2016.05.22托福阅读真题回顾与解析
5月份最后两场托福阅读考试，马上就要开考，不造同学们准备得怎么样了呢?在这托福备考的
最后阶段，天道小编将与您分享5月22日这一天的托福阅读真题并为您逐一解析，还请大家一定要仔细阅读哦!提前预祝诸位考生能够在新托福阅读考试中取得佳绩!
托福真题回顾是记录每次考试的路标，每次的托福考试都会有题目是重复之前考试的原题，所以，大家可以通过分析考过的题目，来提高自己的托福成绩。2016年5月22日的托福阅读考试结
束了，小编准备了当天的托福阅读真题。正在备考的大家快来看一下，相信一定可以给正在备战新
托福阅读的你带来帮助!
Passage 1
Insect Wings
文章解析
给了一幅翅膀图，各种专业名词，顿时懵圈。
第一段：引入话题，翅膀化石fossil，引发很多猜测speculation。
第二段：讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用。
第三段：说第一个理论存在问题，protowing需要和身体以某种方式连接hinged，而且需要有
肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。其中很多专业名词，但是题目特
别简单(问什么导致了insect最终能飞行，定位在最后一句话finally，larger muscler让昆虫飞
起来。)
第四段：支持第二个理论，反对第一种理论的证据是化学传感器chemical-sensing organs不
在背上，在legs上。 [第二三段中有EXCEPT题，问第一个理论的problems是什么，两段的开头句逐个对应即可。]
第五段：提出第三个理论，protowings来自于水中的一种昆虫insect的腮gill。问句：翅膀
是怎么从水中到飞行的?答案是通过翅膀产生推动力浮在水面上，当muscle越来越强大，滑的越来
越快，最后一飞冲天[有事实信息题]。
第六段：讲飞行的作用：虽然上面的理论还有争议，但是wing的作用是传播dispersal或
avoid predator，尤其考虑到predators的数量，躲避predator才是最重要的目的[有句子简化题，注意转折关系]。躲避predator的机制是一种预警机制warning system，通过sense wind or vibration[有事实信息题，定位后能看懂wind即可选出。]
解析：
第一篇文章有关动物的描写是三篇中最难的，难点在于：1. 很多专业术语和专有名词，处理时采用首字母缩写，化零为整的方法，关注句子整体意思和句间关系;2. 长难句遍布，很多倒装句和
修饰成分，处理时找句子的主干，课下多做长难句的分析练习。仔细分析后发现这种文章其实是专有名词糊的纸老虎，大部分题目根据定位后理解关键词义就能找到答案。所以遇到开篇难题时不要紧张，不要着急，调整心态，耐心寻找，定好时间还是可以完成的。但是为了减少阅读障碍，在做TPO中相关动物的练习时要注意整理常见的名词，如gill，lung, propulsion等。
相关文章：
OG 6: Swimming Machine
TPO 2-1：the Origins of Cetaceans
TPO 15-1: A Warm-blooded Turtle
passage 2
Debate about the Earliest
Calendars
文章解析：
给了一幅图，然并卵。
第一段：一个考古学家认为骨头上的14个marks 是古代人们记录lunar year的方法，因为它们的排列不是by chance的，而是按照group patterns排列的[有目的题，问作者为什么提到这些具体的pattern, 答案为为了说明这些pattern不是natural(对应not by chance)的，而是人为的]，该学家认为这种pattern和月亮从crescent(新月)到full moon，再从full moon到new moon的时间段一致(有题，问这个考古学家是如何理解上述pattern的，答：和moon的各种phase 相符)。第一段是不是森破?
