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2012年《采油工程》综合复习资料

2012年《采油工程》综合复习资料
2012年《采油工程》综合复习资料

《采油工程》综合复习资料

一、名词解释

1、滑脱现象:在多相垂直管流中,由于流体之间的密度差而引起的小密度流体超越大密度

流体向上流动的现象。

2、扭矩因数:悬点载荷在曲柄轴上造成的扭矩与悬点载荷的比值。

3、底水锥进:当油层有底水时,由于油井生产时在地层中造成的压力差,破坏了由于重力

作用所建立起来的油水平衡关系,使原来的油水界面在靠近井底时呈锥形升高,这种现象叫底水锥进。

4、配注误差:指配注量与实际注入量之差与配注量比值的百分数。

5、裂缝的导流能力:在闭合压力下裂缝中流体通过的能力。其大小为填砂裂缝的渗透率与

其宽度的乘积。

6、油井流入动态:指油井产量与井底流动压力的关系,它反映了油藏向该井供油的能力。

7、吸水指数:表示单位日注水压差下的日注水量,它的大小表示油层吸水能力的好坏。

8、蜡的初始结晶温度:当温度降到某一数值时,原油中溶解的蜡开始析出时的温度。

9、气举采油法:依靠从地面注入井内的高压气体与油层产出流体在井筒中混合,利用气体

的膨胀能使井筒中的混合物密度降低,将油排出地面的方式。

10、等值扭矩:用一个不变化的固定扭矩代替变化的实际扭矩,两种扭矩下电动机的发热条

件相同,则此固定扭矩即为实际变化的扭矩的等值扭矩。

11、冲程损失:由于抽油杆和油管在交变载荷作用下发生弹性伸缩,而引起的深井泵柱塞实

际行程与光杆冲程的差值。

12、射流泵的气蚀:环空过流面积越小,油井产出流体流过该面积的速度就越高。流体的压

力随其流速增加而下降,在高流速下压力将下降到流体的蒸汽压,导致蒸汽穴的形成,该过程称之为气蚀。

13、大修:是指一些复杂的修井工作,施工比较复杂,需要的设备和工具比较多,一般由专

门的大修作业队或钻井队承担。如封串、堵水、井下打捞、井下解卡、修复套管、改采侧钻等。

二、填空题

1、根据压裂过程中作用不同,压裂液可分为前置液、携砂液、顶替液。

2、抽油机悬点所承受的动载荷包括惯性载荷、振动载荷和摩擦载荷等。

3、压裂液滤失于地层主要受三种机理的控制:压裂液粘度、地层岩石及流体压缩性压裂液的造壁性。

4、自喷井生产过程中,原油由地层流至地面分离器一般要经过的四个基本流动过程是地层中的渗流、井筒中的多相垂直管流、油嘴流、地面水平流动

5、目前常用的采油方式主要包括自喷采油、气举采油、游梁式抽油机-深井泵、电潜泵采油、水力活塞泵采油

6、常规注入水水质处理措施包括沉淀、过滤、曝晒、杀菌、脱氧。

7、根据化学剂对油层和水层的堵塞作用而实施的化学堵水可分为选择性堵水、非选择性堵水

8、根据井的故障性质、施工作业的简繁程度,可将修井分为大修、小修两种。

9、井下落物按落物的性质可归纳为四大类,即管类落物、杆类落物、绳类落物、小件落物

等。

10、自喷井井筒气液两相管流过程中可能出现的流型有纯液流、泡流、段塞流、环流、雾流

11、气举采油法根据其供气方式的不同可分为连续气举和间歇气举两种类型。

12、修井设备一般按设备的性能和用途可分为动力设备、起下设备、旋转设备、循环设备、

井口装置及工具等。

13、常规有杆抽油泵的组成包括抽油机、抽油杆、深井泵三部分。

14、我国研究地层分层吸水能力的方法主要有两大类,一类是测定注水井的吸水剖面,另一类是注水过程中直接进行分层测试。

15、目前各油田所使用的封隔器型式很多,按其封隔件(密封胶筒)工作原理不同,可分为自封式、压缩式、楔入式、扩张式、组合式五种类型。

16、为了获得好的压裂效果对支撑剂的性能要求包括粒径均匀、密度小、强度大、破碎率小、圆球度高和杂质含量小等等。

17、测量油井动液面深度的仪器为回声仪,测量抽油机井地面示功图的仪器为动力仪。

三、判断题

1、低能量供液不足的抽油井,可通过换小泵、加深泵挂或降低冲次等方法来提高泵效。√

2、注聚合物驱油,只可提高注入水波及系数,不能提高注入水驱油效率。

