定语从句
观察以下句子：
This is a boy.
This is a (beautiful) boy.
This is a boy (that I know) a boy
→This is a boy that I know.
以上句子看出，boy 是一个名词，beautiful 是一个形容词，来修饰名词boy. 在第三个句子中，that I know，是一个小句子，相当于一个形容词, 叫形容词性从句，又叫定语从句。它来修饰boy. 要符合英语的表达习惯，需要用句子四。
分析以下例句：
1.He who laughs last laughs best
谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
2.God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
3. Heaven never helps the man who will not act.
自己不动，叫天何用。
4. It’s the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下
5. The man who lives next to us sells vegetables
6. Y ou must do everything that I do .
以上例句我们可以看出，斜体部分相当于一个形容词的作用，用来修饰或限制前面的名词或者代词，叫___________。前面的被修饰的成分，（可以是名词，代词或整个主句，叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词( that, which, who, whom, whose, as)和关系副词(when, why, where)
1. 关系词的选择
1.1 A plane is a machine that can fly.
1.2 Who is the man that is reading a book over there?
1.3 They planted some trees which didn’t need much water.
1.4 The fish which we bought this morning were not fresh.
1.5 The boy who broke the window is called Tom.
1.6 The person to whom you just talked is Mr. LI.
1.7 This is a scientist whose name is known all over the world. 1.8 As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health .
1.9 Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .
1.10 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.
1.11 October 1st, 1949 is the day when (=on which) the people’s Republic of China was founded.
1.12 I recently went to the town where (=in which )I was born.
1.13 The reason why (=for which) he was late was that he missed his train.
由此，可以总结下列歌诀：
关系词，引定从，它们的用法各不同。
________可当主、宾用，指人指物均可行。________ 仅用来指物，主语宾语它都行。_____ 和_____来指人，作主，作宾要分清。Whose 一词有本领，指人指物都可用。
时间状语要用_____, 地点状语用______.
原因状语选_____,
as 能作主或宾，修饰全句或部分，
常与such, the same连用, 固定搭配要记清。关系词，易选用，从句之中定功能。
2. that 与which
2.1 The train that/which has just arrived comes form Shanghai.
2.2 The film that/which we talked about last night is wonderful.
2.3 Is there anything that I can do for you ?
2.4 This is the very book that I’m looking for. 2.5 This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.
2.6 What is the first American film that you have seen?
2.7 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
2.8 Football, which is an interesting game, is popular all over the world.
2.9 Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?
总结：____, _____可互换，下列规则须照办；that 用法比较多，不妨让你来总结。
不定代词这类词，全用_____ 准没错。
先行词前被限制，切莫大意用which. only, very, 最高级，外加序数词，
先行词前见这些，一定要把that记。
此外（先行词）为人和物，也须把that 来选。要用which 别着急，介词提前逗号显。
3. 关系词的省略
3.1Are these keys (that /which) you were looking for？
3.2 The man (who/that) I was sitting next to talked all the time.
3.3 I don't like the way (that in which) she walks.
总结：关系代词that, which, who, whom在定语从句中做______时，常可省略。以the way 为先行词, 且在从句中做状语，这时关系词用in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
4. 定语从句与非谓语动词
4.1 The man ( who was ) driving the car was drunk
4.2 The boy ( who is )sitting in the corner is my brother.
4.3 The books (which were) sold out yesterday have not arrived yet.
4.4 I saw a girl ( who was) dressed in blue.
总结：凡是进行时态的定语从句，可省略关系代词和be, 仅用____________. 凡是有被动语态的定语从句，可以省略关系代词和be动词，只用_____________.
5. 定语从句中谓语动词的单复数
5.1 Do you know the boy who is standing under the tree?
5.2 Do you know the boys who are standing under the tree?
5.3 He is one of the students who have been to Beijing.
5.4 He is the only one of the students who has been to Beijing.
总结: 如果关系代词在定语从句中作主语，谓语动词要与先行词在数上保持一致。在“one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词用_____。但当one前有the only，且one是先行词时定语从句的谓语动词要用_____。
6. as / which
6.1He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
6.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. ==Jack is an honest man , as you know.
