文献出处：
Florina V, Liliana M, Viorica I. RISK MANAGEMENT OF E-BANKING ACTIVI TIES[J]. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 2013, 17(3).
原文
RISK MANAGEMENT OF E-BANKING
ACTIVITIES
Summary: E-banking risk arises from fraud, processing errors, system disruptions, or other unanticipated events resulting in the institution’s inability to deliver products or services. This risk exists in each product and service offered. Institutions should determine the appropriate level of security controls based on their assessment of the sensitivity of the information to the customer and to the institution and on the institution’s established risk tolerance level.
Keywords: e-banking, risk management, security1. E-banking risks
1. E-banking risks
E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. E-banking includes the systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network,including the Internet or mobile phone. Customers access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), automated teller machine(ATM), kiosk, or Touch Tone telephone.
In Romania, over 23 banks implemented and offer now e-banking services. The continuous development of the supporting technology, information security and e-banking strategy reflects on the increasing number of the e-banking customers. According to Communications and Information Technologies Ministry, the number of e-banking users and the transactions performed in this system, as well as the value of these transactions, registered a spectacular rising, displayed in the graphics
below:
While the risks and controls are similar for the various e-banking access channels, this essay focuses specifically on Internet-based services due to the Internet’s widely accessible public network Accordingly, this project begins with a discussion of the two primary types of Internet websites: informational and transactional. Informational websites provide customers access to general information about the financial institution and its products or services.
Risk issues examiners should consider when reviewing informational websites include: Potential access to confidential financial institution or customer information if the website is not p roperly isolated from the financial institution’s internal network; Potential liability for spreading viruses and other malicious code to computers communicating with the institution’s website; and Negative public perception if the institution’s on-line services are disrupted or if its website is defaced or otherwise presents inappropriate or offensive material.
Transactional websites provide customers with the ability to conduct transactions through the financial institution’s website by initiating banking transactions or buying products and services. Banking transactions can range from something as basic as a retail account balance inquiry to a large business-to business funds transfer. E-banking services, like those delivered through other delivery channels, are typically classified based on the type of customer they support. The following table lists some of the common retail and wholesale e-banking services offered by financial institutions.
Since transactional websites typically enable the electronic exchange of confidential customer information and the transfer of funds, services provided through these websites expose a financial institution to higher risk than basic informational websites. Wholesale e-banking systems typically expose financial institutions to the highest risk per transaction, since commercial transactions usually involve larger dollar amounts. In addition to the risk issues associated with informational websites, examiners reviewing transactional ebanking services should consider the following issues:
—— Security controls for safeguarding customer information;
—— Liability for unauthorized transactions;
—— Possible violations of laws or regulations pertaining to consumer privacy, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, or the content, timing, or delivery of required consumer disclosures.
2. Transaction risk
Transaction risk arises from fraud, processing errors, system disruptions, or other unanticipated events resulting in the institution’s inability to deliver products or services. This risk exists in each product and service offered. The level of transaction risk is affected by the structure of the institution’s processing environment, including the types of services offered and the complexity of the processes and supporting technology.
In most instances, e-banking activities will increase the complexity of the institution’s activities and the quantity of its transaction/operations risk, especially if the institution is offering innovative services that have not been standardized. Since customers expect e-banking services to be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, financial institutions should ensure their e-banking infrastructures contain sufficient capacity and redundancy to ensure reliable service availability. Even institutions that do not consider e-banking a critical financial service due to the availability of alternate processing channels, should carefully consider customer expectations and the potential impact of service disruptions on customer satisfaction and loyalty.
The key to controlling transaction risk lies in adapting effective polices, procedures, and controls to meet the new risk exposures introduced by e-banking. Basic internal controls including segregation of duties, dual controls, and reconcilements remain important. Information security controls, in particular, become more significant requiring additional processes, tools, expertise, and testing. Institutions should determine the appropriate level of security controls based on their assessment of the sensitivity of the information to the customer and to the institution and on the institution’s established risk tolerance level.
Generally, a financial institution’s credit risk is not increased by the mere fact that a loan is originated through an e-banking channel. However, management should consider additional precautions when originating and approving loans electronically, including assuring management information systems effectively track the performance of portfolios originated through e-banking channels.
Funding and investment-related risks could increase with an institution’s e-banking initiatives depending on the volatility and pricing of the acquired deposits. The Internet provides institutions with the ability to market their products and services globally. Internet-based advertising programs can effectively match yield-focused investors with potentially high-yielding deposits. But Internet-originated deposits have the potential to attract customers who focus
exclusively on rates and may provide a funding source with risk characteristics similar to brokered deposits. An institution can control this potential volatility and expanded geographic reach through its deposit contract and account opening practices, which might involve face-to face meetings or the exchange of paper correspondence.
