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产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡

产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡
产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡

产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡

(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)

一、Section Ⅰ Use of English(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

The world religion is derived from the Latin noun religion, which denotes both (1) observance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of (2) that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be (3) At one extreme, many committed believers (4) only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer (5) to the practices of their tradition. They may (6) use vague or idealizing terms in defining religion, (7) , true love of God, or the path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with (8) , fanaticism, or wishful thinking.

By defining religion as a sacred engagement with what is taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life without making (9) about what is really is or ought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning, or (10) a zone with clear boundaries. It is an aspect of Human (11) that may intersect, incorporate, or transcend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of (12) the investigation of religion to Western or biblical categories (13) monotheism or church structure, which are not (14) .

Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be (15) to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of (16) dynamics. Religion includes not only patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes an (17) part of a culture. Religious experience may be expressed (18) visual symbols, dance and performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal (19) , and detailed rules of some ways. There are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural (20) .

(分数:10.00)

(1).[A] earnest [B] clumsy [C] naive [D] frivolous(分数:0.50)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(2).[A] urgency [B] meaning [C] condition [D] sense(分数:0.50)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析:

(3).[A] exhibited [B] translated [C] interpreted [D] illustrated(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:

(4).[A] assure [B] admit [C] indulge [D] recognize(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C.

解析:

(5).[A] excessively [B] comprehensively [C] flexibly [D] exclusively(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:

(6).[A] nevertheless [B] moreover [C] furthermore [D] accordingly(分数:0.50)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(7).[A] in a sense [B] as a result [C] for example [D] for all(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:

(8).[A] ignorance [B] awareness [C] aversion [D] insistence(分数:0.50)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(9).[A] wishes [B] claims [C] attempts [D] pleas(分数:0.50)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析:

(10).[A] barely [B] hardly [C] ever [D] even(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:

(11).[A] institution [B] attribute [C] distinction [D] experience(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:

(12).[A] limiting [B] fastening [C] tightening [D] fixing(分数:0.50)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

(13).[A] such as [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] as to(分数:0.50)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(14).[A] permanent [B] apparent [C] universal [D] exceptional(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:

(15).[A] imitated [B] bound [C] reduced [D] exposed(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:

(16).[A] strand [B] group [C] class [D] band(分数:0.50)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析:

(17).[A] dominant [B] principal [C] prevalent [D] integral(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:

(18).[A] in line with [B] in terms of [C] in regard to [D] in exchange for(分数:0.50)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析:

(19).[A] ceremonies [B] occasions [C] associations [D] formalities(分数:0.50)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(20).[A] outlooks [B] circumstances [C] environments [D] surroundings(分数:0.50)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:

二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数:0,分数:0.00)

三、Part A(总题数:0,分数:0.00)

四、Text 1(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

When Rupert Murdoch sees beams of light in the American advertising market, it is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses. Last October, when the impact of September 11th was only beginning to tell, the boss of NASCAR, a media group, had already identified " strong rays of sunshine". With ad sales still languishing, Mr. Murdoch declared last month that " there are some hints of a modest upswing in tile US advertising market". His early optimism turned out to be misplaced. Now, however, other industry observers are beginning to agree with him.

Advertising usually exaggerates the economic cycle, falling sharply and early in a downturn, and rebounding strongly once the economy has begun to recover. This is because most managers prefer to trim their ad budgets rather than their payrolls, and restore such spending only once they feel sure that things are looking up. Last year, America's ad market shrank by 9. 8% , according to CMIR, a research firm. Although ad spending has not yet recovered across all media, some analysts now expect overall ad spending to start to grow in the third quarter.

The signs of improvement are patchy, however. Ad spending on radio and television seems to be inching up—advertising on American National Radio was up 2% in January on the same period last year, according to Aegis—while spending on magazines and newspapers is still weak. Even within any one market, there are huge differences; just pick up a copy of one of the now-slimline high-teeh magazines that once bulged with ads, and compare it with the hefty celebrity or women's titles. Advertisers in some categories, such as the travel industry, are still reluctant to buy space or airtime, while others, such as the car and movie businesses, have been bolder. The winter Olympics, held last month in Salt Lake City, has also distorted the spending on broadcast advertising in the first quarter.

Nonetheless, there is an underlying pattern. One measure is the booking of ad spots for national brands on local television. By early March, according to Mr. Westerfield's analysis, such bookings were growing fast across eight out of the top ten advertising sectors, led by the financial and motor industries. UBS Warburg now expects the " upfront" market, which starts in May when advertisers book advance ad spots on the TV networks for the new season in September, to be up 4% on last year. On some estimates, even online advertising could pick up by the end of the year.

(分数:10.00)

(1).What does the author mean by "it is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses" (Para.

1)?

[A] The sunshine is not terribly strong.

[B] It is not good time to develop advertising.

[C] There is no need to worry about economy now.

[D] The real economic recovery has yet to take place.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:[解析] 本题考查句子含义。下文提到,默多克先生宣布“美国广告市场有中度复苏的迹象”。由此可知,第一句话实际上是一个暗喻:当鲁珀特·默多克看到美国广告市场上的光芒时(比喻市场有了些许复苏的迹象),拿太阳镜还为时过早(比喻广告市场还没有全面复苏)。D选项正确揭示了这层意思,是正确答案。

(2).Mr. Murdoch's early market estimation was______.

[A] exaggerating the situation

[B] being too cautious

[C] underestimating the development

[D] probably describing the reality(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:[解析] 本题考查推理引申。由第一段可知,去年十月,这位新闻集团的老总就已经认为是“强烈的阳光”(即广告市场开始真正复苏了)。但随着广告销售的衰退,他于上个月宣布只是“中度复苏的迹象”。该段最后两句提到,他先前的乐观看来是错了,然而,现在其他业内观察员却开始认同他的观点。可见,他预测的可能是真实的情况。故正确选项为D。

(3).Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Advertising is a sensitive marker of economic change.

[B] Managers will first cut salary during economic downturn.

[C] CMR was wrong about last year's US ad market.

[D] Advertising spending has started overall growing.(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:[解析] 本题考查第二段的事实细节。该段第一句指出,广告业的行情通常放大这样的经济规律:广告业在经济不景气的初期就明显下降,一旦经济开始复苏就迅猛回升。因此可推出A选项正确。该段第二句分析其原因:经济不景气时,绝大多数企业主宁愿先削减广告开支而不愿意先减薪。由此排除B选项。第三句提到CMR对美国广告市场的调查结果,但没有说明它的判断准确与否,因此排除C选项。最后一句提到,分析家预测第三季度广告费会全面上升,D选项错在“已经开始”。故正确选项为A。

(4).Signs of improvement are visible in the advertising of______.

[A] high-tech magazines and sports industry

[B] celebrity magazines and travel industry

[C] women's magazines and car industry

[D] movie industry and high-teeh magazines(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:[解析] 本题考查事实细节。第三段第三句提到,即使在同一个行业里,(广告业务增长的情况)也会有巨大的差异。接着,该句将“高科技杂志”与“名人或妇女杂志”相比,指出前者曾经充斥着各种广告而现在却变得很薄,由此可推知,高科技杂志的广告少,妇女杂志的广告多,所以排除A和D两个选项。该段第四句话提到,广告主对旅游栏目舍不得花钱,但对汽车和电影这样的栏目却从不犹豫。因此可排除B选项。故正确选项为C。

(5).What is the author's view of the prospect of US advertising market?

