《跟单信用证统一惯例》UCP500（英文版）
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1993 Revision)
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS
Article 1. Application of UCP
The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 1993 Revision, ICC Publication No. 500, shall apply to all documentary Credits (including to the extent to which they may be applicable, Standby Letter(s) of Credit) where they are incorporated into the text of the Credit. They are binding on all parties thereto, unless otherwise expressly stipulated in the Credit.
Article 2. Meaning of Credit
For the purposes of these Articles, the expressions "Documentary Credit (s)" and "Standby Letter(s) of Credit" (hereinafter referred to as "Credit (s) "), rmean any arrangement, however named or described, whereby a bank(the "Issuing Bank") acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the "Applicant") or on its own behalf,
i) is to make a payment to or to the order of a third party(the "Beneficiary"), or is to accept and pay bills of exchange(Draft(s)) drawn by the Beneficiary, or
ii) authorises another bank to effect such payment, or to accept and pay such bills of exchange(Draft(s)), or
iii) authorises another bank to negotiate, against stipulated document(s), provided that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with. For the purposes of these Articles, branches of a bank in different countreis are considered another bank.
Article 3. Credits v. Contracts
a. Credits, by their nature, are separate transactions from the sales or other contract(s) on which they may be based and banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract(s), even if any reference whatsoever to such contract(s) is included in the Credit. Consequently, the undertaking of a bank to pay, accept and pay Draft(s) or negotiate and/or to fulfil any other obligation under the Credit, is not subject to claims or defences by the Applicant resulting from his relationships with the Issuing Bank or the Beneficiary.
b. A Beneficiary can in no case avail himself of the contractual relationships existing between the banks or between the Applicant and the Issuing Bank.
Article 4. Documents v. Goods/Services/Performances
In Credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents, and not with goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate.
Article 5. Instructions to Issue/Amend Credits
a. Instructions for the issuance of a Credit, the Credit itself, instructions for an amendment thereto, and the amendment itself, must be complete and precise. In order to guard against confusion and misunderstanding, banks should discourage any attempt
i) to include excessive detail in the Credit or in any amendment thereto;
ii) to give instructions to issue, advise or confirm a Credit by reference to a Credit previously issued (similar Credit) where such previous Credit has been subject to accepted amendment(s), and/or unaccepted amendment(s),
b. All instructions for the issuance of a Credit and the Credit itself and, where applicable, all instructions for an amendment thereto and the amendment itself, must state precisely the document(s) against which payment, acceptance or negotiation is to be made.
B. FORM AND NOTIFICATIOIN OF CREDITS
Article 6. Revocable v. Irrevocable Credits
a. A Credit may be either
i) revocable, or
ii) irrevocable.
b. The Credit, therefore, should clearly indicate whether it is revocable or irrevocable.
c. In the absence of such indication the Credit shall be deemed to be irrevocable.
Article 7. Advising Bank's Liability
a. A Credit may be advised to a Beneficiary through another bank(the "Advising Bank") without engagement on the part of the Advising Bank, but that bank, if it elects to advise the Credit, shall take reasonable care to check the apparent authenticity of the Credit which it advises. If the bank elects not to advise the Credit, it must so inform the Issuing Bank without delay.
b. If the Advising Bank cannot establish such apparent authenticity it must inform, without delay, the bank from which the instructions appear to have been received that it has been unable to establish the authenticity of the Credit and if it elects nonetheless to advise the Credit it must inform the Beneficiary that it has not been able to establish the authen, ticity of the Credit.
Article 8. Revocation of a Credit
a. A revocable Credit may be amended or cancelled by the Issuing Bank at any moment and without prior notice to the Beneficiary.
b. However, the Issuing Bank must:
i) reimburse another bank with which a revocable Credit has been made available for sight payment, acceptance or negotiation-for any payment, acceptance or negotiation made by such bank-prior to receipt by it of notice of amendment or cancellation, against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit, ii) reimburse another bank with which a revocable Credit has been made available for deferred payment, if such a bank has, prior to receipt by it of notice of amendment or cancellation, taken up documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit.
Article 9. Liability of Issuing and Confirming Banks
a. An irrevocable Credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the Issuing Bank, provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Nominated Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with:
i) if the Credit provides for sight payment-to pay at sight;
ii) if the Credit provides for deferred payment-to pay on the maturity date(s) determinable in accordance with the stipulations of the Credit;
iii) if the Credit provides for acceptance;
(a) by the Issuing Bank-to accept Draft(s) drawn by the Beneficiarq on the Issuing Bank and pay them at maturity, or
(b) by another drawee bank-to accept and pay at maturity Draft(s) drawn by the Beneficiary on the Issuing Bank in the event the drawee bank stipulated in the Credit does not accept Draft(s) drawn on it, or to pay Draft(s) accepted but not paid by such drawee bank at maturity;
iv) if the Credit provides for negotiation-to pay without recourse to drawers and/or bona fide holders, Draft(s) drawn by the Benefici ary and/or document(s) presented under the Credit. A Credit should not be issued available by Draft(s) on the Applicant. If the Credit nevertheless calls for Draft(s) on the Applicant, banks will consider such Draft(s) as an additional document(s).
b. A confirmation of an irrevocable Credit by another bank (the"Confirminn Bank") upon the authorisation or request of the Issuing Bank, constitutes a definite undertaking of the Confirming Bank, in addition to that of the Issuing Bank, provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Confirming Bank or to any other Nominated Bank and that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with:
i) if the Credit provides for sight payment-to pay at sight;
ii) if the Credit provides for deferred payment-to pay on the maturity date(s) determinable in accordance with the stipulations of the Credit;
iii) if the Credit provides for acceptance:
(a) by the Confirming Bank-to accept Draft(s) drawn by the Beneficiary on the Confirming Bank and pay them at maturity, or
(b) by another drawee bank-to accept and pay at maturity Draft(s) drawn by the Beneficiary on the Confirming Bank, in the event the drawee bank stipulated in the Credit does not accept Draft(s) drawn on it, or to pay Draft(s) accepted but not paid by such drawee bank at maturity;
iv) if the Credit provides for negotiation-to negotiate without recourse to drawers and/or bonafide holders, Draft(s) drawn by the Beneficiary and/or document(s) presented under the Credit. A Credit should not be issued available by Draft(s) on the Applicant. If the Credit nevertheless calls for Draft(s) on the Applicant, banks will consider such Draft(s) as an additional document(s).
c. i) If another bank is authorised or requested by the Issuing Bank to add its confirmation to a Credit but is not prepared to do so, it must so inform the Issuing Bank without delay.
ii) Unless the Issuing Bank specifies otherwise in its authorisation or request to add confirmation, the Advising Bank may advise the Credit to the Beneficiary without adding its confirmation.
d. i) Except as otherwise provided by Article 48, an Irrevocable Credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without the agreement of the Issuing Bank, the Confirming Bank, if any, and the Beneficiary.
ii) The Issuing Bank shall be irrevocably bound by an amendment(s) issued by it from the time of the issuance of such amendment(s). A Confirming Bank may extend its confirmation to an amendment and shall be irrevocably bound as of the time of its advice of the amendment. A Confirming Bank may, however, choose to advise an amendment to the Beneficiary without extending its confirmation and if so, must inform the Issuing Bank and the Beneficiary without delay.
iii) The terms of the original Credit(or a Credit incorporating previously accepted amendment(s)) will remain in force for the Beneficiary until the Beneficiary communicates his acceptance of the amendment to the bank that advised such amendment. The Beneficiary should give notification of acceptance or rejection of amendment (s). If the Beneficiary fails to give such notification, the tender of documents to the Nominated Bank or Issuing Bank, that conform to the Credit and to not yet accepted amendment(s), will be deemed to be notification of acceptance by the Beneficiary of such amendment(s) and as of that moment the Credit will be amended.
iv) Partial acceptance of amendments contained in one and the same advice of amendment is not allowed and consequently will not be given any effect.
Article 10. Types of Credit
a. All Credits must clearly indicate whether they are available by sight payment, by deferred payment, by acceptance or by negotiation.
b. i) Unless the Credit stipulates that it is available only with the Issuing Bank, all Credits must nominate the bank(the "Nominated Bank") which is authorised to pay, to incur a deferred payment undertaking, to accept Draft(s) or to negotiate. In a freely negotiabe Credit, any bank is a Nominated Bank Presentation of documents must be made to the Issuing Bank or the Confirming Bank, if any, or any other Nominated Bank. Negotiation means the giving of value for Draft(s) and/or document(s) by the bank authorised to negotiate. Mere examination of the documents without giving of value does not constitute a negotiation.
c. Unless the Nominated Bank is the Confirming Bank, nomination by the Issuing Bank does not constitute any undertaking by the Nominated Bank to pay, to incur a deferred payment undertaking, to accept Draft (s), or to negotiate. Except where
expressly agreed to by the Nominated Bank and so communicated to the Beneficiary, the Nominated Bank's receipt of and/or examination and/or forwarding of the documents does not make that bank liable to pay, to incur a deferred payment undertaking, to accept Draft(s), or to negotiate.
d. By nominating another bank, or by allowing for negotiation by any bank, or by authorising or requesting another bank to add its confirmation, the Issuing Bank authorises such bank to pay, accept Draft(s) or negotiate as the case may be, against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit and undertakes to reimburse such bank in accordance with the provisions of these Articles.
Article 11. Teletransmitted and Pre-Advised Credits
a. i) When an Issuing Bank instructs an Advising Bank by an authenticated teletransmission to advise a Credit or an amendment to a Credit, the teletransmission will be deemed to be the operative Credit instrument or the operative amendment, and no mail confirmation should be sent. Should a mail confirmation nevertheless be sent, it will have no effect and the Advising Bank will have no obligation to check such mail confirmation against the operative Credit instrument or the operative amendment received by teletransmission.
ii) If the teletransmission states "full details to follow"(or words of similar effect) or states that the mail confirmation is to be the operative Credit instrument or the operative amendment, then the teletransmission will not be deemed to be the operative Credit instrument or the operative amendment. The Issuing Bank must forward the operative Credit instrument or the operative amendment to such Advising Bank without delay.
b. If a bank uses the services of an Advising Bank to have the Credit advised to the Beneficiary, it must also use the services of the same bank for advising an amendment(s)
c. A preliminary advice of the issuance or amendment of an irrevocable Credit(pre-advice), shall only be given by an Issuing Bank if such bank is prepared to issue-the operative Credit instrument or the operative amendment thereto. Unless otherwise stated in such preliminary advice by the Issuing Bank, an Issuing Bank having given such pre-advice shall be irrevocably committed to issue or amend the Credit, in terms not inconsistent with the pre-advice, without delay.
Article 12. Incomplete or Unclear Instructions
If incomplete or unclear instructions are received to advise, confirm of amend a Credit, the bank requested to act on such instructions may give preliminary notification to the Beneficiary for information only and without responsibility. This preliminary notification should state clearly that the notification is provided for information only and without the responsibility oif the Advising Bank. In any event, the Advising Bank must inform the Issuing Bank of the action taken and request it to provide the necessary informatioin.
The Issuing Bank must provide the necessary information without delay. The Credit will be advised, confirmed or amended, only when complete and clear instructions have been received and if the Advising Bank is then prepared to act on the instructions.
C. LIABILITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Article 13. Standard for Examination of Documents
a. Banks must examine all documents stipulated in the Credit with reasonable care, to ascertain whether or not they appear, on their face, to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. Compliance of the stipulated documents on their face with the terms and conditions of the Credit, shall be determined by international standard banking practice as reflected in these Articles. Documents which appear on their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit.