==As you know, Jack is an honest man.
6.3 As we had expected, his performance was wonderful.
正如我们期待的那样，他的表演精彩极了。
6.4 Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy.
汤姆取得了很大进步，这是我很高兴。
总结：________ 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；______ 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后；_____ 一般译为"正如""就像"，_______ “这件事”。
7. 介词+关系代词中介词的确定方法
7.1 Y esterday we had a meeting at which we discussed many problems.
昨天我们开了一个会，会上我们讨论了许多问题。(at the meeting)
总结：根据_________来确定介词
7.2 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? (pay for)
这是你花大价钱买的车吗？
7.3 The dog, of which she used to be afraid, is her favorite animal now.
她过去怕狗，而现在狗却成了她最喜欢的动物。( be afraid of )
7.4 The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher.(shake hands with)刚才你和他握手的那个人是我们的英语老师。
总结：根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词与介词的_____来选用介词。
7.5 Water, without which man can’t live, is really important.
水确实太重要了，没有它人类就不能生存。总结：根据定语从句所表达的_____来确定介词
实战演练
一、请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正。
1. This is the factory where we visited last week.
2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.
3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.
4. The house in that we live is very small.
5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.
6. I’ve read all the books which I borrowed from the library.
7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.
8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.
9. Everything which we saw was of great interest.
10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.
11. The reason which he didn’t go to school is that he was ill.
12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.
13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard.
14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.
15. We’re going to visit the school where your brother works there.
16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.
17. That is the way which they work.
18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.
19. Who is the man who has white hairs?
20. I will never forget the days which we had a good time together at the sea.
二. 把下列句子改为定语从句
1. I want this man, for he can speak English.
2. He gave up the plan, though it was a very good one.
3. I met John, and he told me the news.
4. I will take this one, for it seems to be the best one.
5. That is his father, and he works in Shanghai.
6. He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting.
三、用that/which/who/whom/whose填空
1.Is there anything ____ you don’t understand about the problem?
2. The worst matter ________ I’m afraid of happened in the end.
3. All the presents _____ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
4. This is the very book _____ I have been looking for.
5. He was late for the opening ceremony, _____ was very surprising to me.
6. This is the house, the window of _______ broke last night.
7. This is the house____ window broke last night.
8. Luxun, _____ real name was Zhou Shuren, wrote many political novels and essays.
9. The man _____ you met just now is my old friend.
10.The man _____ is walking on the playground is my old friend.
11. A child ______ parents are dead is called and orphan.
12. Is this the house ______ Shakespeare was born in?
13.In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to ______ she could turn for help.
14. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
15.The gentleman about ____ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
四、选出最佳选项
1.We should learn from those___ are always ready to help others.
A. who
B. whom
C. they
D. that
2.Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who___ in China.
A. works
B. is working
C. are working
D. has been working
3.Tom is the only one of the students who___ to Shanghai.
A. have gone
B. have been
C. has been
D. had gone
4.I,___your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is
B. who am
C. that is
D. which am
5.The old man has two sons,___ are lawyers.
A. both of them
B. both of who
C. both of whom
D. both of they
6.He is a man of great knowledge, ___much can be learned.
A. in whom
B. about whom
C. from whom
D. of whom
7.Do you know the man ___just now?
A. to who I nodded
B.I nodded to
C. whom I nodded
D. Whom I nodded to him.
8.The man___ has gone to Japan.
A. whom I told you
B. that I told you
C. whom I told you about him
D.I told you about
9.Please pass me the dictionary___ cover is black.
A. which
B. it
C. whose
D. which of
10.The radio set___ last week has been out of order.
A.I bought
B.I bought it
C. which I bought it
D. what I bought
11.All the apples ___fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs.
A. which
B./
C. that
D. they
12.I can tell you___ he told me last week. A. all which B. all what
C. that all
D. all that
13.This is the biggest lab___ we have ever built in our university.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. where
14.Is oxygen the only gas___ helps fire burn?