[A] Recovery will be slow but sure.

[B] There will be a big jump.

[C] Patchy improvement will occur.

[D] The situation will remain pessimistie.(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:[解析] 本题考查作者观点。作者通篇以客观的口吻陈述美国广告市场行情的变化。9·11事件以后经济形势一直低迷,广告市场也一片惨淡,但是近来广告市场显示了复苏的微弱迹象。第二段倒数第二句话,“尽管根据调查去年广告市场萎缩了9.8%,但专家预测今年第三季度广告支出会有所增长”。第三段主要谈广告市场行情回升的不均匀性,有的领域形势很好,有的领域如旅游业广告仍然不景气。最后一段

的例子说明电视、网络等媒体上的广告订单开始增加。总体看来,作者认为广告业在慢慢恢复。故正确选

项为A。

五、Text 2(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

The sudden, dramatic explosion in value of online social media sites like Facebook and Twitter is reminiscent of the rise, about 15 years ago, of the online businesses that created the "dotcom bubble. " The Internet was far less widely used than it is today. Still, visionaries saw the potential for the Internet we have today, so virtual companies sprung up and grew like weeds as investors threw money their way. Some, like Google and Amazon, developed an enduring online presence and lasting financial value. But far too many quickly lost value when it became apparent that their rapid growth wasn't yielding revenue.

So, how much is Facebook's network of users really worth? The potential is clear—when so many people are gathered in one virtual place, offering so much personal information about themselves, they create an unprecedented platform for targeted advertising. Or they would, if they were on the network to shop. When eBay and Amazon suggest products to their customers, they're talking to people who've already proven that they're interested in buying similar products. People go on Facebook for a variety of reasons-to catch up with old friends, share pictures, make new acquaintances, and talk, sometimes endlessly, about themselves. Whether they'll appreciate having their virtual conversations interrupted by advertising, targeted or not, remains unclear.

It's also unclear whether Facebook will actually be able to share information about its users' browsing habits with advertisers. Complaints about the ineffectiveness of Facebook's privacy policies have arisen in multiple countries, part of a larger social concern about how private information gets used on line. In December, the Federal Trade Commission issued a proposed framework that, among other things, would permit Facebook users to block advertisers from accessing information about their online interests. If that framework is implemented and widely used by Facebook subscribers, it could seriously impair the site's value as a potential platform for targeted marketing.

What is clear is that Goldman Sachs has a significant interest in Facebook's financial value, at least for the short term. Goldman Sachs' decision to invest heavily in Facebook has had some interesting impacts. For one thing, the investment has allowed Facebook an opportunity to postpone issuing an IPO. That means that, at least for the moment, Facebook doesn't yet have to disclose its finances or publicly address investor complaints.

Goldman Sachs' investment also puts the firm in an ideal position to handle Facebook's IPO when it eventually is issued, perhaps sometime next year. That, of course, has the potential to generate substantial revenues for Goldman Sachs' clients. Google's 2004 IPO raised an initial $1.2 billion for the company. After all the propaganda, Facebook's IPO can hardly be expected to raise less. However, there remains a significant question as to whether Facebook's potential for generating income is more virtual than real. If it turns out that Facebook can't live up to its potential for generating advertising revenue, venture capitalists who invest for the long term may get burned.

(分数:10.00)

(1).The text is written to answer the question

[A] Will the social media be the next dotcom bubble?

[B] Does Goldman Sachs really want to invest in Facebook?

[C] When will it be the right time for Facebook to issue its IPO?

[D] What lessons can we learn from the ups and downs of social media?(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:文章在第一段就提出了这个问题,说目前社交网站让人想到了15年前网络公司的繁荣景象,但这些网络公司生存至今天的不多,只有像Google和Amazon这样为数不多的公司今天还存在并能挣钱。本文具体分析了Facebook的状况。Facebook靠吸引广告挣钱,但是用户已经就广告商侵犯其隐私权提出了投诉,而Facebook还没有对这些投诉做出公开回应。如果Facebook加强用户信息的保护,得不到这些信息的广告商的利益就会受到伤害,可能撤离Facebook,致使Facebook的收入下降。因此作者说,Facebook挣钱的前景并不乐观。全文的最后一句照应了全文第一句,作者得出的结论是:目前的社交网络很可能会步15年前的网络公司之后尘,被泡沫化。

(2).Companies like Amazon and Facebook earn their money by

[A] luring more visitors to their sites.

[B] providing easily accessible services.

[C] attracting advertisements.

[D] offering a platform for free conversations.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:第二段提到,像Facebook和Amazon这样的公司,收入来源主要是定向广告,所谓targeted advertising主要指那些针对特定消费群体的广告。但是作者也指出,二者不同的是:Amazon推荐的产品可能是顾客感兴趣的产品,而Facebook这样的社交网络面临的最大问题是:正在进行社交活动的用户不一定喜欢自己的交谈被广告打断。另外,Facebook是否能与广告商分享用户信息而不受到用户的投诉,这也是值得怀疑的。这些因素都可能减少Facebook的公司收人。

(3).One dilemma faced by social media like Facebook is that

[A] its customers often exchange private information on it.

[B] advertisers often interrupt its customers' conversations.

[C] the FTC threatens to limit its service with new regulations.

[D] the users' private information is misused by advertisers.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:第三段提到这个问题。在很多国家,已经有人投诉(complaint)说Facebook没有有效地保护他们的个人信息。美国联邦贸易委员会也提出了一个指导框架,允许用户阻止广告商获得他们的个人信息,如果这个框架得以实施并被Facebook的用户广泛采用,那么广告商的利益就会受到伤害。这样,Facebook作为定向广告平台的作用就大打折扣,其营业收入就会受到严重影响。

(4).Goldman Sachs' investment is a good thing to Facebook because

[A] Facebook is now finding itself short of money.

[B] venture investment is safer than issuing an IPO.

[C] it gives Facebook more time for propaganda.

[D] Facebook does not have to make its finances public yet.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:第二、三段提到了影响Facebook收入的两种因素,第四段提到,由于高盛对Facebook的投资,使得它不急于上市。既然不是上市公司,它就暂时没有必要公开披露其财务状况,也暂时不用回应用户的投诉。

(5).The dot-com bubble demonstrates that

[A] Facebook will generate substantial profits for its investors.

[B] potential profits assigned to dotcom firms don't always materialize.

[C] no dotcom companies can ripe any revenues from issuing their IPO.