Documents not stipulated in the Credit will not be examined by banks. If they receive such documents, they shall return them to the presenter or pass them on without responsibility.
b. The Issuing Bank, the Confirming Bank, if any, or a Nominated Bank acting on their behalf, shall each have a reasonable time, not to exceed seven banking days following the day of receipt of the documents, to examine the documents and
determine whether to take up or refuse the documents and to inform the party from which it received the documents accordingly.
c. If a Credit contains conditions without stating the document(s) to be presented in compliance therewith, banks will deem such conditions as not stated and will disregard them.
Article 14. Discrepant Documents and Notice
a. When the Issuing Bank authorises another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept Draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit, the Issuing Bank and the Confirming Bank, if any, are bound:
i) to reimburse the Nominated Bank which has paid, incurred a deferred payment undertaking, accepted Draft(s), or negotiated,
ii) to take up the documents.
b. Upon receipt of the documents the Issuing Bank and/or Confirming Bank, if any, or a Nominated Bank acting on their behalf, must determine on the basis of the documents alone whether or not they appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. If the documents appear on their face not to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit, such banks may refuse to take up the documents.
c. If the Issuing Bank determines that the documents appear on their face not to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit, it may in its sole judgment approach the Applicant for a waiver of the discrepancy(ies). This does not, however, extend the period mentioned in sub-Article 13(b).
d. i) If the Issuing Bank and/or Confirming Bank, if any, or a Nominated Bank acting on their behalf, decides to refuse the documents, it must give notice to that effect by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means, without delay but no later than the close of the seventh banking day following the day of receipt of the documents. Such notice shall be given to the bank from which it received the documents, or to the Beneficiary, if it received the documents directly from him.
ii) Such notice must state all discrepancies in respect of which the bank refuses the documents and must also state whether it is holding the documents at the disposal of, or is returning them to, the presenter.
iii) The Issuing Bank and/or Confirming Bank, if any, shall then be entitled to claim from the remitting bank refund, with interest, of any reimbursement which has been made to that bank.
e. If the Issuing Bank and/or Confirming Bank, if any, fails to act in accordance with the provisions of this Article and/or fails to hold the documents at the disposal of, or return them to the presenter, the Issuing Bank and/or Confirming Bank, if any, shall be precluded from claiming that the documents are not in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit.
f. If the remitting bank draws the attention of the Issuing and/or Confirming Bank, if any, to any discrepancy(ies) in the document(s) or advises such banks that it has paid, incurred a deferred payment undertaking, accepted Draft(s) or negotiated under reserve or against an indemnity in respect of such discrepancy(ies), the Issuing Bank and/or Confirming Bank, if any, shall not be therebu relieved from any of their obligations under any provision of this Article. Such reserve or indemnity concerns only the relations between the remitting bank and the party towards whom the reserve was made, or from whom, or on whose behalf, the indemnity was obtained.
Article 15. Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents
Banks assume no liability or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accu racy, genuineness, falsification or legal effect of any document(s), or for the general and/or particular conditions stipulated in the document(s) or superimposed thereon; nor do they assume any liability or responsibility for the description, quantity, weight, quality, condition, packing, delivery, value or existence of the goods represented by any document(s), or for the good faith or acts and/or omissions, solvency, performance or standing of the consignors, the carriers, the forwarders, the consignees or the insurers of the goods, or any other person whomsover.
Article 16. Disclaimer on the Transmission of Messages
Banks assume no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of delay and/or loss in transit of any message(s), letter(s) or document(s), or for delay, multilation or other error(s) arising in the transmission of any telecommunication. Banks assume no liability or responsibility for errors in translation and/or interpretation of technical terms, and reserve the right to transmit Credit terms without translating them.
Article 17. Force Maieure
Banks assume no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of the interruption of their business by Acts of God, riots, civil commotions, insurrections, wars or any other causes beyond their control, or by any strikes or lockouts. Unless specifically authorised, banks will not, upon resumption of their business, pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept Draft(s) or negotiate under Credits which expired during such interruption of their business.
Article 18. Disclaimer for Acts of in Instructed Party
a. Banks utilizing the services of another bank or other banks for the purpose of giving effect to the instructions of the Applicant do so for the account and at the risk of such Applicant.
b. Banks assume no liability or responsibility should the instructions they transmit not be carried out, even if they have themselves taken the initiative in the choice of such other bank(s),
c. i) A party instructing another party ot perform services is liable for any charges, including commissions, fees, costs or expenses incurred by the instructed party in connections with its instructions.
ii) Where a Credit stipulates that such charges are for the account of a party other than the instructing party, and charges cannot be collected, the instructing party remains ultimately liable for the payment thereof.
d. The Applicant shall be bound by and liable to indemnify the banks against all obligations and responsibilities imposed by foreign laws and usuages.
Article 19. Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangementsl
a. If an Issuing Bank intends that the reimbursement to which a paying, accepting or negotiating bank is entitled, shall be obtained by such bank (the"Claiming Bank"), claiming on another party (the"Reimbursing Bank"), it shall provide such Reimbursing Bank in good time with the proper instructions or authorisation to honour such reimbursement claims.
b. Issuing Banks shall not require a Claiming Bank to supply a certificate of compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit to the Reimbursing Bank.
c. An Issuing Bank shall not be relieved from any of its obligations to provide reimbursement if and when reimbursement is not received by the Claiming Bank from the Reimbursing Bank.
d. The Issuing Bank shall be responsible to the Claiming Bank for any loss of interest if reimbursement is not provided by the Reimbursing Bank on first demand, or as otherwise specified in the Credit, or mutually agreed, as the case may b
e.
e. The reimbursing Bank's charges should be for the account of the Issuing Bank. However, in cases where the charges are for the account of another party, it is the responsibility of the Issuing Banks to so indicate in the original Credit and in the reimbursement authorisation. In cases where the Reimbursing Bank's charges are for the account of another party they shall be collected from the Claiming Bank when the Credit is drawn under. In cases where the Credit is not drawn under, the Reimbursing Bank's charges remain the obligation of the Issuing Bank.
D. DOCUMENTS
Article 20. Ambiguity as to the Issuers of Documents
a. Terms such as "first class," "well known," "qualified," "independent," "official," "competent," "local" and the like, shall not be used to describe the issuers of any document(s) to be presented under a Credit. If such terms are incorporated in the Credit, banks will accept the relative document(s) as presented, provided that it appears on its face to be in compliance with the other terms and conditions of the Credit and not to have been issued by the Beneficiary.
b. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks will also accept as an original document(s), a document(s) produced or appearing to have been produced:
i) by reprographic, automated or computerized systems;
ii) as carbon copies;
provided that it is marked as original and, where necessary, appears to be signed. A document may be signed by handwriting, by facsi mile signature, by perforated signature, by stamp, by symbol, or by any other mechanical or electronic method of authentication.
c. i) Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks will accept as a copy ties), a document(s) either labelled copy or not marked as an original-a copy(ies) need not be signe
d.
ii) Credits that require multiple document(s) such as "duplicate," "two fold," "two copies" and the like, will be satisfied by the presentation of one original and the remaining number in copies except where the document itself indicates otherwise. d. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, a condition under a Credit calling for a document to be authenticated, validated, legalized, visaed, certified or indicating a similar requirement, will be satisfied by any signature, mark, stamp or label on such document that on its face appears to satisfy the above condition.
Article 21. Unspecified Issuers or Contents of Documents
When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are called for, the Credit should stipulate by whom such documents are to be issued and their wording or data content. If the Credit does not so stipulate, banks will accept such documents as presented, provided that their data content is not inconsistent with any other stipulated document presented.
Article 22. Issuance Date of Documents v. Credit Date
Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks will accept a document bearing a date of issuance prior to that of the Credit, subject to such document being presented within the time limits set out in the Credit and in these Articles.
Article 23. Marine/Ocean Bill of Lading
a. If a Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port-to-port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document, however named, which:
i) appears on its face to indicate the name of the carrier and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by:
- the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or
- the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.
Any signature or authentication of the carrier or master must be identified as carrier or master, as the case may be. An agent signing or authenticating for the carrier or master must also indicate the name and the capacity of the paryt, i.e. carrier or master, on whose behalf that agent is acting, and
ii) indicates that the goods have been loaded on board, or shipped on a named vessel. Loading on board or shipment on a named vessel may be indicated by pre-printed wording on the bill of lading that the goods have been loaded on board a named vessel or shipped on a named vessel, in which case the date of issuance of the bill of lading will be deemed to be the date of loading on board and the date of shipment. In all other cases loading on board a named vessel must be evidenced by a notation on the bill of lading which gives the date on which the goods have been loaded on board, in which case the date of the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment. If the bill of lading contains the indication "intended vessel," or similar qualification in relation to the vessel, loading on board a named vessel must be evidenced by an on board notation on the bill of lading which, in addition to the date on which the goods have been loaded on board, also includes the name of the vessel on which the goods have been loaded, even if they have been loaded on the vessel named as the "intended vessel". If the bill of lading indicates a place of receipt or taking in charge different from the port of loading, the on board notation must also include the port of loading stipulated in the Credit and the name of the vessel on which the goods have been loaded, even if they have been loaded on the vessel named in the bill of lading. This provision also applies whenever loading on board the vessel is indicated by pre-printed wording on the bill of lading, and
iii) indicates the port of loading and the port of discharge stipulated in the credit, notwithstanding that it:
(a) indicates a place of taking in charge different from the port of loading, and/or a place of final destination different
(b) contains the indication "intended" or similar qualification in relation to the port of loading and/or port of discharge, as long as the document also states the ports of loading and/or discharge stipulated in the Credit, and
iv) consists of a sole original bill of lading, or if issued in more than one original, the full set as so issued, and
v) appears to contain all of the terms and conditions of carriage, or some of such terms and conditions by reference to a source or document other than the bill of lading(short form/blank back bill of lading), banks will not examine the contents of such terms and conditions, and
vi) contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party and/or no indication that the carrying vessel is propelled by sail only, and
vii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b. For the purpose of this Article, transhipment means unloading and reloading from one vessel to another vessel during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated in the Credit.
c. Unless transhipment is prohibited by the terms of the Credit, banks will accept a bill of lading which indicates that the goods will be transhipped, provided that the entire ocean carriage is covered by one and the same bill of lading.
d. Even if the Credit prohibits transhipment, banks will accept a bill of lading which:
i) indicates that transhipment will take place as long as the relevant cargo is shipped in Container (s) , Trailer(s) and/or "LASH" barge (s) as evidenced by the bill of lading, provided that the entire ocean carriage is covered by one and the same bill of lading, and/or
ii) incorporates clauses stating that the carrier reserves the right to tranship.
Article 24. Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill
a. If a Credit calls for a non-negotiable sea waybill covering a port-to-port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document, however named, which:
i) appears on its face to indicate the name of the carrier and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by:
- the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or
- the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.
Any signature or authentication of the carrier or master must be identified as carrier or master, as the case may be. An agent signing or authenticating for the carrier or master must also indicate the name and the capacity of the party, i.e. carrier or master, on whose behalf that agent is acting, and
ii) indicates that the goods have been loaded on board, or shipped on a named vessel. Loading on board or shipment on a named vessel may be indicated by pre-printed wording on the non-negotiable sea waybill that the goods have been loaded on board a named vessel or shipped on a named vessel, in which case the date of issuance of the non-negotiable sea waybill will be deemed to be the date of loading on board and the date of shipment. In all other cases loading on board a named vessel must be evidenced by a notation on the non-negotiable sea way bill which gives the date on which the goods have been loaded on board, in which case the date of the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment.
If the non-negotiable sea waybill contains the indication "intended vessel," or similar qualification in relation to the vessel, loading on board a named vessel must be evidenced by an on board notation on the non-negotiable sea waybill which, in addition to the date on which the goods have been loaded on board, includes the name of the vessel on which the goods have been loaded, even if they have been loaded on the vessel named as the "intended vessel." If the non-negotiable sea waybill indicates a place of receipt or taking in charge different from the port of loading, the on board notation must also include the port of loading stipulated in the Credit and the name of the vessel on which the goods have been loaded, even if they have been loaded on a vessel named in the non-negotiable sea waybill. This provision also applies whenever load, ing on board the vessel is indicated by pre-printed wording on the non-negotiable sea waybill, and
iii) indicates the port of loading and the port of discharge stipulated in the Credit, notwithstanding that it:
(a) indicates a place of taking in charge different from the port of loading, and/or a place of final destination different
(b) contains the indication "intended" or similar qualification in relation to the port of loading and/or port of discharge, as long as the document also states the pot;ts of loading and/or discharge stipulated in the Credit, and
iv) consists of a sole original non-negotiable sea waybill, or if issued in more than one original, the full set as so issued, and v) appears to contain all of the terms and conditions of carriage, or some of such terms and conditions by reference to a source or document other than the non-negotiablesea waybill(short forml blank back non-negotiable sea waybill); banks will not examine the contents of such terms and conditions, and
vi) contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party and/or no indication that the carrying vessel is propelled by sail only, and
vii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b. For the purpose of this Article, transhipment means unloading and reloading from one vessel to another vessel during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated in the Credit.
c. Unless transhipment is prohibited by the terms of the Credit, banks will accept a non-negotiable sea waybill which indicates that the goods will be transhipped, provided that the entire ocean carriage is covered by one and the same non-negotiable sea waybill.
d. Even if the Credit prohibits transhipment, banks will accept a non-negotiable sea waybill which:
i) indicates that transhipment will take place as long as the relevant cargo is shipped in Container (s) , Trailer (s) and/or "LASH" barge (s) as evidenced by the non-negotiable sea waybill, provided that the entire ocean carriage is covered by one and the same non-negotiable sea waybill, and/or
ii) incorporates clauses stating that the carrier reserves the right to tranship.
Article 25. Charter Party Bill of Lading
a. If a Credit calls for or permits a charter party bill of lading, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document, however named, which:
i) contains any indication that it is subject to a charter party, and
ii) appears on its face to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by:
- the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master, or
- the owner or a named agent for or on behalf of the owner.
Any signature or authentication of the master or owner must be identified as master or owner as the case may be. An agent signing or authenticating for the master or owner must also indicate the name and the capacity of the party, i.e. master or owner, on whose behalf that agent is acting, and
iii) does or does not indicate the name of the carrier, and
iv) indicates that the goods have been loaded on board or shipped on a named vessel. Loading on board or shipment on a named vessel may be indicated by pre-printed wording on the bill of lading that the goods have been loaded on board a named vessel or shipped on a named vessel, in which case the date of issuance of the bill of lading will be deemed to be the date of loading on board and the date of shipment.
In all other cases loading on board a named vessel must be evidenced by a notation on the bill of lading which gives the date on which the goods have been loaded on board, in which case the date of the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment, and
v) indicates the port of loading and the port of discharge stipulated in the Credit, and
vi) consists of a sole original bill of lading or, if issued in more than one original, the full set as so issued, and
vii) contains no indication that the carrying vessel is propelled by sail only, and
viii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b. Even if the Credit requires the presentation of a charter party contract in connection with a charter party bill of lading, banks will not examine such charter party contract, but will pass it on without responsibility on their part.
Article 26. Multimodal Transport Document
a. If a Credit calls for a transport document covering at least two different modes of transport(multimodal transport), banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document, however named, which:
i) appears on its face to indicate the name of the carrier or multimodal transport operator and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by:
- the carrier or multimodal transport operator or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier or multimodal transport operator,
- the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.
Any signature or authentication of the carrier, multimodal transport operator or master must be identified as carrier, multimodal transport operator or master, as the case may be. An agent signing or authenticating for the carrier, multimodal transport operator or master must also indicate the name and the capacity of the party, i.e. carrier, multimodal transport operator or master, on whose behalf that agent is acting, and
ii) indicates that the goods have been dispatched, taken in charge or loaded on board. Dispatch, taking in charge or loading on board may be indicated by wording to that effect on the multimodal transport document and the date of issuance will be deemed to be the date of dispatch, taking in charge or loading on board and the date of shipment. However, if the document indicates, by stamp or otherwise, a date of dispatch, taking in charge or loading on board, such date will be deemed to be the date of shipment, and
iii) (a) indicates the place of taking in charge stipulated in the Credit which may be different from the port, airport or place of loading, and the place of final destination stipulated in the Credit which may be different from the port, airport or place of discharge, and/or
(b) contains the indication "intended" or similar qualification in relation to the vessel and/or port of loading and/or port of discharge, and
iv) consists of a sole original multimodal transport document or, if issued in more than one original, the full set as so issued, and
v) appears to contain all of the terms and conditions of carriage, or some of such terms and conditions by reference to a source or document other than the multimodal transport document(short form/blank back multimodal transport document); banks will not examine the contents of such terms and conditions, and
vi) contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party and/or no indication that the carrying vessel is propelled by sail only, and
vii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b.Even if the Credit prohibits transhipment, banks will accept a multimodal transport document which indicates that transhipment will or may take place, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same multimodal transport document.
Article 27. Air Transport Document
a. If a Credit calls for an air transport document, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document, however named, which:
i) appears on its face to indicate the name of the carrier and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by:
- the carrier, or
- a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier;
Any signature or authentication of the carrier must be identified as carrier. An agent signing or authenticating for the carrier must also indicate the name and the capacity of the party, i.e. carrier, on whose behalf that agent is acting, and
ii) indicates that the goods have been accepted for carriage, and
iii) where the Credit calls for an actual date of dispatch, indicates a specific notation of such date, the date of dispatch so indicated on the air transport document will be deemed to be the date of shipment.
For the purpose of this Article, the information appearing in the box on the air transport document(marked "For Carrier Use Only" or similar expression) relative to the flight number and date will not be considered as a specific notation of such date of dispatch. In all other cases, the date of issuance of the air transport document will be deemed to be the date of shipment, and iv) indicates the airport of departure and the airport of destination stipulated in the Credit, and
v) appears to be the original for consignor/shipper even if the Credit stipulates a full set of originals, or similar expressions, and
vi) appears to contain all of the terms and conditions of carriage, or some of such terms and conditons, by reference to a source or document other than the air transport document; banks will not examine the contents of such terms and conditions, and
vii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b. For the purpose of this Article, transhipment means unloading and reloading from one aircraft to another aircraft during the course of carriage from the airport of departure to the airport of destination stipulated in the Credit.
c. Even if the Credit prohibits transhipment, banks will accept an air transport document which indicates that transhipment will or may take place, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air transport document.
Article 28. Road, Rail or Inland Waterway Transport Documents
a. If a Credit calls for a road, rail, or inland waterway transport document, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document of the type called for, however named, which:
i) appears on its face to indicate the name of the carrier and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier and/or to bear a reception stamp or other indication of receipt by the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier.
Any signature, authentication, reception stamp or other indication of receipt of the carrier, must be identified on its face as that of the carrier. An agent signing or authenticating for the carrier, must also indicate the name and the capacity of the party, i.e. carrier, on whose behalf that agent is acting, and
ii) indicates that the goods have been received for shipment, dispatch or carriage or wording to this effect. The date of issuance will be deemed to be the date of shipment unless the transport document contains a reception stamp, in which case the date of the reception stamp will be deemed to be the date of shipment, and
iii) indicates the place of shipment and the place of destination stipulated in the Credit, and
iv) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b. In the absence of any indication on the transport document as to the numbers issued, banks will accept the transport document(s) presented as constituting a full set. Banks will accept as original(s) the transport document(s) whether marked as original(s) or not.
c. For the purpose of this Article, transhipment means unloading and reloading from one means of conveyance to another means of convey. ance, in different modes of transport, during the course of carriage from the place of shipment to the place of destination stipulated in the Credit.
d. Even if the Credit prohibits transhipment, banks will accept a road, rail, or inland waterway transport document which indicates that transhipment will or may take place, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same transport document and within the same mode of transport.
Article 29. Courier and Post Receipts
a. If a Credit calls for a post receipt or certificate of posting, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a post receipt or certificate of posting which:
i) appears on its face to have been stamped or otherwise authenticated and dated in the place from which the Credit stipulates the goods are to be shipped or dispatched and such date will be deemed to be the date of shipment or dispatch, and ii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
b. If a Credit calls for a document issued by a courier or expedited delivery service evidencing receipt of the goods for
delivery, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, accept a document, however named, which:
i) appears on its face to indicate the name of the courier/service, and to have been stamped, signed or otherwise authenticated by such named courier/service (unless the Credit specifically calls for a document issued by a named Courier/Service, banks will accept a document issued by any Courier/Service), and
ii) indicates a date of pick-up or of receipt or wording to this effect, such date being deemed to be the date of shipment or dispatch, and
iii) in all other respects meets the stipulations of the Credit.
Article 30. Transport Documents issued by Freight Forwarders
Unless otherwise authorised in the Credit, banks will only accept a transport document issued by a freight forwarder if it appears on its face to indicate:
i) the name of the freight forwarder as a carrier or multimodal transport operator and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by the freight forwarder as carrier or multimodal transport operator, or
ii) the name of the carrier or multimodal transport operator and to have been signed or otherwise authenticated by the freight forwarder as a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier or multimodal transport operator.
Articie 31. "On Deck,'""Shipper's Load and Count," Name of Consignor
Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks will accept a transport document which:
i) does not indicate, in the case of carriage by sea or by more than one means of conveyance including carriage by sea, that the goods are or will be loaded on deck. Nevertheless, banks will accept a transport document which contains a provision that the goods may be carried on deck, provided that it does not specifically state that they are or will be loaded on deck, and/or ii) bears a clause on the face thereof such as "shipper's load and count" or "said by shipper to contain" or words of similar effect, and/or
iii) indicates as the consignor of the goods a party other than the beneficiary of the Credit.
Article 32. Clean Transport Documents
a. A clean transport document is one which bears no clause or notation which expressly declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packaging.
b. Banks will not accept transport documents bearing such clauses or notations unless the Credit expressly stipulates the clauses or notations which may be accepted.
c. Banks will regard a requirement in a Credit for a transport document to bear the clause "clean on board" as complied with if such transport document meets the requirements of this Article and of Articles 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 or 30.
Article 33. Freight Payable/Prepaid Transport Documents
a. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, or inconsistent with any of the documents presented under the Credit, banks will accept transport documents stating that freight or transportaion charges(hereafter referred to as "freight") have still to be paid.
b. If a Credit stipulates that the transport document has to indicate that freight has been paid or prepaid, banks will accept a transport document on which words clearly indicating payment or prepayment of freight appear by stamp or otherwise, or on which payment or prepayment of freight is indicated by other means. If the Credit requires courier charges to be paid or prepaid banks will also accept a transport document issued by a courier or expedited delivery service evidencing that courier charges are for the account of a party other than the consignee.
c. The words "freight prepayable" or "freight to be prepaid" or words of similar effect, if appearing on transport documents, will not be accepted as constituting evidence of the payment of freight.
d. Banks will accept transport documents bearing reference by stamp or otherwise to costs additional to the freight, such as costs of, or disbursements incurred in connection with, loading, unloading or similar operations, unless the conditions of the credit specifically prohibit such referenc
e.