A. that
B./
C. which
D. what
15.Air,___we breathe every day, is around us all the time.
A. that
B./
C. which
D. it
16.This is the museum____ we saw an exhibition the other day.
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. in that
17.This museum is___ you visited the other day.
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. the one
18.This is the museum ___you saw the other day.
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. in that
19.It is the third time___ late this month.
A. that you arrived
B. when you arrived
C. that you've arrived
D. when you've arrived
20.It was in 1969___the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that
B. which
C. in which
D. when
21.We often think of the days___ we spent together on the island.
A. when
B. which
C. in which
D. during which
22.Have you ever been to Shanghai,____ I left ten years ago?
A. where
B. which
C. that
D. when
23.He has left Beijing,___ a meeting is to be held.
A. when
B. where
C. as
D. which
24.This is the very place___ I'm wishing to live in.
A. where
B. which
C. that
D. in which
25.Is it in that factory_____ "Red Flag" cars are made?
A. in which
B. where
C. that
D. which
26.I have bought the same dress____ she is wearing.
A. as
B. that
C. which D than
27.Can you solve such problems___ raised by the audience?
A. what were
B. as were
C. that were
D. which were
28.The reason__ he didn't come was____ he was injured.
A. that, because
B. why, that
C. why, because
D. that, that
29.He must be from Africa,____ can be seen from his skin.
A. that
B. as
C. it
D. what
30.His father died last year,____ made it impossible for him to go abroad.
A. when
B. which
C. as
D. that
31. 34. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ______ wanted to buy it. (2007安徽卷)
A. none of them
B. both of them
C. none of whom
D. neither of whom
32.. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of ______ are healthy. (2007北京卷)
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. whom
33. The village has developed a lot ______ we learned farming two years ago. (2007福建卷) A. when B. which
C. that
D. where
34.. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ______ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. (2007湖南卷)
A. who
B. which
C. what
D. that
35. He was educated at the local high school, _____ he went on to Beijing University. (2007江苏卷)
A. after which
B. after that
C. in which
D. in that
36. After graduation she reached a point in her career ______ she had to decide what to do. (2007江西卷)
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. where
37.. Some pre-school children go to a day-care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs. (2007全国I)
A. then
B. there
C. while
D. where
38. —Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm ______ we worked. (2007山东卷)
A. that
B. there
C. which
D. where
39. The book was written in 1946, ______ the education system has witnessed great charges. (2007山东卷)
A. when
B. during which
C. since then
D. since when
40. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (2007陕西卷)
A. which
B. as
C. why
D. where
41. It is reported that two schools, ______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (2007四川卷)
A. they both
B. which both
C. both of them
D. both of which
42. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ______ sight matters more than hearing. (2007天津卷)
A. when
B. whose
C. which
D. where
43. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful
business. (2007浙江卷)
A. that
B. which
C. who
D. where
44.. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆卷)
A. with which
B. to which
C. of which
D. for which
45Nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ___________ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (2008福建)
A. of which
B. on which
C. from which
D. above which
46. The man pulled out a gold watch, __________ were made of small diamonds. (2008陕西卷)
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
47. They will fly to Washington, ___________ they plan to stay for two or three days。(2008重庆)
A. where
B. there
C. which
D. when
48. Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with the kids. (08山东) A. who B. which
C. why
D. when
49.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _______ are beyond our control. (2008湖南卷)
A. most of them
B. most of which
C. most of what
D. most of that
50. I'll give you my friend's home address, _________ I can be reached most evenings。(08北京卷)
A. which
B. when
C. whom
D. where
51. 1. A good friend of mine from
I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. （09安徽）
A. how
B. whom
C. when
D. which
52. Many children，________ parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village. （09安徽）
A. their
B. whose
