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文化与翻译

文化与翻译
文化与翻译

Numerical Culture and Translation between Chinese and English 姓名:常首鸣班级:08级外应2班学号:2008142

文化与翻译

Abstract:This thesis aims at presenting the specific relationship between number and culture which are closely knited together. In the history of human civilization, different countries or nationalities have granted different implications and characteristics for numbers, which are expressed by the expression of quantity, specific things and proportion.

Key words:culture;numbers;Mode Numbers;cross-cultural communication

Introduction

Numbers are an important part of any language. In the process of developing, maturing and evolving, languages are influenced by their own culture, and are stamped with the brand of different cultures. Naturally, the numbers incorporate their own influence in the language as a part of culture(Maalej 15). In each culture, they have their own Mode Numbers. In every language, different numbers can convey different cultural meanings and intentions, and something can be replaced and explained by the specific numbers. Because of different characteristics, different cultures have their own characteristics in some aspects of numerical language, for example, the occupation mode, the scope of application, the degree of incorporation and the expression of meaning. From the characteristics and differences of numeral words, we can find historical characteristics of different cultures, the folkways and customs of different areas, the psychological characteristics of different nationalities.

A study of numbers in different languages will promote the understanding of different cultures.

1. The expression of “quantity”

1.1 The similarities between Chinese and English expression

In Chinese, there are “成百上千,成千上万”,and in English, there are “hundreds of, thousands of ” , they are used to express the abundance. When express the few, in Chinese, there are “一文不值”,“三三两两” ; in English, there are “ten a penny ”, “in ones and twos, in twos and threes” . These are the similarities between Chinese and English expressions.

1.2 The differences between Chinese and English expression

There are differences in the expression of “many, few”. In English, it is common to express “many”by putting “one”behind a number, for example, “a hundred and one, a thousand and one”. Besides, “fifty”also means numerous. In the Bible, “seventy times seven”means a large amount. In American slang, there is “forty-?leven(eleven)”, also means a large amount of(Hawkins 62).

But in Chinese, besides “万,千”,“三,九” can represent “many” . “九” is used most often. “生人之措辞,凡一二所不能尽者,则约之以三,以见其多;三之不能尽者,则约之以九,以见其极多。”“岭树重遮千里目,江流曲以九回肠。”“公输盘九设攻城事机变,子墨子九拒之。”“抟扶摇而上者九万里。” As for “three” , Confucius once said: 余音绕梁,三日不绝,this is used to express the long time. “石人三缄其口” means don?t answer although have been asked many times. From these examples, we could find the specific understanding of numbers in ancient Chinese culture.

Why is “nine” used to represent “many” ? From “zero” to “nine”, “nine” is the largest number. Any number which is larger than “nine” should carry a number. For example, “ten”, its Arabic form is “10”, the first number of “10”is “1”, in “9000” , the first number is “9” . The first number one of any number is from “1” to “9” . When our ancestors wanted to express the large amount, they would like to use “nine”, in order to express in a simple way.

2. The expression of specific things

2.1 The English expression

In English, years can represent the event. “Forty- five” means James Rebellion in 1745(Winick 176). “Forty- five” means in 1849 many people went to California for gold finding and realizing the dream of being rich. Numbers can represent people. “Four hundred” , in American English means distinguished personages, high society.”It was said that the dancing hall of Mrs JJ. A stor can just hold four hundred people, and it was reported, “The four hundred people are well- known in NewYork” (Lin 102). “Eighty- niner” means the people who have got land and settled down in Oklahoma from1889. “Hundred percenter” means the twelve apostles of Jesus.

One number may have several meanings. Taking “five” for example. When it is used as a noun in modern American English, it represents a basketball team. Because every basketball team has five players in a match. But when “five” is used as a verb in slang, for example, “Five it! ” It equals to “I reject to response.” In American English,

“fifth” means “The Fifth Amendment” (Hu 89).

There is another special word “Fourscore”which means eighty. An example can be found in American president Abraham Lincoln?s Gettysburg Address: Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on his continent, a newnation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal (Lin 57).

