分（球）线 top of the circle：靠近禁区顶端之三分（球）线附近 wing：（左、右两边）底线区域 NBA规则
牛肉分部： 一、二、 面粉／中筋面粉Plainflour/all-purposeflour 低筋面粉／低根粉cakeflour/softflour/weakflour/lowproteinflour 高筋面粉／筋面／根面／高根粉glutenflour/strongflour/breadflour/baker'sflour/highproteinflour 全麦面粉wholewheatflour 澄面粉／澄粉／澄面non-glutinousflour/wheatflour/wheatstarch 自发面粉self-raisingflour 粗玉米豆粉polenta/yellowcornmeal 粟粉／粟米粉／玉米粉／玉米淀粉cornflour/cornstarch 生粉／太白粉／地瓜粉potatostarch/potatoflour 树薯粉／木薯粉／茨粉／菱粉／泰国生粉／太白粉／地瓜粉Tapiocastarch/tapiocaflour 蕃薯粉／地瓜粉sweetpotatoflour 马蹄粉waterchestnutflour 葛粉arrowrootflour 臭粉／胺粉／阿摩尼亚粉／嗅粉 powderedbakingammonia/carbonateofammonia/ammoniabicarbonate/ammoniacarbonate/hartshorn
发粉／泡打粉／泡大粉／速发粉／蛋糕发粉bakingpowder 苏打粉／小苏打／梳打粉／小梳打／食粉／重曹bakingsoda/bicarbofsoda 塔塔粉／他他粉creamoftartar 卡士达粉／蛋黄粉／吉士粉／吉时粉／custardpowder 卡士达／克林姆／奶皇馅／蛋奶馅custard/pastrycream 蛋白粉eggwhitepowder？ 粘米粉／黏米粉／在来米粉／在莱米粉／再来米粉riceflour 糕仔粉cookedriceflour 糯米粉glutinousriceflour/sweetriceflour 凤片粉／熟糯米粉／糕粉／加工糕粉friedsweetriceflour/friedglutinousriceflour 绿豆粉mungbeanflour/tepunghunkwee 小麦胚芽／麦芽粉wheatgerm 小麦蛋白／面筋粉wheatgluten 硷水／(木见)水alkaline water／lye water／potassiumcarbonate 白矾alum 硼砂borax 石膏gypsum 酵母／酒饼yeast／ibu roti 面包／面饱bread 土司面包／吐司toast 面包糠／面包屑breadcrumbs 香草豆／香草荚／香草片／香子兰荚vanilla bean／vanilla pod 香草精／云尼拉香精／凡尼拉香精vanilla extract／vanilla essence 香草粉vanilla powder 班兰粉／香兰粉ground pandan／ground screwpineleaves／serbokdaunpandan 班兰精／香兰精pandan paste／pasta pandan 玫瑰露／玫瑰露精rosewater／rosewateressence essence 杏仁粉almond flour／almondmieal 皮屑grated zest／grated rind 海苔粉ground seaweed 黑蔗糖浆／糖蜜／甘蔗糖蜜molasses 金黄糖浆goldensyrup 枫糖浆／枫树糖浆／枫糖maple syrup 玉米糖浆cornsyrup／karosyrup 葡萄糖浆glucosesyrup 麦芽糖浆barleymaltsyrup／maltsyrup 麦芽糖maltose／maltsugar 焦糖carmael 果糖Ｅfructos 乳糖lactose 转化糖invertsugar 日式糙米糖浆amazake 绵花糖霜marshmallowcream cream 冰糖ＲＯＣＫsugar 椰糖／爪哇红糖palm sugar／gula malacca 黄砂糖brown sugar 红糖？／黑糖？darkbrownsugar 红糖？／黑糖？muscovadosugar