第二段：讲这种日历的用途：古代人推算一些event的period;找到事情的sequencially connected;最终导致writing的出现[并列结构出现，有EXCEPT题]。虽然最长的pattern只有two and a half months, but多个连接起来可以推算时间的period，如怀孕，洪水的时间[有句子简化题，注意转折逻辑即可]。
第三段：发现我们的祖先可以think abstractly，具有计算日子的能力是件很有意思的事[有事实信息题]，但是也有质疑，因为hunter-gather的祖先了解所有打猎，采集等periodically的时间，不需要记录。
第四段：继续批判第一段中考古学家的观点，说那些marks的pattern是not regular，他也没有provide no example，还没有evidence[一句话中并列结构，有EXCEPT题]。而且这种mark不一定是record day or event哒，有可能是一些sharp tools使用的时候留下的，这种情况在其他文明中也常出现，此处有example[有目的题，问作者为啥要提到某个文明，答案为想要证明这些pattern不是起record events or days的作用] 。
解析：这篇文章涉及人类文明的发展，只是考察了一个比较偏的计时calendar，但是其中很多
单词都是采集，游牧，农耕阶段常提及的，需要在TPO练习中整理相关词汇。结构方面是常见的现
象-解释-批判，套路很明显，觉得做题有困难的福娃猛戳下面的文章练习。
相关文章：
TPO 4-2 Cave Art in Europe
TPO 21-2 the Origin of Agriculture
passage 3
Confectioners and Penny
Candies in the United States
文章解析：
第一段：Sugar一开始作为preservative保鲜imported fruit的(涨姿势啦)，只有wealthy European光顾the confectioners。直到某个时间，随着technological advance and easier access of sugar, middle class and working class也开始购买sugar(有纠结的推断题，问这个
时间段之后confectioners有什么变化，答案为他们开始卖一些之前没有主要卖的东西。如此抽象，有没有被虐到?推断题可根据排除法，其他选项明显和段落中句子相斥)。
第二段：sugar发展成penny sugar，成为小孩子最初花钱买的东东，后来熊孩子们买的果果太多成为主要的customers, 有些store exclusively卖给孩子，without their patronage就不能经营下去啦[有句子简化题，注意so…that…因果逻辑]。
第三段：后来有人把sugar和传统的药结合，用masking[有词汇题hiding] the bitter taste medicine,产生了hard sugar。
第四段：又有人发明了sugar drops[有事实信息题]，精明的店主改装了一下去掉其中的medicine，只加糖，开始了大批量的生产mass production[有事实信息题]。
解析：这篇文章讲的日常生活中sugar的发展史，不禁想起了4月23号的钟表史。糖在在现
有的TPO中没有相同的话题，但是有关事物发展史的文章结构是一致的，可参考练习。
相关文章：
TPO 22-2 the Birth of photography
TPO 29-3 the History of Waterpower
TPO 34-2 the Development of Steam Power
(巨简单有没有，安慰下受桑的心，阅读不易，且行且努力吧)
Rudimentary=primitive
Function= role
Retain= keep
Recommend= support
Motives= reasons
Aim to do = intend to do
Enduring=lasting
Sophisticated= complex
foundation= basic
fulfilling=performing
masking= hiding
anticipate=predict
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2002年8月TOEFL试题 Section Three: Reading Comprehension Question 1-9 Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement, At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.；its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperat ure during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized the they did not share in the concerns of the other. The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage Jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes, some sixth-and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify. 1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its (A) production techniques (B) similarity to other crafts (C) unusual materials (D) resemblance to earlier pottery 2. The phrase “regardless of” in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) as a result of (B) no matter what (C) proud of (D) according to 3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were situated (A) in city centers (B) on the outskirts of cities (C) where clay could be found (D) near other potters’ workshops 4. The word “marked” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6） 【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it
2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案 Questions 1-10 As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items. Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
第29套：The Extinction of the Dinosaurs Paragraph1:Geologists define the boundary between sediment layers of the Cretaceous period(144-65million years ago)and the Paleocene period (65-55million years ago)in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack.Before the limit of65million years ago，marine strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor.Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate,and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments,dinosaur fossils,though frequent before65 million years ago,are totally absent.By contrast,new families of mammals appear,including large mammals for the first time. 1..According to paragraph1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments ○They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. ○They contain fossils of dinosaurs. ○They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. ○They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments.
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷七） 托福阅读文本： Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom,