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精通GRE考试中的文字推理问题GRE考试中的文字推理问题是考察考生对文本材料的理解和推断能力的一种题型。
这类题目要求考生根据给定的文章内容，从中推断出作者的意图、观点或者对某个事物的态度等。
在这类题目中，考生需要通过仔细阅读和思考，准确把握文章的中心思想和作者的意图，从而选择正确的答案。
下面将从几个不同角度来探讨如何精通GRE考试中的文字推理问题。
首先，要精通GRE考试中的文字推理问题，首先要提高自己的阅读理解能力。
阅读理解是GRE考试的重点，而文字推理问题则是阅读理解的一个重要组成部分。
因此，只有提高自己的阅读理解能力，才能更好地应对文字推理问题。
要提高阅读理解能力，可以通过大量的阅读来积累词汇量和阅读速度，同时也要注重理解文章的中心思想和作者的意图。
可以通过阅读各类文章，包括新闻、科技、文化等不同领域的文章，来提高自己的阅读理解能力。
其次，要精通GRE考试中的文字推理问题，还需要注重细节的把握。
文字推理问题往往需要考生从文章中找出一些细节信息，以此来推断作者的意图或者观点。
因此，考生在解答这类题目时，要仔细阅读文章，注意文章中的关键词和关键句，以及作者对某个事物的描述或者评价等。
只有抓住文章的关键细节，才能准确地推断出作者的意图或者观点。
此外，要精通GRE考试中的文字推理问题，还需要培养自己的逻辑思维能力。
文字推理问题往往需要考生根据文章中的信息进行推断和判断，因此，良好的逻辑思维能力对于解答这类问题非常重要。
要培养逻辑思维能力，可以多做一些逻辑思维训练题，例如推理题、判断题等。
通过这些训练，可以提高自己的逻辑思维能力，从而更好地解答文字推理问题。
最后，要精通GRE考试中的文字推理问题，还需要进行模拟练习和复习总结。
模拟练习是提高解题能力的有效方法，可以通过做一些模拟题来熟悉考试的题型和解题思路。
同时，还要进行复习总结，总结自己在解答文字推理问题时的经验和不足之处，找出自己的问题所在，进一步提高解题能力。
1,Parland’s alligator population has been declining in recent years，primarily because of hunting. Alligators prey heavily on a species of freshwater fish that is highly valued as food by Parilanders，who had hoped that the decline in the alligator population would lead to an increase in the numbers of these fish available for human consumption. Yet the population of this fish has also declined，even though the annual number caught for human consumption has not increased. P地区的短吻鳄数量近些年下降，主要原因是捕猎。
短吻鳄捕⾷的淡⽔鱼是P居民的⾷物，P居民希望短吻鳄数量的下降可以导致这种可供⼈们消费的鱼的数量上升。
但是这种鱼的数量也下降了，尽管它每年被⼈类抓住消费的的量没有增加。
Which of following，if true，most help to explain the decline in the population of the fish species? 下列哪个选项如果是对的，最有效地解释了鱼的数量下降? A.The decline in the alligator population has meant that fishers can work in some parts of lakes and rivers that were formerly too dangerous. 短吻鳄数量的下降意味着渔民可以到以前湖⾥和江河⾥那些以前很危险的地⽅⼯作。
GRE阅读六种长难句解析长难句一直都是GRE阅读中阻碍同学们的最大障碍。
今天小编就将长难句划分成了6种类型，详细的讲解每种长难句，让大家更好地来理解长难句。
GRE阅读六种长难句解析第一种：插入语There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replaceconventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replaceconventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.【翻译】人们越来越认识到，实现汽车尾气排放量进一步减少的唯一有效方式–除了大规模从私人汽车中转移出去以外–是用清洁燃料的燃料，如压缩天然气，液化石油气，乙醇或甲醇替代传统的柴油燃料和汽油。
GRE考试2024逻辑推理历年真题全视角在GRE考试中，逻辑推理部分是考生需要面对的难点之一。
为了帮助准备GRE考试的考生更好地准备，本文将从全视角出发，对2024年GRE考试逻辑推理部分的历年真题进行分析和解答。
1. 真题一题目：根据下列陈述，判断推理的正确与否。
陈述：1. 所有狗都会叫。
2. 这只动物在叫。
推理：这只动物是狗。
解析：根据陈述1可知，所有狗都会叫。
根据陈述2可知，这只动物在叫。
根据常识和逻辑，可以推断出这只动物是狗。
因此，推理是正确的。
2. 真题二题目：选择适当的陈述来完成下列推理。
1. 所有花都是植物。
2. 玫瑰是植物。
3. ___________。
推理：玫瑰是花。
解析：根据陈述1可知，所有花都是植物。
根据陈述2可知，玫瑰是植物。
为了完成推理，我们需要找到适当的陈述来表达“玫瑰是花”。
根据陈述1，我们可以选择“所有花都是玫瑰”。
因此，填空处应填“所有花都是玫瑰”。
3. 真题三题目：根据下列陈述，判断推理的正确与否。
陈述：1. 所有猫都有尾巴。
2. 乔治是猫。
推理：乔治有尾巴。
解析：根据陈述1可知，所有猫都有尾巴。
根据陈述2可知，乔治是猫。
根据常识和逻辑，可以推断出乔治有尾巴。
因此，推理是正确的。
4. 真题四题目：选择适当的陈述来完成下列推理。
1. 所有青蛙都是两栖动物。
2. 这只动物是两栖动物。
3. ___________。
推理：这只动物是青蛙。
解析：根据陈述1可知，所有青蛙都是两栖动物。
根据陈述2可知，这只动物是两栖动物。
为了完成推理，我们需要找到适当的陈述来表达“这只动物是青蛙”。
根据陈述1，我们可以选择“这只动物是青蛙”。
因此，填空处应填“这只动物是青蛙”。
通过对2024年GRE考试逻辑推理部分的历年真题分析和解答，可以得出以下结论：1. 考生需要掌握基本的逻辑推理原理和技巧，以便能够正确判断推理的正确与否。
2. 在解答推理题时，需要仔细阅读陈述，并根据陈述中的信息进行推理。
在GRE阅读中，逻辑关系词是理解文章的重要线索。
以下是一些常见的逻辑关系词及其含义：1.因果关系：•表示因果关系的词有：because、since、as、so、therefore、consequently等。
•例如：“The restaurant was crowded because the food was excellent.”（因为食物很好，所以餐厅很拥挤。
）2.转折关系：•表示转折关系的词有：however、but、yet、in fact等。
•例如：“The movie was boring, but the ending was unexpected.”（这部电影很无聊，但结局出乎意料。
）3.比较关系：•表示比较关系的词有：similarly、likewise、in the same way等。
•例如：“The new employee is just as efficient as the veteran.”（新员工和老员工一样高效。
）4.让步关系：•表示让步关系的词有：though、although、even if、granted等。
•例如：“Granted, the movie had some flaws, but it was still enjoyable.”（虽然这部电影有一些缺点，但仍然很愉快。
）5.并列关系：•表示并列关系的词有：and、or、also、too等。
•例如：“She likes apples and bananas.”（她喜欢苹果和香蕉。
）6.条件关系：•表示条件关系的词有：if、unless、as long as、provided that等。
•例如：“If you study hard, you will pass the exam.”（只要你努力学习，你就会通过考试。
）7.时间关系：•表示时间关系的词有：when、while、before、after等。
考场上难度接近（如何分析：逻辑简图，示意图）The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s（O）that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily稳定发展的in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated（catalyze）促进by the closing of the internal frontier内陆边界的消失/关闭—that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system本可以进行美国农业系统扩张利用的土地被用光了/关闭了，圈地运动，圈一块儿就是我的（推理：农民的不满到底是因为这个么？）. Not only was Turner’s thesis influential（+）at the time不仅具有影响力（言外之意：现在不具有，时间状语提供一种相反的逻辑）, it was later adopted and elaborated 采纳，进一步加工发展by other scholars, such as John D.JDH （题目数是笔记数的真子集）Hicks in The Populist Revolt (1931).were taken up for 采用nineteenth century（农民有地，否了上一个观点）. （多个时间，数字扎堆：比较）In the 1890’s, when agrarian discontent had become most acute尖锐（acrimony，acerbic）, 1,100,000 new farms were settled, which was 500,000 more than had been settled during the previous decade（论据：目的题in order to）. After 1890, under the terms of the Homestead Act（宅地法，物权法）HA and its successors衍生法, more new land was taken up for farming than had been taken up for this purpose in the United States up until that time(还在说农民有地，有地不一定等于地很好啊). It is true的确the newly farmed land was suitable only（-）for grazing and dry farming放牧&旱作业agricultural practices农业操作had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands利用相对贫瘠的土地来提升产量成为可能.学习写作方式The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed （-）所谓的disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure模糊了后者的重要性the great importance暗示了农民不满真正的原因of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.{ In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed. An extensive network of telegraph and telephone communications was spun出现: Europe was connected by submarine cable with the United States in 1866 and with South America in 1874.国际条件翻天覆地变化【By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis】倒装结构. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with相互合作one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent相互依赖market system.} As a consequence, ○1agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope局限于国家和区域, and ○2they struck打击到了several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish并不打算消失的国家. Between the early 1870’s and the 1890’s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets不间断的下降（同时发生不代表因果）. Those staple-growing farmers in the United States who exhibited the greatest discontent were those who had become most dependent on foreign markets for the sale of their products. Insofar as Americans had been deterred from（吓得不敢）taking up new land for farming, it was because market conditions had made this period a perilous time 在这个时间拿新地种地很危险in which to do so.1p: FJT(-):agrarian discontent→closing=JDH.However:1.;2.more new lands&technology2p: (+)changes in the conditions& consequences of international trade→struck US，decline in the prices20. The author is primarily concerned with主旨题（变态）(A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than isan alternative explanation一个解释比另外一个解释更好地被论据所支持(B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence thatformerly had been unavailable(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counterthe author’s own interpretation任何文章不能质疑论据有问题，只能质疑推理(D)reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a validinterpretation(E) presenting evidence in support of a controversial version of an earlierinterpretation21. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in因果an定位于第二段as a consequence(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the UnitedStates(B) underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land(C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agriculturalproducts(D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries同义改写(E) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices ofagricultural products22. The author implies that the change in the state of the American farmer’s morale士气（农民的不满）during the latter part of the nineteenth century was traceable tobecausethe American farmer’s increasing=mounting perception that the价格(A) costs of cultivating the land were prohibitive within the United States(B) development of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States occurred atthe expense of the American farmer(C) American farming system was about to run out of the new farmland that wasrequired for its expansion(D) prices of American agricultural products were deteriorating especially rapidlyon domestic markets(E) proceeds from the sales of American agricultural products on foreign marketswere unsatisfactory23. According to the passage, which of the following occurred prior to 1890? 