英语A级复习资料
词组：
1. abide by（=be faithful to ； obey）忠于；遵守。
2. be absent from…。缺席，不在
3. absence or mind（=being absent-minded）心不在焉
4. absorb（=take up the attention of）吸引…的注意力
be absorbed i n 全神贯注于…近；be engrossed in ； be lost in ； be
rapt in ；be concentrated on ； be focused on ； be centered on
5. （be） abundant in（be rich in； be well supplied with）富于，富有
6. access（to）（不可数名词）能接近，进入，了解
7. by accident（=by chance， accidentally）偶然地，意外。
8. of one's own accord（=without being asked； willingly； freely）自愿地
9. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one's accord with 同…不一致
10. with one accord （=with everybody agreeing）一致地
11. in accordance with （=in agreement with）依照，根据
12. on one's own account 为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益
13. take…into account（=consider）把……考虑进去
14. give sb. an account of 说明，解释（理由）
15. account for （=give an explanation or reason for）解释，说明。
16. on account of （=because of）由于，因为。
17. on no account（=in no case， for no reason）绝不要（放句首时句子要倒装）
18. accuse…of…（=charge…with； blame sb. for sth.）指控，控告
19. be accustomed to （=be in the habit of， be used to）习惯于。
20. be acquainted with（=to have knowledge of）了解；
21. act on 奉行，按照…行动； act as 扮演； act for 代理
22. adapt oneself to（=adjust oneself to）使自己适应于
23. adapt…（for）（=make sth. Suitable for a new need）改编，改写
24. in addition （=besides）此外，又，加之
25. in addition to（=as well as， besides， other than）除…外
26. adhere to （=abide by， conform to， comply with， cling to， insist on，
persist in， observe， opinion， belief ）粘附；坚持，遵循
27. adjacent（=next to， close to）毗邻的，临近的
28. adjust……（to）（=change slightly）调节；适应；
29. admit of （=be capable of， leave room for）…的可能，留有…的余地。
30. in advance （before in time）预告，事先。
31. to advantage 有利的，使优点更加突出地。
32. have an advantage over 胜过。 have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件
33. take advantage of （=make the best of， utilize， make use of）利用
34. agree with 赞同（某人意见） agree to 同意
35. in agreement （with）同意，一致
36. ahead of 在…之前，超过…；ahead of time 提前。
37. in the air 1）不肯定，不具体。 2）在谣传中。
38. above all （=especially， most important of all）尤其是，最重要的。
39. in all （=counting everyone or everything， altogether）总共，总计
40. after all 毕竟，到底；（not） at all 一点也不； all at once（=suddenly）突然； once and for all 只此一次； above all 最重要的； first of all 首先； all in all 大体上说； be all in 累极了； all but 几乎。
41. allow for （=take into consideration， take into account）考虑到
42. amount to （=to be equal to）总计，等于。
43. answer for （undertake responsibility for， be liable for）对…负责。
44. answer to （=conform to）适合，符合。
45. be anxious about 为…焦急不安；或anxious for
46. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉
47. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁。 appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力
48. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请； apply for申请； apply to 适用。
49. apply to 与…有关；适用
50. approve of （=consent to， be in favor of， favor， agree to， consider good， right）赞成， approve vt. 批准
51. arise from（=be caused by）由…引起。
52. arrange for sb.sth. to do sth. 安排…做…
53. arrive on 到达；arrive at 到达某地（小地方）；arrive in 到达某地（大地方）
54. be ashamed of （= guilt or sorrow because of sth. done）以… 为耻
55. assure sb of sth. （=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.）向…保证
56. attach（to）（=to fix， fasten； join）缚，系，结
57. make an attempt at doing sth. （to do sth.）试图做…
58. attend to （=give one's attention， care and thought）注意，照顾；attend on （upon）
（=wait upon， serve， look after）侍候，照料
59. attitude to toward …对…的态度。看法
60. attribut e…to…（=to believe sth. to be the result of…）把……归因于……，认
为……是……的结果
61. on the average （=on average， on an average）平均
62.（be） aware of （=be conscious of）意识到，知道。
63. at the back of （=behind）在…后面
64. in the back of 在…后部（里面）； on the back of 在…后部（外面）；
65. at one's back（=supporting or favoring sb.）支持，维护
66. turn one's back on sb. 不理睬（某人），背弃，抛弃
67. behind one's back 背着某人（说坏话）
68. be based on upon 基于
69. on the basis of 根据…，在…基础上
70. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
71. begin with 以…开始。 to begin with （=first of all）首先
72. on behalf of （=as the representative of）以…名义