3、计算沉没度时,应考虑泵挂深度、动液面深度及套压高低。√

4、抽油井出砂后,上、下行电流均有上升现象√。

5、抽油机在上冲程时,由于游动阀关闭,液体载荷作用在活塞上引起悬点载荷增加√。

6、抽油机平衡的目的,是使上、下冲程时驴头的负荷相同。

7、分层注水井发现水嘴堵后,应立即进行正洗井措施解除。

8、井组分析一般从水井入手,最大限度的调整平面矛盾,在一定程度上解决层间矛盾。

9、酸化可以提高井筒附近油层的渗透率,但对孔隙度没有影响。

10、压裂选井时,在渗透率和含油饱和度低的地区,应优先选择油气显示好、孔隙度、渗透率较高的井。√

11、控水稳油的意思是控制综合含水上升速度,稳定原油产量。√

12、热化学解堵技术,利用放热的化学反应产生的热量和气体对油层进行处理,达到解堵增产或增注目的。

13、水力振荡解堵技术是利用流体流经井下振荡器时产生的周期性剧烈振动,使堵塞物在疲劳应力下从孔道壁上松动脱落。

14、某抽油机固定阀严重漏失,则示功图下行载荷明显下降。

15、抽油杆下部断脱后,抽油机可能严重不平衡,甚至开不起来。

16、油管结蜡严重,抽油机下行电流增大。

17、在结蜡不严重、不含水的抽油井中,用热水循环洗井后,上行电流暂时下降较多。

18、抽油机驴头移开井口的方式有三种:上翻式、侧转式和可拆卸式。

19、抽油机下冲程时,游动阀打开,固定阀关闭,液柱载荷通过固定阀作用在油管上,同时作用在悬点上。

四、选择题BBCCB DDACD CAABD BCCD

1、抽油杆直径可分为()等几种。

A。3/8in,3/4in,6/8in B。16mm,19mm,22mm,25mm

C。5/8in,3/4in,4/8in,5in D。15mm,20mm,22mm,25mm

2、()就是在新井完成或是修井以后以解除钻井、完井期间形成的泥浆堵塞,恢复油井天

然生产能力,并使之投入正常生产的一种酸化措施。

A。酸化 B。解堵酸化 C。压裂酸化 D。选择性酸化

3、磁防垢的机理是利用磁铁的()来破坏垢类晶体的形成。

A。作用 B。类别 C。强磁性 D。吸附性

4、目前应用较为广泛的防腐蚀方法是()。

A。刷防锈漆 B。实体防腐 C。阴极保护 D。阳极保护

5、油层压裂是利用()原理,从地面泵入高压工作液剂,使地层形成并保持裂缝,改变油层物性,提高油层渗透率的工艺。

A。机械运动 B。水压传递 C。渗流力学 D。达西定律

6、油层酸化处理是碳酸盐岩油层油气井增产措施,也是一般()油藏的油水井解堵、增注措施。

A。泥岩 B。页岩 C。碎屑岩 D。砂岩

7、将套管下至油、气层顶部,用水泥封固,然后钻开油、气层下入一段带孔眼的衬管,套

管和衬管环形空间用封隔器封严,这种方法称()。

A。射孔完成法 B。裸眼完成法 C。贯眼完成法 D。衬管完成法

8、钻井质量的好坏,对采油工作的影响很大,最常见的问题是()。

A。井斜的影响、钻井液的影响、固井质量的影响

B。井斜的影响、固井质量的影响、携砂液的影响

C。钻井液的影响、固井质量的影响、洗井液的影响

D。洗井液的影响、钻井液的影响

9、当注水井的注水量大幅度增加,并且指示曲线明显偏向水量轴方向时,是由于()造

成的。

A。水嘴堵塞 B。封隔器失灵 C。水嘴掉 D。底部球座漏失或脱落

10、注水分层指示曲线平行右移,层段地层压力与吸水指数的变化为()。

A。升高、不变 B。下降、变小 C。升高、变小 D。下降、不变

11、油井诱喷,通常有()等方法。

A。替喷法、气举法 B。替喷法、抽汲法

C。替喷法、抽汲法、气举法 D。替喷法、抽油法、气举法

12、地面动力设备带动抽油机,并借助于抽油杆来带动深井泵叫()。

A。有杆泵 B。无杆泵 C。电泵 D。水力活塞泵

13、()泵径较大,适合用在产量高、油井浅、含砂多、气量小的井上。

A。管式泵 B。杆式泵 C。电潜泵 D。无杆泵

14、()是指只在油、气层以上井段下套管,注水泥封固,然后钻开油、气层,使油、气

层裸露开采。

A。射孔完成法 B。裸眼完成法 C。贯眼完成法 D。衬管完成法

15、油井常规酸化的管柱深度应下到()