较多涉及到年份问题，定位细节题(A) Frederick J. Turner’s thesis regarding the American frontier became influential.in1890’s(B) The Homestead ActHA led to an increase in the amount of newly farmed land inthe United States. after(C) The manufacturers of technologically advanced agricultural machinery rapidlyincreased their marketing efforts.无中生有(D) Direct lines of communication were constructed between the United States andSouth America.无中生有(E) Technological advances made it fruitful to farm extensively on a mechanizedbasis.24. The author implies that, after certain territories and countries had been joined into aninterdependent market system in the nineteenth century, agrarian depressions within that system as a consequence(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in which the internal frontierremained open(B) manifested themselves in several nations, including those in which new landremained available for farming(C) slowed down the pace of new technological developments in internationalcommunications and transportation(D) affected the local and national prices of the nonagricultural products of severalnations(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural products on foreignmarkets25. The author provides information concerning newly farmed lands in the United States(lines 11-27) as evidence in direct support of which of the following?暗含的in order to 农民有地，否FJT(A) A proposal by Frederick J. Turner that was later disputed by John D. Hicks(B) An elaboration by John D. Hicks of a thesis that formerly had been questioned byFrederick J. Turner(C) The established view that was disputed by those scholars who adopted the thesisof Frederick J. Turner(D) The thesis that important changes occurred in the nature of international tradeduring the second half of the nineteenth century串段(E) The view that the American frontier did not become closed during the nineteenthcentury or soon thereafter26. The author implies that the cause of the agrarian discontent was(A) masked by the vagueness of the official records on newly settled farms(B) overshadowed by disputes on the reliability of the existing historical evidence历史论据可靠性的争议(C) misidentified as a result of influential but erroneous theorizing(D) overlooked because of a preoccupation with market conditions(E) undetected because visible indications of the cause occurred so gradually andsporadically缓慢而分散27. The author’s argument implies that, compared to the yearly price changes thatactually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880’s, Americanfarmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were取非(A) much smaller and in the same direction(B) much smaller but in the opposite direction(C) slightly smaller and in the same direction(D) similar in size much bigger but in the opposite direction(E) slightly greater and in the same direction结论解释型Of Homer’s two epic poe ms, the Odyssey 艰难困苦的旅行has always been more popular than the Iliad O>I, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers平易近人. ○1Its subject奥德赛的主题(to use Maynard Mack’s categoriesMM) is “life-as-spectacle,” 人生作为外部景观for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without n.外在【被多种多样的事件转移了注意力，因而主要是从外在观察英雄奥德赛】; the tragic Iliad,presents “life-as-experience”: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles Achilles’ heel, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. In addition, ○2the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, I>O suggests the complexity of the gods’ involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needless（-）complication（希腊神话，神人合一，纠结）, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey,I<O with its simpler scheme of divine justice. Finally, ○3since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troy’s siege特洛伊围攻, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from≠the Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world.