[D] Facebook will certainly disappoint its investors in the long run.(分数:2.00)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析:第一段提到网络公司泡沫。15年前人们将钱投向网络公司,但是到头来大部分网络公司并没有挣到钱。作者在第一段提到15年前的事,目的是为了与目前的社交网的投资热潮作一个对比。言外之意,当心目前的社交网也步15年前的网络公司的后尘,使得很多投资都付诸东流。最后两段提到了高盛投资Facebook的事,目的也是说明这个道理。

六、Text 3(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

A pair of dice, rolled again and again, will eventually produce two sixes. Similarly, the virus that causes influenza is constantly changing at random and, one day, will mutate in a way that will enable it to infect billions of people, and to kill millions. Many experts now believe a global outbreak of pandemic flu is overdue, and that the next one could be as bad as the one in 1918, which killed somewhere between 25m and 50m people. Today however, advances in medicine offer real hope that another such outbreak can be contained—if governments start preparing now. New research published this week suggests that a relatively small stockpile of an antiviral drug—as little as 3m doses—could be enough to limit sharply a flu pandemic if the drugs were deployed quickly to people in the area surrounding the initial outbreak. The drug's manufacturer, Roche, is talking to the World Health Organisation about donating such a stockpile.

This is good news. But much more needs to be done, especially with a nasty strain of avian flu spreading in Asia which could mutate into a threat to humans. Since the SARS outbreak in 2003 a few countries have developed plans in preparation for similar episodes. But progress has been shamefully patchy, and there is still far too little international coordination.

A global stockpile of drugs alone would not be much use without an adequate system of surveillance to identify early cases and a way of delivering treatment quickly. If an outbreak occurred in a border region, for example, a swift response would most likely depend on prior agreements between different countries about quarantine and containment.

Reaching such agreements is rarely easy, but that makes the task all the more urgent. Rich countries tend to be better prepared than poor ones, but this should be no consolation to them. Flu does not respect borders. It is in everyone's interest to make sure that developing countries, especially in Asia, are also well prepared. Many may bridle at interference from outside. But if richer nations were willing to donate anti-viral drugs and guarantee a supply of any vaccine that becomes available, poorer nations might be willing to reach agreements over surveillance and preparedness.

Simply sorting out a few details now will have lives (and recriminations) later. Will there be enough ventilators, makes and drugs? Where will people be treated if the hospitals overflow? Will food be delivered as normal? Too many countries have no answers to these questions.

(分数:10.00)

(1).The word "contained" (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means______.

[A] checked

[B] duplicated

[C] included

[D] forecast(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:[考点解析] 这是一道词汇题,测试考生准确理解原文中词语的能力。在首段尾句中“contained”一词的词义是“被控制,被抑制”,该句的大意是:“今天医学的进步提供了真正的希望:另外这样的传染病爆发能够被抑制——如果政府现在开始准备”。可见,本题的正确选项是A“check”(控制,抑制)。考生在阅读中应充分利用上下文推断陌生词语的含义。

(2).According to the text, it is upsetting that______.

[A] the flu-catching is more pervasive the world over

[B] the cause of initial outbreak has not been identified

[C] global co-ordination is yet to well develop

[D] people still have no answers concerning surveillance and containment(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:[考点解析] 本题是一道细节推导题,测试考生准确识别原文相关信息并且进行合理推导的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的尾句,这是一个由转折词“but”引导的句子,其大意是:“但是令人遗憾的是发展一直是杂凑的;国际协作还远远不够”。由此可以推断本题的正确选项应该是C“global coordination is yet to well develop”(全球协作还未良好发展)。考生在阅读时一定要加强审题定位的能力,例如题干中的“upsetting”与原文“shamefully”一词的对应关系。

(3).The speed o{ remedy dispatch is of importance to______.

[A] the recovery of the infected patient

[B] the treatment of the ailing sufferer

[C] the prevention of a flu pandemic

[D] the efficiency of large supply of drugs(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:[考点解析] 本题是一道细节推导题,测试考生准确理解原文相关信息并且进行合理推导的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的首句,其大意是:“没有适当的监控系统来识别早期病例、没有迅速送达治疗的方法,全球药物贮存单独也没有用”。从本句可以推断:迅速送达治疗的方法对全球药物贮存发挥其本身的作用有着重要的关系。故本题的正确选项是D“the efficiency of large supply of drugs”(药的效用)。考生在阅读时应善于抓住重点信息并根据原文进行引申推导和逆向思维。

(4).According to the text, which of the followings is not readily made?

[A] Publications of new research with respect to the supply of the interference from outside.

[B] Construction of an adequate system of surveillance of early influenza cases.

[C] Availability of anti-viral drugs and any vaccine in underdeveloped nations.

[D] Contracts between various nations concerning quarantine and containment.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:[考点解析] 这是一道细节题,测试考生对原文细节的准确理解和推导的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第五段的首句和第四段的尾句。第五段的尾句讲:“达成这样的协定不大容易……”。“这样的协

定”(such agreement)指的是第四段尾句中的“prior agreements between different countries about quarantine and containment”(事先在国家之间签订的有关卫生检疫和控制的协议)。由此可以推断本题的正确选项是D“contracts between various nations concerning quarantine and containment”(国家间有关卫生检疫和控制的协议)。考生在审题定位时一定要重视题干中的核心词语如果在原文中定位,例如本题题干中的“not readily”相当于原文中的“rarely easy”。

(5).The best title for the text would be______.

[A] The World Must Prepare for Pandemic Influenza

[B] Similar Episodes of Initial Outbreak are Always Evasive to Laymen

[C] The Government Should Take Lead in the Prevention of Pandemic Influenza

[D] The World Health Organization Must Authorize the Relevant Rescue System(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:[考点解析] 这是一道中心主旨题,测试考生识别和理解全文中心主旨的能力。本题的答案信息来源是首段的尾句,该句是全文的中心主旨句,该句的大意是:“如果各国政府现在开始准备,医学的进步提供了一次真正的机会,另外一次类似传染病能够被抑制的机会”。该句强调了条件状语从句:“if governments start preparing now”。由此可以推断本题的正确选项是A“The world must prepare for pandemic influenza”(全世界一定要为传染性的流感作好准备)。考生在阅读时一定要善于识别寻找全文的中心主旨句,以及它与全文其他段落的关系。

七、Text 4(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the European Union's Lisbon summit Set a goal of becoming the world's leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. That is why Europe's approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform.

In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover. Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But America's failures have a big advantage over Europe's weaklings: their country's more relaxed approach to bankruptcy.

In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a judge, and creditors decide whether to give it a go or to come up with one of their own. Creditors have a say in whether to keep the firm running, or to liquidate it. If they keep it running, they often end up with a big chunk of equity, if not outright control. But shutting a bust European company is harder in two other ways. First, with no equivalent of Chapter 11, bankruptcy forces companies to stop trading abruptly. That damages the value of the creditors' potential assets, and may also cause havoc for customers. Second, a company that trades across the European Union will find that it has to abide by different bankruptcy laws in the 15 member states, whose courts and administrators may make conflicting and sometimes incompatible stipulations.

The absence of provision for negotiations between companies and creditors increases the temptation for government to step in. When governments do not come to the rescue, the lack of clear rules can lead to chaos. As a result of all this, Europe's teetering firms miss the chance to become more competitive by selling assets to others who might manage them more efficiently. Their sickly American rivals survive, transformed, to sweep the field.

An opportunity now exists to think again about Europe's approach to bankruptcy. The European Union is expected to issue a new directive on the subject in May. Germany has begun to update its

insolvency law. And last year Britain produced a white paper saying that a rigid approach to bankruptcy could stifle the growth needed to meet Lisbon's goals.