(A)油层顶部(B)油层中部(C)油层底部(D)油层底部以下5~10m 16、压裂后产油量增加,含水率下降,采油指数上升,油压与流压上升,地层压力下降,说明()。

(A)压裂效果较好,地层压力高(B)压裂效果较好,压开了低压层

(C)压裂时对地层造成危害(D)压开了高含水层

17、机械堵水要求出水层位上下有()m以上的夹层,并且套管无损坏。

(A)0。5 (B)1 (C)1。5 (D)2。0

18、下列采油新技术中,()可对区块上多口井实现共同增产的目的。

(A)油井高能气体压裂(B)油井井下脉冲放电

(C)人工地震采油(D)油井井壁深穿切

19、水井调剖技术主要解决油田开发中的()矛盾。

(A)平面(B)注采平衡(C)储采平衡(D)层间

五、简答题

1、简述提高酸化效果应采取的措施。

、答:(1)降低面容比;

(2)提高注酸排量和酸液流速;

(3)使用稠化盐酸、高浓度盐酸和多组分酸;

(4)降低井底温度

2、根据注水指示曲线左移、右移、平衡上移、平衡下移时的变化情况说明地层生产条件的

变化。

答:(1)曲线右移,斜率变小,吸水能力增强,地层产生微小裂缝。

(2)曲线左移,斜率变大,吸水能力下降,地层可能堵塞。

(3)曲线平行上移,吸水能力未变。油层压力升高。

(4)曲线平行上移,吸水能力未变,油层压力下降

3、简述油井节点系统分析方法在自喷井设计和预测中的应用。

答:(1)不同油嘴下的产量预测与油嘴选择;

(2)油管直径的选择;

(3)预测油藏压力对产量的影响;

(4)停喷压力预测

4、简述目前油井人工举升方式的分类。

答:人工举升方式分为气举采油、有杆泵采油和无杆泵采油三大类,其中气举采油分为连续气举和间歇气举两类;有杆泵采油分为抽油机井抽油和地面驱动螺杆泵采油;无杆泵采油分为潜油电泵采油、水力活塞泵采油、水力喷射泵采油和电动潜油螺杆泵采油。

5、简述影响深井泵泵效的因素及提高泵效的措施。

答:影响有杆泵泵效的因素有:1)抽油杆柱和油管柱的弹性伸缩;2)气体和充不满的影响;3)漏失影响;4)体积系数变化的影响。

采取的措施有:(1)加强注水,提高地层能量。(2)选择合理的工作制度,使泵的工作能力与油层生产能力相适应。(3)使用油管锚减少冲程损失。(4)合理利用气体能量及减少气体影响。(5)降低漏矢量,减少漏失的影响。

6、简述压裂过程中压裂液的任务。

答:压裂液是一个总称,根据压裂过程中注入井内的压裂液在不同施工阶段的任务可分为:

①前置液它的作用是破裂地层并造成一定几何尺寸的裂缝以备后面的携砂液进入。在温度较高的地层里,它还可起一定的降温作用。有时为了提高前置液的工作效率,在前置液中还加入一定量的细砂(粒径100~140目,砂比10%左右)以堵塞地层中的微隙,减少液体的滤失。

②携砂液它起到将支撑剂带入裂缝中并将支撑剂填在裂缝内预定位置上的作用。在压裂液的总量中,这部分比例很大。携砂液和其他压裂液一样,有造缝及冷却地层的作用。携砂液由于需要携带比重很高的支撑剂,必须使用交联的压裂液(如冻胶等)。

③顶替液中间顶替液用来将携砂液送到预定位置,并有预防砂卡的作用;注完携砂液后要用顶替液将井筒中全部携砂液替入裂缝中,以提高携砂液效率和防止井筒沉砂。

7、为什么砂岩地层的酸处理不单独使用氢氟酸?

答:首先,氢氟酸与硅酸盐类及碳酸盐类反应时,其生成物中有气态物质,也有可溶性物质,还会生成不溶于残酸的沉淀;其次,氢氟酸与砂岩中各种成分的反应速度各不相同。氢氟酸

与碳酸盐的反应速度最快,其次是硅酸盐,最慢是石英。当氢氟酸进入砂岩油气层后,大部分氢氟酸首先消耗在与碳酸盐的反应上,不仅浪费了大量价值昂贵的氢氟酸,而且妨碍了它与泥质成分的反应。在酸液中加入盐酸,除了溶解碳酸盐类矿物,使氢氟酸进入地层深处外,还可以使酸液保持一定的PH值,不致于产生沉淀物。因此,砂岩地层的酸处理不单独使用氢氟酸,而是使用氢氟酸和盐酸混合物

8、抽油机不平衡的严重后果是什么?