西游，三国，红楼17. The author uses Mack’s “categories” (lines 4-5) most probably in order to作用题(A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey as the more popular poem(B) indicate Mack’s importance as a commentator on the Iliad and the Odyssey(C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and the Odyssey can be distinguished(D) point out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey can best be distinguished bycomparing their respective heroes18. The author suggests that the variety of incidents in the Odyssey is likely to deter thereader from diverted取非题(A) concentrating on the poem’s mythological features(B)concentrating on the psychological states of the poem’s central character(C) accepting the explanation that have been offered for the poem’s popularity(D) accepting the poem’s scheme of divine justice(E) accepting Maynard Mack’s theory that the poem’s subject is “life-as-spectacle”19. The passage is primarily concerned with主题：结论解释型(A) distinguishing arguments(B) applying classifications细节(C) initiating a debate新老观点对比才有(D) resolving a dispute新老观点对比才有(E) developing a contrastI&O相异对比20. It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely to have troubleidentifying with the poem’s hero for which of the following reasons?(A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.(B) The hero can be observed by the reader only from without.(C) The hero’s psychology is not historically verifiable.(D)The hero’s emotions often do not seem appealinglikeable to the reader.同义改写(E) The hero’s emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader’s attention.阅读笔记：Homer: Odyssey(accessible)>IliadMM categories: O: life-as-spectacleI:experience: mind of Achilles→（-）I> O: complex: god’s involvementI: verifiable: Troy≠OIt is frequently assumed(O) that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary(+) effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example论据解释，略读, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules SimonJS, a Frenchthe recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry.”倒装句Observers thusit wou ld transform women’s lives.Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously（+）question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as 【the spinning jenny, the sewing machine缝纫机, the typewriter打字机, and the vacuum cleaner吸尘器】have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing（-）evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial RevolutionIR was largely an extension of = an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work.” The increase in the numbers of married women emplo yed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do ≠with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their ○1own economic necessity and with ○2high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.Women’s work has changed considerably（+）in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work让步语气. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little（-）since before the Industrial Revolution: 【○1the segregation of occupations by gender, ○2lower pay for women as a group, ○3jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and ○4offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist】地位没变, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion（-）that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society（O）. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home. ISSUE科学技术对社会意识形态的影响阅读笔记：1p：（—）：mechanizatiion+women=JS;FE however2p:historian(-):Have not resulted in ... (4)Married women employ<1. Economic necessity 2. High marriage rate3p: however,-lower pay…-17. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?主题题(A)The effects of the mechanization of women’s work have not borne out thefrequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.(B) Recent studies have shown that mechaniza tion revolutionizes a society’straditional values and the customary roles of its members.无女人地位(C) Mechanization has caused the nature of women’s work to change since theIndustrial Revolution.与原文主旨相悖(D) The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did notpreviously exist.细节(E) The mechanization of women’s work, while extremely revolutionary it its effects,has not, on the whole, had the deleterious effects that some critics had feared. 18. The author mentions all of the following inventions as examples of dramatictechnological innovations EXCEPT the(A) sewing machine(B) vacuum cleaner(C) typewriter(D) telephone(E) spinning jenny19. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Industrial Revolution, themajority o f women’s work was done in which of the following settings?(A) Textile mills(B) Private households(C) Offices(D) Factories(E) Small shops20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of thefollowing to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions ofwomen’s work?缺陷取非(A) Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions作者不认为白领女性地位提高了(B) Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing somehousehold tasks做了不代表做的多，做的多不代表平等(C) Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class ofjobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one薪水(D)Census results showing that working women’s wages and salaries are, on theaverage, as high as those of working men(E) Enrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers ofyoung women are choosing to continue their education beyond theundergraduate level21. The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was trueof many employers?第二段最后(A) They did not employ women in factories.(B) They tended to employ single rather than married women.(C) They employed women in only those jobs that were related to women’straditional household work.(D) They resisted technological innovations that would radically change women’sroles in the family.(E) They hired women only when qualified men were not available to fill the openpositions.22. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably believes which ofthe following to be true concerning those historians who study the history of women?第二段开头(A) Their work provides insights important to those examining social phenomenaaffecting the lives of both sexes.(B) Their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in other disciplines.(C) Because they concentrate only on the role of women in the workplace, they drawmore reliable conclusions than do other historians.(D) While highly interesting, their work has not had an impact on most historians’current assumptions concerning the revolutionary effect of technology in theworkplace.没说没有影响(E) They oppose the further mechanization of work, which, according to theirfindings, tends to perpetuate existing inequalities in society.无中生有23. Which of the following best describes the function of the concluding sentence of thepassage?(A) It sums up the general points concerning the mechanization of work made in thepassage as a whole.(B) It draws a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of work whichgoes beyond the evidence presented in the passage as a whole.(C) It restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediatelypreceding it.(D) It qualifies限制the author’s agreement with scholars who argue for a majorrevision in the assessment of the impact of mechanization on society.(E) It suggests a compromise between two seemingly contradictory viewsconcerning the effects of mechanization on society.You may say that I am a dreamer, but I am not the only one.。
2024 GRE考试专题逻辑推理历年真题集锦GRE考试是许多学生梦寐以求的高等教育机构录取考试，其中逻辑推理部分是考生需要重点关注和准备的内容之一。
逻辑推理考察考生的逻辑思维和分析能力，培养考生的批判性思维和推理能力。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将为大家呈现2024年GRE考试专题逻辑推理历年真题集锦。
以下是一些真题示例。
第一题：In the city of Arcadia, parking violations are subject to a $50 fine. Violators are allowed a grace period of two weeks, during which they may pay only $25 if the fine is paid within that time period. In the first week of the grace period, 500 violators paid their fines; in the second week, the number increased to 800. Therefore, it can be concluded that the remaining violators did not pay their fines.第一题答案解析：这个题目考察的是逻辑推理中的陈述和推断。
首先，我们要理解题意。
根据题目，可以得出以下链式推理：1. 违规停车需要支付$50的罚款。
2. 在宽限期的第一周，有500名违规者支付了罚款。
3. 在宽限期的第二周，有800名违规者支付了罚款。
因此，我们可以推断出其他违规者没有支付罚款。
第二题：Studies have shown that people who consume large amounts of sugar in their diets have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Therefore, reducing sugar intake can help reduce the risk of diabetes.第二题答案解析：这个题目考察的是逻辑推理中的因果关系。
新gre阅读逻辑10套及答案解析可能有的小伙伴们在备考gre阅读的时候一直认为阅读就得需要大题量的练习来进行备考，但是对gre阅读考试的相关内容缺乏了解，今天小编为大家带来的资料就是新gre阅读逻辑10套及答案解析。
新gre阅读逻辑10套1. Armtech, a temporary-employment agency, previously gave its employees2.5 paid vacation days after each 700 hours worked. Armtech's new policy is to give its employees 5.0 paid vacation days after each 1,200hours worked. Therefore, this new policy is more generous to Armtech employees in giving them more vacation days per hour worked than the old policy did. Which of the following is an assumption on whichthe argument depends?(A) Most current Armtech employees approve of the company's new vacation policy.(B) A few Armtech employees leave the company before having worked 700 hours.(C) Most Armtech employees were not aware that the company planned to change its vacation policy until after it had already done so.(D) A significant portion of Armtech employees stay with the company long enough to work for 1,200 hours.(E) Armtech's new vacation policy closely matches the vacation policies of competing temporary employment agencies.2 The global population of frogs has declined in recent years while the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth has increased. Since the genetic material infrog eggs is harmed when exposed to ultraviolet radi- ation,and since the eggs themselves are not protected by shells or leathery coverings but are gelatinous, the frog population decline is probably due, at least in part, to the ultraviolet radiation increase. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the argument?(A) Even in those regions where there has been no significant increase in ultraviolet radiation, only a small proportion of the frog eggs that are laid ever hatch.(B) In areas where there has been the least decline in frog populations, populations of species of insects that frogs eat have decreased.(C) The eggs of frog species whose populations are declining tend to have higher concentrations of damaging pesticides than do the eggs of frog species whose populations have not declined.(D) In many places where turtles, which lay eggs with tough, leathery coverings, share habitats with frogs, turtle populations are also in decline.(E) Populations of frog species that hide their eggs beneath rocks or under sand have declined considerably less than have populations of frog species that do not cover their eggs.3 To improve productivity, manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers, and the companies have laid off many workers as aconsequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority(time on the job), generallythe younger workers.The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following as a conclusion?(A) The products manufactured by the companies are not undergoing design changes while the manufacturing jobs arebeing restructured.(B) When assembly-line workers have made sug- gestions for improvements in manufacturing processes, some suggestions have been implemented, but many have not.(C) Assembly-line workers now need increased reading and mathematical skills to do their jobs.