(分数:10.00)

(1).One of goals set by the European Union's Lisbon summit is to

[A] strive for the lead in the world's economy.

[B] achieve great success in business.

[C] come up with a plan for reorganization.

[D] prevent excessive economic growth.(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(2).According to text, what is beyond the ability of Europe's failing firms now is

[A] to defect American competitive rivals.

[B] to comply with different laws.

[C] to escape the control of governments.

[D] to negotiate with their creditors.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析:

(3).Besides applying for breathing space from creditors, managers in American firms can also

[A] damage the creditors' potential assets.

[B] request the government's interventions.

[C] take advantage of legal procedures.

[D] talk with their stern debtors abroad.(分数:2.00)

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析:

(4).It can be concluded from the text that the absence of relevant laws concerning bankruptcy may more often than not result in

[A] dangerous confusion.

[B] desperate conflicts.

[C] abrupt reforms.

[D] potential threats.(分数:2.00)

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析:

(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

[A] The achievement of Lisbon's goals would precede the elimination of chaos.

[B] The best way to help European firms may be to make it easier for them to fail.

[C] It is high time that the rigid bankruptcy laws in the U. S. were radically changed.

[D] Shutting a weak American company means ending up with a big chunk of assets.(分数:2.00)

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析:

八、Part B(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

[A] Anti-virus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected e-mail, saying that the e-mail in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus. SoBig. F was able to spoof this system by" harvesting" e-mail addresses from the hard disks of infected computers. Some of these addresses were then sent infected e-mails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected.

[B] Blaster worked by creating a "buffer overrun in the remote procedure call". In English, that earns it attacked a piece of software used by Microsoft's Windows operating system to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory.

[C] Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their authors, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organizing trains operated by CSX, a freight company on America's east coast. Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter of time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed.

[D] Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting.

[E] One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that with a program called Welchi. However, according to Mr. Haley, Welchi has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with "pings" signals that checked for the presence of other computers.

[F] SoBig. F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by e-mail, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig. F was so effective that it caused substantial disruption even to those protected by anti-virus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own anti-virus software. On top of that, one common counter-measure backfired, increasing traffic still further.

[G] Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes anti-virus software, thinks that one reason SoBig.

F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching hard-drives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internet-security centre at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig. F was capable of "multi-threading": it could send multiple e-mails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes.

(分数:10.00)

填空项1:__________________ (正确答案:A)

解析:首先,首段即[F]段提出,病毒巨无霸功能强大,令很多防毒软件也措手不及,该段中多次提到“anti-virus software”,这是一条线索。我们发现,[A]段和[C]段也提到“antivirus software”,其

中[A]段讲巨无霸如何突破防毒软件传播病毒,而[G]段则讲巨无霸为什么能做到这一点,可以说分别回答了“how”和“why”的问题。按照正常的逻辑思维,41题和42题应分别选A和G。

填空项1:__________________ (正确答案:G)

解析:根据前段论述可知。

填空项1:__________________ (正确答案:B)

解析:接下来,剩下的[B)段、[D]段和[E)段又都围绕着“B1aster”一词展开,对每段的首句进行分析,我们可以得出结论,[B)段首次提到这种“Blaster”病毒并简要加以介绍,应该作为接下来三段的首段出现。

填空项1:__________________ (正确答案:D)

解析:[D]段进一步说明这种病毒的工作原理,[K]段则提出针对“Blaster”病毒的应对措施,即引入另一种病毒“Welchi”,而“Blaster”和“Welchi”两种病毒一起则回应了末段即[C]首句的“both of these programs”,因此,44和45题的答案分别是D、E。

填空项1:__________________ (正确答案:E)

解析:根据前段论述可知。

九、Part C(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

Our daily existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46) The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment.

We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) It is, I suppose, the decline of active play--of amateur sport--and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them.

49) It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.

Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing.

50) There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure. (356 words)

(分数:10.00)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案:(其余的时间我们则花在称之为娱乐的各种活动上。“娱乐”是一个文雅的词,它掩盖了这样一个事实,即我们通常甚至在闲暇时间也不是在娱乐,而是把闲暇时间花在各种形式的消极的享受或消遣上。) 解析:[注释] allow sth.for sth.else把……拨出来为……用。the rest在句中作spend的宾语,意为“其他时间”。disguise原意为“假装,假扮;隐藏,遮掩”。此句中引申译成“掩盖”。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案:(我想,正是积极娱乐(业余运动)的减少,以及纯粹感官消遣的大量增加,才引起社会学对这个问题的关注。)

解析:[注释] It is...which...是强调句型。在美国英语中强调句型的连词常用which代替that。give rise to是习语,意为“引起”。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:(如果我们乐观的话,这种精神食粮(电视节目)就可能是空虚乏味的,因而不会对任何人产生许多持久的影响。)

解析:[注释] diet在此处可引申为“精神食粮”或“电视节目”;thin and unnourishing可以引申为“空虚乏味”。too...to...太……以至于不……。give an account of叙述,介绍。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:(只有当消遣是积极的、自己参与并实践了的时候,它才能真正被称为娱乐,并且只有这样,它才是一种对闲暇的正常支配。)

解析:[注释] as such有两个含义:一个为“本身”;另一个为“照这样”。如:He is a child.You should treat him as such.

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:(所有这些形形色色的职业,除了都消耗我们的时间,给我们留下很少空闲外,就没有任何共同之处了。)

解析:

十、Section Ⅲ Writing(总题数:0,分数:0.00)

十一、Part A(总题数:1,分数:10.00)

1.

(分数:10.00)

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:(Dear Tom.

I am very sotry at the news that you got your right arm injured in a tramc accident yesterday. Fortunately, the injury isn't so serious and you're getting well, as I was told by your father on thephone.You're a brave young man and you've got the best doctor in tourn.Surely you'll reeover soon. Iregret to say we are too busy to go to see you in hospital.

You'll receive a bunch of flowers tomorrow.That's room me and the other gums in our class.Enclosed are my English notes taken these days, maybe it can help you to catch up.

We're all looking forward to your early return to school.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming)

解析:

十二、Part B(总题数:1,分数:20.00)

2.Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points :

1) describe the phenomenon;

2) analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.

(分数:20.00)

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:(There is no doubt that private cars have been developing at a considerable rate.With

their living conditions greatly improved,more and more Chinese people have bought their own cars.And it is predicted that the number will keep increasing.The result will be what we see in this picture:road accidents,traffic jams,pollution,and drivers'road rage.

In my opinion,it is natural that with the development of private cars,there come such troubles as shown in the picture.First,cars consume a great deal of fuel so that our oil resource will soon run out.Many experts stress that our country will be no longer rich in oil with too much consumption.In addition,more and more private cars will make environmental pollution more serious,which will doharm to human beings.One more trouble comes from traffic jams in big cities.Heavy traffic will make much time waste for nothing and accidents happen from time to time.