73. believe in（=have faith or trust in）相信，依赖，信仰。
74. benefit （from）受益，得到好处。
75. for the benefit of 为了…的利益（好处）
76. for the better 好转
77. get the better of （=defeat sb.）打败，胜过。
78. by birth 在出生上，按血统 at birth 在出生时； give birth to 出生
79. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 . blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上
80. be in blossom开花（强调状态） come into blossom开花（强调动作）
81. on board 到船上，在船上，上火车或飞机
82. boast of （or about）吹嘘
83. out of breath 喘不过气来
84. in brief（=in as few words as possible）简言之
85. in bulk 成批地，不散装的
86. take the floor 起立发言
87. on business 出差办事。
88. be busy with sth.于某事 . be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
89. last but one 倒数第二。
90. but for （=without）要不是。表示假设
语法：
形容词与副词的比较级
形容词常用于修饰名词，说明该词的性质、特征等。它在句中主要用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语，如：
The primitive language of signs is not always very clear.（定语）原始语言手势的意思并非总是很清楚的。
Groups of new, modern buildings have sprung up along the river.（定语）一群群新的现代建筑沿江拔地而起。
The football game was marvelous.（表语）足球赛精彩极了。
I'm sorry that I'm late.（表语）对不起，我迟到了。
Don't leave the door open, please.（宾补）请不要将门敞着。
He spent three days in the snow, cold and hungry. （状语）
他又冷又饿地在风雪中过了两天。
这里我们先讨论在使用形容词和副词时应注意什么，以免犯那些常见的错误。
1. 有些形相似、义相别的词如：
alone（独自地） lonely（孤独的）
alive（活的） living（活生生的） lively（活跃的）
blooming（花正开的） booming（繁荣的）
credible（可靠的） creditable（高贵的）
considerable（应考虑的；相当多的） considerate（体贴人的）
desirous（想望的） desirable（合意的）
efficient（有效力的） sufficient（足够的）
exhaustive（彻底的） exhausting（使人筋疲力尽的）
healthy（健壮的） healthful（有益健康的） healthily（旺盛地；相当大地）
honorable（荣誉的） honorary（名誉的）
historic（历史性的） historical（历史上的）
imaginative（富于想象力的）imaginable可想象到的） imaginary（想象的）
industrial（工业的） industrious（勤勉的）
legible（易读的） eligible（合格的）
later（较迟的） latter（后者的）
likely（可能的） likable（可爱的）
respectful（有礼貌的） respective（各自的）
respectable（可尊敬的）respecting（说到、关于）
2. -ly 结尾的形容词
在英文里，有些形容词是以-ly 结尾的，不要误认为是副词。这类词常见的有：brotherly（友爱的） deadly（致命的） earthly（世俗的） friendly（友好的） likely （可能的） leisurely（空闲的） lovely（可爱的）manly（男子气概的） weekly（每周一次的） yearly（每年一次的）
3. 行为动词作系动词用时，后面要接行容词作表语。在英语动词中，有一部分行为动词可用作连系动词，后面应接形容词作表语，不要误用副词。这类常用作系动词的行为动词有下面几种情况：
A. 表示"变成某种状态"的动词：become , come , fall , get , grow , make , prove ,
run ,turn , turn out例如：
Our country becomes stronger and stronger. 我们的国家越来越强大。
Milk is liable to turn bad in summer .夏天，牛奶容易变质。
The child fell asleep . 孩子睡着了。
Our holidays come near . 我们的假期临近。
B. 表示"保持某种状态"的动词： continue , hold , keep , lie , remain , rest , sit ,
stand , stay 如：
The weather continued cold .天气持续寒冷。
Hold still .不要动。
Keep still while I photograph you .我给你照相时，请不要乱动。
They remained quiet when they listened to the story .他们听故事时一直很安静。
C. 表示"感觉"的动词：appear , feel , look , seem , smell , sound , taste 例如：
She appeared happy at the good news. 她听到这好消息时显得很高兴。
Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。
He looks unwell today .他今天看上去相似身体不适。
I am sure that the soup tastes good.
形容词与副词的比较等级
同级比较往往由"as + 形容词/ 副词的原形 + as"的句式表达；当然也要注意它的否定形式、以及在第一个as前加倍数或程度副词的情况。
"比较级 + than"引导不同级的比较。"比较级" 前同样可以加倍数或程度副词。另外"no more …than"意思是"A和B一样不……" 。
形容词的最高级前一般必须有定冠词the；但是也有不加定冠词the的几种情况。
要注意几种比较级的特殊句型，如："the + 比较级…，the + 比较级……"，意思是"越……越……"；以及"比较级 + and + 比较级"意思是"越来越…"，等。
英文中的形容词和副词一般都有三种级的形式即：原级（The Positive Degree），比较级（The Comparative Degree）和最高级（The Superlative Degree）。
同级比较中有两种情况：
1）表示双方情况"一模一样"，用as + 原级 + as的结构；
表示双方情况"不（那么）一样"，用not so / as + 原级 + as的结构。在这两种结构中，第一个as是副词，而第二个as是连词；在第二个as的后面接名词、句子或代词的主格（一般不要接代词的宾格）。例如：
My parcel is as heavy as yours . 我的包裹与他的一样沉。
Arther calculates as accurately as a calculator.阿瑟象计算器一样计算精确。
His bedroom is not as neat as his sister's. 他的寝室没有他姐姐的整洁。
It is not so hot as yesterday. 今天不象昨天那么热。
I can't speak English as fast as a native speaker.
我说英文没有以英语为母语的人说得快。
2）另外，在as … as 的结构中，第一个as的前面可以加上表示倍数的词、或是某些副词修饰语：twice , ( three ) times , nearly , almost , just , exactly , not nearly （根本不）, by no means（绝不）, quite 等等。例如：
Asia is four tomes as large as Europe. 亚洲有欧洲的四倍大（亚洲比欧洲大三倍）。
James is not nearly as tall as Robert. 詹姆斯根本没有罗伯特高。
Cast iron is almost as useful as steel. 铸铁差不多与钢一样有作用。
She hasn't been quite so unlucky as she pretends.