Compliance and legal issues arise out of the rapid growth in usage of e-banking and the differences between electronic and paper-based processes. E-banking is a new delivery channel where the laws and rules governing the electronic delivery of certain financial institution products or services may be ambiguous or still evolving. Laws governing consumer transactions require specific types of disclosures, notices, or record keeping requirements. These requirements also apply to e-banking, and banking agencies continue to update consumer laws and regulations to reflect the impact of e-banking and on-line customer relationships.
Institutions that offer e-banking services, both informational and transactional, assume a higher level of compliance risk because of the changing nature of the technology, the speed at which errors can be replicated, and the frequency of regulatory changes to address e-banking issues. The potential for violations is further heightened by the need to ensure consistency between paper and electronic advertisements, disclosures, and notices.
3. Risk management
E-banking has unique characteristics that may increase an institution’s overall risk profile and the level of risks associated with traditional financial services, particularly strategic, operational, legal, and reputation risks. These unique e-banking characteristics include: Speed of technological change, Increased visibility of publicly accessible networks, Less face-to-face interaction with financial institution customers. Management should review each of the processes discussed in this section to adapt and expand the institution’s risk management practices as necessary to address the risks posed by e-banking activities.
Financial institution management should choose the level of e-banking services provided to various customer segments based on customer needs and the institution’s risk assessment considerations. Institutions should reach this decision through a board-approved, e-banking strategy that considers factors such as customer demand, competition, expertise, implementation expense, maintenance costs, and capital support. Some institutions may choose not to provide e-banking services or to limit e-banking services to an informational website.
Financial institutions should periodically re-evaluate this decision to ensure it remains appropriate for the institution’s overall business strategy. Institutions may define success in many ways including growth in market share, expanding customer relationships, expense reduction, or new revenue generation. If the financial institution determines that a transactional website is appropriate, the next decision is the range of products and services to make available electronically to its customers. To deliver those products and services, the financial institution may have more than one website or multiple pages within a website for various business lines.
Financial institutions should base any decision to implement e-banking products and services on a thorough analysis of the costs and benefits associated with such action. Some of the reasons institutions offer e-banking services include: Lower operating costs, Increased customer demand for services, and New revenue opportunities.
The individuals conducting the cost-benefit analysis should clearly understand the risks associated with ebanking so that cost considerations fully incorporate appropriate risk mitigation controls. Without such expertise, the cost-benefit analysis will most likely underestimate the time and resources needed to properly oversee e-banking activities, particularly the level of technical expertise needed to provide competent oversight of in-house or outsourced activities.
Security threats can affect a financial institution through numerous vulnerabilities. No single control or security device can adequately protect a system connected to a public network. Effective information security comes only from establishing layers of various control, monitoring, and testing methods. While the details of any control and the effectiveness of risk mitigation depend on many factors, in general, each financial institution with external connectivity should ensure the following controls exist internally or at their TSP.
Conclusions
A financial institution’s board and m anagement should understand the risks associated with e-banking services and evaluate the resulting risk management costs against the potential return on investment prior to offering e-banking services. Poor e-banking planning and investment decisions can increase a financial institution’s strategic risk. Early adopters of new e-banking services can establish themselves as innovators who anticipate the needs of their customers, but may do so by incurring higher costs and increased complexity in their operations. Conversely, late adopters may be able to avoid the higher expense and added complexity, but do so at the risk
of not meeting customer demand for additional products and services. In managing the strategic risk associated with e-banking services, financial institutions should develop clearly defined e-banking objectives by which the institution can evaluate the success of its ebanking strategy.
译文
电子银行的风险管理活动
摘要:电子银行风险起因于欺诈、处理误差、系统中断或其他意外事件导致该机构无法提供产品或服务。这种风险存在于每一个提供产品和服务中。机构应确定适当的安全控制水平，根据他们给信息客户和机构的灵敏度,风险承受能力与水平。
关键词:电子银行，风险管理，安全性
1电子银行风险
电子银行定义为将传统银行产品通过电子渠道，并直接向客户提供互动服务的的新的自动交付服务。电子银行系统指金融机构客户，个人或企业，可以通过互联网或手机访问帐户，办理业务，或通过公共或专用网络上获得的金融产品和服务的信息。客户通过使用智能电子设备，如个人计算机（PC），个人数字助理（PDA），自动取款机（ATM），或按键式电话机来获得服务。
在罗马尼亚，超过23家银行在实施，并提供电子银行服务。越来越多的电
子银行客户对电子银行的配套技术，信息安全和电子银行战略提出要求，根据通信和信息技术部显示，以下图形显示了电子银行用户、本系统进行的交易数量以及这些交易的价值都呈上升趋势.