Article 34. Insurance Documents
a. Insurance documents must appear on their face to be issued and signed by insurance companies or underwriters or their
agents.
b. If the insurance document indicates that it has been issued in more than one original, all the originals must be presented unless otherwise authorised in the Credit.
c. Cover notes issued by brokers will not be accepted, unless specifically authorised in the Credit.
d. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks will accept an insurance certificate or a declaration under an open cover pre-signed by insurance companies or underwriters or their agents. If a Credit specifically calls for an insurance certificate or a declaration under an open cover, banks will accept, in lieu thereof, an insurance policy.
e. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, or unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective at the latest from the date of loading on board or dispatch or taking in charge of the goods, banks will not accept an insurance document which bears a date of issuance later than the date of loading on board or dispatch or taking in charge as indicated in such transport document.
f. i) Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, the insurance document must be expressed in the same currency as the Credit. ii) Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, the minimum amount for which the insurance document must indicate the insurance cover to have been effected is the CIF(cost, insurance and freight("named port of destination")) or CIP(carriage and insurance paid to("named place of destination")) value of the goods, as the case may be, plus 10%, but only when the CIF or CIP value can be determined from the documents on their face. Otherwise, banks will accept as such minimum amount 110% of the amount for which payment, accep- tance or negotiation is requested under the Credit, or 110% of the gross amount of the invoice, whichever is the greater.
Article 35. Type of Insurance Cover
a. Credits should stipulate the type of insurance required and, if any, the additional risks which are to be covered. Imprecise terms such as "usual risks" or "customary risks" shall not be used, if they are used, banks will accept insurance documents as presented, without responsibility for any risks not being covered.
b. Failing specific stipulations in the Credit, banks will accept insurance documents as presented, without responsibility for any risks not being covered.
c. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks will accept an insurance document which indicates that the cover is subject to a franchise or on excess (deductible).
Article 36. All Risks Insurance Cover
There a Credit stipulates "insurance against all risks", banks will accept an insurance document which contains any "all risks" notation or clause, whether or not bearing the heading "all risks", even if the insurance document indicates that certain risks are excluded, without responsibility for any risk(s) not being covered.
Article 37. Commercial Invoices
a. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, commercial invoices;
i) must appear on their face to be issued by the Beneficiary named in the Credit(except as provided in Article 48), and
ii) must be made out in the name of the Applicant(except as provided in sub-Article 48(h)), and
iii) need not be signed.
b. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, banks may refuse commercial invoices issued for amounts in excess of the amount permitted by the Credit. Nevertheless, if a bank authorised to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept Draft(s), or negotiate under a Credit accepts such invoices, its decision will be binding upon all parties, provided that such bank has not paid, incurred a deferred payment undertaking, accepted Draft(s) or negotiated for an amount in excess of that permitted by the Credit.
c. The description of the goods in the commercial invoice must correspond with the description in the Credit. In all other documents, the goods may be described in general terms not inconsistent with the description of the goods in the Credit.
Article 38. Other Documents
If a Credit calls for an attestation or certification of weight in the case of transport other than by sea, bank will accept a weight stamp or declaration of weight which appears to have been superimposed on the transport document by the carrier or his agent unless the Credit specifically stipulates that the attestation or certification of weight must be by means of a separate document.
E. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Article 39. Allowances in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Price
a. The words "about," "approximately," "circa" or similar expressions used in connection with the amount of the Credit or the quantity or the unit price stated in the Credit are to be construed as allowing a difference not to exceed 10% more or 10% less than the amount or the quantity or the unit price to which they refer.
b. Unless a Credit stipulates that the quantity of the goods specified must not be exceeded or reduced, a tolerance of 5% more or 5% less will be permissible, always provided that the amount of the drawings does not exceed the amount of the Credit. This tolerance does not apply when the Credit stipulates the quantity in terms of a stated number of packing units or individual items.
c. Unless a Credit which prohibits partial shipments stipulates otherwise, or unless sub-Article(b) above is applicable, a tolerance of 5% less in the amount of the drawing will be permissible, provided that if the Credit stipulates the quantity of the goods, such quantity of goods is shipped in full, and if the Credit stipulates a unit price, such price is not reduce
d. This provision does not apply when expressions referred to in sub-Article(a) above are used in the Credit.
Article 40. Partial Shipments/Drawings
a. Partial drawings and/or shipments are allowed, unless the Credit stipulates otherwise.
b. Transpart documents which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regard. ed as covering partial shipments, even if the transport documents indicate different dates of shipment and/or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge, or despatch.
c. Shipments made by post or by courier will not be regarded as partial shipments if the post receipts or certificates of posting or courier's receipts or dispatch notes appear to have been stamped, signed or otherwise authenticated in the place from which the Credit stipulates the goods are to be dispatched, and on the same date.
Article 41. Instalment Shipments/Drawings
If drawings and/or shipments by instalments within given periods are stipulated in the Credit and any instalment is not drawn and/or shipped within the period allowed for that instalment, the Credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent instalments, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit.
Article 42. Expiry Date and Place for Presentation of Documents
a. All Credits must stipulate an expiry date and a place for presentation of documents for payment, acceptance, or with the exception of freely negotiable Credits, a place for presentation of documents for negotia tion. An expiry date stipulated for payment, acceptance or negotiation will be construed to express an expiry date for presentation of documents.
b. Except as provided in sub-Article 44(a), documents must be presented on or before such expiry date.
c. If an Issuing Bank states that the Credit is to be available "for one month," "for six months," or the like, but does not specify the date from which the time is to run, the date of issuance of the Credit by the Issuing Bank will be deemed to be the first day from which such time is to run. Banks should discourage indication of the expiry date of the Credit in this manner. Article 43. Limitation on the Expiry Date
a. In addition to stipulating an expiry date for presentation of documents, every Credit which calls for a transport document(s) should also stipulate a specified period of time after the date of shipment during which presentation must be made in
compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. Tf no such period of time is stipulated, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than 21 days after the date of shipment. In any event, documents must be presented not later than the expiry date of the Credit.
b. In cases in which sub-Article 40(b) applies, the date of shipment will be considered to be the latest shipment date on any of the transport documents presented.
Article 44. Extension of Expiry Date
a. If the expiry date of the Credit and/or the last day of the period of time for presentation of documents stipulated by the Credit or applicable by virtue of Article 43 falls on a day on which the bank to which presentation has to be made is closed for reasons other than those referred to in Article 17, the stipulated expiry date and/or the last day of the period of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents, as the case may be, shall be extended to the first following day on which such bank is open.
b. The latest date for shipment shall not be extended by reason of the extension of the expiry date and/or the period of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents in accordance with sub-Article (a) above. If no such latest date for shipment is stipulated in the Credit or amendments thereto, banks will not accept transport documents indicating a date of shipment later than the expiry date stipulated in the Credit or amendments thereto.
c. The bank to which presentation is made on such first following business day must provide a statement that the documents were presented within the time limits extended in accordance with sub-Article 44(a) of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 1993 Revision, ICC Publication No. 500.
Article 45. Hours of Presentation
Banks are under no obligation to accept presentation of documents outside their banking hours.
Article 46. General Expressions as to Dates for Shipment
a. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit, the expression "shipment" used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest date for shipment will be understood to include expressions such as, "loading on board," "dis. patch," "accepted for carriage," "date of post receipt," "date of pick- up," and the like, and in the case of a credit calling for a multimodal transport document the expression "taking in charge."
b. Expressions such as "prompt," "immediately," "as soon as possible," and the like should not be used. If they are used banks will disregard them.
c. If the expression "on or about" or similar expressions are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days include
d.
Article 47. Date Terminology for Periods of Shipment
a. The words "to," "until," "till," "from" and words of similar import applying to any date or period in the Credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.
b. The word "after" will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.
c. The terms "first half," "second half" of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.
d. The terms "beginning," "middle," or "end" of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th, and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusiv
e.
F. TRANSFERABLE CREDIT
Article 48. Transferable Credit
a. A transferable Credit is a Credit under which the Beneficiary(First Beneficiary) may request the bank authorised to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept or negotiate (the "Transferring Bank"), or in the case of a freely negotiable Credit, the bank specifically authorised in the Credit as a Transferring Bank, to make the Credit available in whole or in part to one or more other Beneficiary(ies) (Second Beneficiary(ies)).
b. A Credit can be transferred only if it is expressly designated as "transferable" by the Issuing Bank. Terms such as "divisible," "fractionable," "assignable," and "transmissible" do not render the Credit transferable. If such terms are used they shall be disreearded.
c. A Transferring Bank shall be under no obligation to effect such transfer except to the extent and in the manner expressly consented to by such bank.
d. At the time of making a request for transfer and prior to transfer of the Credit, the First Beneficiary must irrevocably instruct the Transferring Bank whether or not he retains the right to refuse to allow the Transferring Bank to advise amendments to the Second Beneficiary(ies). If the
Transferring Bank consents to the transfer under these conditions, it must, at the time of transfer, advise the Second Beneficiary(ies) of the First Beneficiary's instructions regarding amendments.
e. If a Credit is transferred to more than one Second Beneficiary(ies), refusal of an amendment by one or more Second Beneficiary(ies) does not invalidate the acceptance(s) by the other Second Beneficiary(ies) with respect to whom the Credit will be amended accordingly. With respect to the Second Beneficiary(ies) who rejected the amendment, the Credit will remain unamended.
f. Transferring Bank charges in respect of transfers including commissions, fees, costs or expenses are payable by the First Beneficiary, unless otherwise agreed. If the Transferring Bank agrees to transfer the Credit it shall be under no obligation to effect the transfer until such charges are paid.
g. Unless otherwise stated in the Credit, a transferable Credit can be transferred once only. Consequently, the Credit cannot be transferred at the request of the Second Beneficiary to any subsequent Third Beneficiary. For the purpose of this Article, a retransfer to the First Beneficiary does not constitute a prohibited transfer. Fractions of a transferable Credit(not exceeding in the aggregate the amount of the Credit) can be transferred separately, provided partial shipments/drawings are not prohibited, and the aggregate of such transfers will be considered as constituting only one transfer of the Credit.
h. The Credit can be transferred only on the terms and conditions specified in the original Credit, with the exception of:
- the amount of the Credit,
- any unit price stated therein,
- the expiry date,
- the last date for presentation of documents in accordance with Article 43,
- the period for shipment,
any or all of which may be reduced or curtailed.
The percentage for which insurance cover must be effected may be increased in such a way as to provide the amount of cover stipulated in the original Credit, or these Articles. In addition, the name of the First Beneficiary can be substituted for that of the Applicant, but if the name of the Applicant is specifically required by the original Credit to appear in any document(s) other than the invoice, such requirement must be fulfilled.
i. The First Beneficiary has the right to substitute his own invoice(s) (and Draft(s)) for those of the Second Beneficiary(ies), for amounts not in excess of the original amount stipulated in the Credit and for the original unit prices if stipulated in the Credit, and upon such substitution of invoice(s) (and Draft(s)) the First Beneficiary can draw under the Credit for the difference, if any, between his voice(s) and the Second Beneficiary's(ies') invoice(s).
When a Credit has been transferred and the First Beneficiary is to supply his own invoice(s)(and Draft(s)) in exchange for the Second Beneficiary's(ies') invoice(s)(and Draft(s)) but fails to do so on first demand, the Transferring Bank has the right to deliver to the Issuing Bank the documents received under the transferred Credit, including the Second Beneficiary's(ies') invoice(s)(and Draft(s)) without further responsibility to the First Beneficiary.
j. The First Beneficiary may request that payment or negotiation be effected to the Second Beneficiary(ies) at the place to which the Credit has been transferred up to and including the expiry date of the Credit, unless the original Credit expressly states that it may not be made available for payment or negotiation at a place other than that stipula ted in the Credit. This is
without prejudice to the First Beneficiary's right to substitute subsequently his own invoice(s) (and Draft(s)) for those of the Second Beneficiary(ies) and to claim any difference due to him.