To sum up,I think it is high time that concerned administration in charge of transportation paid more attention to all above problems arising from the rapid growth of private cars yearly.) 解析:

第十四章_产品市场和货币市场的均衡参考答案版

第十四章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡 一、判断题 1、只要人们普遍把“万宝路”香烟作为交换媒介而接受,“万宝路”香烟就是货币。( T ) 2、支票和信用卡实际上都不是严格意义上的货币。( T ) 3、凯恩斯的持币投机性动机只是在债券价格预期上涨时才适用。( F ) 4、在IS曲线上方的国民收入和利率组合没有达到产品市场均衡,而且投资需求大于储蓄。( F ) 5、利率越低,用于投机的货币则越少。( F ) 6、根据凯恩斯宏观经济学理论,投资和储蓄分别是由货币市场的利率和产品市场的国民收入决定的。( T ) 7、如果LM曲线是完全垂直的,那么财政政策在增加就业方面是无效的。( T ) 8、在LM曲线上的任何一点,利率与实际国民生产总值的结合都实现了货币需求等于货币供给。( T ) 9、若货币供给减少或利率上升,则LM曲线向右移动。F (向左) 10、如果投机性货币需求曲线接近水平形状,这意味着货币需求不受利率的影响。F 11、根据货币的预防需求,消费计划的不确定性导致了较高的货币需求。T 12、在物品市场上,利率与国内生产总值成反方向变动是因为利率与投资成反方向变动。T 13、根据IS-LM模型,自发总支出的变动会使国内生产总值与利率变动。T 14、凯恩斯主义所重视的政策工具是需求管理。T 15、当人们预期利率将下降时,将出售债券。F 二、选择题 1. 如果利息率上升,持有证券的人将( B )。 A.享受证券的资本所得 B.经受证券的资本损失 C.在决定出售时,找不到买主 D.以上说法都不对 2. 影响货币总需求的因素是( D )。 A.只有收入 B.只有利息率 C.流动偏好 D.利息率和收入 3. 按照凯恩斯的货币理论,如果利率上升,货币需求将( C )。 A.不变 B.受影响但不可能说出是上升还是下降 C.下降 D.上升 4. 下列哪一项不是居民和企业持有货币的主要动机( A )。 A.储备动机 B.交易动机 C.预防动机 D.投机动机 5. 如果实际国民生产总值不变,那引起实际货币需求量增加的原因是( D )。 A.物价水平上升 B.物价水平下降 C.利率上升 D.利率下降 6. 实际货币量等于( D )。 A.实际国民生产总值除名义货币量 B.名义货币量减物价水平 C.名义货币量减国民生产总值 D.名义国民生产总值除以物价水平 7.货币需求曲线是向下倾斜的,这是因为( C )。 A. 提高利率会使持有货币的机会成本增加,诱使人们持有较多货币 B.货币需求是不受利率影响的 C. 降低利率会使持有货币的机会成本下降,诱使人们持有较多的货币 D.随着利率的下降,货币供给增加 8. 如果居民发现实际货币持有量小于合意的水平,他们就会( A )。 A. 出售金融资产,这将引起利息率上升 B. 出售金融资产,这将引起利息率下降

产品市场与货币市场的均衡

第四章 产品市场与货币市场的均衡: IS -LM 模型 ?本章介绍如下内容: ?1、IS 曲线与产品市场的均衡; ?2、LM 曲线与货币市场的均衡; ?3、IS -LM 模型:产品市场与货币市场的均衡。 第一节 IS 曲线与产品市场的均衡 ?IS 线表明在产品市场达到均衡,即计划的投资等于储蓄(I =S )时,利率与国民收入之间反方向变动的关系。 一 投资、总需求与利率之间的关系 ?I 与i 的关系: ?以I 代表投资, 代表自发投资,b 代表投资的利率弹性,i 代表利率,则可以把投资函数写为: ?当b 既定时,i 与I 反方向变动。 可用下图表示这种关系: ?图中,I 曲线的位置由b 和 的水平来决定。 AD 与I 的关系: ?在考虑到投资的变动时。总需求函数应该写为: I () 0b i b I I >?-=I G I C AD ++=()i b Y t 1c +?-+-++=()i b Y t 1c AD ?--+=

二 IS 曲线 ?1.IS 曲线的得出 ?在图(a)中, ?i 1>i 2, ?把图上的E 1E 2点连接 ?起来就得出了IS 曲线。 ? ?IS 曲线上任何一点都是产品市场均衡时,利率与国民收入 对应的点,所以,IS 曲线表示了产品市场均衡时利率与国 民收入的对应关系。IS 曲线向右下方倾斜,反映了在产品 市场上达到到均衡时,利率与国民收入成反方向变动的关 系。 还可以用公式来表示产品市场均衡时利率与国民收入的关系 ? 公式: ? ?所以, ? ?则有, 为IS 曲线方程。 ? 2.IS 曲线斜率的决定 ?如图 ()y t 1c i b AD AD 11-+?-=()y t 1c i b AD AD 22-+?- =AD Y =()i b y t 1 c AD AD ?--+=()i b Y t 1 c AD Y ?--+=()()()() t 1c 11 a i b AD a i b AD t 1 c 11 Y 0--=?-?=?---=()ab Y b AD i i b AD a Y 00-=?-=

第三章习题三货币市场的均衡习题答案

第三章货币市场的均衡 一、名词解释 1、货币需求函数 2 、货币需求的交易动机 3 、货币需求的预防动机4、货币需求的投机动机 5 、流动偏好陷阱6、货币供给量 7、名义货币供给和实际货币供给8、基础货币 二、选择题 1.当货币作为计量单位时,()。 A.欲望的双向一致是必需的 B.它允许不同的商品以相对价值计量 C.它可以转换为其他有价值的商品 D.它便利了商品和劳务的交换 2.在大多数情况下,下列哪一项将对交易需求无影响?() A.信贷机构发展的状况 B.收入频率 C.利率 D.以上各项均有影响 3.古典货币数量论的剑桥学派()。 A.强调货币供给 B.强调手中持有的货币需求 C.完全不同于费雪的流通速度理论 D.是现代货币数量论的唯一理论来源 4.影响货币总需求的因素是()。 A.利率和收入 B.只有收入 C.只有利率 D.流动偏好 5.如果货币供给是利率的函数,那么可以期望()。 A.货币当局将无力控制货币供给 B.利率的上升会导致货币供给上升 C.利率的下降导致循环中货币供给的上升 D.投资将与利率有函数关系 6.如果利率上升,货币需求将()。 A.不变 B.受影响,但不可能说出是上升还是下降 C.下降 D.上升 7.凯恩斯关于社会对利率有某种标准水平的假定是() A.他的投机需求解释的关键部分 B.与他的交易需求是收入函数的论点有关系的 C.不现实的,而且也无必要,因为证券价格和利率是实际相关的