她还没有象她常装出的那样不幸。
3）在as … as 的结构中，我们还常见这样两种句型：as much + 不可数名词 + as 和as many + 复数可数名词 + as 。例如：
She spread as much butter on her bread as Jane usually does.
她在面包上涂的黄油与琼通常涂的一样多。
He has learned as many English words as his brother (has ) .
他已学了和他哥哥一样多的英文单字。
4）不同级的比较主要用表示于人与人、事物与事物之间不同之处的比较，其意义为"A比B 更（怎么样）一些"。常用的结构是比较级 + than 。例如：
They worked even harder than they promised. 他们工作得比他们答应的还要卖力。
This street is narrower than that one. 这条街比那条街窄一些。
5) 在比较级 + than的结构前可以加上某些副词类和表示倍数的词，以对其进行修饰，如：
far（远），even（甚至），much（许多），still（更，还），a lot（许多），a little / bit （一点），rather（相当地），slightly（略微），not any（不再），thre e times …（三倍、……），等等。例如：
This book is far more interesting than that one.
这本书比那一本有趣多了。
You've been working much harder than I have.
你一直比我工作得努力多了。
She came even earlier than I asked (him to).
她来得甚至比我叫她来的时间还要早。
6) 比较级中的两个特殊作用的结构是：The + 比较级 + 句子，the + 比较级 + 句子。和
比较级+ and + 比较级。前一个句型结构表示的意义是"越（怎么样就）越（怎么样）"，
在这个结构中的两个"比较级"不要求一定词性相同，它们各自的词性要依句子的需要而定；后一个句型结构表示的意义是"越来越（怎么样）"，在这个结构中的两个 "比较级"
则要求词性相同。例如：
The harder you work at your study, the better academic records you will have.
你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。
The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。
When winter is coming , it gets colder and colder .冬天来临之际，天越来越冷了。
He became less and less satisfied with the football team's performance.
他对足球队的表现越来越不满意了。
7) 没有比较对象的比较结构。所谓没有比较对象的比较结构不是指省略而言，而是指并非
真正的比较。例如：
The car runs faster than 110 miles. 那辆车时速为110多英里。
There is more than one solution to the problem. 这个问题的解决办法不止一个。
The daily cost in an average hospital in the United States can run as high as $250 .在美国普通医院的每天的费用可高达250美元。
8) 用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。在这种情况下，往往是将一个人或是一件事与其他
所有的人或事相比较。做这种句子时有一点要特别注意--别忘了常在比较状语中
any ,other , else类的字眼，以将比较主体排除在比较对象以外，因为自己不可以与自己相比较。
例如：
He is taller than anyone else in our class. 他在我们班比其他任何都高。
Iron is more useful than any other metals. 铁比其他任何金属更有作用。
9) no + 比较级 + than的结构表示"A和B一样不……"。例如：
She runs no faster than her sister. 她与她妹妹一样跑不快。
Tom is no wiser than John. 汤姆和约翰一样没有聪明才智。
He is no richer than his brother. 他与他弟弟一样不富有。
10)比较和倍数的表达方法：
在表达一方是另一方的若干倍时，常用如下表达方式：（1）“……倍数＋as＋adj．／adv．（原级）＋as……”,在两个as之间可用many（修饰可数名词），much（修饰不可数名词）和其它相应的词。（2）“……倍数＋adj．／adv．（比较级）＋than……”（3）“……倍数＋the size ／height／length ／weight／width /depth……＋of＋the＋名词”。
1、 There are more than twice ______ five years ago.
A. as many books as
B. many books as
在下句中twice as many...as前后要一致，more than 修饰twice.
2、 We are eating _______ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910．
A．more than twice
B．as twice as many
C．twice as many as
D．more than twice as many
3、After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ＿＿ tractors in
1988 as the year before．
A．as twice many
B．as many twice
C．twice as many
D．twice many as
［点拨］“倍数”句型翻译有三种方式。（1）“倍数（百分数）＋形容词比较级＋than ＋比较对象”，译作“增加……倍”或“是……的‘倍数＋1’倍”；（2）“倍数（百分数）＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋被比较对象”，译作“是……的多少倍”；（3）“倍数＋the＋名词＋of＋被比较对象”，其中常用的名词有size，length，width，depth等，也译作“是……的多少倍”。如“你们的操场比我们的操场大四倍（是我们操场的五倍大）”可分别译作：（1）Your playground is four times larger than ours．（2）Your playground is five times as large as ours．（3）Your playground is five times the size of ours．
形容词和副词的最高级
这种结构的一般表达方式是最高级 + 表示范围的状语，其意义是"某人、某事在某个范围内最……"。使用这种结构时我们应该注意，形容词的最高级前面一般说来要加用定冠词the ，而副词的最高级前面的定冠词往往可以省略。
例如：
He is the tallest of the three boys. 那三个男孩中他最高。
That is the biggest lake in our province. 那是我省最大的一条湖。
Joe runs fastest in our school .桥在我们学校跑得最快。
尽管这种结构比较单一、简单，但我们也要注意下面的情况：
1）of后接名词，用来说明"最高级的范围"，其实也是"比较对象"；而among 的后面往往是接带有最高级的名词词组，说明"主体是最……之一"。例如：
I believe Einstein is among the greatest scientists.