G. ASSIGNNIENT OF PROCEEDS
Article 49. Assignment of Proceeds
The fact that a Credit is not stated to be transferable shall not affect the Beneficiary's right to assign any proceeds to which he may be, or may become, entitled under such Credit, in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law. This Article relates only to the assignment of proceeds and not to the assignment of the right to perform under the Credit itself.
进退之间——罗尔斯的《政治自由主义》 | [<<][>>] 在当代西方哲学舞台上，罗尔斯无疑是一位具有独特思想性格的哲学家。这位被誉为当代西方“新自由主义”哲学领袖和哈佛“自由主义思想铁三角”之一（另外两“角”据说是帕森斯和亨廷顿）的哲学和伦理学教授，自上世纪七十年代伊始发表《正义论》以来就一直充当着哈佛和美国，乃至整个西方政治哲学和社会伦理学的“领衔主演”，被丹尼尔斯称为“二十世纪的洛克”。 今天，已经没有人会怀疑罗尔斯正义理论的巨大影响及其哲学话语的权威性了，从哲学、法学、政治学、伦理学、经济学，到所谓“福利资本主义”、“国家干预理论”，几乎都可以感受到罗尔斯的思想渗透和话语力量。可“树大招风”，罗尔斯及其《正义论》也不可能超出这一法则。打从《正义论》问世后，罗尔斯便再也没有安宁过。罗尔斯受到的批评和挑战是全方位的，有来自新自由主义的内外夹击，也有来自哲学、法学、经济学、政治学、社会学和伦理学等多学科的交叉批评，一时间大有四面楚歌的“危机”感。反自由主义的思想家们（如米歇尔?桑德尔、泰勒、麦金太尔等）批评他因循（即“因”近代社会契约论的社会伦理之传统理路）守旧（即“守”启蒙运动以来的个人主义的自由主义立场），而事实上，这种基于社会契约的现代启蒙式自由主义的“道德谋划”，已经无力应付现代社会的道德问题了。激进的自由主义者（如诺齐克）抱怨他放弃了“个人权利神圣不可侵犯”这一西方经典性的现代价值圭臬，无论如何，所谓“平等的自由”和“差异原则”，都必定要付出牺牲个人天赋权利的代价。 除了思想派别的根本立场反驳，还有来自多学科学者在具体观点和学理技术等问题上的批评。一些法学家（如哈特、德沃金）和政治学家（如阿克曼）质疑罗尔斯，正义原则是否非得有“原初状态”、“无知之幕”一类的前提预制来担保其理论合法性不可，毕竟这类旧式的哲学假设不如“价值中立”一类的概念来得实际合理。哲学和伦理学的同道们对罗尔斯的诘难似乎更多更麻烦，内格尔（Thomas Negal）教授说，“原初状态”、“无知之幕”等前提预设虽然是想建立一种公正的客观立场，但这仍然是一种理论立场，真正的客观公正应当是“无立场”（from nowhere）。哈贝马斯不无诙谐地谈到，“无知之幕”的设置不啻一种“信息强制”，其实质性意图是把所有参与社会契约或原则协商的人都蒙在鼓里。可实际
苏州IDC项目可行性研究报告 xxx实业发展公司
摘要说明— 互联网数据中心（IDC）属于互联网基础设施范畴的一个细分领域，主要为大型互联网公司、云计算企业、金融机构等客户提供一个存放服务器的空间场所，包括必备的网络、电力、空调等基础设施，同时提供代维代管及其他增值服务，以获取空间租赁费和增值服务费。 该IDC项目计划总投资3634.35万元，其中：固定资产投资2584.30万元，占项目总投资的71.11%；流动资金1050.05万元，占项目总投资的28.89%。 达产年营业收入8321.00万元，总成本费用6551.69万元，税金及附加67.62万元，利润总额1769.31万元，利税总额2080.97万元，税后净利润1326.98万元，达产年纳税总额753.99万元；达产年投资利润率48.68%，投资利税率57.26%，投资回报率36.51%，全部投资回收期4.24年，提供就业职位151个。 在中国互联网行业的高速发展下，中国的IDC市场规模增速远高于全球水平。据统计，2012-2016年，中国IDC市场规模保持持续增长趋势，但增速呈波动增长态势。2018年中国IDC市场继续保持高速增长，市场总规模为1277.2亿元人民币，同比增长35%。 报告内容：概论、建设必要性分析、市场调研预测、建设规划、选址规划、土建工程方案、项目工艺原则、环境影响分析、项目职业保护、项
目风险情况、节能评价、项目进度计划、投资方案说明、项目经济收益分析、项目综合评价等。 规划设计/投资分析/产业运营
苏州IDC项目可行性研究报告目录 第一章概论 第二章建设必要性分析 第三章市场调研预测 第四章建设规划 第五章选址规划 第六章土建工程方案 第七章项目工艺原则 第八章环境影响分析 第九章项目职业保护 第十章项目风险情况 第十一章节能评价 第十二章项目进度计划 第十三章投资方案说明 第十四章项目经济收益分析 第十五章招标方案 第十六章项目综合评价
印制电路板的种类有哪些_印制电路板布线要求 印制电路板分类印制电路板{PCB线路板}，又称印刷电路板，是电子元器件电气连接的提供者。它的发展已有100多年的历史了；它的设计主要是版图设计；采用电路板的主要优点是大大减少布线和装配的差错，提高了自动化水平和生产劳动率。 按照线路板层数可分为单面板、双面板、四层板、六层板以及其他多层线路板。 单面板在最基本的PCB上，零件集中在其中一面，导线则集中在另一面上。因为导线只出现在其中一面，所以这种PCB叫作单面板（Single-sided）。因为单面板在设计线路上有许多严格的限制（因为只有一面，布线间不能交叉而必须绕独自的路径），所以只有早期的电路才使用这类的板子。 双面板这种电路板的两面都有布线，不过要用上两面的导线，必须要在两面间有适当的电路连接才行。这种电路间的“桥梁”叫做导孔（via）。导孔是在PCB上，充满或涂上金属的小洞，它可以与两面的导线相连接。因为双面板的面积比单面板大了一倍，双面板解决了单面板中因为布线交错的难点（可以通过导孔通到另一面），它更适合用在比单面板更复杂的电路上。 多层板为了增加可以布线的面积，多层板用上了更多单或双面的布线板。用一块双面作内层、二块单面作外层或二块双面作内层、二块单面作外层的印刷线路板，通过定位系统及绝缘粘结材料交替在一起且导电图形按设计要求进行互连的印刷线路板就成为四层、六层印刷电路板了，也称为多层印刷线路板。板子的层数并不代表有几层独立的布线层，在特殊情况下会加入空层来控制板厚，通常层数都是偶数，并且包含最外侧的两层。大部分的主机板都是4到8层的结构，不过技术上理论可以做到近100层的PCB板。大型的超级计算机大多使用相当多层的主机板，不过因为这类计算机已经可以用许多普通计算机的集群代替，超多层板已经渐渐不被使用了。因为PCB中的各层都紧密的结合，一般不太容易看出实际数目，不过如果仔细观察主机板，还是可以看出来。 印制电路板布线要求1、导线⑴宽度
苏州工业园区TierIV 标准数据中心供配电系统设计 傅卫东/ 张渊（苏州工业园区设计研究院, 江苏苏州 215021） Power Supply and Distribution System Design for Tier IV Data Center of Suzhou Industrial Park Fu Weidong / Zhang Yu a n 摘要对数据中心的T i e r I V标准作了简单的介绍，并结合具体设 计对苏州工业园区的综合数据中心供配电系统进行了分析和介绍 了项目的实施情况。 关键词T i e r I V标准数据中心 20k V中压配电设计供配电 系统 Abstract The paper brieflly introduced the Tier IV standard for data centers, and in combination with the project of Suzhou Industrial Park, it made a analysis on the power supply and distribution system for data centers. The implementation of this project was introduced as well. Keywords Tier IV standard, data center, 20kV mid-voltage distribution, design, power supply and distribution system
房设计规范》内的最高标准的A 级机房标准，而且在某些方面要求更加严格。 数据中心等级认证级别越高，标志着数据中心成熟度越高，能够提供的服务也就越安全稳定，当然单位面积的造价也就越昂贵。正是由于TierIV 级别在基础设施建造上的高要求和高成本投入，全世界能够成功通过该级别标准的企业不足10 家。在这一点上苏州工业园区综合数据中心实现了我国数据中心的一个新突破。作为建设方聘请的顾问公司和机房区的承包方，某国际知名IT 企业的全球服务部全程参与了该项目，而作为项目的设计方笔者所在的苏州工业园区设计院完成了除机房以外的所有区域包括变电所、发电机房的设计。在此仅将设计中的一些体会写下来供大家参考。 2 TierIV 标准的电气供电一般要求 Tier Ⅳ认证的数据中心要求具有容错结构，系统设计需要避免出现单点故障，所有电力系统，包括备用电源都是全冗余的。允许对重要负荷进行有计划（不会中断系统）的操作。容错功能需要至少能经受住一次最重要的意外事故（操作失误、设备故障、外电源中断、维护和检修等）而不会中断电子信息系统的运行，能提供99.995% 的可用性。具体来说对于电气系统的要求一般有以下几项： 1）市电接入两路主供 2）变压器容量配置2N，即全冗余 3）备用柴油发电机配置不低于N +1 4）发电机燃料储量不小于96h 5）电气系统允许并行检修 6）单位面积供电密度不小于1.5kW/m2 7）UPS 系统容量配置2N，即全冗余 8）独立双电源路径至PDU
《印制电路板设计技术》基本概念 一、Protel 99软件概述 3、Protel99 SE的文件类型 在设计数据库中包含了全部的用户文件，文件类型以扩展名加以区分。Protel 99SE常见文件类型有： bak（自动备份文件）ddb（数据库文件）sch（原理图文件）pcb（电路板图文件）prj（项目文件） lib（元件库文件） net（网络表文件） pld（pld描述文件）txt（文本文件） rep（报告文件） ERC（电气规则测试报告文件） XLS（元件列表文件） XRF（交叉参考元件列表文件）等。 二、电路原理图设计 1、印制电路板设计分为三大步骤：（1）电路原理图的设计、（2）产生网络表、（3）印制电路板的设计。 2、电路原理图设计的一般步骤：（1）新建电路原理图文件；（2）启动电路原理图编辑器；（3）设置图纸和工作环境；（4）加载元件库；（5）放置元件；（6）调整元器件布局；（7）进行布线及调整；（8）报表文件的生成；（9）文件的保存与输出。 3、在原理图中，设计管理器由Explorer（设计浏览器）和Browse Sch（元件管理器）组成。设计浏览器用来管理设计数据库文件，元件管理器用来装载/删除元件库、选取与查找元件、打开元件编辑器。 4、Protel 99SE中使用的尺寸是英制，它与公制之间的关系为：1 inch（英寸）=25.4mm，1 inch=1000 mil（毫英寸），1mm=40mil 。 5、Snap Grid 表示捕捉栅格，用于将元件、连线放置在栅格上，使图形整齐且易画图；Visible Grid表示可视栅格，屏幕显示的栅格，用以确定元件位置；Electrical Grid 表示电气栅格，用于连线。 6、Protel 99 SE提供的常用快捷键如下：PageUp：放大视图；PageDown：缩小视图；End：刷新视图；Space：被放置的对象旋转90度；Tab：在元件浮动状态时，编辑元件的属性；X：元件水平镜像翻转；Y：元件垂直镜像翻转；Esc：取消当前操作。 7、直线LINE与导线Wire 的区别是： LINE是画直线的工具，没有电气连接意义；Wire 是画导线的工具，有电气连接意义。在使用中两者不能互相代替。 8、网络标号在电路原理图中具有实际的电气连接作用，只要网络标号相同的网络不管图上是否连接表示它们都是连接在一起的。 9、主电路图的扩展名是：.prj，这个文件又称项目文件。 10、电路原理图元件库的扩展名是.lib；而电路原理图文件的扩展名是. sch。 11、制作新元件的一般步骤如下：（1）新建元件库；（2）设置工作参数；（3）绘制元件外形；（4）放置并编辑元件引脚；（5）编辑元件信息；（6）生成有关元件的报表；（7）元件保存。 12、PCB 电路板的概念 所谓印制电路板(PrintedCircuitBoard，PCB)就是以一定尺寸的绝缘板为基材，以铜箔为导线，通过印制板上的印制导线、焊盘及金属化过孔等来实现电路元件各个引脚之间的电气连接。 13、单面板、双面板与多层板的区别是：单面板是一种单面敷铜，因此只能利用它敷了铜的一面设计电路导线和元件的焊接；双面板是包括 Top （顶层）和 Bottom （底层）的双面都敷有铜的电路板，双面都可以布线焊接，中间为一层绝缘层，为常用的一种电路板；如果在双面板的顶层和底层之间加上别的层，即构成了多层板。
罗尔斯的正义理论：公平的正义(Justice as fairness) 一：背景之一：了解古典正义理论 Plato：灵魂与城邦的类比 Aristotle: 广义的正义【合法性】和狭义的（分配）正义【按贡献平等分配】 二：背景二：当代理论背景：功利主义 功利主义：制度安排的标准是效用最大化 其缺陷：人际差异不受尊重，可能伤害个体 三：罗尔斯简介（1921-2002）： 主要著作 《正义论》 《政治自由主义》 《万民法》 其它作品 四：公平的正义的基本理念： 1、契约理论： 虚拟的缔结正义原则； 正义的主题：社会的制度安排；如何划分社会合作的利益与负担，分配权利与义务。 2、特征条件：原初状况（Original position） 社会作为合作体系 理性人【rational agent】假设 匿名性：无知之幕：缔约者不知道自己的处境，无法从特定利益立场提出主张，有此得出的正义可谓“公平的正义（Justice as fairness）”。
3、选项和选择的理由： 两个主要选项：a. 功利主义；b.正义两原则 缔约者的策略：最大最小化原则导致选择“正义两原则”。 五：正义两原则及其重要性 1. 表述： 第一原则【平等的自由原则】：每个人都应享有与人人享有的一种类似的自由权相一致的最广泛的、全面的、平等的基本自由权的平等权利。 第二原则【差异原则】，对社会和经济不平等的安排应能使这种不平等既（a）符合地位最不利的人的最大利益，又（b）按照公平的机会均等的条件，使之与向所有人开放的地位和职务联系在一起. 其中第一原则优先于第二原则。 2. 重要性： 表达了现代政治的两大诉求：自由和平等，并安排了有理据的平衡。 六：一个康德式的诠释 为何自由原则优先于（经济）平等？基于康德的自由观念。 注重“自由而平等的人”这一理念对自由原则及其优先性的辩护。人是平等的，因为他们“具有最低限度的道德能力，能从事稳定的社会合作，并作为平等的公民参与社会生活”；人是自由的，因为他们“具有形成、修正和合理追求善观念的道德能力”并且他们把自己看作是正当要求的自证根源（self-authenticating sources）。这一辩护本身就刻画了自由的优先性。罗尔斯借助“自由而平等的人”的辩护是康德式的先验论路径：它从某种标准的道德思想和道德实践的特性出发（人具有正义感和善观念两种道德能力），推出使道德生活得以成立的原则和前提条件（平等的自由原则）：唯有在平等的自由原则的框架下，公民才能实践其两种道德能力，形成合理的道德生活。 七：批评意见： 1、社群主义对个人主义的指责（Sandel等人） 2、推导的有效性：风险的问题 3、稳定性：依赖于康德式诠释：Rawls严肃看待的批评。后期的转向：政治自由主义
印制电路板的种类 实际电子产品中使用的印制扳千差万别，简单的印制板只有几个焊点或导线，一般电 子产品中焊点数为数十个到数百个，焊点数超过60D的属于复杂印制板。根据不同的标 准印制电路板有不同的分类。 1．按印制，电路的分布分类 按印制电路约分布可将印制电路板分为单面板、双面板、多层扳3种 (1)单面板 单面板是在厚度为o．2—5mm的绝缘基板上，只有一个表面敷有铜箔，通过印制和 腐蚀的方法在基板上形成印制电路。单面板制造简单，装配方便，适用于一放电路要求， 如收音机、电视机等；不适用于要求高组装密度或复杂电路的场合。 (2)双面板 双面板是在厚度为o．2—5mm的绝缘基板两面均印制电路。它适用于一般要求的 电子产品，如电子计算机、电子仪器和仪表等。由于双面板印制电路的布线密度较单面板 高，所以能减小设备的体积。 (3)多层板 在绝缘基板上印制3层以上印制电路的印制板称为多层板。它是由几层较薄的单面 板或双面板教和而成，其厚度一般为1．2—2．5m顺。为了把夹在绝缘基板中间的电路引TI代理商 出，多层板上安装元件的孔需要金属化，即在小孔内表面涂效金属层，使之与夹在绝缘基 板中间的印制电路接通。图2—2是多层板结构示意固，多层板所用的元件多为贴片式元
件，其特点是： ·与集成电路配合使用，可使整机小型化，减少整机重量； ·提高了布线密度，缩小了元器件的间距，缩短了信号的传翰路径； ·减少了元器件焊接点，降低了故陈牢， ．增设了屏蔽层，电路的信号失真减少； ·引入了接地散热层，可减少局部过热现象，提高整机工作的可靠性。。 2．按基材的性质分类 按基材的性质可将印制电路板分为刚性和柔性两种。 (1)刚性印制板 刚性印制板具有一定的机械强度，用它装成的部件具有 于乎展状态。一般电子产品中使用的都是刚性印制板。 (2)柔性印制板 柔性印制板是以软层状塑料或其他软质绝缘材料为基材而制成。它所制成的部件可 以弯曲和伸缩，在使用时可根据ATMEL代理商安装要求将其弯曲。柔性印制板一般用于特殊场合，如某 些数字万用表的显示屏是可以旋转的，其内部往往采用柔性印制板；手机的显示屏、按键 等。图2—3为手机柔性印制板，它的基材采用聚酰亚胺，并且对表面进行了防氧 化处理，
罗尔斯《政治自由主义》读书笔记我最近看了罗尔斯的《政治自由主义》，通过对全书的阅读，并对此书作了读书笔记。 一、罗尔斯的《政治自由主义》全书主要回答一个问题： 由自由而平等的公民——他们因各种合乎理性的宗教学说、哲学学说和道德学说而产生深刻分化——所组成的公正而稳定的社会如何可能长治久安？P3。我提出了这样一个问题：当一个社会中自由而平等的公民因其诸种合乎理性的宗教学说、哲学学说和道德学说而形成深刻的分化时，一个正义而稳定的社会何以可能保持其长治久安？“平装本导论”，P25。 二、立宪政体正当理性的稳定性的制度指标有以下五个方面： 甲、各种选举的公共经费负担和确保有关政策问题的公共信息之有效性。对这些安排（和下列安排）的陈述仅仅暗示出，使被选代表和官员足以独立于特殊的社会利益和经济利益，并提供知识和信息，正是依据这些知识和信息，各种政策才能形成并接受公民利用公共理性所对之进行的理智评价。 乙、确定的机会均等，尤其是教育与培训的机会均等。如果没有这些机会，社会各方就无法参与公共理性的争论，或无法为社会和经济的政策进言。 丙、满足自由主义第三个条件的适当的收入和财富分配：必须确保所有公民获得他们理智而有效地实现其基本自由所必需的、适合于各种目的的手段。缺少这一条件，那些拥有财富和较高收入的人就容易宰制那些财富和收入较少的人，并日益控制政治权力，使之有利于他们自由。 丁、通过中央或地方政府，或其他经济与社会政策，社会作为最后雇主。缺乏长远的安全感和从事有意义的工作机会与求职机会，不仅会伤害公民的自尊，而且会伤害他们的社会成员感，让他们觉得自己只是被社会收留的人。这会导致他们的自我憎恶、痛苦和愤恨。 戊、全体公民的医疗保健。“平装本导论”，P46－47。 三、论冲突 1、有三种主要冲突： 即公民间相互冲突的完备性学说所导致的冲突；他们不同的社会身份、阶级地位和职业所导致的冲突，或他们不同的种性、性别和民族导致的冲突；最后是由各种判断负担所导致的冲突。政治自由主义能够缓和但无法消除第一种冲突，因为从政治上讲，各种完备性学说是不能相互调和一致的。然而，合乎理性的公共立宪政体之正义原则，却可以帮我们调和第二种冲突。因为，一旦我们接受正义原则，或者把这些原则看作至少是合乎理性的（哪怕不是最合乎理性的），并了解到我们的政治制度和社会制度与这些正义原则相一致，第二种冲突就不再发生，否则就会强烈爆发。我相信，一个合乎理性的公共立宪政体可以在很大程度上消除这些冲突发生的根源，因为其政治正义的原则满足相互性的标准。P48。 2、民族冲突： 就像人们可能期望各民族有其各种各样的利益，而它们的倾向却囿于狭隘的观点一样。P37。 3、解决冲突不能依靠压迫性统治。只有靠压迫性地使用国家权利，人们对某一种完备性宗教学说、哲学学说和道德学说的持续共享性理解才得以维持下去。如果我们把政治社会当作以认肯同一完备性学说而达到统一的共同体，那么，对于政治共同体来说，压迫性地使用国家权力就是必需的。P38。
自由主义：它是19——20世纪初资产阶级的一种统治思想。也是一种思想体系、政治理论学说、社会思潮、经济发展理论和社会运动，关系到国家政策和民族利益。从范围上看既有思想的自由，又有政治，经济的自由，反映了正在兴起的市民阶级的意愿。 它要求保护个人自由不受无理由的限制，对政府的权力进行限制，经济上要求市场的主导权与利益集团相协调，最终目标是追求有理性的自由。 自由主义的发展 起源于古希腊时期，古代民主是集团利益之上的，要求个人利益服从集体利益，缺少个人对自由的追求。 现在自由主义伴随着资本主义的产生和发展而发展的。近代的自由主义主要是古典自由主义，时间为16——19世纪，14世纪随着资本主义的产生和发展与旧有的封建制度发生了冲突，主要表现在四个方面：第一，思想上，封建统治思想与个人意志自由冲突。第二，政治上，封建等级制度与天赋人权，人人平等的冲突。第三，信仰上，对于天主教的绝对信仰与对新教信仰的冲突。第四，经济上，最初表现为私有财产神圣不可侵犯与王权任意支配个人财产的冲突。 18世纪，自由主义主要表现为经济上的自由主义即亚当·斯密的古典自由主义，成为资本主义发展的核心指导理论，核心是政府不干涉经济活动。政治自由主义表现在很多理论，19世纪下半期边沁功利主义，孔德实证主义，实践方面，19世纪60、70年代俄国农奴制废除，美国内战，日本明治维新，德国统一，意大利统一，英国三次国会改革，至19世纪60、70年代自由资本主义形成。 英国在政治上的表现在第一次工业革命以后宣扬亚当.斯密的经济学说，主张国际交往自由，国内实行三次议会改革，外交上实行光荣孤立的政策。19世纪70、80年代国际上出现缔约结盟热潮，在19世纪年代美德超过英国后，英国开始与法、日、俄结盟。