C. of them
D. with whom
53. —What do you think of teacher ,Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting . （09北京）
A. where
B. which
C. when
D. that
54. It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. （09福建）A. that B. when
C. which
D. where
55．I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. （09湖南）
A. which
B. of which
C. that
D. whose
56. The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. （09江西）
A. in it
B. in
C. in that
D. in which
57. She brought with her three friends, none of
I had ever met before. （09海南）
A. them
B. who
C. whom
D. these
58. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. （09山东）
A. who
B. which
C. when
D. that
59. Gun control is a subject _______ Americans have argued for a long time. （09陕西）
A. of which
B. with which
C. about which
D. into which
60. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. （09四川）
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. when
参考答案
一、请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正
1. where→that/which或去掉where。
2.把for放在looking之后。英语中,有些短语动词,介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:look after, run into等。
3. who→whom。尽管在口语中who, whom都能作宾语,但在介词后只能用whom。
4. that→which。
5. that→which。that不可以引导非限制性定语从句。
6. which→that或去掉which。当先行词被all, every, no, some , any, little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。
7. which→that或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。
8. who→that。如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。
9. which→that或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything, everything , nothing, all等时,常由that引导定语从句。
10. that→which。
11. which→why/which前加for或去掉which。
12. wants→want。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。
13. his→whose。
14. them→whom或both前加and。
15. 去掉there。
16. have→has。当one of+名词复数作先行词时,从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the (only)时,从句谓语要用单数。
17. which→that/which前加in或去掉which。
18. Those后加who。
19. 第二个who→that。当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句常用that 引导, 以避免重复。
20. which→when或which前加in。
二、1.for he= who 2. though it= which 3. and he= who 4. for it= which
5. and he= who
6. and it= which
三、1.that 2. that 3.that 4. that 5. which 6. which 7.whose 8. whose 9. who/whom/that 10. who/that 11.whose 12.which 13.whom
14.which 15. whom
四、选出最佳选项
1-5ACCBC 6-10CBDCA 11-15CDCAC 16-20CDACA 21-25BBBC 26-30ABBBB 31-35DDDBA 36-40DDDDD 41-45DDBBD 46-50DADBB 51-55 CBBDD 56-60BCBCD
关于which引导从句的小结： 关系代词which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语，既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。 1. 引导限制性定语从句 A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. [ stock存货] 商店应存有最畅销的货物。 This is the family which is planning to move to the city 这是要搬进城里的一家。 2. 引导非限制性定语从句。 （1 ）用来指代一个句子。 Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen. 因特网是如此有趣，它使任何事都有可能发生。 （2 ）用来指代句子的一部分。 When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him. 他常常陷入沉思，这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。 （3 ）如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句，第二个which 前要加and. He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend. 他买了本鲁迅写的书，他决定送给朋友。
练习1. [1. board董事会 2. data资料,数据 3. shareholder 【英】股东 4. on behalf of代表 5. guard保护] The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders. which的先行词是谁？ 译文：保护客户资料的能力是市场价值的关键，董事会代表股东对市场价值负有责任。 【难点小结：1.介词短语 2.which 的先行词 3. 非限制性定语从句有时要翻译成一句话】 例2. 【1.semiconductor半导体 2. casualty伤亡，灭亡，覆灭 3.< A sit at the heart of B> A是B的核心】
where引导的定语从句修饰抽象名词。 一、where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。 The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 注：有时point也可以是具体的地点： Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。 二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。 三、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。 四、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。 五、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。 六、where定语从句修饰抽象名词job
Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表 示地点 1、We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly、A、which B、as C、why D、where 2、He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car、 A、which B、as C、why D、where 两道题都选where ,但就是case, situation都不就是地点,如何理解？ 在“先行词不就是表示地点的名词”的前提下,如何判断就是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题就是一个高频考点。就就是说,关系副词where 所指代的先行词不只就是表示地点的名词。
用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解,当where 引导定语从句时,它的先行词就就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不就是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请瞧以下几个例句: Other research, where siblings have been asked to say who their mother and father favor, suggests that mothers do tend to show a preference for their first-born son, but fathers often show great affection for their youngest daughters、 1、Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other、请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
语法1 ( )1. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with ____. A. the other B. another C. others D. other ( )2. _____ they are very tired, they feel happy because t hey’ve finally finished their project. A.So B. Although C. If D. But ( )3. Yesterday evening, I _____ along the street when I suddenly met my maths teacher. A. walk B. walked C. was walking D. am walking ( )4. The story ______ I read the newspaper was about a common problem among teenagers. A.whose B. who C. that D. where ( )5. May I have a rest? I have already finished ______ the report. A. write B. writing C. to write D. written ( )6. –Excuse me, can I smoke here? --No, ______. A. you must B. you’d not better C. you can D. you’d better not ( )7. –I feel a bit hungry now. -- Why not _____ for dinner with us? A. go B. did you go C. to go D. do you go ( )8. The actress is already 50, but she looks ______ than she really is. A. young B. more young C. more younger D. much younger ( )9. I hear the tall girl wearing glasses is your new classmate. She’s from America, _____ ? A. has she B. isn’t she C. hasn’t she D. does she ( )10. I can’t remember _____ I put the book, and I need it for my homework now. A. where B. how C. what D. why 16．--Is this ____book you were talking about yesterday? --Yes，thank you very much. A．a B．all C. the D．不填 17. I asked her _____the bag because it was too expensive． A. not to buy B. to buy not C．not buying D．not buy 18．--It’s surprising that he got such a high mark! --Yes. I wonder ________ it． A．how did he do B．how he did C．why did he do D．that he did 1 9．Although you may meet some difficulties，you should never ______．A．turn up B．get up C．give up D．grow up 20．You _______ be hungry after the long walk．Help yourself to some cakes．A．can’t B．shouldn’t C．need D．must 21．--I’ve got the final Harry Potter book．
定语从句 定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, whi ch, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。 4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 （一）限定性定语从句 一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语） 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you want。]而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anyt hing, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, muc h等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二、关系副词（在句中作状语） 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remembe r the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessiti es, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
as引导定语从句的用法 as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. ================================ As 的用法例 1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语； 例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which”特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如： My grandmother’s house was a lways of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
一、选择题 1．The foreigner teaches English in our school is from England. A．what B．which C．who 2．Do you know the girl_______ is drawing a picture? A．when B．whose C．which D．who 3．-- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you. -- We will. Miss Chen. A．which B．whom C．who D．whose 4．The TV play is about a true story_______ happened in a small village a few years ago. A．what B．when C．where D．that 5．After retiring, my teacher Mr. Dai moved to the village he was born sixty years ago. A．when B．which C．where D．what 6．Mrs. Green is proud of her daughter, a nurse ______________is hard-working and looks after patients well. A．who B．whose C．whom 7．The film _____________ I like best is Frozen. A．who B．where C．which 8．Yuan Longping is a Chinese scientist __________ is leading a research to develop sea rice. A．whose B．which C．who 9．— Have you heard of the famous Huawei company? —Sure. It’s one of the greatest companies ________ make us Chinese proud. A．which B．that C．what D．who 10．A detective is someone ____________looks for clues to something important. A．whom B．who C．what D．which 11．Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astronaut ___________went into space. A．which B．who C．whose D．whom 12．—Yesterday was my birthday. My father sent me a CD _____was made by TF Boys. —You must be very happy to receive it. A．who B．whom C．which D．what 13．-Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan? -Sure. He is the writer _____________won the Nobel Literature Prize. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 14．That ________ does not kill us makes us stronger. A．that B．what C．who D．which 15．Please remember to bring the clothes_________you bought yesterday.