尽管风险和控制在各种电子银行渠道是类似，本文特别侧重于基于互联网的服务的广泛使用的公共网络。因此，该项目首先对互联网网站的两个主要类型的讨论：信息和交易。信息网站为客户提供有关金融机构及其产品或服务的一般资料。
考虑风险问题时，应该考虑并检讨的资讯网站包括：如果该网站不是金融机构的内部网络，可能获得金融机构或客户机密信息；潜在存在对机构的网站传播病毒的网站；如果该机构的在线服务被破坏或以其他方式提出不适当或攻击性材料使公众产生负面看法。
事务性网站通过金融机构进行的网站发起银行交易或购买产品和服务交易为客户提供服务。银行交易的范围可以从基本零售帐户到一个大型企业，对企业资金进行转移。电子银行服务，如通过其他交易渠道通常基于客户的类型进行分类的。下表列出了电子银行金融机构为零售和批发提供的服务。
由于交易的网站通常是客户机密信息的电子交换和资金的转移，因此，通过这些网站提供的服务的金融机构风险高于基本信息网站的风险。由于批发电子银行系统的商业交易往往涉及较大的美元数额，因此，它揭露金融机构交易的风险最高。除了风险信息网站，电子银行交易服务审查应考虑以下的相关问题：
——安全控制，维护客户信息；
——未经授权交易的法律责任；
——有关的法律或法规可能违反消费者隐私，反洗钱，反恐怖主义，或内容，时间，或要求应向客户披露信息。
2 交易风险
交易风险来自诈骗，错误程序，系统中断，或其他机构的不能交付产品或服务而导致无法预料的事件，这种风险主要存在于每一种产品和提供服务。该机构的处理环境的结构影响了交易风险的水平，包括所提供的服务种类、流程以及配套技术的复杂性。
在大多数情况下，电子银行业务将增加该机构的活动的复杂性和它的交易/
《金融风险管理案例分析》 ——华谊兄弟 姓名：周冰倩 学院：行知学院商学分院 专业：金融学
学号：12856218 金融风险管理案例分析之华谊兄弟 前言： 在21世纪初的中国娱乐业市场，涌现出一批商业巨头，而华谊公司正是个中翘楚。从一家小型的广告公司，到如今庞大的商业帝国，华谊走过了一条不可思议的崛起之路。当然，时势造英雄，这不仅仅归功于王中军王中磊两位创始人的商业才能，也要归功于繁荣的中国市场。 华谊概况： 华谊兄弟传媒集团是中国大陆一家知名综合性民营娱乐集团，于1994年创立。1998年正式进入电影行业，因投资冯小刚的贺岁片而声名鹊起，随后全面进入传媒产业，投资及运营电影、电视剧、艺人经纪、唱片、娱乐营销等领域，在这些领域都取得了不错的成绩。时至今日，华谊兄弟传媒集团已经发展成为一个涵盖广告、影视、音乐、发行、艺术设计、建筑、汽车梢售、文化经纪、投资等的大型民营企业集团，并于2009年10月30日创业板正式上市。 一．信用风险： 信用风险又称违约风险，是指借款人、证券发行人或交易对方因种种原因，不愿或无力履行合同条件而构成违约，致使银行、投资者或交易对方遭受损失的可能性。 我认为可能会导致出现信用风险的原因有两个：
（1）经济运行的周期性。 （2）是对于公司经营有影响的特殊事件的发生。 宏观经济与政策环境： 2013年起，全球经济逐渐复苏，中国经济保持稳定的增长态势，经济运行总体平稳。2014年将是中国全面深化改革的重要一年，中国经济的主要特征是由高速增长向中高速增长转换。伴随着这种增速转换，中国经济的结构性调整特征十分明显，服务业发展动能逐渐增强。国内外良好的经济环境和国内深化改革的政策目标都将刺激中国服务业，第三产业的发展。 行业态势： 优势： 1.中国电影产业规模快速增长，为大型电影企业提供了发展机会。而且娱乐影视这整个行业发展快，对优质作品需求大，有利于公司发挥自身优势满足市场需求，保持行业领先地位。 2.华谊拥有出色的制作、宣传与发行能力，在国产大片市场处于优势地位；电视剧制作实力强产量高；艺人经纪业务拥有艺人数量超过百人。公司独创的经营管理模式，有助于降低风险保证收益。 3.公司以工作室独立运营进行作品创作等经营管理模式，有助于公司降低经营风险，取得最大收益。公司产业完整，影视资源丰富，电影、电视剧和艺人经纪三大业务板块有效整合，协同发展，在产业链完整性和影视资源丰富性方面有较为突出的优势。 劣势： 1.虽然我国电影产量已初具规模，但其中具备较高商业价值的影片数量仍然较少，高质量影片供应量的增加将直接推动电影票房收入的增长。 2.影片产量和放映数量均在增长，但银幕数量以及高质量影片的供应不足限制了整个行业的发展速度。规模大，产业链完整，运作高效的电影企业将在发展中获胜。 综上所述，尽管存在着一些不利因素，但总体来看，电视剧市场以及国内外的经济环境外部因素都是有利于华谊公司的发展的。因此，外部环境对该公司造成的信用风险的压力较小。 华谊重大事件年表： 1994年，华谊兄弟广告公司创立 1997年，年销售额达6亿，进入中国十大广告公司行列 2000年，并购金牌经纪人王京花的经纪公司，成立华谊兄弟时代经纪有限公司；太合控股2000万入股，成立华谊兄弟太合影视投资公司 2001年，成立华谊兄弟太合文化经纪有限公司 2002年，华谊取得西影股份发行公司超过40%的股份 2004年，出资3000万收购战国音乐，成立华谊兄弟音乐有限公司；TOM集团出资500万美元收购华谊27%的股权，华谊更名为华谊兄弟传媒集团 2005年，中国最大SP之一华友世纪对华谊兄弟音乐有限公司进行超过3500万战略性投资；华谊以3500万入股天音公司成立新的天音传媒有限公司；金牌经纪人王京花带领一些艺人跳槽橙天娱乐
财务风险管理 尽管近年来金融风险大大增加，但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是，风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应，很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。 什么是风险？ 风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性，而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换。风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构，包括直接或间接的影响。当一个组织的金融市场暴露，有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。 风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。