H3C新一代数据中心解决方案的4大优势 推荐 打印 收藏 标准化 新一代数据中心之标准化 传统数据中心的异构网络 数据中心经过多年的发展和变革，已经成为企业IT系统的心脏，然而，随着企业信息化发展的不断深入和信息量的爆炸式增长，数据中心正面临着前所未有的挑战。其中，传统数据中心在不断的建设和升级过程中积累下来的繁杂、异构的网络，阻碍了数据中心向高效、敏捷的方向发展。 从数据中心的网络结构看，存在相对独立的三张网：数据网（Data）、存储网（SAN）和高性能计算网（HPC），而目前的网络现状： 数据中心的前端访问接口通常采用以太网进行互联而成，构成了一张高速运转的数据网络数据中心后端的存储更多的是采用NAS、FC SAN等 服务器的并行计算则大多采用Infiniband和以太网 不同的服务器之间存在操作系统和上层软件异构、接口与数据格式不统一
以上问题导致数据中心运行时，协议转换开销大、速率不匹配、性能瓶颈明显、开发与部署周期长、无法满足业务快速灵活部署和实际应用的需求。 标准化之统一交换架构 为了便于未来的业务整合和服务提供、简化管理、降低建设成本和运营维护成本，为了解决传统数据中心异构网络带来的种种问题，数据中心的建设应尽量避免异构系统的存在，用一个统一的标准来规划完整的数据中心网络体系。 在业务网络，以太网随着技术的变革一直在向前不断的发展，以满足不断变化的行业和市场的需求。自1983年以太网开始大规模普及开始，到1995年的以太网网卡被大多数PC所采用，再到快速以太网(100 Mbps )，千兆以太网( 1000 Mbps )以及今天的万兆以太网，和即将推出的40 Gbps和100 Gbps以太网标准。其经历了从终端到局域网、从局域网到广域网、从广域网到城域网的变革，可以说以太网正凭借其强大的生命力得到了空前的发展和壮大。 在存储领域，自IP存储自诞生以来快速发展，万兆存储更将存储发展带入新纪元。 在超级计算和高性能计算领域，08年6月发布的世界TOP500超级计算机排名显示，285个站点采用以太网连接，占据57％的份额。 随着CEE（Convergence Enhanced Ethernet 融合增强型以太网）对现有以太网标准的改进，以太网解决了数据中心应用面临的所有技术问题。融合增强型以太网已经成为构建统一交换架构数据中心的最佳选择。
第8卷第4期 西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版)Vol.8No.4 2008年7月Journal of Northwest A &F University (Social Science Edition ) J ul.2008 作为自由的平等 ———论罗尔斯政治理论对自由主义的贡献 高玉平 (辽宁大学哲学与公共管理学院,沈阳 110036) 摘 要:政治自由主义的价值理念一直是西方社会政治思想的主流,但自从古典自由主义诞生的上百年时间里,自由主义理论鲜有新的理论建树。直到20世纪70年代罗尔斯的正义理论问世,政治自由主义又萌发了勃勃的理论生机。古典自由主义主张个体享有自由平等的权利,而它所指的“平等”仅局限于形式上的平等。罗尔斯对“平等”概念重新阐释,赋予传统的“平等”观念以实质性的含义,这一观点使得古典自由主义上升到了新的理论水平。 关键词:平等;个人主义;正义;罗尔斯 中图分类号:B15 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-9107(2008)04-0104-04 自由主义作为一种政治学思想其特征可归纳为几个方面:个人主义、普遍主义和改良主义等。其中个人主义可以被视为自由主义政治思想的灵魂,其它特征都要以维护个人主义这一思想作为其主旨。 个人主义意味着:(1)个人是道德价值的最终单位;(2)社会拥有作为恰当目标的对于个人的益处,不存 在超越或凌驾于个人益品之上的社会益品;(3)个人的福利需要人们尽可能地作出自己的选择。[1] 简言之,自由主义认为只有在对个人充分尊重的基础上才能形成真正的关于社会集体事务的公共理性,个人拥有自我选择、自我决定的权利。要实现这一目标个人首先必须是平等的单元和价值的终极。所以对“平等”的诉求是实现自由主义理论的基本前提。虽然自由主义的思想具有某些极端性色彩,并遭到其它政治理论的批判,但自由主义思想传统内部在不断变革创新,企图将其思想日臻完善。尤其是20世纪末兴起的新自由主义理论使自由主义的政治哲学又以新的面貌呈现在世人面前。 一、“正义”成为自由主义的新主题 以罗尔斯正义论为代表的新自由主义理论的兴起为古典自由主义理论注入了新的活力。新自由主义与古典自由主义的区别在于:古典自由主义关注的主题是自由,而新自由主义关注的主题是正义。罗尔斯指出:正义是社会制度的首要价值,正像真理是思想体系的首要价值一样……同样某些法律和制度,不管它们如何有效率和有条理,只要它们不正 义,就必须加以改造或废除”。[2]3罗尔斯认为正义是 评价现代社会制度是否合理的唯一标准。罗尔斯认为正义的内涵首先就是平等。 在古典自由主义时期就已经提出平等的政治概念。自由、平等、博爱是资产阶级革命的口号。古典自由主义者认为,平等也是一种权利,即每个人都平等地享有权利。资产阶级尤其强调“天赋人权”,“天赋人权”是指国家不能以任何理由和名义剥夺公民的权利。在强烈的权利意识下,自由也被纳入权利范畴之中。由于基本权利为每个人都平等地享有,每个人都要求一种权利上的平等。因此,古典自由主义的自由原则,又是权利原则,同时也是平等 ①收稿日期:2008202222 基金项目:辽宁大学亚洲研究中心资助研究课题 作者简介:高玉平(1973-),女,辽宁沈阳人,辽宁大学哲学与公共管理学院讲师,哲学博士,主要从事外国哲学研究。
一、苏州桥机房 苏州桥机房位于海淀区苏州桥紫金庄园，地处中关村核心区，是电信通继中关村机房之后位于中关村的又一主力机房。苏州桥机房加强了对中关村地区网络的覆盖，并提高了对中关村地区用户的服务能力，与中关村机房一起凭借优越的地理位置，为用户提供快捷、高质量的服务。 二、机房设施介绍 苏州桥机房的总使用面积1400平米，共分A、B两个区，A区在地上一层，B区在地下一层，其中A区机房面积412平米，设置机柜210个，监控中心22平米；B区机房面积380平米，设置机柜200个。 【机房建筑】 机房结构可以抵抗8级地震，机房承重达1000公斤/平方米，机房内采用防静电地板，机房的四壁墙内设有防电磁干扰措施。机房空间可灵活分隔、扩展。 【网络资源】 北京电信通IDC拥有与中国电信、中国网通、中国联通、中国移动、教育网等电信运营商稳定、安全的网络连接，总带宽高达40多个G，拥有其他IDC运营商无法比拟的带宽资源优势。 机房基于自有AS域，与各大电信运营商建立BGP连接，具备全冗余的网络架构，能够根据IDC业务实际需要增减带宽、灵活配置，
实现高速互联，满足到不同运营商网络的访问需求，是中国互联互通最好的网络平台。 【网络设计】 机房网络设备全部采用思科等一线网络设备商产品，CISCO 6500作为核心交换机。网络采用核心、分布和接入三层结构设计，全部网络设备全部采用双点备份，避免单点故障，增强了网络的可靠性。为用户提供高可靠性的网络接入服务。 【机柜设备】 机房机柜全部采用瑞克通公司专门为数据中心定制的专业机柜，高47U、深900mm、宽600mm。机柜由配电柜直接供电，电力容量为3KW，并且每个机柜均为UA，UB两路不同的UPS供电。 【电力供应】 IDC的电源系统由两级电力保障构成： ? 双路10千伏高压供电 配置独立的变配电室（供电局的变配电室在机房内部，提供更高的安全和可靠性，供电局的断电需经我方物业同意方可进入变配电室操作）。机房为2级供电保障，比北京市的一般大厦（3级）的供电等级高，所以机房的具备很高级别的供电保障。 ? 双路4台400KVA UPS UPS选用当前的一线产品美国艾默生设备。配套蓄电池选用意大利原装进口非凡电池，4台UPS采用双路N+1冗余配置为机柜供电，
罗尔斯（JohnRawls）在政治哲学上成就斐然，受到相当普遍的肯定与推崇。不时有人赞誉道，他在西方自由主义传统里的贡献，堪称接续了弥尔（JohnStuartMill）、甚至于康德（ImmanuelKant）的地位。这类说法，无论具体意义有多少，都提醒我们，评价罗尔斯的时候，除了看他的具体观点的完备与否、以及论证的妥当程度之外，他为自由主义政治理论开创了甚么新的视野和资源，也值得特别注意。毕竟，康德、弥尔这些一流的思想家所开启的问题与视野，对于自由主义的哲学基础，曾经发挥过革命性的转移功能。罗尔斯有相应的贡献吗？为人谦虚平和的罗尔斯，在《正义论》（ATheoryofJustice）第一版的序言里曾说：「我所提出的看法，无法自矜原创。（书里）主要的观念都属于我们的大传统，为大家所熟稔。」1可是警觉的读者不难发现，单就他立意写一部《正义论》而言，已经可以见出他的问题意识比传统自由主义更为深入的一面。自由主义原本就是一个驳杂的传统。这个传统立足的基本精神，在于强调个人的权利与利益优先于各种集体组合、各类属于集体的价值。可是这类权利与利益包括哪些具体项目？正当性的基础何在？它们这种优先地位，如何表现出来？它们之间的比重与冲突如何调节？甚么情况之下，它们可以合理地受到限制？最重要的，个人之间的平等，对于每个个人的权利与利益又会形成甚么样的制约？面对这些麻烦的问题，各家理论参考不同的历史条件，提出过众多的陈述方式。自由主义的驳杂与丰富，毕见于此。那么，罗尔斯用「正义」这个主题表达自由主义，有甚么特殊意义吗？换个方式问，为甚么他不径取权利、自由等等传统自由主义必定关怀的概念，作为自己理论的核心？罗尔斯给自己设定的论争对象是效益主义（utilitarianism）。这种针对性，已经足以见出他的思考的大要方向。「每个人都拥有一种奠基在正义之上的不容侵犯地位，即便社会整体的福祉，也不能凌驾。」──这是《正义论》正文第一页上的宣示。「社会整体的福祉」，所指当然就是效益主义所追求的「最大多数人的最大幸福」。罗尔斯所忧虑的是，在根据效益主义追求效益的「跨个人」积累之时，会伤害、牺牲少数人的利益或者权利。不过推广言之，不少人，即使并非有意识地站在效益主义的立场，却还总是不免相信，为着整体、社会、或者多数人的某种福祉、某种具体目的──例如文化的发达、经济的成长、社会的安定、国民的健康、或者某种历史哲学式的宏伟目标──个人的利益和权利有时候不免要让位。罗尔斯对效益主义的批评，当然也直接适用于这类心态。可是将罗尔斯这句话稍作更动，强调正义的自由主义、与不强调正义的自由主义，也可以藉它来分辨。「自由主义」这个社会理想，同样必须坚守正义观点所坚持的个人的「不容侵犯地位」；对于罗尔斯来说，社会是不是呈现出某种自由主义的面貌，相对于它是否正义，仍然属于次要的问题。如果社会因为力求实现某一种关于自由主义的理解，居然必须凌驾个人的「不容侵犯地位」，这种做法依然是错误的。有人会反驳：会凌驾于个人权益之上的制度，称得上自由主义吗？当然称不上，不过这个问题充分显示，关键其实在于正义这个概念。正义概念正是要告诉我们，个人有些甚么权益与地位是不容凌越侵蚀的。即使站在追求个人自由的立场上，我们仍然须要参考正义概念，方能判断一个自由的社会应该具备甚么面貌，尤其是个人应该获得甚么方面的自由、多少自由、以及在各项自由之间应该形成甚么样的先后比重。换言之，自由主义的妥当，来自一套妥当的正义概念具有自由主义的内容。罗尔斯企图证明，一套以公平为特征的正义观2，正好满足了自由主义对个人自由与基本权利的追求。成功与否不论，罗尔斯这种思考方式，已经足以显示，他的自由主义，与一般直接认定某项所谓自由主义的价值（例如自由、效率、自然权利等等）、却不问这种价值是否确实表达了人的「不容侵犯的地位」的取径，实在有可观的差别3。 [!--empirenews.page--] 这个情况，说明了为甚么罗尔斯要写作一部《正义论》、要取正义作为社会体制的最基本品格、要以正义作为政治哲学的根本问题。那是因为正义是一个极为基础的概念，对它有所厘清，其它政治价值才能基于正义原则的要求，取得明晰的身份与正当性。用罗尔斯自己的陈述来说，他的正义理论的第一个目标是，针对自由而平等的公民应该享有哪些基本权利与自由、这些权利与自由如何居于优先地位，提出一套