我相信爱因斯坦是最伟大的科学家之一。
Yellow River is among the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。
This novel is the most interesting of the three. 在这三部小说中，这一部最有趣。
She is the tallest of the girls in our class. 她是我们班女孩中的最高个儿。
2）形容词的最高级前面不用定冠词the的几种情况
A.形容词的最高级作表语（或者说，作主语补足语），并且又不与其他人或事相比较，通常在其前不用定冠词the 。例如：
The market in the country is busiest in winter. 乡下集市冬季里最繁忙。
It is best to go and ask the teacher .最好去问老师。
The well is deepest at this point .这口井在此处最深。
B.形容词的最高级作"非常、极其"解时，通常在其前也不用定冠词the,但是可以用不定冠词a 。
例如：His father is a most leaned man. 他爸爸是一位极有学问的人。
She is most beautiful.她非常漂亮。
When studying at college , I was in closest touch with Leon .
读大学时，我与里昂关系非常密切。
C.如果形容词的最高级前已有人称代词的所有格、或是名词的所有格形式、指示代词等修饰语时，其前也不再用定冠词the了。例如：
Her greatest wish is to be an air hostess after her graduation.
她最大的愿望是毕业后当一名空姐。
His most educational hobby is stamp-collecting.
他最具教育意义的嗜好是集邮。
D. 当两个形容词的最高级同时修饰一个名词时，后面一个形容词的最高级前的定冠词the
通常被省略了。例如：
He is the oldest ,but most energetic of my colleagues .
在我的同事中，他是最年长的，却是最有活力的。
This is the most effective and most economic solution to the problem .
这是最有效且最经济的解决问题的办法。
He is the youngest and most famous athlete in the world.
他是世界上最年青、最著名的运动员。
主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord )
主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂。
这是因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言，通常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1、语法一致 2、意义一致 3、就近原则。
主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式。例如：
A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.
（主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）
语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.
（主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）
主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待：
不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
例如：
Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。
不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
例如：
Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.
许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。
Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .
每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。
表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .
《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。
The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
美国常在世界科技方面领先。
The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .
联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。
a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
例如：
A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition.
一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。
The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。
A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。
例如：
On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳。
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.
许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。
有些短语，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。
例如：
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly
cut off. 昨天突然断电时，那家商店丢失了许多钱。
A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。
意义一致( Notional Concord )
这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1）当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition
to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有"，"隔开。例如：
Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.
最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。
The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。
The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.
昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：
Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.
Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.
The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.
The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.
2) 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量
应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如：
Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.
八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。
3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作
单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如：
The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience.
一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。
In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.
在许多故事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉。
4）当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如：
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。
Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.
中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。
Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.
加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。
5) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语
动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team 等等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成复数形式。
例如：
The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局。
The public now come to know the whole story.
人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。
就近原则( Principle of Proximity )
这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等。例如：
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。
Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
他全家人和他都不知道那件事。
中英翻译技巧
中译英：
1．多喝水，这对你的健康有好处。
Drink more water．It___________________________yourhealth．
2．外面正下着大雨，你最好呆在家里。
It's raining heavily outside．You'd __________________at home．
3．这个故事和那个故事一样有趣。
This story，is，interesting，that one ________________________________.
根据以上各题不难看出翻译填空题所考查的主要内容：1、一些常用词组和短语。如：begoodfor等。2、一些常用词语的用法。如：hadbetter后接动词原形等。3、一些常用句型、句式。如：as．．．as等。
这类题的解题步骤
第一步，先读一下汉语句子，了解这个句子所要表达的意思。
第二步，跳过空格读一下已给出的那部分英文内容，然后再仔细分析一下要求翻译的英语。
第三步，观察一下要求翻译的汉语，然后联想一下相关词汇和句型，再考虑语态、时态、词形变化、主语与主谓一致等问题。
第四步，试填空格。不要一看空格就填，有的同学一看“照顾”就填lookafter，实际上根据情况还可填takecareof或takegoodcareof。若对第一个空格要填的词没有把握时，可试看从下文中得到启示?
第五步，将已填好的句子再读一遍，从时态、语态、词形、数的一致等方面检查一下，若一切没问题，该题就OK了。
解题步骤掌握了，做题时还要注意可以缩写的词汇。因为这类题的空格是一定的，多填或少填都是不对的，即使意义相符也不合乎答题要求。填空时一定要灵活。
看看上面几个题的答案吧！第一题考查的是词组begoodfor，应填isgoodfor；第二题考查hadbetter后用动词原形，填betterstay；第三题答案为：Thisstoryisasinterestingasthatone．
1．熟练掌握常用词和词组。2．熟练掌握各种句型结构。3．掌握语法知识。4．熟读课文，因为有些题可能会出自课文原文。5．平时要加强这类题的训练。
词类转换是英汉翻译很重要的手段之一，运用得当，可使译文通顺流畅，否则译文可能生硬晦涩。下面将英汉互译中最常见的词类转换现象介绍如下。
1.汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词
汉语中动词用的较多，除了动宾结构外，还有连动式、兼语式等两个动词以上连用的现象。英语则不然，一句话往往只有一个谓语动词，但英语中的名词比汉语中的名词用的多。基于两种语言的这一特点，在汉译英时常把汉语中的动词转换为英语中的名词。
如：
你必须好好地照顾病人。Youmusttakegoodcareofthepatient.
他善于观察。Heisagoodobserver.