事件发生的可能性很小，但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。 财务风险是如何产生的呢？ 无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中，兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动，利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大，它可以增加成本，降低财政收入，或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织。金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格，并分配资金。 有三种金融风险的主要来源： 1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化，如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。 2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户，和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。 3、由于内部行动或失败的组织，特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。 什么是财务风险管理？ 财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理，业务人员，利益相关者，董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定。那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险，组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险。重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面，通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。 风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所，衍生物广泛地进行
文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91. 原文 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance Waitz M Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial. Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control 1 Introduction Look from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development. 2 The concept of the Internet financial In the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sized
目录 1.雷曼兄弟简介 (1) 2.雷曼兄弟破产过程 (1) 3.雷曼兄弟破产原因分析 (3) 3.1 自身原因 (3) 3.2 外部原因 (6) 4.应对措施及建议 (8)
1.雷曼兄弟简介 雷曼兄弟控股公司是美国第四大投资银行。作为一家全球性的投资银行，雷曼兄弟公司具有158年的历史。其雄厚的财务实力，以及“全球最具实力股票债券承销交易商”的名号可以追述到一个世纪前。 雷曼公司的业务能力一直受到众多世界知名公司的广泛认可。它不仅担任这些跨国公司和政府的重要财务顾问，同时拥有多名业界公认的国际最佳分析师。由此，它在很多业务领域都居于全球领先地位，包括股票、固定收益、交易和研究、投资银行业务、私人银行业务、资产管理以及风险投资。这一切都有助于雷曼兄弟稳固其在业务领域的领导地位。《商业周刊》评选雷曼兄弟公司为2000年最佳投资银行，《国际融资评论》授予其2002年度最佳投资银行称号，其整体调研实力也高居《机构投资者》排名榜榜首。 这样一家信誉名声都响彻业界的全球性多元化投资银行，于北京时间2008年9月15日，在次级抵押贷款市场危机加剧的形势下，丢盔弃甲。根据美国破产法，美国第四大投资银行雷曼兄弟控股公司向美国联邦破产法庭递交破产保护申请。以资产衡量，这是美国金融业最大的一宗公司破产案。 2.雷曼兄弟破产过程 表1罗列了自2007年夏天美国的次贷危机爆发以来，金融市场上所发生的一些重大事件和雷曼兄弟是如何一步步走向破产的。 表1 雷曼兄弟破产过程
3.1自身原因 1. 进入不熟悉的业务，且发展太快，业务过于集中。 作为一家顶级的投资银行，雷曼兄弟在很长一段时间内注重于传统的投资银行业务（证券发行承销，兼并收购顾问等）。 进入20世纪90年代后，随着固定收益产品、金融衍生品的流行和交易的飞速发展，雷曼兄弟也大力拓展了这些领域的业务，并取得了巨大的成功，被称为华尔街上的“债券之王”。 在2000年后房地产和信贷这些非传统的业务蓬勃发展之后，雷曼兄弟和其它华尔街上的银行一样，开始涉足此类业务。这本无可厚非，但雷曼的扩张速度太快（美林、贝尔斯登、摩根士丹利等也存在相同的问题）。雷曼兄弟破产前的几年一直是住宅抵押债券和商业地产债券的顶级承销商和账簿管理人。即使是在房地产市场下滑的2007年，雷曼兄弟的商业地产债券业务仍然增长了约13%。这样一来，雷曼兄弟面临的系统性风险非常大。在市场情况好的年份，整个市场都在向上，市场流动性泛滥，投资者被乐观情绪所蒙蔽，巨大的系统性风险给雷曼带来了巨大的收益；可是当市场崩溃的时候，如此大的系统风险必然带来巨大的负面影响。 2. 财务结构不合理，自身资本太少，杠杆率太高且过度依赖短期融资。 以雷曼为代表的投资银行与花旗、摩根大通、美洲银行等综合性银行不同，它们的自有资本太少，资本充足率太低。为了筹集资金来扩大业务，它们只好依赖债券市场和银行间拆借市场，在债券市场发债来满足中长期资金的需求，在银
译文 银行业是必要的而银行不是，互联网时代的金融中介机构的未来 摘要 本文探讨了互联网时代下金融机构和银行作为特殊的金融机构的未来可能是怎样的问题。由于互联网而导致的交易费用的减少会降低进入金融产品市场的壁垒，因为有可能不再需要运行成本密集型的分支的大型系统。但是，对金融机构的职能研究表明，不是每个人都可以销售和经销金融产品。这是真的，因为金融业务中的信息不对称问题需要一个拥有良好信誉的中介，也因为需要限制大型资本基金转换资产的风险。这两个要求变现了进入金融中介市场的重要壁垒。并不是每一个金融产品会因为互联网的崛起而将面临更多的竞争，只有那些标准化和低风险的产品。此外，那些拥有可观资本和良好声誉的大公司可能被视为银行的新竞争者。 关键字：银行业，银行，金融机构，互联网 1、引言 “银行业是19世纪的钢铁行业。”当谈到关于新的信息技术对银行的影响的谈论时，这句话经常被提起。更一般来说，可能有人会问，新信息技术是如何成功的，特别是互联网的，可能会改变商业和金融机构的市场情况。在互联网的帮助下，人们可以执行所有银行的业务，而不需要银行。这意味着传统银行分支机构的中介。此外，互联网已经使客户直接从网上购买股票而不需要访问当地的分支银行。从更广泛的意义上来说，在互联网的帮助下，金融市场的供给和需求可能通过互联网满足，而不需要金融中介机构。互联网的崛起是否真的是金融中介机构的威胁？在急剧减少的交易成本情况下，商业和竞争将如何变化？本文考察了互联网的成功对金融机构和银行的影响。 2、金融机构的发展 几个世纪以来，许多金融交易需要个人的存在。随着现代信息技术的发展，这些都被改变了。如今，客户可以在不进入当地分支银行的情况下进行任何金融交易。转移支付和支付账单可以通过网络进行，个人金融交易以及关于金融问题的信息咨询业可以通过网络进行。此外，互联网创新类似智能卡或者其他电子支付系统消除了为了得到一些现金而访问分支银行的需要。 但是互联网也会改变咨询活动：在许多情况下，它甚至可能减少个人存在的
金融风险管理案例集 南京审计学院金融学院 2009年9月2日
金融风险管理案例集 目录 案例一：法国兴业银行巨亏 案例二：雷曼兄弟破产 案例三：英国诺森罗克银行挤兑事件 案例四：“中航油”事件 案例五：中信泰富炒汇巨亏事件 案例六：美国通用汽车公司破产 案例七：越南金融危机 案例八：深发展15亿元贷款无法收回 案例九：AIG 危机 案例十：中国金属旗下钢铁公司破产 案例十一：俄罗斯金融危机 案例十二：冰岛的“国家破产”
案例一：法国兴业银行巨亏 一、案情 2008年1月18日,法国兴业银行收到了一封来自另一家大银行的电子邮件,要求确认此前约定的一笔交易,但法国兴业银行和这家银行根本没有交易往来。因此,兴业银行进行了一次内部查清,结果发现,这是一笔虚假交易。伪造邮件的是兴业银行交易员凯维埃尔。更深入地调查显示,法国兴业银行因凯维埃尔的行为损失了49亿欧元,约合71亿美元。 凯维埃尔从事的是什么业务,导致如此巨额损失?欧洲股指期货交易,一种衍生金融工具产品。早在2005年6月,他利用自己高超的电脑技术,绕过兴业银行的五道安全限制,开始了违规的欧洲股指期货交易,“我在安联保险上建仓,赌股市会下跌。不久伦敦地铁发生爆炸,股市真的大跌。我就像中了头彩……盈利50万欧元。”2007年,凯维埃尔再赌市场下跌,因此大量做空,他又赌赢了,到2007年12月31日,他的账面盈余达到了14亿欧元,而当年兴行银行的总盈利不过是55亿欧元。从2008年开始,凯维埃尔认为欧洲股指上涨,于是开始买涨。然后,欧洲乃至全球股市都在暴跌,凯维埃尔的巨额盈利转眼变成了巨大损失。 二、原因 1.风险巨大,破坏性强。由于衍生金融工具牵涉的金额巨大,一旦出现亏损就将引起较大的震动。巴林银行因衍生工具投机导致9.27亿英镑的亏损,最终导致拥有233年历史、总投资59亿英镑的老牌银行破产。法国兴业银行事件中,损失达到71亿美元,成为历史上最大规模的金融案件,震惊了世界。 2.暴发突然,难以预料。因违规进行衍生金融工具交易而受损、倒闭的投资机构,其资产似乎在一夜间就化为乌有,暴发的突然性往往出乎人们的预料。巴林银行在1994年底税前利润仍为1.5亿美元,而仅仅不到3个月后,它就因衍生工具上巨额损失而破产。中航油(新加坡)公司在破产的6个月前,其CEO还公开宣称公司运行良好,风险极低,在申请破产的前1个月前,还被新加坡证券委员会授予“最具透明度的企业”。 3.原因复杂,不易监管。衍生金融工具风险的产生既有金融自由化、金融市场全球化等宏观因素,也有管理层疏于监督、金融企业内部控制不充分等微观因素,形成原因比较复杂,即使是非常严格的监管制度,也不能完全避免风险。像法兴银行这个创建于拿破仑时代的银行,内部风险控制不可谓不严,但凯维埃尔还是获得了非法使用巨额资金的权限,违规操作近一年才被发现。这警示我们,再严密的规章制度,再安全的电脑软件,都可能存在漏洞。对银行系统的风险控制,绝不可掉以轻心,特别是市场繁荣之际,应警惕因盈利而放松正常监管。
外文文献翻译 Commercial Bank Risk Management : An Analysis of the Process
外文文献： Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process Abstract Throughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management. 1. Introduction The past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems. Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of the industry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America's