蔬菜与调味品 string bean 四季豆 bean sprout 豆芽cabbage 包心菜; 大白菜celery 芹菜 leek 韭菜 caraway 香菜 spinach 菠菜 carrot 胡萝卜 loofah 丝瓜 pumpkin 南瓜 bitter gourd 苦瓜cucumber 黄瓜 white gourd 冬瓜 needle mushroom 金针菇tomato 番茄 eggplant 茄子 potato, 马铃薯 lotus root 莲藕 agaric 木耳 vinegar 醋 peanut oil 花生油
soy sauce 酱油 ginger 生姜 scallion,青葱 green pepper 青椒 pea 豌豆 bamboo shoot 竹笋 seasoning 调味品 green soy bean 毛豆 soybean sprout 黄豆芽 mung bean sprout 绿豆芽 kale 甘蓝菜 broccoli 花椰菜 mater convolvulus 空心菜 dried lily flower 金针菜 mustard leaf 芥菜 tarragon 蒿菜 beetroot 甜菜根 lettuce 生菜 preserved szechuan pickle 榨菜salted vegetable 雪里红 lettuce 莴苣 asparagus 芦荟
dried bamboo shoot 笋干 water chestnut 荸荠 long crooked squash 菜瓜 gherkin 小黄瓜 yam 山芋 taro 芋头 champignon 香菇 dried mushroom 冬菇 white fungus 百木耳 garlic 大蒜 onion 洋葱 wheat gluten 面筋 miso 味噌 caviar 鱼子酱 barbeque sauce 沙茶酱 tomato ketchup, tomato sauce 番茄酱mustard 芥末 salt 盐 sugar 糖 sweet 甜 sour 酸 bitter 苦
常用食物调料中英文对照2006-05-18 19:27:58 常用食物调料中英文对照 Anise (star anise)----- 大茴香，八角，大料 Aniseed --------------- 大茴香子 Basil ----------------- 罗勒，紫苏，九层塔 Bay leaf--------------- 香叶，月桂树叶 Caper------------------ 马槟榔 Caraway --------------- 藏茴香果，葛缕子，页蒿 Cardamom -------------- 小豆蔻 Cayenne pepper--------- 辣椒，牛角椒 Chive ----------------- 细香葱，虾夷葱 Cinnamon -------------- 肉桂 Clove------------------ 丁香 Coriander-------------- 芫荽，香菜，胡芫 Cumin------------------ 孜然，小茴香，枯茗 Dill ------------------ 莳萝 Fennel----------------- 茴香 Fenugreek ------------- 胡芦巴
Hop-------------------- 忽布，啤酒花 Horseradish------------ 山葵，辣根 Laurel----------------- 月桂 Mint------------------- 薄荷 Mustard---------------- 芥末 Nutmeg----------------- 肉豆蔻 Oregano---------------- 牛至 Paprika---------------- 红辣椒粉 Parsley --------------- 欧芹，洋芫荽洋香菜Poppy seed ------------ 罂粟种子 Rosemary -------------- 迷迭香 Saffron --------------- 藏红花，番红花 Sage------------------- 鼠尾草，洋苏草 Tarragon--------------- 龙蒿，蛇蒿，菌陈蒿 T hyme ----------------- 百里香，麝香草 Turmeric -------------- 姜黄 vanilla --------------- 香草，香子兰 Wormwood -------------- 苦艾，蒿