胡适与中国的自由主义思潮 40年代自由主义思潮兴盛的原因 自由主义在40年代尤其是抗日战争胜利后达到全盛，有着独特的国际国内背景和深刻的社会历史根源。 国际上，30年代美国的罗斯福新政，树立起现代自由主义的旗帜，在全世界产生了巨大的影响。此外，由于罗斯福新政的影响和各国进步势力的努力，第二次世界大战后西方主要国家如英国、法国等都采用了不同于以往资本主义的、带有“温和社会主义色彩”的新政策。在理论上，1941年1月，罗斯福在国情咨文中提出了“四大自由”的主张，认为人类应有4项基本自由，即言论和发表意见的自由；个人以不同形式崇拜上帝的自由；不虞匮乏的自由；不虞恐惧的自由。1944年提出的国情咨文中仍然体现了这种基本的价值观。美国著名自由主义者华莱士在《新共和》杂志发刊词《和平、自由和充分就业》表示要继承罗斯福传统。他们的言论为中国各种进步势力反复征引。1947年，英法比等爱国自由的人士在英国牛津大学举行了一次国际自由主义大会，发表了自由主义宣言，直接鼓励了中国自由主义者。使他们深信：在资本主义和共产主义两大路线之外，确有完善合理的道路在，自由主义思想的国际性已经形成。 在国内，早在太平洋战争爆发后，中国在战后应建立怎样一种社会文化秩序立刻成为思想界争论的主题。抗日战争时期轰轰烈烈的民主宪政运动的开展，使中国自由主义重新复苏。要求自由的呼声日渐高涨。一些自由主义者喊出：我们需要什么？第一，是自由！第二，是自由！第三，仍是自由！ 抗战胜利后，外患不再成为主要矛盾，国民党政府关于言论出版自由的各种限制亦陆续取消，这些都为国内自由主义思潮的兴盛创造了条件。1946年1月政治协商会议上通过的各项决议，不仅被中国的自由主义者甚至被马歇尔将军视为可赋予中国和平复兴基础之自由主义而高瞻远瞩之宪章，他们满怀希望坚持政协会议决议，争取政治经济思想文化等各方面的自由，成了中国自由主义者当然的时代。然而内战爆发，自由之梦无望，要求自由的呼声更加强烈。但国共两党都忙于军事，在这一夹缝中，中国的自由主义者发展成为一股强劲的社会思潮。影响的较大的报纸为上海的《观察》《时与文》，南京的《世纪评论》北京的《新自由》。当时各民主党派和中国共产党的报刊杂志也以争自由为号召。国民党中的一些开明分子也大力利用和直接助长着自由主义运动的开展。 四十年代的自由主义思潮和三十年代相比，影响更大，范围更广。受美国的直接推动当时美国驻华大使司徒雷登在1946年双十节的致词和1947年1月7日马歇尔返国前夕发表的个人声明都希望中国向着自由主义发展。其次，文化自由主义与政治自由主义相互交织，而以政治自由主义更为突出。单纯从文化的角度主张自由主义的，只有张东荪等少数人，大部分自由主义者和自由主义刊物往往是文化与政治兼论。反映了知识分子对国民党政府的不满对共产党缺乏深入了解而无所适从。再次，此时的自由主义思潮影响最大，但也急剧分化。内战的进步，逼迫着自由主义者在国共两党中做出抉择。随之也走向衰落。 自由主义的基本理念（即对自由主义的理解）： （一）个人主义或个体主义 大都把自由主义视为一种政治哲学和根本的人生态度。表现之一即为提倡个人主义。尊重个人价值，在文化上养成个人的责任心和自尊心，在政治上意味着保持独立的立场和个人发言权。当时
苏州IDC数据中心设备项目 商业计划书 规划设计/投资分析/产业运营
报告摘要 近年来，互联网、大数据、云计算和物联网等行业的蓬勃发展，对数 据的存储、交换、计算等的应用需求不断增加，使得大数据发展需求下对 上游基础设施领域的需求持续旺盛，促进了IDC需求的不断增加。近年来，各国5G技术的发展和商用化的推广将进一步促进IDC行业爆发增长。未来，IDC行业将成为物联网、云计算及5G技术的不断完善与发展下又一风口。 数据中心行业（IDC），是指设计用于容纳服务器，存储和网络设备的 专用场地，并提供关键任务业务应用程序，数据和内容。数据中心一般会 布局在电力和网络资源附近，以支持计算设备的运行。由于其往往为客户 的关键任务提供基础设施支撑，数据中心必须保证持续运作，因此监控和 网络安全对数据中心非常重要。数据中心连续运作的能力通过电力基础设 施（电池和发电机），专用冷却设备（计算机房空调机组），环境控制系 统和安全系统共同辅助实现。这些关键的基础设施和系统组件都需要大量 的资本支出。 该IDC设备项目计划总投资8749.37万元，其中：固定资产投资7251.93万元，占项目总投资的82.89%；流动资金1497.44万元，占 项目总投资的17.11%。
达产年营业收入11047.00万元，净利润1813.06万元，达产年纳 税总额1085.67万元；达产年投资利润率27.63%，投资利税率33.13%，投资回报率20.72%，全部投资回收期6.33年，提供就业职位154个。
苏州IDC数据中心设备项目商业计划书目录 第一章概况 第二章项目建设及必要性 第三章市场调研预测 第四章建设规划分析 第五章工程设计 第六章运营管理模式 第七章风险评估 第八章 SWOT分析 第九章项目实施安排方案 第十章投资计划方案 第十一章项目盈利能力分析 第十二章总结说明
发放号： 印制电路板检验规范 讨论稿 控制类别： 版本号： A 拟制/日期：10/15/04 审核/日期： 批准/日期：
1目的 为规范印制电路板的进货检验，本规范规定了印制电路板的进货检验程序、检验要求、检验方法和抽样方案。 检验方法和抽样方案。 2适用范围 本规范适用于本公司印制电路板的进货检验。 3引用标准 GB/T2828-1987 逐批检 查计数抽样程序及抽样表（适用于连续批的检查） 4进货检验程序 印制电路板到达仓库待检区后，由仓库保管员核对印制电路板的品名、数量等。由质检部对印制电路板进行抽样检验，并负责做好检验记录和提出检验结论性意见。 5检验要求与检验方法 5.1 尺寸检验
5.1.2 检验方法 用测量精度小于等于0.02mm的游标卡尺检测外形尺寸、厚度，用量角器量角度。 5.2 外观检验
5.2.2 检验方法 用放大镜目测法观察，并用光绘胶片比对印制电路板，观察孔、线位置是否准确，有关尺寸用测量精度小于等于0.02mm的游标卡尺检测，用3M胶带试附着力。 5.3 电路隔离性（短路） 5.3.1 检验要求 检验印制电路板是否有短路现象。 5.3.2 检验方法
用数字万用表蜂鸣器档测量印制电路板上的电源端与地端。不应有导通现象；对目测观察有可能发生短路处，用数字万用表检查核实。 5.4 电路连接性（断路） 5.4.1 检验要求 检验印制电路板是否有断路现象。 5.4.2 检验方法 用数字万用表蜂鸣器档，检测通过仔细观察发现的可疑之处（如印制电路板铜箔被修补之处）是否有断路现象。 6抽样方案 6.1 印制电路板进行全数检验。 6.2 结构件抽样检验按GB/T2828的规定。抽样方案为一次抽样，一般检查水平Ⅱ，合格质量水平（AQL值）为1.5。 6.3 泡沫衬垫及纸箱的检验为首件检验方法，当首次进货或改变供货厂家时，需进行首件检验。 具体样本数量、合格及不合格判定数见表1。
新一代数据中心建设的总体规划设计 中国IDC圈4月25日报道: 下面我们有请中国系统工程学会信息系统工程专业委员会副主任委员高复先先生发表演讲。她的演讲题目是新一代数据中心建设的总体规划设计。有请高教授! 各位下午好! 我讲的题目是"新一代数据中心建设的总体规划设计".和上面几位先生讲的不太一样, 在数据中心的物理平台支撑之下, 作为企业政府也好, 特别是电子政务, 省市一级的信息内容、信息资源怎么来组织。能够说在信息资源整合和开发方面, 利用已有的数据平台的东西。 关于数据中心建设的基本认识, 本世纪是信息资源整合的世纪。这是国际上IT界的公认的一个观点。20世纪是计算机表明、普及数据处理应用、数据海量堆积的时代的, 21世纪是整合无序数据, 深度开发利用信息资源的时代。中国油田企业从20世纪50年代, 开始二维地震数据处理到80年代的三维地震数据处理, 现在进行着企业资源计划软件推行, 还有数字油田建设等等, 还有信息化建设取得长足进步, 还有问题也出现了, 应用系统分散开发, 数据标准混乱, 矛盾、冗余的数据继续堆积, 信息孤岛丛生, 管理层和决策层应用开发滞后。这个现象在其它的行业和电子政务方面普遍存在的。要从数据层面, 管理层面要做数据中心, 是一体化解决问题的一个很重要的方法。
那么不论企业信息化, 还有电子政务数据中心建设的误区呢, 我们发现调查研究以后, 主要在数据中心建设定位, 投资方向有问题。基本上停留在物理建设层面, 只注重解决数据集中存储、备份与安全等问题, 不注重解决数据标准化建设和信息资源整合策略问题, 同时由于缺乏统筹规划和需求分析, 没有发挥业主方的主导作用, 将数据中心建设项目分保给系统集成商和软件商, 最终演变成了设备和软件产品的采购、安装、部分数据迁移和调查应用, 数据中心不能支持核心业务运作与辅助领导决策, 数据中心不能支持核心业务运作与辅助领导决策, 没有发挥数据中心建设的应用。 我们要总体的来看这个问题。第一是基础设施建设, 提供远程的委托式的数据中心服务。还有在这个之上, 要建立这个行业这个企业这个政府部门, 这个数据标准化, 而我们的研究对这个标准化不是单一的, 是五项的大致系。 还有网上是数据存储, 集中存储一些主机的数据仓库, 包括空间地理的数据。还有数字数据, 管理的源数据。这之上才是业务开发, 对企业来讲, 有一套。对于公共卫生、社会保障, 诚信等等等等, 要建设下去。还有能够搞领导决策, 数据决策。那么这是数据中心的高层应用。那么这个应用服务要落到实处。那么要协调的完成这些复杂艰巨的建设任务, 不但有物理设施, 技术资源, 要搞统一筹划, 要做好统一规划、设计。这是非常自然的现象。