(D) Some of the innovations in assembly-line processes and procedures that were made to increase productivity have instead proved to be counterproductive.(E) The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production.4.During the nineteenth century, Britain's urban popu- lation increased as its rural population diminished. A historian theorizes that, rather than industrialization'sbeing the cause, this change resulted from a series of migrations to urban areas, each occasioned by a depression in the agrarian economy. To test this hypoth-esis, the historian will compare economic data with population census data. The historian's hypothesis would be most strongly supported if which of the following were found to betrue?(A) The periods of greatest growth in the industrial economy were associated with a relatively rapid decline in the rural population.(B) The periods of greatest weakness in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the population as a whole.(C) Periods when the agrarian economy was compar- ativelystrong and the industrial economy com- paratively weak were associated with a particu- larly rapid decline in the rural population.(D) Periods when the agrarian and industrial econo- mies were both strong were associated with particularly rapid growth in the urban popula- tion.(E) The periods of greatest strength in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the urban population.5 Politician：Each year, small businesses create more jobs than do large established businesses. Therefore, in order to reduce unemployment in the long term, we should provide incentives for starting small businesses rather than for expanding established large businesses. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the politician's argument?(A) In general, people employed by small businesses report higher job satisfaction than do people employed by large businesses.(B) Among the currently unemployed are many people with sufficient job skills to perform the jobs that small businesses would create.(C) Providing an effective incentive for starting a business generally costs significantly less than providing an effective incentive for expanding a large business.(D) A high proportion of small businesses fail within three years of starting because of their owners' inexperience.(E) The average large business contributes more money to politicians’ campaign funds than the average small business does.新GRE阅读逻辑10套答案1.内容：尽管在该地区的高中入学率已经连续几年下降，但小学的入学率已经有相当大地增长，因此，地区教育委员会建议建立一所新的小学。
GRE考试常见逻辑思维是什么简介GRE（研究生入学考试）是一项用于衡量学生逻辑思维能力和语言表达能力的考试。
在GRE考试中，逻辑思维往往是一个重要的测试内容。
了解GRE考试中常见的逻辑思维模式对于备考GRE非常重要。
本文将介绍一些常见的GRE考试中的逻辑思维。
分析逻辑思维在GRE考试中的重要性在GRE考试中，逻辑思维是一个重要的能力。
GRE考试不仅考察学生的专业知识和语言表达能力，还注重考察学生的逻辑思考能力。
逻辑思维在解决问题和理解文章等方面起到关键作用。
因此，了解并掌握GRE考试中常见的逻辑思维模式对于取得高分至关重要。
常见的逻辑思维模式在GRE考试中，常见的逻辑思维模式包括：1.归纳推理：从具体的事实或观察中得出普遍的结论。
2.演绎推理：根据前提条件得出结论，符合逻辑推理规则。
3.类比推理：通过将一个情境或概念与另一个情境或概念进行比较，从而推断出二者之间的相似性。
4.因果推理：基于因果关系进行推断，确定原因和结果之间的关系。
5.隐含推理：通过推理和推断，得出不明显或未直接陈述的结论或信息。
6.排序推理：根据一组条件对对象进行排序或分类。
7.逆否推理：通过否定命题的逆否命题得出结论。
8.抵消法：通过排除错误选择来找到正确答案。
9.模式识别：通过分析和识别重复、相关或相似的模式来解决问题。
思维方法在GRE考试中，有一些常用的思维方法可以帮助学生更好地应对逻辑思维的问题。
以下是一些常用的思维方法：•反向思考：尝试从相反的角度看问题，以便找到隐藏的答案。
•分类思维：将信息按照特定的特征或属性进行分类和归类。
•比较思维：将不同对象、概念或情境进行比较，以发现它们之间的相似性和差异性。
•逻辑串联思维：通过建立逻辑链条，将信息与问题联系起来，以找到正确的答案。
提高逻辑思维能力的方法提高逻辑思维能力是备考GRE考试的关键之一。
以下是一些提高逻辑思维能力的方法：1.阅读：阅读各类文章，包括新闻、科学、历史等，通过阅读不同领域的文章，培养对不同观点和逻辑推理的理解能力。
句子是各种成分在一定关系下组合起来表达意义的整体，这些成分主要包括主语/S、谓语/V、宾语或表语/O，再做细分，则包括NP(noun phrase，名词短语), VP(verb phrase,谓语结构，包括谓语动词V 及其宾语NP，通常我们只分析谓语动词V), CP（clause phrase，从句）, AP（adjective phrase,形容词短语）, PP（preposition phrase，介词短语）等等。
句子是短语或成分之间的函数关系（f=function），于是，一个句子可记为：Sentence = SVO = f (NP, VP, CP, AP, PP)对于分析句子结构来说，AP与PP相对次要，最重要的还是NP, VP, CP，下面会重点以它们为基础构造长句。
A General Structure of (Long) Sentence长句分析GRE文章的长句通常被认为是难点。
这是对的。
但有人因此认为，只要读懂了长句，文章就能读懂，这却有点夸大了，因为长句的任意组合，并不等于文章。
句子之间的关系、论点之间的关系，在更大程度上决定了文章的结构和核心。
事实上，有些作为证据的句子，无论长或短，在有些情况下读不太懂，也并不影响做题和文章理解。
当然，也不能走向另一个极端，认为不读任何长句，也可以把文章弄懂。
长句毫无疑问是文章分析的一个重要层次，但其重要性是有限的。
长难句分析的开创性工作，属于杨鹏的《GRE/GMAT阅读长难句》，该书从语法角度分析长难句，帮助考生克服长句阅读的语言障碍。