答:不平衡的严重后果是:

(1)上冲程电动机承受着极大的负荷,下冲程中抽油机反而带着电动机运转,从而造成能量的浪费,降低电动机的效率和寿命。

(2)由于负荷极其不均匀,会使抽油机发生激烈振动,而影响抽油装置的寿命。(3)会破坏曲柄旋转速度的均匀性,而影响抽油杆和泵的正常工作

六、论述题

绘制并分析有气体影响时的典型示功图。

答:

P

A

B

C

D

B'

D'

S

由于下冲程末泵内残余有一定的溶解气和压缩气,上冲程开始后泵内压力因气体的膨胀

而不能很快降低,使得吸入凡尔打开滞后(B '

点),加载变慢。残余气量越多,泵口压力越

低,则吸入凡尔打开滞后得越多,BB '

线越长。下冲程时,气体受压缩,泵内压力不能迅速

提高,使得排出凡尔滞后打开(D '

点),卸载变慢,泵内气量越多,DD

'

线越长。

大学英语综合教程1练习答案

Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus V ocabulary Ⅰ. 1. 1. respectable 2. agony 3. put…down 4. sequence 5. hold back 6. distribute 7. off and on 8. vivid 9. associate 10. finally 11. turn in 12. tackle 2. 1. has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2. was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4. gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5. buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out.

3. 1. reputation, rigid, to inspire 2. and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas 3. compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ. 1. composed 2. severe 3. agony 4. extraordinary 5. recall 6. command 7. was violating 8. anticipate Ⅲ. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as 6. about 7. to 8. in, in 9. from

采油工程知识点整理

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So I like taking the cars to go sightseeing. 6 What are you going to do after this exam? Why? (至少说出两个理由) I think we will have a great holiday this summer holiday because we don’t have any homework. First of all, I will have a good rest and make me relaxed. Then I will go somewhere interesting with my classmates. I think it will be worth playing with them because we will go to different high schools in the future. And then, I will read some educational books and fill my mind with the knowledge. At the same time, I will do some exercise to make me stronger and healthier. I think I will have a good time in this holiday. 7 T alk about the advantages or disadvantages about playing computer games.(至少三个方面) I like playing computer games. It has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, our school life is filled with homework and playing computer games after a long week of study can make us feel more relaxed and learn better. But if we spend too much time on them, we will lose ourselves and it’s bad for our health. Our grades will get worse and worse too. So it’s necessary for us to play computer games just in our spare time. 8 Do you like keeping pets in your home? Why or why not? (至少说出两个理由) I don’t like keeping pets in my home. First most pets are noisy. If you keep a dog at home, it will bark all the time and you couldn’t have a rest at all. And pets need too much love. If you keep a pet pig, you have to spend lots of time with it. Or it will feel lonely or even die. And when your favorite pet dies, you will be sad to do anything. So I don’t kike keeping a pet at my home. I like some animals, such as cats, dogs, and son on. I think it can bring us much fun to keep a pet in our family. When we are free, we can play with them. We can take them for a walk after supper. It’s good for our health. Sometimes, when we feel sad or lonely, they can stay with us and give us happiness. Some pets even can do some things for us. For example, a dog can help us fetch newspapers. 9 Please tell us some rules at your school. What do you think of them? We have a lot of rules in our school. The first and also the most important thing is wearing our uniforms when we are at school though we don’t like the uniforms. And then we shouldn’t be late for school. If you are late for school, you will be punished to stand outside of the classroom. We also need to do our home work every day. We shouldn’t speak in class. We should listen to the teacher carefully and so on. I think some of them are too strict. But most of them are good for us. 10 What do you usually do in your spare time? Why? (至少说出三个理由) In my spare time, I usually listen to music and go sightseeing with my friends or family. Because they are my hobbies. Firstly, they are good for me to get relaxed. After a long time of study, I usually feel very tired and bored. Listening to some quiet music or going sightseeing will make me relaxed and peaceful. Secondly, they can make me open up my eyes and learn more knowledge. In my hobbies, I have learnt much more knowledge and it is very interesting. At last, they make my life more colorful and full of pleasure. 11 What do you usually do after school? And why do you do them? (至少说出两个理由) I often help my parents do chores after school. There are many reasons for this: First, my father is a doctor and my mother is a teacher. They are both busy all day. I think I should do some chores to make them happy. Second, doing chores is also good for our health, we can get a lot of exercise. Third, I can relax myself while doing chores. I can listen to music. I think it’s a pleasure. So I often help my parents do chores after school. 12 What subject are you good at? How do you study it? (至少两个方法) I am good at English. There are many useful ways to learn English. 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