“Seventy times seven”is a phrase from the Bible. It has a special meaning. Peter asked Jesus: “Lords, of another member of the church sins against me, how often should I forgive? As many as seven times?” Jesus answer: “Not seven times, but, I tell you, seventy times seven” (Lin 215) . Nowadays, this phrase means boundless forgiveness.

2.2 The Chinese expression

In Chinese, numbers can represent somebody or something. For example, “略知一二”,“说不出个一二三来”,“一二” and “一二三” refer to the situation and the reason of some affair. When cursing someone:“那人是二百五,十三点。” That means the man is crude and rash. It is said that “二百五”is a quarter of a former coinage unit, and is not useful. “十三点”comes from the strokes of a Chinese character“痴”which means foolish. “老二、老三……”can be used as appellation, indicating the seniority among brothers and sisters.

There is a kind of Chinese medicine called “三七” . “About the source of this word, the explanation in 《本草纲目》is reasonable: ‘或云本名山漆,谓其能合金疮,如漆粘物也,此说近之。’…山漆? has the similar pronunciation as …三七? . The strokes are fewer, and easy to write”(Wu 83).

The above numeral words are often used in spoken language. There is another point that is worth mentioning here. In Chinese, we can find the similarities between the shape of the character and the things the character refers to. For example, “一字眉,三字纹,八字胡,十字架” . The shape of the things referred to have been connected with figure of strokes of Chinese characters ingeniously.

3. The expression of “proportion”

In English, there are“nine- tenths” , “ninety- nine out of a hundred” and “ nine times of ten” . In Chinese, there is “十之八九” . The English phrases, such as: “ten to one” , “fifty- fifty” , “six of one and half a dozen of the other” or “six and two threes” , they have the corresponding phrases in Chinese: “十拿九稳”,“五五开” or “对半分成” and “半斤八两”(Chen 96).

4. Mode Numbers

“Mode Numbers” are also called “Mystic Numbers” . The influence of “Mode Numbers”on language is a special phenomenon. What are“Mode Numbers”? They are a kind of numbers, which are often used on different occasion in specific culture. The embodiment in culture of “Mode Numbers”will be reflected in the language(Winick 121). Language is the carrier of culture. Chinese and English, as the representatives of Eastern and Western culture, reflect the characteristics of their own culture. From the discussion of “Mode Numbers”in English and Chinese, we can have a deep understanding of culture. The typical Mode Numbers are among “one” to “ten” . But attention is also given to “twelve” .

4.1 Seven

“Seven” is mysterious in both Chinese and English culture. The main source of Western culture is Christian culture. In Genesis of Bible, God created everything and human beings in six days, when the seventh day comes, God has a rest. So the seventh day is called “Sabbath Day”. In the West, a week is settled for seven days in astronomical calendar of ancient culture. Besides, some stories in Bible and some legends also indicate that “seven” is mysterious and is used frequently. Virgin Mary has seven happy affairs and seven sad affairs; a prayer is constituted of seven parts. The Snow White and seven dwarfs, in fairy tale there are seven fairy maidens. There are seven musical notes, etc.

“seven”is much more mysterious than other numbers. “Seven”is a typical “Mode Number” in Chinese culture. Chinese and western culture reflected by “seven”

has astonishing similarities. In 《易经》, there are “反复其道,日来复,天行也。”Seven days are a cycle. In the West, seven days are a week. In ancient China, especially in the records of early Qin Dynasty, seven days are the deadline of some important events. For example, “七日不火食” was recorded in《荀子》and《天运》,《让王》and《山木》of《庄子》. “七日而后去” was recorded in《史记·高帝本纪》. Such records are too numerous to mention individually.

Here are some more examples. Nowadays a kind of medicine is called “七珍丹”, “周代七贤” and “竹林七贤” refer to seven persons who were outstanding. In poems, there are“七言”,“七绝” and “七律” . There are seven directions: 东、西、南、北、中、上、下. There is one sentence in《易经》:“勿逐,七日得。”

Why does “seven” has such a wide range of the usage? The following are the major points of view. Firstly, from“one” to “ten” , “seven” is the only number, which is neither the multiple of other numbers nor the divisor of other numbers. It is a prime number. A regular heptagon is the only regular polygon, which cannot be drawn well by a ruler and a compass. Therefore, “seven” is regarded as the symbol of purity, a mysterious and unconceivable number. Secondly, in ancient times, the food, clothing, shelter and transportation of many nationalities had close and mysterious connection with seven stars (七星), and the seven stars bring light, warmth and life to mankind. In ancient times, there is a statement: there are seven stars in the sky, there are seven treasures (七珍) on earth.

4.2 Three

Besides “seven”, “three ”is also a number preferred in both Chinese and Western culture. “Three” is regarded as the symbol of deity, honorableness and luck. The people in western countries regard singular numbers as lucky numbers, but “thirteen” is an exception. In Western culture, “three” is the symbol of omnipotence, power and unity. In Roman mythology, three gods control the world.

“Three”is often used in English. Many things are divided into three parts in daily life. For instance, the English alphabet is often called ABC, in some legends; there are three brothers, three wishes, three mysterious things and three days? battle. In ancient Western culture, the world was regarded as an integral whole of earth,

ocean and sky. Thee are three main contents: animals, plants and mineral resources. In Christianity, there are three virtues: loyalty, hope and humanity(Katan 99). All the examples indicate that “three” is endued with loftiness and gloriousness. Naturally, it is preferred in language and daily life.

In China, “three” is more conspicuous. There is one famous sentence: 道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物. “Three” is evolved from “道、一、二” and all things of creation. It was also recorded in《史记·律书》:数始于一,终于十,成于三。There is an old saying“三才”(天、地、人). According to statistics, “three” is used the most frequently of all numbers in《易经》. “三岁贯女” was repeated for three times in 《魏风·硕鼠》of 《诗经》. In the Analects of Confucius, there are many familiar sentences, for example, “三人行,必有我师焉” , and “吾日三省吾身” . In folk adage, there is “一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮”. People regard pine, bamboo and plum blossom as “岁寒三友” . Season, name of place, official position and moral principles were all connected with“three”, for example, 三秋,三晋,三公,三纲.

In China,“three”has its special implications in the culture ofminorities. According to the traditional Tibetan culture, when the guests come, the host should propose a toast, and the guests carry the wineglass, dip in the wine to flip three times with the third finger. There is one of the courtesies of Tibetan?s interpersonal communication (Jv 188).

The basic implications and emblem of “three” are unity, harmony and integrity. This is reflected in both Chinese and English culture, it is also shows that our ancestors underwent the same process of understanding the world. People in both the East and the West all hope that the world could be united, harmonious and integrated. Meanwhile it shows the important role and effect of “三”、“三因”、“三分”in natural world and human world, subjective world and objective world, mental world and material world.

4.3 Nine

Besides “seven” and “three” , “nine” and “twelve”are also important in Chinese and English culture. “Nine” is regarded as the ultimate attainment of all the matters. This is reflected in language. In English, “be dressed to the nines” means be dressed

the most beautiful, “to the nines”means perfect. In Chinese, “nine” is the largest unit, means various. For example, “天地之至数,始于一,终于九焉。” . “Nine”is also the symbol of emperor. “九五,飞龙在天,利见大人”means to the summit, so the emperor was called “九五之尊” . “九天”、“九霄云外” are used to express the earth is unlimited. “九万里” means the distance is rather far.

4.4 Twelve

“Twelve” is also attached importance. In English, from one to twelve, they are independent words, but most numbers after twelve are derivatives. “Dozen”is a unit, and this was introduced to be used in Chinese (一打). But in Chinese culture, “twelve”has its special implications, and was frequently used in literary language. In 《红楼梦》, there is “金陵十二钗” , in《木兰辞》, there is“同行十二年,不知木兰是女郎。”Here are some more examples: “巫山十二峰”、“十二生肖”、“一年十二月”、“一天十二个时辰” and “人体有十二经” etc.

5. Conclusion

To summarize, the implications and characteristics of numbers are influenced by the culture(Emanatian 164). From the expressions of quantity, specific things and proportion in Chinese and English, we can conclude the similarities and differences of Chinese and English culture. From the study of Mode Numbers “seven, three, nine, and twelve”, we can get a better understanding of Chinese and English cultural backgrounds. In a word, different religions, living places and views influence Chinese and English numerical cultures.

In order to understand and study the differences of various nationalities, firstly, we should study the different cultural implications; make a comparative study between culture and national conditions. Secondly, in cross- cultural communication, we should understand the cultural background. Thirdly, experience with the person of another kind of culture, observe the question on the other position, get one flexible attitude to respect the cultural difference and reduce the national prejudice that exists on culture (Anderman 238).

Works Cited:

Anderman, R.A. and Rogers, E. (1999) Word, Culture, Translation. London: Routledge.

Emanatian, M. 1995. The Value of Cross-Cultural 163-182 New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Hawkins, Joyce M, 1986, The Oxford Reference Dictionary[Z]. London: Oxford University Press

Katan, D. 1999. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. St. Jerome Publishing: Manchester

Maalej, Z. 2002. Translation between Unrelated Cultures. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Winick, Charles,1984,Dictionary of Anthropology[Z].NJ:Totowa

陈文伯, 戴晨. “简明英语谚语词典”[Z]. 上海:上海译文出版社, 1993

胡文仲. “英语习语与英美文化”[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2000 巨积兰. “数字“三”的语言文化比较”[J]. 大连民族学院学报,2003 (7)

林明金,霍金根. “简明英美语言与文化词典”[Z]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003

吴慧颖.“中国数文化”[M]. 长沙:岳麓出版社, 1990

浅论文化与翻译的关系

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中西语言文化差异与英汉互译

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Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今,作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠,京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见,而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同,演员角色分成四类:生(男角)、旦(女角)、净(花脸男角)、丑 (丑角)。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰:它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象,完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝,京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请,担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好,身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打(tumbles, tweists, and somersaults)来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力,是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段(floor skills and postures)大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功(acrobatic skills)。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次,但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气,活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术,它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差,无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.

浅谈文化差异对翻译的影响

186科技资讯 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 中英文中对同一颜色的理解也有很大 差别。因此初看到blue films 时还以为是 那种比较悲伤忧郁的蓝调电影,后来发 现居然是指“黄色电影”!yellow dog 也 不是指“好色之徒”而是“忘恩负义之 人”的意思。红色在中文里往往跟吉 祥、喜庆,兴旺的事物联系在一起,如 "红利"、"红火"、"红包",“走红”,“红遍大江南北”,"披红"、"开门红 "、"满堂红"等等。红色在中文里还象 征着女性,如“红颜”,“红粉知 己”。红在汉语中还有象征“革命,进 步”的意思,如“红军”,“红旗”, “又红又专”等等。在英语中红色虽然也有喜庆的含义,但是远没有中文里红色的象征意义强烈。此外,红色在英语中有不少贬义的象征,如在英语词典中 “red”是共产主义或共产党的同义词,表达这一意思时常常有贬意,甚至谩骂的意味。red belt指的是赤化区,而且在英语中red使人联想到的是暴力与流血。Red Brigade(红色旅)是指意大利的秘密恐怖 组织,专门从事绑架、谋杀和破坏等一系列恐怖活动。red lining(圈红线),指美国金融机构将贫困地圈上红线,拒绝向这一地区提供住房贷款,使这些地区陷 入了更大的贫困。四.动物 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗 教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两 种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内 涵。在中国,龙被视为神物,它象征着 权力,力量,威严,智慧等等。中国 古代皇帝把自己比作“真龙天子”,披 “龙袍”,坐“龙椅”,高兴时“龙 颜大悦”,发怒时则“龙颜大怒”。 在 今天,龙在中国人民心中仍是神圣的, 翻译是在语言的平台上进行的,而语言反映着文化,承载着丰厚的文化内涵。当语言进入交际,便存在对文化内涵的理解和表达问题。文化是一种复杂的,包括知识,信仰,艺术,道德,法律,风俗以及其他社会上习得的能力与习惯(爱德华.泰勒 《原始文化》)。由于地理,历史,宗教信仰,生活习俗等一系列因素的影响,各个民族在漫长的发展过程中形成了具有各自特色的文化体系,彼此间具有差异性,这种文化差异给翻译带来了很大的影响。一.习语 习语是某一种语言在使用过程中形成 的独特的固定的表达方式。从广义上来 说习语包括成语,谚语,歇后语,典故等。它们与文化传统紧密相连,不少习 语蕴涵的文化寓意在另一种语言中未必能 找到对应的表达,翻译时忌直译,死 译,需要视情况作灵活处理。例如,英 语成语 “bury one's head in the sand”(采取鸵鸟政策),如果直译的话,中 国读者还是不能通过字面意义来理解它的 比喻意义。又如,汉语成语 “扬眉吐 气”,如果直译成“to raise the eye-brows and let out a breath”恐怕会贻笑大 方。 由于各自民族生活环境,文化习俗的差异,英汉习语中的比喻体往往不同,但是两者的比喻意义相同或相近,在这种情况下可以采用套译的方法,即在另一语言中找出与之对应的习语。例如,英语习语“rats desert a fallinghouse”,可以用中国读者熟悉的“树倒猢狲散”来套译,两者具有异曲同工之妙。又如中文中的“杀鸡取卵”,在英文中可以找到对应的习语:“kill thegoose that lays golden eggs”.采用类似方法翻译的例子还有很多,诸如:落汤鸡-like a drowned rat ;a poor fish-可怜虫;like a cat on hot bricks --似热锅上的蚂蚁; as strong as a horse-- 力大如牛;drink like a fish 牛饮; a lion in the way-- 拦路虎等等 。 二.俚语俚语是一个民族民间文化和内涵最丰富的那部分语言,由于文化含量重,较难理解,给翻译带来了很大的困难。对俚语意思的误解常会导致尴尬。曾有这么个笑话,有位在中国的外国客人问翻译:“I wonder if I can go somewhere?"(我可以方便一下吗?) 翻译却回答说:“Yes, you can go anywhere in China." 关于上厕所的俚语还有不少,如: "Last nightI went to visit John twice."(昨晚我去了两趟厕所);在别人家里作客时可以这么问:“May I use the facilities?"或 “Whatis the geography of the house?"女厕所的表达最是委婉,如dressing room (更衣室),loungge (休息室),powder room(化妆室)等。广义的俚语包括行话,如在青少年中比较流行的语言:“bur" 指头发,"flutter bum"指男朋友, "party-pooper"指扫兴的人。美国的黑社会组织经常使用的一些行话,如用juice 或 ice 指贿赂。扒手的切口语,如 moll buzzing (扒窃妇女),shorts (电车或公共汽车),hole (地铁)。这些五花八门的俚语就算对于英语国家的人自身来说也是个难以理解,令人头疼的东西,因此对翻译工作者来说更是个难题。三. 色彩浅谈文化差异对翻译的影响 陈萍 (上海金融学院 200000) 摘 要: 语言是文化的载体,反映着文化。有效的交际需要掌握语言知识,更要了解不同语言之间的文化差异。文章主要就习语,俚语,色彩,动物四个切入点列举了中西文化的差异,并对翻译中遇到的一些文化差异提出了恰当处理的方法。文章最后还对译者提出要求。 关键字: 文化 文化差异 翻译 利用率。加强机械租赁计划的管理,避 免机械设备在项目上的闲置。第三,加 强对水平运输机械台班量的控制,杜绝 签发“人情台班”。督促设备管理人员 加强对机械设备的维修管理工作,使机 械设备尽可能地始终处于完好状态,提 高完好率。 3、科学合理地进行施工组织设计 施工组织设计的编制应遵守以下几个 原则:认真研究项目概况,提出有针对 性的施工方案,确保重点及难点处施工 的顺利安排;遵守国家有关的规范和操 作规程,合理地安排施工顺序;尽量使 用先进的施工技术和科学的管理方法。 4、健全项目各项管理体制 健全的管理体制犹如身体的神经系统,协调着各方人员的行为及准则,按照可控的程序来运行。如岗位责任制、材料入库制、限额领料制、(半)成品的保护及回收制、集中搅拌制、成本分析核算制等。而以上制度的健全与维护均为项目成本的中间考核提供了直接或间接的依据,加强中间成本考核对项目的成本控制起着非常重要的作用。5、加强风险管理风险是实际情况与主观预测之间的差异,建筑工程的风险主要存在于政治、经济、工程、公共关系和管理等几个方面。企业可以采取策略投标、合同谈判、风险共担、购买保险、风险转嫁等一些措施,防范或规避风险,而有些风险的发生对项目的成本影响甚至有可能是毁灭性的。因此在企业及市场竞争日趋激烈的今天,怎样合理的研究及防范风险,已自然成为现代企业管理的重要课题。参考文献:[1]孙义.施工企业工程成本管理[J].合作经济与科技,2005,08:11-12[2]陈宠,王宁.浅谈施工企业的成本管理[J].黑龙江交通科技,2005,05:22-23[3]王仙萍.浅谈施工企业项目成本的管理[J].会计之友,2005,07:30-31

论语言文化与翻译技巧

2009年4月 第6卷第4期 Journal of Hubei University of Economics(Humanities and Social Sciences) 湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版) Apr.2009Vol.6No.4 一、英汉互译应注意文化差异 众所周知,文化差异是翻译中的一大障碍。任何译者都必然会遇到它。这是因为不论笔译还是口译都是借助语言来完成的;而语言本身就是文化信息的载体与容器。 [1] 而且语言与 文化密不可分,即“语言与文化的联系既多样又广泛。毫无疑问,学者、作家及社会活动家的写作活动是民族文化的重要因素,它对语言规范的发展有着影响。”从翻译的角度来看,文化差异往往通过对两种不同语言文字的比较与对照得到真实的体现,而译者必须尊重各民族语言文化的同时,还必须考虑各民族的适应度和可接受度。在交际时,译者必须介绍该民族文化在语言交际中的差异,否则就造成很大的笑话。据说一个由于文化的差异,而造成语言交流时的误解故事,即一个很流行的故事就是有位中国官员携妻子访美,在与美国员相遇寒暄时,双方都忽视了对方的语言文化差异而造成语义误解的尴尬局面。从这个事例中我们可领悟道译者在口笔译时都必须从不同的文化背景,文化常识等知识的角度去理解其语言语义。比如译者所进行的是英译汉,他或她就须首先想到本民族读者所特有的语言文化,照顾其身份与利益,扬长避短,使一些难为本民族读者所接受的文化因素尽量离他们远一些,或提醒他们以批判的态度待之,在可让译文适合欧化的同时,注意使用规范的词与句,要尽可能地从汉语中去寻找现成或规范的部分,有时即便无计可施也得设法为之,这就是翻之技巧。当然还可采用加脚注的办法,其目的都是为了消除文化上的障碍,理解上的困难。 如:“You don ’t want to lose Larry altogether,do you ?” She shook her head. S.Maugham:THE RAZOR ’S EDGE,p.256. “你不想完全失掉拉里,是吗?”她点头。 周煦良译:《刀锋》,第245页。 [2] 从译文看,译者很了解原语的文化背景,并善于处理文化差异所造成的理解障碍,即将shook 摇头译成点头。摇头是英美人同意否定句问话的习惯,译者为了使中国读者不至误会,而译成了点头。这里的文化差异在于:回答否定句时,英美人是着眼于所问的内容,而中国人则着眼于问话本身的正确与 否。所以译者的译文是恰到好处的。达到了使广大读者也无理解困难或异议。 就语言文化本身来言,一民族的文化之所以是另一民族理解和翻译的障碍,是因为它事先未为这个民族的人所了解。不管是英译汉还是汉译英,译者除了重视东西文化之间的差异外,还应重视其它翻译技巧。如“读者对等”“归化、异化”等等。 就“读者对等”而言,它是奈达有名的“灵活对等”理论的一个极为重要的部分。而众多的奈达的研究者们看中的只是他的语言形式、语言风格、语言神韵的对等,对“读者对等”这一部分采取视而不见的态度。而谭载喜在《奈达论翻译》一书中从读者反应这一角度对奈达的理论又进行了卓有成效的概括与研究。他在《翻译的性质》这一章中,特别强调论述了这一点,奈达主张,从读者的角度来看翻译,则必须引进另一观点,要看译作能否被读者所理解、衡量它的标准不仅在于译文中词句能否被理解,还在于读者对整个译文会产生什么样的反应。[3]这无疑告诉了翻译工作者在英汉互译时不仅要注重读者的反应,也要注意语义上的对等原则。 二、英汉互译应注意语义上的对等原则 1.最切近对等原则的实现 语言文化的差异,使双语翻译中绝对对等的实现难以完全达到,然而在可能的范围内尽量地贴近则是可以达到的。当然英语属印欧语系,汉语属于汉藏语系,双语的表达方式有不尽相同的地方,在这种情况下,一个成功的翻译者要学会灵活地加以变通,准确地再现原语的精神,追求最切近对等原则的实现,从而实现对等。例如: (1)鸳鸯道:家生女儿怎么样?牛不吃水强按头。(《红楼梦》四十六回) “It makes no odds ”,said Faithful,“You can take an ox to the water,but you can ’t make him drink (Hawkes) “What difference does it make?You can ’t force an ox to bend its head to drink ”,said Yuan yang.(Yang) 霍克斯将英谚中“You can take a horse to the water,but you can ’t make him drink ”作了变通,这样既保持了汉语谚语 的表达力,也成功地达到了对等。对西方读者而言,也是一点 论语言文化与翻译技巧 王芳,张君 (湖南工业大学外国语学院,湖南株洲412008) 摘 要:语言是交际的工具,是文化信息的,若忽略了语言与文化,无论怎么说都难以获得成功的译文;同样是 翻译,译文还有高下优劣之分。好的译文不仅符合作者的原意,还能传达其微妙之处,使读者能很好理解原文要旨,感受其风格等。本文试图用一些例证,以印证语言文化与翻译技巧的重要性。 关键词:文化;翻译;技巧 122··

中国文化翻译练习10篇2

一、对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中,龙具有开拓变化和团结凝聚的寓意。 (1) 对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。Chinese Dragon totem worship in China has been around for over 8,000 years. (2) 中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) as a fetish that combine s animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. (3) 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. (4) 在中国人的心目中,龙具有开拓变化和团结凝聚的寓意。 To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装,他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间,人们一旦听到锣鼓声,不管外面天气有多冷,他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来,中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队,队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康,同时他们也乐在其中。 (1) 秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演。 Yangko is one of the traditional folk dances of Han nationality in China. It is usually performed in Northern provinces. (2) 秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装,他们的表演动作有力迅速。 The dancers usually wear / are dressed in colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. (3) 在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间,人们一旦听到锣鼓声,不管外面天气有多冷,他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。 During some festivals such as the Spring Festival, the

浅谈文化翻译与文化传真

摘要 本文阐述了文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系,论证了文化翻译的理论基础。本文认为:文化翻译是在文化研究的大语境下来考察翻译,即对文化以及语言的“表层”与“深层”结构进行分析与研究,探索文化与翻译的内在联系和客观规律;文化“传真”意指文化翻译的基本准则,既要求译语从文化义的角度准确地再现原语文化所要传达的意义、形式及风格,又满足译文读者的需要。翻译中“文化传真”度的把握也是本文探讨的重点。 关键词:文化翻译;文化“传真”;文化“传真”的度 Abstract: The paper studies the theoretical basis of the translation of culture by exploring the relation between culture, language and translation. The translation of culture is discussed in the broad context of research on culture. This includes an analysis of the surface and deep structures of culture and language, and the examination of the internal contact between culture and translation as well as the objective laws pertaining to their interaction. Facsimile of culture refers to the basic criterion of translation, one which requires that the meaning, form and style of the source language be precisely expressed in the translation from the angle of culture,also,satisfy the needs of reader’s. In addition, the paper explores the extent to which a facsimile of culture could be achieved in translation. Key words: Translation of culture; facsimile of culture

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