在上述两句中，\"照顾\"，\"观察\"都是动词，但译成英语，则用的是名词care和observer。不过，在翻译过程中，有时也要把汉语中的名词转换成英语的动词。
如：
他的演讲给我们的印象很深。Hisspeechimpressedusdeeply.
2.汉语中的动词转换为英语的形容词
汉语中一些表示知觉、情感的动词，往往可以转译成英语形容词，通常用\"be+形容词......\"的结构来表达。
如：
我为他的健康担忧。Iamworriedabouthishealth.我们对她所做的一切感到满意。Wearesatisfiedwithwhatshedid.
3.汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语
与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词本身是由动词演变而来，具有动词的特征。因此，在汉译英时，汉语中的动词常可用英语中的介词或介词短语来翻译。
露西和莉莉上同一个学校。LucyandLilyareinthesameschool.
我反对这项法律。Iamagainstthelaw.
4.汉语中的形容词转化为英语中的名词。如：
你说他傻不傻？Don\'tyouthinkheisanidiot?
他的生日宴会很成功。Hisbirthdaypartywasagreatsuccess.
5.英语中的形容词转化为汉语中的名词。如：Robinhoodoftenlootedtherichandhelpedthepoor.罗宾汉经常劫富济贫。
6.英语中的副词转化为汉语名词。如：
WhatisthefaretoNanjingandback?去南京一个来回车费是多少？
英译中：
1、To a large extent, a successful sales meeting depends on both the salesperson and the customer asking the right kind of questions。
A. 大范围来说，一次成功的销售会谈依靠销售人员去问顾客问题。
B. 很大程度上讲，成功的销售会谈依靠销售人员去向客户问合适的问题。
C. 在很大程度上，一次成功的销售会谈取决于销售人员及客户双方能否提出合适的问题。
D. 为了使范围程度上大，成功的销售会依靠两边的销售人员，顾客将问正确方面的问题。
2、Surprisingly，we know so little about the business activities of the after-sales Department.
A. 我们知道了那么一些售后服务部的商务活动后，感到很吃惊。
B. 大家很吃惊的是我们懂得那么少有关售后服务部的商务活动。
C. 吃惊的是，我们居然了解一点售后服务部的业务活动。
D. 令人吃惊的是，我们对售后服务部的业务活动知道的如此之少。
3、In return for keep and what the host family does, an "au pair" girl is expected to help her hostess with household duties on a partnership basis.
A. 为了报答主人提供的免费膳宿以及他们为她所付出的辛劳，换工女学生应该以伙伴的关系协助女主人干一些家务活。
B. 为了报答主人一家提供的免费膳宿以及为她做的一切，换工女学生应该帮忙干些家务活。她和女主人之间应该是伙伴关系。
C. 为了谋生以及报答主人一家为她所做的一切，换工女学生应该以合作人的关系协助女主人干一些家务活。
D. 为了偿还膳宿以及报答主人一家为她做的一切，换工女学生应该帮忙干些家务活。她和女主人直接应该是伙伴的关系。
4、Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
A. 别人的失败比自己的失败更能让人明智。
B. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
C. 最好从别人而不是从自己的失败中吸取教训。
D. 最好通过别人而不是自己的失败来变得明智。
作文：
掌握技巧：
一、注意篇章结构，合理布局
开始部分（opening paragraph）——说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分（Body paragraphs）——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分（concluding paragraphs）——对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。
前后呼应，祛除与主题无关的内容。
二、确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点：
1、归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点。
2、提炼出一句具有概括性的话。
3、主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。
三、巧用连接词
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词。
例：大学生活
Directions： For this part， you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a good friend John， congratulating him on his admission to a famous university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese：
1. 对朋友进入大学表示祝贺
2. 介绍大学生活和中学生活的异同
3. 对如何成功地过好大学生活提出自己的建议
「范文」
A Congratulation Letter
June 16， 2006
Dear John，
I‘m very glad to hear that you have passed the entrance examination and been accepted by a very famous university. I feel very proud of you and I believe you really deserve the honor since you have been working so hard. As you have mentioned in the letter， there are both some similarities and differences between the college life and the life in high school. On the one hand， you have to go on working hard as there are a lot of subjects for you to learn.
On the other hand， in high school， teachers will probably tell you what to learn and how to learn in details and will also monitor your learning performance，while in college， teachers work like tour guides and you have to find out your own way to acquire knowledge and solve problems. For you， I think to be optimistic is very important. If you hope to adapt yourself to the new environment，you‘d better be positive no matter what difficulties you will experience in your college life. May you adapt yourself to the college life as soon as possible!