D.经典就业理论的一部分,而根本不是凯恩斯的假定 8.托宾关于投机需求曲线负斜率的解释所根据的观点是()。 A.当现行利率下降时,人们将购买证券以期获得资本所得 B.只有当充分得到补偿时,人们才会承受更多风险 C.持有证券有更多的无法补偿的损失的可能 D.利率有一标准水平 9.凯恩斯认为利率由货币投机需求和货币用于投机目的的货币供给决定,一个比较彻底的流动偏好理论主张利率决定于()。 A.货币的总供给和总需求 B.货币投机需求和交易货币供给 C.货币交易需求和货币资产供给 D.可贷资金供给和货币总供给 10.凯恩斯否定利息是储蓄的报酬这一经典观点,主张利息是()。 A.有用的概念,但不可度量 B.放弃流动资产的报酬 C.约束消费的报酬 D.产生流动资产的报酬 11.如果证券价格高于均衡价格,可得出()。 A.人们持有过多的用于投机需求的货币 B.人们持有过少的用于投机需求的货币 C.证券持有者将得到资本收益 D.证券持有者将蒙受资本损失 12.如果货币供给至少部分地与利率有关,我们可以认为()。 A.即使货币需求对利率无反应,IS—LM分析仍有效 B.当利率上升时,货币供给将缓慢下降 C.当利率上升时,货币需求将缓慢下降 D.这将削弱凯恩斯学派理论的分析能力 13.假定货币供给由联储自动决定这是可行的,因为()。 A.联储可以确定流通货币的精确数量 B.政府授权联储去规定商业银行向联储借款的利率 C.联储对银行储备水平有最终的控制能力 D.银行常常不考虑利率而创造尽可能多的货币 14.我们能相当肯定地说通货膨胀将导致()。 A.利率标准水平在一段时期内逐渐下降 B.利率下降 C.利率剧烈波动 D.利率上升 15.会员银行的过度储备等于()。 A.总储备减去法定准备金 B.法定准备金减去会员银行从联储的借款 C.总储备减去自由储备 D.总储备减去法定储备金减去会员银行从联储的借款 16.根据货币的交易需求,以下哪种情况将产生货币的需求?()A.购买股票、债券的风险

4货币市场的均衡条件是什么

4.货币市场的均衡条件是什么?LM 曲线是怎样得到的?请画图说明。 答:(1) 所谓货币市场均衡就是指货币供给和货币需求相等时的状态。假定m 代表实际货币供给量,M 代表名义货币供给量,P 代表物价水平,货币市场均衡条件为: 12()()M m L L Y L r kY hr P = ==+=- 推导出LM 曲线的表达式:hr m k m Y r Y k k h h =+=-或。以Y 为横轴,r 为纵轴所画的LM 曲线是由左下向右上倾斜的。 从这个等式中可知,当m 为一定量时,1L 增加时,2L 必须减少,否则不能保持货币市场的均衡。1L 是货币的交易需求(由交易动机和预防动机引起),它随收入增加而增加。2L 是货币的投机需求,它随利率上升而减少。因此,国民收入增加使货币交易需求增加时,利率必须相应提高,从而使货币投机需求减少,才能维持货币市场的均衡。反之,收入减少时,利率必须下降,否则,货币市场就不能保持均衡。 (2) LM 曲线推导过程见图3-9。LM 曲线实 际上是从货币的投机需求与利率的关系,货 币的交易需求与收入的关系以及货币需求与供 给相等的关系中推导出来的。这个推导过程, 西方学者也常用下面这样一个包含有四个象限 的图3-9来表现。 象限(1)中向右下方倾斜的曲线是货币的投 机需求函数22()m L r =。 象限(2)则表示当货币供给为一定量时,应 如何来划分用于交易需求的货币和投机需求的 货币。由于12m m m =+,所以12m m m -=,或21m m m -=,那条和纵横轴都成45°角的直线就表示这种关系。 象限(3)的曲线是货币的交易需求函数11m L =(y )。 象限(4)表示与货币市场均衡相一致的利息与收入的一系列组合。包含了以上三个象限的内容。这样,将一系列使货币均衡的利率和收入组合点连结起来,就描绘出LM 曲线。 图3—9 LM 曲线推导过程

产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡

产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡 (总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟) 一、Section Ⅰ Use of English(总题数:1,分数:10.00) The world religion is derived from the Latin noun religion, which denotes both (1) observance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of (2) that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be (3) At one extreme, many committed believers (4) only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer (5) to the practices of their tradition. They may (6) use vague or idealizing terms in defining religion, (7) , true love of God, or the path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with (8) , fanaticism, or wishful thinking. By defining religion as a sacred engagement with what is taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life without making (9) about what is really is or ought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning, or (10) a zone with clear boundaries. It is an aspect of Human (11) that may intersect, incorporate, or transcend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of (12) the investigation of religion to Western or biblical categories (13) monotheism or church structure, which are not (14) . Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be (15) to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of (16) dynamics. Religion includes not only patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes an (17) part of a culture. Religious experience may be expressed (18) visual symbols, dance and performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal (19) , and detailed rules of some ways. There are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural (20) . (分数:10.00) (1).[A] earnest [B] clumsy [C] naive [D] frivolous(分数:0.50) A. √ B. C. D. 解析: (2).[A] urgency [B] meaning [C] condition [D] sense(分数:0.50) A. B. √ C. D. 解析: (3).[A] exhibited [B] translated [C] interpreted [D] illustrated(分数:0.50) A. B. C. √ D. 解析: (4).[A] assure [B] admit [C] indulge [D] recognize(分数:0.50) A. B. C.

课程习题:第十一章第三讲货币均衡与市场均衡827655

第十一章第三讲货币均衡与市场均衡 一、填空 1.不论如何划分,总需求的实现手段和载体是。 2.货币供给 = 现实流通的货币+ 。 3.市场需求 = 现实流通的货币×。 4.货币需求 = 对现实流通货币的需求+ 。 5.我国的“三平”理论在以后的发展中又加上,扩展为“四平”理论。 二、判断 1.现实生活中,并非所有的货币供给都构成市场需求。() 2.货币均衡并不必然意味着市场均衡。() 3.现实流通的货币与现实不流通的货币之间是难以转化的。() 4.货币“面纱论”认为货币对实际产出水平发生着重要的影响。() 5.我国20世纪50年代提出的“三平”理论追求的目标就是市场总供需均衡。()三、单选 1.能够形成市场需求的是:() A.企业定期存款 B.居民定期存款 C.现实流通的货币 D.现实不流通的货币 2.货币“面纱论”认为,货币的变动只会影响:() A.价格的变动 B.储蓄的变动 C.投资的变动 D.经济增长的变动 四、多选 1.市场需求的构成,通常包括:() A.消费需求 B.投资需求 C.政府支出 D. 进口需求 2.如果企业与个人有过多的货币积累,不形成当期的需求,而又没有提供相应的补充货币供给,相对则会形成:() A.总供给不足 B.总供给过多 C.总需求不足 D.总需求过多 3.我国20世纪50年代中期提出的“三平”理论是指在安排经济发展计划时,必须保证:() A.财政收支平衡 B.信贷收支平衡 C.外汇收支平衡 D.物资供求平衡 五、问答

1.简述物价水平变动对货币均衡的影响。 2.简述市场经济条件下货币均衡与利率的关系。 3.扼要说明货币供给与市场需求的关系。 4.试析市场总供给与货币需求关系。 5.试就货币均衡与市场均衡间的关系作一归纳、描述。 6.试析货币供给的产出效应及其扩张界限。 7.在如何处理市场总需求大于总供给的矛盾时,为什么有时候通过紧缩货币供给也达不到市场均衡的目的?