本节将从不同的结构角度处理长句，帮助考生理解长句的意义。
长句如何构成？我们可以用假说演绎法来推导句子的结构。
从上往下看，一个句子，要么有一个主谓宾（SVO），这时，它的主语或宾语（S/O）可以有一层从句修饰（CP）或多层从句修饰（CP1-Cp2）；要么有多个主谓宾（以两个主谓宾的情况作为代表：SVO, SVO），这时，各个主谓宾之间的关系要么是并列（SVO+SVO），其中有正常平列的，如when, if, because所提示的，偶尔也有总分关系，如冒号所提示的：SVO: SVO，可算作广义并列；要么是对立（SVO vs. SVO），其中有纯对比，如whereas, however所提示的，也有让步转折含有对比的，如although, though所暗示的。
以上演绎结果可以总结如下：换个角度，我们可以从只有一个主谓宾的简单句开始，从下往上，逐步建构长句。
长句在阅读时如何处理、如何提取信息？多数时候，长句的核心都在其主干中，而不在修饰成分，包括分词、同位语、主干与修饰之间有总分结构吗？对任意一个主谓宾的主语或宾语，都可以展开说明，主语或宾语的NP好比是总的小论点，而修饰它的从句、分词、同位语，尤其是并列的修饰成分，好比是分的小论据，这样，就有NP – CP结构；对CP结构应用同样的规则，其主语或宾语的Np好比中心，可以展开说明，也就是修饰它的更下一层的从句、分词、同位语，尤其是并列的修饰成分，这就是第二层从句，于是就有NP-CP1-Cp2。
对任何一层修饰（CP），作为小论据，都会重现所修饰名词（NP）的核心词汇。
这就是说，针对NP that Np’ v Np’’，通常会有v Np’’= NP（逻辑等价）。
这样我们就把总分结构的思维应用于句子的分析了，可以在修饰成分的词汇和主干词汇相互推导，如其中一部分为生词，则可从另一部分的熟词来猜测它的意思。
在GRE填空中，这种方法从技巧的角度被称为同义重复，其根基是在总分的思维，有时并非字典同义词，而是逻辑等价词。
但为简单起见，我们将之称为，名词与修饰同义重复。
这给我们一个很大的优势：当主干中出现单词不认识时，我们可以从修饰内容的谓语部分来找对应词，反之亦然。
最基本的句子是主谓宾各自只有一个单词，SVO = NP V NP。
至于NP V AP的主语-系动词-表语形容词结构，因为比较简单，这里不作分析。
1. LNP & Parallelism长名词短语和并列成分增加句子长度的第一个方法就是把主语和宾语都变成长名词短语（L ong N oun P hrase=LNP）。
S = np1 of np2 in np3 V O=np1 of np2 in np3 over np4. => SVO = np1-3 V np1-4.该句的主语和宾语有3-4个名词短语。
只计算名词和动词的字数，主语有3个词，谓语是1个动词，宾语3-4个词，则这个句子有8个单词左右。
对长名词短语，把握的核心，通常在第一个名词np1；如果np1是抽象名词，如the view of, the discovery of, the fact of等，或有动词和形容词修饰的名词，如development, lack, scarcity，或数量词，如the number of, the amount of，则需要掌握第二个名词np2；简单来说就是，如果np1不是实际意义的名词，就要找到np2，找到第一个有实际意义的名词。
第3-4个名词往往都是限定范围的词汇，不太重要。
于是，通常情况下，对于这个句子，把握的重点是：np1 V np1。
1’.并列成分：只抓一个有时，句子变长不是因为主语和宾语位置的长名词短语，而是因为这些位置出现连续并列，有时可称为parallelism（平行结构）。
如果是主语并列、宾语并列，只抓其中1个就行，因为各个并列成分是等价的，没有哪个比另一个更重要或次要。
有时甚至会出现谓语并列，这时抓住一个能够马上理解的谓语就行，可以相对忽略其他的谓语结构。
2. NP-CP单层修饰主语和宾语的任何一个名词都可以被从句（CP, that/which/who…）、分词结构（VP, v-ing/v-ed…）、同位语及其从句（NP+CP, np that…,）所修饰。
由于分词结构可以转化为定语从句，同位语及其从句的修饰内容也包含从句，为求方便，我们把这些都称之为广义从句。
这里，没有考虑纯粹的名词同位语、形容词短语、或其它不包含动词的修饰，因为它们都比较简单。
谓语动词通常没什么可修饰的。
于是，我们得到：S = np1-3 that/which/who V O=np1-4 that/which/whov-ing/v-ed v-ing/v-ed, (with) np that..., , (with) np that...,在这里，主语（S）和宾语（O）的修饰方法完全一样。
这样，句子有1个主句、2个从句。
主句约8个个小句，每句6-9个词，整句就有25个词左右，正好是GRE阅读平均句子的长度。
显然，句子的主干比修饰的从句、分词、同位语及其从句都重要，因此，抓住主干的np1-4 V np1-4即可；再按照长名词短语的np1原则，则整个句子要把握的核心依然是：np1 V np1。
有时，句子的主语或宾语的第一个词是that, whether, why, how等引导的一个完整小句子，这些从句被称为主语从句或宾语从句，对于任何这样的从句，当然要单独分析其主干，而不能只是以主语或宾语的第一个词作为核心。
如：That np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 that …V that np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 which….这时的重点就是三个句子的主干了。
通常在这种情况下，各个主谓宾中，有一两个是最重要的，找出来并不困难，少数时候重点在主语从句的主干，多数时候则是宾语从句的主干。
由于宾语从句比主语从句更常见，所以我们有一个口诀：宾语从句，单独分析。
3. NP-CP1-Cp2多层修饰：从句的递归句子的构造可以使用递归（recursion）或嵌套（nesting）方法，其中思维类似于文章的结构分析中所说的多层分解。
在句子上的递归和嵌套是说，任何一个广义从句（CP=clause phrase）里的主语和宾语的名词，又可以被从句、分词、同位语及其从句所修饰，这个下一层修饰的广义从句里的主语和宾语的名词，又可以被再下一层的广义从句所修饰，依此进行下去。
Steven Pinker在他的杰作Words and Rules里画过这样一张图(p.9)，图里的S=sentence，相当于我们所说的广义从句/CP；NP=noun phrase；VP= verb phrase/谓语结构, VP=V + NP,而NP可被从句或新的句子/S修饰，于是VP=V+NP+S，这个新的S=NP + VP，VP = V+NP+S，依此下去，层层递归：但是，从句的递归可以直到无穷吗？没有那么长的句子。
GRE最长的句子约88个单词。
更重要的是，修饰内容如果是层层嵌套的广义从句，很难理解。
学术文章的句子并非越长越好，越难越好；学术句子写得长，通常是出于严密推理的考虑，而不是以故意让人读不懂为乐。
尤其是，如果一个短语的修饰从句层次太深，人的天然认知水平很难跟进，读到第4层、第5层可能就迷失了，这样的句子并不便于学术沟通，因此往往很少出现。
多数时候，主语的从句最多2-3层，宾语的从句可稍多，3-5层。
在GRE的句子里，我们假定长句的主语的从句修饰有2层，宾语有3层，则我们可以构造一个包含6个广义从句（CP）的长句：SVO = np1-3 CP1-Cp2 V np1-3 CP1-Cp2-cp3将其中的广义从句展开，则有：SVO = np1-3 that…, which…, V np1-3, which…and which…, v-ed…, np1 of np2 that…该句的主语是长名词短语，np1-3,后面有that从句，该从句里的名词再被which从句所修饰，然后是谓语动词V，接着就是宾语的长名词短语，np1-3，然后有并列的两个which从句，该从句的名词被分词v-ed修饰，分词结构里的名词再被同位语np1 of np2修饰，该同位语本身的名词被that从句修饰。
已经很复杂了。
估算这个句子的字数：1个主句，主语2个从句，宾语可算3个从句，则整句有6个小句子，每句6-9个单词，于是该句也许有50个单词。
按照主干>修饰原则，所有从句，无论多层修饰还是单层修饰皆次要，则该句的把握核心依然是：np1 V np1。
这种分析，不是从语法着眼，而是聚焦句子的构造，这就给我们看长句时，提供了一个关注焦点，管理了我们的注意力，让我们从每个单词的分散思考的状态，转变到专门针对主句主干的聚焦状态。
当然，到此为止，我们只是以长名词短语、单层修饰、多层修饰，构造了长句子。
更长句子的构造还需要加入独立的主谓宾。
4. SVO, SVO独立从句或多个主谓宾很多长句含有好几个相对对立的主谓宾小句子。
与作为修饰内容、从属于所修饰名词的that/which/who 从句中从句的先行词往往充当从句的成分不同，这些从句是完整的，由连词if/because/when/although/while/whereas等引导，这些连词本身并不充当句子成分，我们将这些从句定义为独立从句，或简单说成新的主谓宾。