Truly Yours
Carl
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
三年级上册英语第一单元《Ｈｅｌｌｏ》课文翻译人教（新版) Hellｏ! I'm Zoｏm。您好！我是祖姆. Hｅllo，I'ｍ Mｉke。你好，我是迈克。?Hi， I'm Wu yifａn．你好,我是吴一凡.?Ｈi！ My nａme＇s Zｉp. 你好！我的名字是次波。?Gｏodby ｅ! 再见！ Bｙe， Miss Whitｅ！再见，怀特小姐! Helｌｏ,I’mＣhen Jie。嗨,你好，我叫陈洁.?Wｈa ｔ’s your ｎａme？你叫什么名字? My name’sＳarah. 我叫莎拉. Ｈeｌｌo,Ｉ＇m Miss Whｉｔｅ. 你好，我是怀特小姐。 Hello，I'ｍ Wu ｙiｆan. 你好,我是吴一凡。 Hｉ,I’ｍ Sａrah。你好！我是莎拉。 Helｌo， I'ｍ Lｉu Xin．你好！我是刘欣。?Hi， Ｉ’m John．嗨，我是约翰.?I havｅ a ruler. 我有一把尺子。 I have a rulｅr. Me toｏ ! 我有一支尺子.我也是！?I hａｖe a penｃil。Ｍe tｏo ! 我有一支铅笔。我也是!?Ｉｈａvｅａ crayon. Mｅｔoｏ！我有一支蜡笔。我也是!?I ｈave an eraser． Me tｏo！我有一块橡皮。我
也是！?Helｌo，I’m Mike。你好，我是迈克.?Wｈ at's ｙｏur ｎamｅ? 你叫什么名字？ My name’s Jｏhn. 我是约翰.?Gｏoｄｂye！再见！?Ｂye， Mｉsｓ White ！再见，怀特小姐! Whaｔ＇ｓ your name? 你叫什么名字？?Mｙｎ ame's Ｌilｙ．我的名字是莉莉。 Oh， no！哦,不！?Zoｏm!yoｕｒｂａg！祖姆！你的包！?Open your ｐenｃｉｌｂｏx. 打开你的铅笔盒。Shｏｗ me ｙｏur ｐen。让我看看你的钢笔。 Cｌose yｏuｒ bｏｏk. 把书合上. Carry your bag。携带你的包。?Ｈeｌlo! 您好！?Ｈi!Ｗｈo＇s tｈｅre? 你好！谁在那里？ Gueｓs！猜！?Arｅ you Ｔutｕ？你是图图？?Ｎo! 不! Ｈａｈa! I＇m Zip! 哈哈!我是次波！ Hi，Ｚip！ My name’s Zｏoｍ。嗨，次波！我的名字是祖姆。 Ｌet'ｓｐlaｙ！ Ok? 让我们玩！好吗??Great! 太好了！ 三年级上册英语第二单元《Ｃoloｕｒs》课文翻译人教
公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记（六） Unit 21 Services(1) Dialogues /monologues: 1、 Hotel in London or in England specially, will ask for a credit card or a confirmation which will guarantee that your room is held, basically all night or for late arrival. 2、 This could be a precise place for you. 关于：precise 与 accurate 是否有区别? accurate，correct，delicate，exact，precise都含有一定的"正确,精确"之意 accurate 准确的，精确的，指某人或某事不仅不出错，而且与事实无出入，强调准确性 correct 正确的，指某人或某事合乎事实或公认的标准或规则，没有错误 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的 exact 确切的、精确的,语气较accurate强,指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或标准,而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差 precise 精密的,指具有高度的精确性和准确性,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密,有时略带"吹毛求疵"的贬义 3、 Art-house. Art-house：艺术电影院 指放映不属于商业主流电影的电影院。艺术电影院放映的影片，重视电影本身的品质，较不注重商业吸引力，如当代重要导演的影片、独立制片影片、影史的经典作品，及发行有限的前卫及实验电影。亦称 Art theater。 4、 Your restaurant specializes in hamburgers and chicken, right? specializes in：擅长于，专攻。 5、 As an unadvertised special, you can have a trip to the salad bar with your order for only a dollar more. 作为一个末做广告的特价餐，您可以多出一美元随意的在沙拉吧里定购。
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义 第一节考试内容介绍、定语从句讲解、练习及译法 第一部分考试介绍 一、考试题型 词汇和语法部分50题25分25分钟 阅读理解50题55分75分钟 完型填空20题20分20分钟 二、考试要求 掌握本大纲要的英语词汇；掌握并能够正确运用双语语法；具备对常用问题英语文章的阅读理解能力。 三、笔译综合能力试题的基本类型 第一部分词汇和语法部分可分为三大部分：词汇选择（Vocabulary and Grammar）1-20难度大约在四级左右；词语替代（Vocabulary Selection）21-40主要找出和划横线部分相同意思的词汇，难度在4级到6级之间；改错（Error Correction）主要有词汇和语法的两种错误。 第一部分考察的内容主要为近义词的辨析、短语介词和动词词组的搭配；语法点主要包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词等等。在其后会分专题来讲解。 第二部分阅读理解共5篇，字数在每篇150-450字之间，绝大多数在250字左右，每篇有5到10题，不定量。题材广泛，选题多样。类似于四级以上难度和题型，但是和专业四级题型更加相似。 第三部分为开放性完型填空，20空，共20分。题材广泛，选题多样。难度和专业四级等同。 四、基本复习策略 综合能力课程作为三级笔译必修的课程，主要是考察学生对于英语基本知识的了解，特别是对双语习惯的掌握，为了能够更好地为实务课程打下坚实的基础，所以希望每一位同学都不要对这门课程产生掉以轻心的念头。根据个人经验，我个人推荐以下几个复习的策略：第一、要对大纲的词汇做到十分熟悉，这种熟悉不是简单地认识，而是要学会使用，特别是在没有字典的帮助之下可以迅速而准确地判断搭配。 第二、对于语法结构的重视，但凡是学翻译就必须要对语法结构有着深入的了解，这种了解不是简单地会划分句子成分，而是将每个句子如何组合，这将决定你实务中的句型翻译的关键。 第三，阅读能力要强。任何考试都是得阅读者得天下，咱们的综合能力考试也不除外。包括实务考试，如果文章内容没有弄明白，那么对文章的翻译肯定是不行的。 以上三点经验之谈，仅供参考。 定语从句的讲解、练习及译法 1．that和which用法比较： 1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。 e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true. 他说他很忙，那是假的。 We don’t want to enter the house, which is very cold. 我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。 2) which用于介词后做宾语。 e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large. 窗户正对着海的房间很大。 The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.