现代物流学 一、单选题 1．日本于（A）正式引进了“物流”概念，并将其解释为“物的流通”、“实物流动”。A．20世纪50年代 B．20世纪60年代 C．20世纪70年代 D．20世纪80年代 2．按照物流活动覆盖的围可以将物流分为三类，其中不包括（C）。 A．国物流 B．国际物流Ｃ．城市物流 D．区域物流 3．按照（A）来划分，运输可以分为铁路运输、公路运输、水路运输、航空运输以及管道运输即我们常说的五种基本运输方式。 A．运输工具不同 B．运输线路不同Ｃ．运输距离长短 D．运输规模大小 4．铁路运输在现在的运输业务中，有逐渐减少的趋势，这主要是因为（D）。 A．铁路运输的运输规模大 B．铁路运输的运输距离长 C．按时刻表运行 D．缺乏机动性，不能实现“门到门”的服务 5．将的2万吨红薯运往汉口，选择（C）方式比较合适。 A．铁路运输 B．公路运输 C．水路运输 D．航空运输 E．管道运输 6．人们将一次委托，由两家以上运输企业或用两种以上运输方式共同将某一批物品运 送到目的地的运输方式叫做（B）。 A．直达运输 B．联合运输 C．直接换装 D．甩挂运输 7．放于搬运车、台车或其他可移动挂车上的货物，它的搬运活性指数是（D）。 A．0级 B．1级 C．2级 D．3级 8．仓库储存费用的构成中，（C）是最难确定和测量的。 A．订货费 B．保管费 C．缺货损失费 D．保险费 9．构成现代配送中心产生和发展的理论基础有三个，不包括（ C）。 A．供应链理论 B．分流理论Ｃ．交易费用理论 D．效益背反理论 10．生产与流通之间的关系是（D ）。 A．生产与流通之间是互为决定的关系
一、单选 1.不属于衡量企业物流质量的主要因素是（D ）。 A.物流时间 B.物流成本 C.物流效率 D.物流网络 2.库存管理得好，新产品的开发时间会缩短（C ）。 A.1/3 B.1/2 C.2/3 D.3/5 3.电子商务的一个重要特征是（A ）。 A.网络化 B.自动化 C.智能化 D.集成化 4.在运输中收货人通常是合同当中的（C ）。 A.第一方 B.第二方 C.第三方 D.以上皆不是 5.物流企业是为（D ）提供服务的。 A.企业 B.生产商 C.中间商 D.社会用户 6.下列那一项关于ABC管理的叙述是正确的（D ）。 A.A类占整个销售的60%，B类20%，C类占20% B.A类占整个销售的70%，B类20%，C类占10% C.A类占整个销售的80%，B类10%，C类占10% D.A类占整个销售的80%，B类适中，C类占20% 7.最先提出物流概念的是（B ）。 A.日本 B.美国 C.德国 D.法国 8.物流业务的中心活动是（C ）。 A.配送 B.装卸 C.运输 D.储存 9.物流的生产和发展是（C ）的需要，是流通的主要因素。 A.社会经济发展 B.运输业 C.社会再生产 D.流通加工发展 10.下列不属于制造业物流的是（C ）。 A.供应物流 B.销售物流 C.企业物流 D.回收物流 11.生产者将商品实体通过运输转移给消费者是要克服（C ）。 A.所有权间隔 B.使用权间隔 C.场所间隔 D.时间间隔 12.地理信息系统的简称是（A ）。 A.GIS B.GPS C.POS D.EDI 13. 包装的首要功能是( A )。 A.保护货物 B. 便于处理 C.促进销售 D.美观大方 14.下列哪项运输方式主要用于运输天然气、原油或成品油。（C ） A.铁路运输 B.公路运输 C.管道运输 D.水路运输 15.下列那一项是物流企业用于交换商业文件的标准形式（C ）。 A.DIF B.EIF C.EDI D.DEF 16.下列关于最佳包装设计表述最正确的是（C ）。 A.符合现代顾客的审美观，以顾客为导向的包装设计 B.以成本为导向，尽量节省成本，从而提高经济效益 C.用最少的费用获得最大的经济效益 D.最佳包装设计是能够使产品价值最大化的包装设计 17.下列哪一项是拟定配送计划的主要依据（B ）。 A.路线分析 B.商流 C.时间安排 D.货物品种、规格、数量情况 18.下列哪一项是配送目标管理的主要内容（D ）。 A.配送技术质量指标评价 B.配送技术利润指标评价 C.配送技术服务指标评价 D.配送技术经济指标评价