英语定语从句用法总结 定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后关系代词的用法：1. 作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2. 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如： The man we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 3. 作定语用whose, 如： It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语 He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. 4. 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place we met yesterday. 3. why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it. + which; where = in he arrived. The office where he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why we did it. 2. 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或 宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点 状语时，才能用when或where，试比较： I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 3. when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导 非限制性定语从句。而why 只
when 和 where 引导定语从句的用法 定语从句既是英语语法的一个重点，同时又是一个难点。说它是难点，主要难在两点上：一点是如何正确判断什么样的汉语句子要译为英语的带定语从句的复合句；另一点是定语从句的引导词较多(包括关系代词who, that, which, as 和关系副词when, where, why)，而且其用法也较复杂。那么到底什么情况下用when和where来引导定语从句呢？它们又该怎么用呢？下面就举例说明： 一、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如： The days when we used foreign oil are gone. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。 I'll never forget the day when I was born. (=I'll never forget my birthday.) 我永远不会忘记我出生的日子。 It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold. 这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。 In the years that (which) followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it. 在这之后的几年中，马克思继续学习和使用英语。(that作定语从句"that followed"的主语) The day (that) I always remember in all my life is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定语从句"that I always remember in all my life"的宾语，that可以省略)
As、but和than通常都是以介词、连词等身份被大家所熟知，而它们居然可以摇身一变成为关系代词，在定语从句中做主语和宾语。As As最基本的用法是做连词“与……一样”表示同级的比较，介词“作为”。下面是它特殊的用法， 例句：1. He does not possess such qualifications as are necessary to be an actor. 他并不具备一名演员应有的资格。2. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last week so I need to talk to her about it so we don't wear them the same at the same time. 她买的那条裙子和我上周买的一模一样，我要和她商量一下，免得“撞衫”。上面两个例句中定语从句都使用了as作为关系代词，我们可以发现例句1中含有“such…as…”，例句2中含有“the same…as…”，由此可见，我们到底要不要使用as来做关系代词，可以根据句中是否出现了与as搭配的短语进行判断。3. The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police, as was expected. 如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数人的杀人犯终于被警方逮捕。该句中并未出现与as搭配的短语，此处的用法是as做关系代词指代前面整个句子，在定语从句中做主语。 But大家熟悉的but基本都是以转折连词的身份出现，但是它还兼职在做定语从句中的关系代词。例句：There is no man but errs. 没有任何人能够不犯错误。句中的先行词是man，but 自然就充当了关系代词的角色，但我们从句意中可以发现，but带有一层否定的意思，相当于“who not”。那么我们可以把例句转换为：There is no man who does not err. 但要注意，只有在but 前有先行词的时候才有此用法！请比较下面这个例句：He did nothing after graduation but spend his parents' money. 他毕业之后无所事事，就知道花爸妈的钱。该句中but 是介词的用法，有转折的意义。 Than即可以做连词也可以做介词的than都是比较的含义，它居然也可以用在定语从句中。例句：1. Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed. 父母最好别给孩子们太多的钱，够用就可以了。2. Don't order more food than can be finished. 别点太多吃的，会吃不完的。此处Than以主语的形式出现在定语从句中，其实省略了what，than也就等于than what。例句也可以写作：Parents had better not give kids more money than what is needed 例句2则可以转换为：Don't order more food than what can be finished 不管是做介词、连词也好，在定语从句里做关系代词也罢，than都表示了一个比较的关系，从上述两个例句来看，句中都出现了比较级的形式。 一、but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。 如：①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。 ②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。 二、than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。） 如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。 ②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。
一，基本用法 1,作用 （ ）2，构成（）The girl is my classmate who wears a white skirt. 3，关系词的分类 A：. 定语从句的关联词在句中起什么作用？有那几个？ 关系代词 *The man _____ came here just now is my father. * Is this the man ______ you just talked to? * This is the shop ______ sells medicine. * The film _____ we saw yesterday is interesting. * This is the boy _____ mother is a doctor. * It was a meeting ______ importance I did not realize at the time. 关系副词 * I still remember the day _____ I first came here. * This is the house _______ I lived last year. * I don’t know the reason ______ he was late. 区别： * This is the reason ______ he was late. * This is the reason _____ he gave for not coming. * This is the factory ______ I visited yesterday. * This is the factory ______ sells medicine. * This is the factory _____ TV sets are sold. 2. 有那两种定语从句？（）* Mr. Green, _____ everybody likes, is coming tomorrow. * He left me a book, ______ is very useful for me. * He was often late, _____ made his teacher very angry. * He was late again, _______ could be expected. 区别 比较下列句子： * He is the teacher ______ everybody likes. * Mr. Green, _____ everybody likes, is coming tomorrow. * I like the book ______ you gave me yesterday. * He left me a book, ______ is very useful for me.