产品市场和货币市场的同时均衡

第四章 产品市场和货币市场的同时均衡 [教学目的与要求]:通过本章的学习,重点掌握产品市场的均衡、货币市场的均衡、两个市场同时均衡 的条件。 [教学重点和难点]:产品市场的均衡、货币市场的均衡、两个市场同时均衡的条件 [教学方法]:讲授 [教学内容]: 本章在简单国民收入决定理论的基础上,引进货币市场,构建IS-LM 模型,在产品市场与货币市场两市场中,说明国民收入的决定。本章仍然假定有效需求不足导致了经济处于低于充分就业状态,需求的增加只增加收入,不会提高价格。 第一节 投资函数 一、投资的含义与种类 1.投资的含义 这里的投资是指企业在国内的总投资,包括企业在国内购买厂房、生产设备、软件(固定投资)与增加存货(存货投资)等方面,即国民收入均衡公式中的I ,是社会总投资的一个组成部分。 社会总投资不仅包括I ,而且还包括政府投资与人力资本方面的投资,例如通过教育与培训增加生产者的知识积累,提高生产技能等。 2.投资的种类 投资可分为重置投资与净投资两种。重置投资是指企业为补偿厂房设备等的损耗而进行的投资。净投资是指企业为增加生产能力而进行的投资。重置投资+净投资=总投资。 3.投资与资本之间的关系 投资与资本之间的关系,就是流量与存量的关系:投资流量来源于资本存量,又会增加资本存量。若重置投资等于零,则资本存量的变动量就等于投资量,即:I K =?。 二、影响投资的因素:投资成本、投资收益与预期 企业只有在预期现在的投资能在将来带来利润,即预期投资收益大于投资成本时,才会进行投资。因此,要理解企业的投资决策或投资函数,首先必须理解投资成本、投资收益与预期。 1.投资收益 厂房与设备等投资品往往能使用许多时期,在每一时期都能带来一定的收益,直至最后损耗完毕。显然,投资收益在未来经过若干时期后才能全部得到。投资不仅是联系产品市场与货币市场的桥梁,而且也是联系现在与未来的桥梁,十分重要。 2.投资成本 投资成本由三方面组成:

第七章 货币市场均衡与LM曲线

第七章货币市场均衡与LM曲线 上一章IS曲线描述的是商品市场的均衡。由于一般商品的需求与供给是微观经济学的内容,所以无须介绍。但是微观经济学其实并未专门讨论货币现象。由于货币问题的特殊性,比如货币需求是一种派生于人们对商品需求的需求,所以宏观经济学才要研究货币的需求、供给与均衡问题。 第一节货币数量论与货币需求函数 货币数量论(the quantity theory of money)认为,在其他条件不变的情况下,物价水平的高低和货币价值的大小由一国的货币数量所决定的。货币数量增加,物价随之正比上涨,而货币价值则随之反比下降。反之则相反。 古典的货币数量论 1911年,费雪在其代表作《货币购买力:其决定因素及其与信贷、利息和危机的关系》中提出现金交易方程式。指出,在商品交易中,买者支出的货币总额总是等于卖者收入的货币总额,如以M代表货币供应量,以V代表货币流通速度,以P代表物价水平,以T代表社会交易量,则:MV=PT。此方程即费雪交易方程式。 费雪认为,在P、T、M、V这四个因素中,T、V比较稳定,可当作常量。其中T相当于本书第二章所介绍的实际GDP,其数值取决于自然资源和技术情况,不决定于货币的数量。而影响货币流通速度V的因素虽然很多,但主要是人们的支付制度和支付习惯,一定时期内是相对稳定的。M是由货币管理当局控制的,因此在T、V相对稳定的情况下,P必然受M的影响。货币数量决定物价水平,而不是物价水平决定着货币数量。 剑桥学派的创始人马歇尔认为,货币的单位价值决定于货币数量与以货币形态保持的实物价值的比例。他强调人们持有货币的时间和数量对货币流通速度的影响,进而对币值的影响,这样便把货币量与物价、币值关系的研究引导到货币需求上来。1917年他的学生庇古提出了剑桥方程式:M=kPY 式中M为人们持有的货币量,k为货币量与国民生产总值之比,P为价格指数,Y为按固定价格计算的国民生产总值。庇古指出,若全社会在一个年度中的平均现金余额为M,则ky/M是每一个货币单位的实际价格,即货币的购买力。其中k的变动取决于人们拥有资产的选择:投资、消费,还是保持在货币形态上。若选择在货币形态上保存,必将增加现金余额,从而使k增大。在y和M不变的条件下,k的增大会使P减小,因为P=M/ky。即货币的价值与k成反比。由于强调的是人们保有的现金余额对币值从而对物价的影响,所以被称为现金余额说。 因为在一定时期内交易方式(支付方式)是不变的,所以庇古假定k是个常量。这样,P的高低便取决于M的多少,也就回到了货币数量论的本质。所以现金余额方程式与现金交易方程式的结论基本相同,物价水平决定于货币量,与货币量的多少同比例变动。两者都体现了“货币中性假说”,即经济中的实物经济和货币经济相互独立的“二分法”思想。 但是,这两个方程式有不同的经济意义:现金交易方程式中P表明商品价格,M所指的货币数量是某一时期的货币流通量,强调V不变时M对P的影响,体现的是货币的流通手段职能和货币的交易,没有纳入货币的需求;现金余额方程式中P表明货币价值,M所指的货币数量是某一时点人们手中所持有的货币存量,强调ky不变时M对P的影响,体现的是货币的贮藏手段职能,重视人们持有货币的动机,纳入了对货币的需求。