中国菜名(点心)英文 翻译
中国菜名（点心）英文翻译 点心及零嘴： 中式：中式点心dim sum（饮茶Yum Cha）油条twisted cruller豆浆bean milk豆腐花beancurd jelly包子bum豆沙包smashed bean bun馒头steamed bread花卷twistbread馄饨wonton锅贴fried wontons水饺boiled dumpling蒸虾饺steamed prawn dumpling小笼包子small steamer bun虾饺shrimp dumpling烧卖shao-mai肠粉rice noodle roll春卷spring roll 葱油饼green onion pie油饼cruller千层糕layer cake马拉糕Cantonese sponge cake八宝饭rice pudding凉粉agar-agar jelly河粉fried rice noodles干炒牛河fried rice noodles w/beef年糕rice cake炒面chow mein杂碎Chop Suey芙蓉蛋Egg Foo Yung汤面noodles soup阳春面plain noodles刀削面sliced noodles炸酱面noodles w/soybean paste打卤面noodles w/gravy 芝麻糊sesame paste萝卜丝饼turnip strips cake碗糕salty rice pudding凤梨酥pineapple cake豆沙sweet bean paste糯米sticky rice血糯米black sticky rice白粥congee 西式：麦芬/松饼muffin馅饼pie小甜饼cookie汉堡三明治deli sandwichs法国长棍Baguette 羊角面包croissant泡夫puff拿破仑Napoleons酥饼flaky pastry唐那滋/油炸圈饼doughnut蛋挞tart大块面包loaf吐司toast意大利面pasta意粉spaghetti意式宽面lasagne意式干面tagliatelle意式扁面Linguine意式细面Vermicelli提拉米苏Tira Misu面包皮crust华夫饼干waffle苏打饼干soda cracker杏仁饼干macaroon核仁巧克力饼brownie姜饼gingersnap慕司mousse果酱jam糖浆syrup薄荷mint麦片oatmeal圣代sundae雪芭sorbet甜筒icecream cone蜜桃冰淇淋peach melba香草vanilla奶昔milkshake火焰冰激凌baked Alaska意式冰激凌Spumoni奶油冻custard羊乳酪feta人造黄油Margarine甜馅mincemeat 蛋黄酱mayonnaise奶油蛋黄酱mornay sauce果酱jam柑桔果酱marmalade枫糖酱maple syrup 零嘴及其他：爆米花popcorn牛肉干beef jerk果冻jam泡泡糖bubble gum棒棒糖bonbon水果糖konfyt陈皮orange peel棉花糖cotton candy太妃糖toffee香瓜子sunflower seed南瓜子pumpkin seed藕粉lotus root starch馅子filling便当lunchbox自助餐buffet零嘴snack蜜饯tutti-frutti荞麦粉buckwheat玉米粉cornmeal香米fragrant rice酥油ghee米粉rice flour大西米sago酒酿sweet fermented-rice燕窝bird’s nest（法）块菌truffle榨菜preserved Szechuan vegetable 中西菜式： 主菜main course一道菜course招牌菜specialty浇头toppings泡菜pickles酸黄瓜sour cucumber例汤soup of the day罗宋汤borsch鱼羹fish chowder薯泥mashed potatoes 玉米卷taco杂烩chowder沙锅菜casserole炖菜stew炖肉daube肉片/鱼片fillet蛋白egg white蛋黄yolk煎蛋omelette荷包蛋poached