本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述 一、外文文献 标题: Online brokers lead the way for French internet finance 作者: Caffard, Christophe 期刊名称: International Financial Law Review 卷: 20；期: 3；页: 20-24 Online brokers lead the way for French internet finance 1 Regulated brokers Regulated brokers are legal entities which have an investment services licence and are subject to the prudential regulations of the Comite de Reglementation Bancaire et Financiere (CRBF) and the Conseil des Marches Financiers (CMF). * Choice of legal form: regulated brokers are not required to be incorporated in a specific legal form; however, under article 13 of the MAF Law, the CECEI checks whether the legal form of the brokerage company is appropriate for providing investment services. In practice, any type of commercial company is admitted: societes de capitaux (limited companies) or societes de personnes (partnerships). The formalities of share transfer, tax and the scope of liability of a company's management will be relevant factors to the choice of legal form. * Application for an investment services licence from the CECEI: the most important part of the application is the description of the investment services, and a business plan including prospective financial statements for the following three years. The CMF will check whether the business plan is consistent with the investment services licence requested by the broker. The CECEI will ensure that the applicant's own initial funds are consistent with the business plan. The scope of the investment services licence is variable and covers one or more ofthe following investment services: Reception and transmission of orders to another investment services provider on behalf of investors, for execution. This is the core investment service provided by the
金融银行信用风险管理外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Managing Credit Risks with Knowledge Management for Financial Banks Pan Jin Department of Economics Economics and Management School of Wuhan University Wuhan,Hubei Province,430072,China Abstract-Nowadays,financial banks are operating in a knowledge society and there are more and more credit risks breaking out in banks.So,this paper first discusses the implications of knowledge and knowledge management, and then analyzes credit risks of financial banks
with knowledge management. Finally, the paper studies ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management. With the application of knowledge management in financial banks, customers will acquire better service and banks will acquire more rewards. Index Terms–knowledge management; credit risk; risk management; incentive mechanism; financial banks I.INTRODUCTION Nowadays,banks are operating in a“knowledge society”.So, what is knowledge? Davenport(1996)[1]thinks knowledge is professional intellect, such as know-what, know-how, know-why, and self-motivated creativity, or experience, concepts, values, beliefs and ways of working that can be shared and communicated. The awareness of