产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡概述

第四章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡 教学目的: 在简单国民收入决定论的基础上,建立产品市场与货币市场的一般均衡模型,或称IS-LM模型,为第五章进一步分析货币政策和财政政策的宏观经济效应打下理论基础。通过本章的学习,同学们需要掌握的内容有: 1、投资函数的决定与变动; 2、产品市场的均衡:IS曲线的推导方法、斜率和位置; 3、均衡利率的决定:货币与货币供给的定义、凯恩斯的货币需求理论, 均衡利率的决定与变动; 4、货币市场的均衡:LM曲线的推导方法、斜率和位置; 5、产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡:IS-LM模型的基本思想,简单 凯恩斯模型和IS-LM模型之间的区别和联系,凯恩斯的基本理论框架; 6、总需求曲线的推导、斜率和位置。 “本章介绍的IS-LM模型是短期宏观经济学的核心”1,它得益于1972年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者约翰·希克斯(John R. Hicks,1904~1989)1937年在《计量经济学杂志》上发表的一篇题为《凯恩斯先生与“古典学派”》的论文2。它最初是被“作为一个框架,用来澄清凯恩斯的理论与他的先行者们的理论之间的关系的。进一步严格地在基本的IS-LM结构中去阐释凯恩斯的理论贡献的尝试,是由阿尔文·汉森、佛朗哥·莫迪利亚尼、劳伦斯·克莱因、唐·帕廷金以及其他人做出的。这样,IS-LM不但变成宣传凯恩斯思想的工具和宏观经济学教科书的主要依据,而且在几十年中变成了一般宏观经济学的主要的起组织作用的概念”3。尤其是“汉森经常使用显示国 1多恩布什费希尔斯塔兹:《宏观经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2000年,第207页。“IS-LM分析是对凯恩斯经济理论整个体系的最流行的解释”。高鸿业:《西方经济学第五版(宏观部分)》,中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第409页。 2J·R·希克斯:《凯恩斯先生和“古典”学派:一个值得推荐的解释》,《西方经济学经典选读》,海天出版社,第153页。3约翰·伊特韦尔默里·米尔盖特彼得·纽曼:《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典》第二卷,经济科学出版社,1996年,第1705页。对于IS-LM模型的性质,布劳格做了如下论述(同前第140-141页): 凯恩斯的《通论》是一部令人迷惑不解的著作,许多人读过《通论》但不能把握它的中心意思;《通论》抨击所谓的‘古典经济学’,但又没有明确说出古典经济学是什么,以及古典经济学家指哪些人。希克斯认为凯恩斯这部著作的许多内容涉及到商品劳务市场与货币市场的对比;在商品劳务市场中,计划的储蓄和投资通过收入总额的变动被纳入均衡,而在货币市场中,货币的需求和供给通过利率的变动被纳入均衡;两种市场必须同时处于均衡才能产生凯恩斯所说的‘失业均衡’,即小于充分就业的均衡。因此,希克斯创造出一个图解:以横轴表示收入,纵轴表示利息,上述两类市场中各自达到的均衡用一条曲线描绘出来,两条曲线的交点便是‘失业均衡’。至此为止,所有这些都是几何游戏。但是,希克斯接着说明,凯恩斯对IS曲线和LM曲线的典型斜率有自己的见解,而他的前辈‘古典学派’却有另一种见解,正是对

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货币市场的均衡及其机制

货币市场的均衡及其机制 一、货币市场的自动均衡过程 1.前提: 货币需求主要取决于交易商品数量和利息率的水平,货币的供给则取决于中央银行的货币政策,不随利息率和交易数量的变动而自动发生变化。 2.自动均衡过程 利率的变动会引起在债券价格的变动,导致人们重新安排所持有的货币数量,从而导致货币总需求发生变动,利率调节着货币市场的需求。货币供求交点决定的利息率为均衡利息率。 假定货币供给量由中央银行根据某种货币政策控制在5000亿美元的水平上,根据既定的货币需求曲线,当利率为10%时,货币市场需求也为5000亿美元,货币市场处于均衡状态。假定最初的利息率不是10%而是20%,在利息率为20%的情况下,货币的总需求为4200亿美元,而货币的供给却为5000亿美元,在总产量Q不变下,货币的供给超过货币的需求,这意味着人们手中实际持有的货币量超过了其为交易和作为金融资产所需要持有的货币量,人们将试图减少其持有的货币量,作为财产而持有的货币量最佳替代物就是债券,人们会争相购买债券,于是债券的需求同债券的供给比相对会上升,这将推动债券价格上升,利息率就会下降。从而引起资产的货币投机需求上升,货币的总需求也就上升。利息率直至降到10%,货币的供求重新相等在5000亿美元为止。 3.传导机制 在r=20%时,M>L, BD↑, BD>BS, BP↑,r↓,L2↑,L↑,M=L 结果:r下降到10%,L=5000=M。 在r=5%时,ML, BD↑, BD > BS, BP↑, r↓, L2↑ 由于r↓:i↑, AD↑, AD>AS, Q↑, L1↑ 结果:r下降到r2, L2↑和L1↑, L↑, L=5500=M (2)M↓: M BD, BP↓, r↑, L2↓,L↓ 由于r↓:i↓, AD↓, AD

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产品市场和货币市场的 一般均衡习题答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】

第十四章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡 1.自发投资支出增加10亿美元,会使IS( )。 A.右移10亿美元; B.左移10亿美元; C.右移支出乘数乘以10亿美元; D.左移支出乘数乘以10亿美元。 解答:C 2.如果净税收增加10亿美元,会使IS( )。 A.右移税收乘数乘以10亿美元; B.左移税收乘数乘以10亿美元; C.右移支出乘数乘以10亿美元; D.左移支出乘数乘以10亿美元。 解答:B 3.假定货币供给量和价格水平不变,货币需求为收入和利率的函数,则收入增加时( )。 A.货币需求增加,利率上升; B.货币需求增加,利率下降;

C.货币需求减少,利率上升; D.货币需求减少,利率下降。 解答:A 4.假定货币需求为L=ky-hr,货币供给增加10亿美元而其他条件不变,则会使LM( )。 A.右移10亿美元; B.右移k乘以10亿美元; C.右移10亿美元除以k(即10÷k); D.右移k除以10亿美元(即k÷10)。 解答:C 5.利率和收入的组合点出现在IS曲线右上方、LM曲线左上方的区域中,则表示( )。 A.投资小于储蓄且货币需求小于货币供给; B.投资小于储蓄且货币需求大于货币供给; C.投资大于储蓄且货币需求小于货币供给; D.投资大于储蓄且货币需求大于货币供给。 解答:A

6.怎样理解IS—LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心 解答:凯恩斯理论的核心是有效需求原理,认为国民收入决定于有效需求,而有效需求原理的支柱又是边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减以及心理上的流动偏好这三个心理规律的作用。这三个心理规律涉及四个变量:边际消费倾向、资本边际效率、货币需求和货币供给。在这里,凯恩斯通过利率把货币经济和实物经济联系了起来,打破了新古典学派把实物经济和货币经济分开的两分法,认为货币不是中性的,货币市场上的均衡利率会影响投资和收入,而产品市场上的均衡收入又会影响货币需求和利率,这就是产品市场和货币市场的相互联系和作用。但凯恩斯本人并没有用一种模型把上述四个变量联系在一起。汉森、希克斯这两位经济学家则用IS—LM模型把这四个变量放在一起,构成一个产品市场和货币市场之间的相互作用共同决定国民收入与利率的理论框架,从而使凯恩斯的有效需求理论得到了较为完善的表述。不仅如此,凯恩斯主义的经济政策即财政政策和货币政策的分析,也是围绕IS—LM模型而展开的,因此可以说,IS—LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心。 7.在IS和LM两条曲线相交时所形成的均衡收入是否就是充分就业的国民收入为什么 解答:两个市场同时均衡时的收入不一定就是充分就业的国民收入。这是因为IS和LM曲线都只是表示产品市场上供求相等和货币市场上供求相等的收入和利率的组合,因此,两条曲线的交点所形成的收入和利率也只表示两个市场同时达到均衡的利率和收入,它并没有说明这种收入一定是充分就业的收入。当整个社会的有效需求严重不足时,即使利率甚低,企业投资意愿也较差,也会使较低的收入和较低的利率相结合达到产品市场的均衡,即IS曲线离坐标图形上的原点O较近,当这样的IS和LM曲线相交时,交点上的均衡收入往往就是非充分就业的国民收入。 8.如果产品市场和货币市场没有同时达到均衡而市场又往往能使其走向同时均衡或者说一般均衡,为什么还要政府干预经济生活

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