egg(单面sunny-side up双面over easy)水煮蛋/白灼蛋boiled egg(半熟soft-boiled)炒蛋scrambled egg皮蛋thousand year egg茶叶蛋tea egg咸鸭蛋salted duck egg肉汁gravy蔬菜通心粉汤Minestrone西班牙肉菜饭paella肉汤broth意式调味饭Risotto腓力牛排Tournedos/filet mignon(用Bearnaise Sauce)西冷牛排sirloin steak牛百叶/猪肚tripe火锅hot pot奶油洋葱汤cream of onion soup清炖肉汤consomme乡下浓汤country soup鱼排fish fillet浓汤bisque（中式）杂碎chop suey烤肉串kabob爱尔兰炖菜Irish stew意大利蔬菜汤minestrone青豆泥puree of peas北京烤鸭Peking duck（法）蔬菜炖肉ragout意大利腊肠salami马来西亚米粉laksa意大利腊肠salami（泰）冬荫功Tom Yum Goong 日本料理：
现代物流学试题一及答案 一、选择题(每题2分，共20分) 下列各题A、B、C、D四个选项中，只有一个选项是正确的，请将正确的选项涂写在答题卡相应位置上，答在试卷上不得分。 1．对象所有权转移的活动称为（）。 A．商流 B．物流 C．信息流 D．流通辅助性活动 2．（）是全社会物流的整体，也称为大物流或宏观物流。 A．国内物流 B．社会物流 C．行业物流 D．地区物流 3．下列选项中不属于装卸搬运合理化原则的是（）。 A. 消除无效搬运 B．提高搬运活性 C. 尽量采用人工作业 D．采用集装单元化作业 4.下列不属于配送的特点的是（）。 A．配送是从物流据点至用户的一种送货形式 B．配送是在全面配货的基础上，完全按用户要求进行的运送，是配与送的有机结合 C．配送是一种门到门的服务 D．配送一般是干线运输或直达运输，批量大、品种单一 5．在物流系统中，起着缓冲、调节和平衡作用的物流活动是（）。 A．运输 B．配送 C．仓储 D．装卸 6．根据“物流成本冰山说”，露在水面之上的部分是（）。 A．企业内部消耗的物流费 B．制造费用 C．委托的物流费用 D．自家物流费 7．第三方物流业者的核心能力体现在（）。 A．专业服务 B．高效率 C．规模化 D．信息系统 8．集装箱容积一般是（）。 A．大于10立方米 B．大于20立方米 C．大于40立方米 D．大于1立方米 9．资金流可以认为从属于（）。
A．商流 B．物流 C．信息流 D．流通辅助性活动 10．在自动化仓库里的整体式仓库和分离式仓库，它们是（）进行分类的。A．按仓库在生产和流通中的作用 B．按仓库的建筑形式 C．按库房高度 D．按库房容量 二、简答题（每题5分，共35分） 1. 什么是商物分离？商物分离的特征和优越性表现在哪些方面？ 2．什么是物流系统？为什么物流具有系统性？ 3. 物流成本管理的意义是什么？ 4．什么是集合包装？商品集装化的作用有哪些？ 5．根据我国流通企业类型，流通企业物流分为哪几种？ 6. 供应链管理的特点是什么？ 7. 简述物流产业政策的构成。 三、论述题（每题10分，共20分） 1.什么是物流？如何深入理解物流的内涵？ 2.请论述如何制定企业的物流战略。 四、案例题（25分） 海尔在连续16年保持80％的增长速度之后，近两年来又悄然进行着一场重大的管理革命。这就是在对企业进行全方位流程再造的基础之上，建立了具有国际水平的自动化、智能化的现代物流体系，使企业的运营效益发生了奇迹般的变化，资金周转达到一年15次，实现了零库存、零运营成本和与顾客的零距离，突破了构筑现代企业核心竞争力的瓶颈。 海尔物流通过三个JIT，实现同步流程。海尔集团100％的采购订单从网上下达，使采购周期由原来的平均10天降为3天。海尔能将所有与供应商相关的物流管理业务信息，如采购计划。采购订单、库存信息、供应商供货清单、配额以及采购价格和计划交货时间通过信息系统发布给供应商，使供应商足不出户就能全面了解和制订与自己相关的物流管理信息（如根据采购计划备货，根据采购订单送货等等）。在这种条件下，实现原材料采购的寄售模式也成为了可能。通过这个模式将备货转化为供应商库存，减少库存积压资金。货物人库后，物流部