the importance of knowledge results in the critical issue of “knowledge management”. So, what is knowledge management? According to Malhothra(2001)[2], knowledge management(KM)caters to the critical issues of organizational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially it embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. Through the processes of creating,sustaining, applying, sharing and renewing knowledge, we can enhance organizational performance and create value. Many dissertations have studied knowledge managementapplications in some special fields. Aybübe Aurum(2004)[3] analyzes knowledge management in software engineering and D.J.Harvey＆R.Holdsworth(2005)[4]study knowledge management in the aerospace industry. Li Yang(2007)[5] studies knowledge management in information-based education and Jayasundara＆Chaminda Chiran(2008)[6] review the prevailing literature on knowledge management in banking industries. Liang ping and Wu Kebao(2010)[7]study the incentive mechanism of knowledge management in Banking. There are also many papers about risks analysis and risks management. Before the 1980s, the dominant mathematical theory of risks analysis was to describe a pair of random vectors.But,the simplification assumptions and methods used by classical competing risks
互联网金融对传统金融业的影响外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 互联网金融对传统金融业的影响 摘要 网络的发展，深刻地改变甚至颠覆了许多传统行业，金融业也不例外。近年来，金融业成为继商业分销、传媒之后受互联网影响最为深远的领域，许多基于互联网的金融服务模式应运而生，并对传统金融业产生了深刻的影响和巨大的冲击。“互联网金融”成为社会各界关注的焦点。 互联网金融低成本、高效率、关注用户体验，这些特点使其能够充分满足传统金融“长尾市场”的特殊需求，灵活提供更为便捷、高
效的金融服务和多样化的金融产品，大大拓展了金融服务的广度和深度，缩短了人们在时空上的距离，建立了一种全新的金融生态环境；可以有效整合、利用零散的时间、信息、资金等碎片资源，积少成多，形成规模效益，成为各类金融服务机构新的利润增长点。此外，随着互联网金融的不断渗透和融合，将给传统金融行业带来新的挑战和机遇。互联网金融可以促进传统银行业的转型，弥补传统银行在资金处理效率、信息整合等方面的不足；为证券、保险、基金、理财产品的销售与推广提供新渠道。对于很多中小企业来说，互联网金融拓展了它们的融资渠道，大大降低了融资门槛，提高了资金的使用效率。但是，互联网金融的跨行业性决定了它的风险因素更为复杂、敏感、多变，因此要处理好创新发展与市场监管、行业自律的关系。 关键词：互联网金融；商业银行；影响；监管 1 引言 互联网技术的不断发展，云计算、大数据、社交网络等越来越多的互联网应用为传统行业的业务发展提供了有力支持，互联网对传统行业的渗透程度不断加深。20世纪末，微软总裁比尔盖茨就曾断言，“传统商业银行会成为新世纪的恐龙”。如今，随着互联网电子信息技术的发展，我们真切地感受到了这种趋势，移动支付、电子银行早已在我们的日常生活中占据了重要地位。 由于互联网金融的概念几乎完全来自于商业实践，因此目前的研究多集中在探讨互联网金融的具体模式上，而对传统金融行业的影响力分析和应对措施则缺乏系统性研究。互联网与金融行业一向是风险
金融衍生品交易的风险管理研究案例分析 —以中航油事件为例 一、引言 随着经济全球化和金融市场的发展，金融衍生品已成为必不可少的工具。由于衍生工具使用不当会给企业带来极大风险甚至动摇整个金融界，本次研究将以“中航油新加坡公司在高风险的石油衍生品期权交易中蒙受高达5.5亿美元的巨额亏损,成为继巴林银行破产以来最大的投机丑闻”事件为经典案例，具体从事件简述、事件分析、事件启示来探析衍生品风险，并从内外部两方面出发，采取风险防范措施，使金融衍生工具更好地为金融领域服务。 二、案例简述 中国航油(新加坡)股份有限公司(下称“中航油新加坡公司”)成立于1993年,是中央直属大型国企中国航空油料控股公司(下称“集团公司”)的海外子公司,2001年在新加坡交易所主板上市,成为中国首家利用海外自有资产在国外上市的中资企业。在总裁陈久霖的带领下,中航油新加坡公司从一个濒临破产的贸易型企业发展成工贸结合的实体企业,业务从单一进口航油采购扩展到国际石油贸易,净资产从1997年起步时的21.9万美元增长为2003年的1亿多美元,总资产近30亿元,可谓“买来个石油帝国”,一时成为资本市场的明星。中航油新加坡公司被新加坡国立大学选为MBA的教学案例,陈久霖被《世界经济论坛》评选为“亚洲经济新领袖”,并入选“北大杰出校友”名录。但2004年以来风云突变,中航油新加坡公司在高风险的石油衍生品期权交易中蒙受巨额亏损而破产,成为继巴林银行破产以来最大的投机丑闻。 