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种复杂形式，这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which ,whom , whose , 它们既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。关系代词前该选用什么样的介词，要根据不同的语境、习语、惯用法等来决定。一．介词选择的主要标准 1.介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配 Human facial expressions differ from those animals in the degree to which they can be controlled on purpose.人类的面部表情和动物的面部表情就可控制的程度来说是不一样的。( to a degree ) The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.那场在新年晚会上我学生参加表演的英语剧很成功。( in the play ) The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs for which they are being trained.学校本身承认，并不是所有的孩子都能在他们所接受的培训的职业成功。( be trained for the job ) 2.介词与定语从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配 Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands? 我们的老师与之握手的那个男士是谁？( shake hands with sb. ) Last month , part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods , from whose effects the people are still suffering. 上个月，东南亚的部分地区发生洪水，人们还在遭受着洪水所带来的影响。(suffer from sth. ) 3.介词与定语从句中的形容词构成一种习惯性的搭配 Ours is a beautiful country , of which we are greatly proud . 我们的国家是一个美丽的国家，我们为之感到很自豪。( be proud of ) The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress. 同斯皮尔伯格结婚的女人是一位演员。( be married to ) The woman to whom he was engaged was a doctor. 他与之订婚的那个女士是位医生。(be engaged to ) 4.有时关系代词前用什么介词，要根据句子的意思来决定，此时不但要注意其前的搭配，也要注意其后的搭配 I was a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was , she had ran back in the direction from which she had come.看见一位妇女在黑暗中像我走来，我还没来得及认清她是谁，她已经从她来的方向跑回去了。（如果仅注意先行词，很容易受习惯心里的影响而使用in this direction 的搭配，但考虑到语境后的come ，则应该使用from。） He was educated at the local high school, after which he went on to Beijing University. 他在当地一所高中上学，之后他上了北京大学。（after which 的意思就是“在当地一所高中接受完教育之后”）。 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm. by which time many have got home.在 办公室我好像总是没时间，只有等到下午五点半，而那个时候大家都已经回家了。（此句不能受at 5:30 pm 的通常表达的影响而选用介词at, 而应该依据整个句子的语意来确定介词。）5.表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.这次环球旅行老水手用了9个月，其中航行的时间是226天。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 这个工厂每年生产50万双鞋，其中的（指50万双鞋）80%销往海外。 I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom
定语从句 1.1 定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词： 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。 关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。关系词有两个作用： 1.代词的作用：重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分，比如I don’t like people who never keep their word.中的who指代people并且作从句的主语。 2.连接作用：即连接主句和从句，如上句who起着连接主句I don’t like people 和从句who never keep their word 的作用 1.2 关系词在定语从句充当的成分 在上一节中，在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时，提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是，以关系词为出发点，从两个角度来谈定语从句：一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分；二是关系词与先行词的对应关系，即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代。 1.2.1 关系词用作从句的主语 1. I like guys and they have a good sense of humor. ↓ 2. I like guys w h o have a good sense of humor. 点睛：这里的关系词who取代and they，来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor,修饰名词guys。这个guys就是先行词。 翻译：我喜欢有幽默感的男生。 3. Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments. 翻译：愤怒就如同一个窃贼，盗取了我们的幸福时光。 4. He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, rich or wise. 翻译：一个人若在20岁时不俊美，30岁不健康，40岁不富有，50岁时不明智，那么他将永远不会拥有这些。 5. There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so ; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 翻译：幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就是最幸福的；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。 6. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. 翻译：当然了，我这里所说的的友谊不是那种“来的快去的也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，就能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。 1.2.2 关系词用作从句动词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of verb） 关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外，还可以在从句中作宾语。