C o l l e g e E n g l i s h B a n d T h r e e Part I Listening Comprehension 1. A) To cancel his trip. B) To go to bed early. C) To catch a later flight. D) To ask for a wake-up call. 2. A) They have different opinions as to what to do next. B) They have to pay for the house by installments. C) They will fix a telephone in the bathroom. D) The man’s attitude is more sensible than the woman’s. 3. A) She will save the stamps for the man’s sister.B) She will no longer get letters from Canada. C) She can’t give the stamps to the man’s sister.D) She has given the stamps to the man’s roommates. 4. A) Visiting the Brownings. B) Writing a postcard. C) Looking for a postcard. D) Filling in a form. 5. A) The man should work with somebody else. B) The man should meet his partner’s needs. C) They should come to a compromise. D) They should find a better lab for the project. 6. A) She can’t finish her assignment, either.B) She can’t afford a computer right now. C) The man can use her computer. D) The man should buy a computer right away. 7. A) The visiting economist has given several lectures. B) The guest lecturer’s opinion is different from Dr. Johnson’s. C) Dr. Johnson and the guest speaker were schoolmates. D) Dr. Johnson invited the economist to visit their college. 8. A) She’s never watched a better game.B) Football is-her favorite pastime. C) The game has been canceled. D) Their team played very badly. 9. A) The man should stick to what he’s doing.B) The man should take up a new hobby. C) The man should stop playing tennis. D) The man should find the cause for his failure. 10. A) An invented story. B) A real life experience. C) An imaginary situation. D) A terrible nightmare. Section B Passage 1 11. A) The name of a German town B) A resident of Frankfurt. C) A kind of German sausage. D) A kind of German bread. 12. A) He sold fast food. B) He raised dogs. C) He was A cook. D) He was a Cartoonist. 13. A) Because the Americans found they were from Germany. B) Because people thought they contained dog meat. C) Because people had to get used to their taste. D) Because it was too hot to eat right away. Passage 2 14. A) They give out faint cries. B) They make noises to drive away insects. C) They extend their water pipes. D) They become elastic like rubber bands. 15. A) Quiet plants. B) Well-watered plants. C) Healthy plants. D) Thirsty plants.
Part B Directions: Read the texts from a magazine article in which five people talked about the importance of doing exercise. For questions 61 to 65, match the name of each person to one qf the statements (A to G)given below. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Patricia: I went by Inter-Rail this summer with a group of friends from university. I think it worked very well, although a few of them said they'd never do it again—I guess it wasn r t quite like they thought it was going to be~not as comfortable probably. We usually slept in hostels or on the train so we were completely exhausted but 1 think we had a great time. Next year V 11 see if 1 can perhaps visit fewer places and not get so worn out. Davis: I traveled about 6,000 kilometres in four weeks with a couple of friends from college. We spent weeks planning out the route and all the places we were intending to go to. Would I do it again? Well, f d have to think carefully about that but, on the whole the trip was good for me as I was the official translator, which was great as V m normally a bit shy of talking to people 1 don't know. On the last night of the holiday they treated me to a really expensive meal for helping them out. It was terrific! Jenise: Well, I guess I had a good time now when I look back on it, and I saw eight countries in four weeks. Everything went well but I think that from now on 1' 11 probably choose to do something else. I want to meet local people rather than just people who work for the train service ! I did get to know quite a few other English and American students and they were great but it didn* t do much for my French and Gennan. Nigel: I think it's definitely the best way of getting around Europe even though you have to spend money on the Inter-Rail ticket before you leave. I have a friend who hitch-hikes and he says that's the only way to travel because it's free and you see more interesting places. But I knew I could jump on a train wherever I wanted in the morning, while he would still be standing in the rain hoping for a lift. So all in all I think I got the better deal, especially as 1 could take the night train and save on hotel bills. Hawk: F vc done it quite a few times now and V m used to the kind of problems that arisc—likc having to sleep in a park because the train arrived too late for me to get a hotel bed, and trying to keep to a tight budget. The mistake people often make is to just get off at the tourist spots. Try getting off the train at the little villages, like I do. They1 re usually fascinating and the people are friendlier, too. Even if they don't understand your miserable attempt at their language they still smile and nod.
False friend 绿豆green bean mung bean 方便面convenience noodles instant noodles 隐形眼镜invisible glasses contact lens 早恋early love puppy love 机械对应 干货dry goods dried goods 油性皮肤oil skin oily skin 没有考虑具体搭配 假花false flower artificial flower 假唱false singing lip-synch 番茄酱tomato sauce ketchup 食言eat one's word break a promise 农民peasant 个人主义individualism 五行 金、木、水、火、土 The Five Elements (metal,wood,water,fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena) 气功qigong 功夫Kong fu 太极Tai chi 风水Feng shui 阴阳Yin-yang 饺子jiaozi 荔枝litchi乌龙茶oolong 皮蛋Preserved egg 元宵Sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子A pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. 盲流Jobless migrants 拔火罐Cupping 拜堂perform the marriage ceremony 易经Book of change号脉Feel the pulse京剧Beijing Opera龙舟Dragon boat 春节Spring Festival 春卷Spring roll 八宝莲子粥Eight-treasure Lotus Seed Porridge 文化大革命Cultural Revolution 毛泽东思想Mao Tse-tung thought 围棋Weiqi—a game played with black and white pieces on a board of 361 crosses 兔死狐悲 Literal trans: Foxes will grieve at the death of the hare Liberal trans: All things are sorry for their own kind 调虎离山 To lure the tiger out of the hills To lure the enemy from his base “我中了他的调虎离山计啦” I’ve fallen for his luring the tiger out of the hills scheme. 引狼入室 Literal: To bring the wolves into the house Liberal: to invite disasters 走马观花 To ride out on horseback to enjoy flowers To gain a superficial understanding through cursory obvservation 调查有两种方法，一种是走马观花，一种是下马看花。
大学英语3级（一套） I Vocabulary (15marks) 1.Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still ____. A. bare B. vacant C. blank D. empty 2.Guns make some people feel safe and some people feel strong, but they’re ____ themselves. A. guarding B. cheating C. dealing D. deceiving 3.In a sudden ____ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach. A. attack B. burst C. split D. blast 4.The relationship between employer and employees has been studied ____. A. originally B. extremely C. violently D. intensively 5.They have developed techniques which are ____ to those used in most factories. A. more talented B. better C. greater D. superior 6.That is what really ____. A. counts B. concerns C. matter D. worry 7.The issues discussed during the meeting ____ from the over-all plan to specific details. A. changed B. ranged C. differed D. differentiated 8.Niagara Falls is a great tourist ____, drawing millions of visitors every year. A. attention B. appointment C. arrangement D. attraction 9. Earth’s surface is composed ____ solid concrete. A. in B. with C. up of D. of 10. He didn’t have any curiosity ____ how his theory made TV possible. A. in observe B. observe C. to observe D. in observing 11. No sound ___ the silence of the evening. A. troubled B. destroyed C. annoyed D. disturbed 12. I caught sight of a man ___ a pony down the street, a pony and a brand-new saddle. A. was riding B. riding C. rode D. taking 13. The worktable ___ the workers sat were very high and uncomfortable. A. that B. at that C. at which D. which 14. I suggest that you ____ these lessons before you take the final exam. A. go over B. go across C. go up D. go on 15. The city’s transport system is one of the most ___ in Europe. A. efficient B. effective C. sufficient D. enough II. Close (10marks) You don’t really feel the generation gap in this country until a son or daughter comes home from college for Christmas. Then it strikes you how out of it you really are. This dialogue probably took place all __1__ America last Christmas week: “Nancy, you’ve been home from school for three days now. Why __2__ you clean up your room? ” “We don’t have to clean up our rooms at __3__, Mother.” “That’s very nice, Nancy, and I’m happy you’re going to __4__ a free-wheeling(放任自流的) institution. But while you’re in the house, your father and I would __5__ you to clean up your room.” “What difference does it make? It’s my room.” “I know, dear, and it really doesn’t mean that much to me. But your father __6__ a great fear of the plague(瘟疫). He said this morning if it is going to start anywhere in this country, it’s going to start in your room.” “You, people aren’t interested in anything that’s relevant. Do you realize how the major corporations are polluting our environment? ” “Yo ur father and I are very worried __7__ it. But right now we’re more concerned with the pollution in your bedroom. You haven’t made your bed since you came home.” “I never make it up at the dorm.” “Of course you don’t. But __8__ you’re home for such a short time, why don’t you do it to humor us? ” “For heaven’s sake, Mother, I’m grown up now. Why do you have to __9__ me like a child? ” “We’re not treating you like a child. But it’s very hard for us to realize you’re an adult when you throw all your
全国英语等级考试三级写作 邀请信 提出邀请： 我们要……，你能来吗？ We’re having a… can you come？ We’ll…，will you join us？ 我希望你能参加……。好吗？I would like you to come to … 我们准备……，非常希望你能来。 We’re planning…，will you give us the pleasure of your company？ 我们希望你尽可能来参加 We’d love to have you here if you can possibly make it. 你愿意来……吗？How would you like to come to…？ 你来得了吗？Can you be present？／Will you come？ 我们都盼望你来。We hope you can come. / We’re eager to have you here．/ We should like to have you join us． 愿意来……吗？Would you care to come for…？ 敬请光临request the pleasure of the company of sb．
request the honour of sb．’s presence cordially invite the pleasure of sb…． 为欢迎??to meet sb．／in honor of sb 为纪念…诞辰 to commemorate the… birthday of sb．／In honour of．．／ 为庆祝…金婚 to celebrate the gold wedding of… 某人届时将出席 sb．will be present 请答复 R．S．V．P．[reply, if you please] ／Please reply／ Kindly send reply to sb．／Please respond to sb．／ The favor of a reply is requested ／ 活动内容： 朋友周末小聚 have some friends for the weekend 一起喝茶 come for tea with us 打桥牌 play bridge 跳舞 have dancing /there will be dancing 有两张……票 have two tickets for… 各类聚会：a small，informal party／a birthday party for sb．／a garden party／masquerade／holiday party 与某人共进晚餐 join sb．for dinner／ have dinner with sb．／dine with sb
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no