2004年一季度油价攀升,公司潜亏580万美元,陈久霖期望油价能回跌,决定延期交割合同,交易量也随之增加。二季度随着油价持续升高,公司账面亏损额增加到3000万美元左右,陈久霖决定再延后到2005年和2006年交割,交易量再次增加。10月份油价再创新高,而公司的交易盘口已达5200万桶。为了补加交易商追加的保证金,公司耗尽2600万美元的营运资本、1.2亿美元的银团贷款和6800万元的应收账款资金,账面亏损高达1.8亿美元,另需支付8000万美元的额外保证金,资金周转出现严重问题。10月10日,向集团公司首次呈报交易和账面亏损。10月20日,获得集团公司提前配售15%的股票所得的1.08亿美元资金贷款。10月26日和28日,因无法补加合同保证金而遭逼仓,公司蒙受1.32亿美元的实际亏损。11月8日至25日,公司的衍生商品合同继续遭逼仓,实际亏损达3.81亿美元。12月1日,亏损达5.5亿美元,为此公司向新加坡证券交易所申请停牌,并向当地法院申请破产保护。 三、案例分析
金融风险管理案例分析 一、案例背景： 2012年9月，借款人金某向银行申请个人经营贷款1笔，借款金额1200万元，期限为1年期，借款用途为其所任职的地暖管材公司（以下简称A公司）日常经营购进生产原材料，借款人在该公司任总经理职务。为确保该笔贷款的顺利申请，借款人金某提供其个人担任法人的商贸公司（以下简称B公司，注册资金500万元）的厂房及用地，作为该笔贷款的抵押物，向银行提供担保。抵押物位于大兴区物流包装基地，建筑面积7000平方米，房屋及土地的总评估价值为2400万元，目前带有10年以上的租约，年租金约为260万元，承租方为汉拿山餐饮集团。由于该厂房需要作为该笔贷款的抵押物，因此借款人出具了承租方签署的放弃第一顺位回购权的承诺函，承诺若该厂房因借款人出现违约情况，银行需要处置该抵押物时，放弃优先收购该厂房的权利。 二、案例经过： 在经过现场调查及相关审批后，银行原则上同意发放该笔贷款，但是要求在厂房抵押的基础上，追加某担保公司作为连带责任保证人，在接到担保公司的担保函后才能发放该笔贷款。担保公司接到该笔担保申请后，经过现场调查后，基本认可了该笔贷款的用途及抵押物情况，准备与借款申请人签订相关委托担保合同后，向中信银行出具贷款担保函，协助银行完成后续放款手续。 但是在与借款人面签担保合同时，担保公司业务人员发现该借款人所携带的用款企业A公司的公章，与之前预留印鉴不符，经过相关部门鉴定核实后确认为私刻的假公章。经过询问借款人得知，因A公司法人为外籍人士，长期不在本市，公章随身携带。为了方便开展业务、配合银行早日发放贷款，才私刻公章，并无骗贷意图。但是这种信用风险已经引起了担保公司方面的重视，随即提高了反担保措施的等级，要求在抵押物的基础上，将借款人所属B公司的99%股权，暂时转让到担保人名下，在发生借款人违约的情况下，能以最快速度处置抵押物，维护自己的权益。如借款期限内借款人未出现违约情况，则贷款到期后，再将股权转回至借款人的B公司名下。
文献信息： 文献标题：Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya（信贷风险管理策略及其对肯尼亚商业银行绩效的影响） 国外作者：Samuel Warui Mutua，Muoni Gekara 文献出处：《Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research》,2017, 3(4):1896-1904 字数统计：英文2891单词，15678字符；中文4915汉字 外文文献： Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya Abstract Credit risk management strategies are amongst the most critical factors to consider for any financial institution involved in any lending activity. Financial institutions have often find themselves making decisions between lending to potential borrowers thus effectively growing their balance sheets and effectively increasing their returns and being cautious in lending to caution themselves against any potential losses. Specifically, the research sought to examine credit risk management strategies and their impact on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The research was guided by the liquidity theory of credit, portfolio theory, credit risk theory and the tax theory of credit. The research was based on a descriptive design which involves describing the current state of affairs by use of data collected through questionnaires and interviews. The research was focused on selected Tier III commercial banks in Kenya namely Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit Bank with reference to the loans department. The sampled population consists of 62 staff members from loans department of Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit