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2011年考研英语翻译备考高分建议

2011年考研英语翻译备考高分建议
2011年考研英语翻译备考高分建议

一年一度的考研又将临近,各路考研大军都在蛰伏磨练,以期一鹤冲天,最终跨过考研这道门槛,踏上一个新的平台。但由于金融危机的影响、统考科目的增加、公费比例的提高以及导师责任制的实施,今年的考研人数会急剧增加,竞争将更加残酷。在激烈的考研竞争中,英语往往是很多人的瓶颈(指非英语专业)。考生在备战英语的时候往往把绝大部分的精力集中在写作及阅读部分。因为很多人相信:在考研英语中“得阅读及写作者得天下”,完型和翻译则被置于可有可无的地位。更有甚者在考试时直接就放弃了翻译部分,让宝贵的十分白白溜走。殊不知,很多人的命运正是取决于一分、二分之差。考研翻译部分总共十分,如果考生能够运用合理有效的方法得到六至七分,那胜算岂不大大增加!值此考研冲刺之际,笔者就考研翻译部分向广大考生提出一些建议与方法,以期有所帮助。

一、 中英文的特点

英语和汉语分属于印欧语系和汉藏语系,二者均有鲜明的特点。要想做好考研英语的翻译部分,考生必须对中英两种语言的特点有所了解。就考试而言,笔者认为中英语言的以下几个特点需考生予以特别关注并应深入了解,因为这对于翻译部分的作答有很大帮助。

(一) 形合和意合

汉语重语义结构,英语重句法结构。汉语的主语不太容易识别,但这并不影响人们对于句子含义的理解,但英语句子中的主语十分重要,主谓关系必须明确。英语句子建构在形式( 或主谓) 主轴上,汉语句子建构在意念主轴上。正因为如此,汉语的句法特征是意合,而英语的句法特征是形合。英语句子以形连表意连,因此句中的关联词语如关系代词、关系副词都起着非常重要的作用,各种逻辑关系均十分明朗。汉语句子间的逻辑关系则隐含其中。

无论汉语还是英语,其句子内部或外部连接几乎都使用句法、词汇、词义三种手段。用前两种手段连接称为形合,用后一种手段连接称为意合。例如:

Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001:72 注:“2001”表示2001年全国研究生入学英语试卷,“72”表示试题的题号。下同)

这个句子是由四个独立句构成的并列句, 前三个句子用一般将来时,最后一个句子用的是将来完成时,句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号以及并列连词and表示的一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述, 至于句子之间的关系则完全可以通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果。因此,上句可译为: 孩子们将会和装有个性芯片的娃娃玩耍,带有内置个性(芯片)的计算机将被看作是工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,到这时数字(化)时代就已经到来。

英语形合的这种特点不仅为分析句子的结构提供了方便,而且还使句子切分成为可能。

(二)英语多被动,汉语多主动

被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。在某些文体中,使用

被动句几乎成了一种表达习惯。英语常用被动句,主要基于几个方面:

施事的原因、句法的要求、修辞的考虑以及文体的需要等。

在诸多的被动形式中,用形式主语开头的句型往往被运用地最为广泛。如:

It is said that …

It is reported that …

It is estimated that …

It is agreed that…

It is believed that…

It is imagined that…

针对这种句型,考生只需记住一点:如此类句型中的被动动词是行为动词,则在该行为动词前加个“据”字进行翻译;如此类句型中的被动动词用以表示某种态度或观点,则在该动词前加上“人们”二字。根据此原则,则上面的各个句型可译为:

It is said that … 据说…

It is reported that … 据报道…

It is estimated that … 据估计…

It is agreed that… 人们同意…

It is believed that… 人们相信…

It is imagined that… 人们认为…

(三)英语多代词,汉语多名词

英语中不仅有we/you/he/she/they等人称代词,而且还有that/which等关系代词以及what/who等疑问代词。在长而

复杂的句子里,为了使句子结构紧凑、语意明确,同时避免表达上的重复,英语中往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,因此一般不使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语意更加明确、清晰。

例:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001:71)

译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染检测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规),检测器就会使其停驶。

英文原句共使用了三个代词:关系代词that、宾格代词them和主格代词they, 汉语译文中却只用一个代词“其”,that被译为名词“监测器”,they 被译为名词“汽车”。这是因为汉语里没有关系代词,that 从语法的角度讲指代的是先行词monitors, 将其译成名词“监测器”就成了地道的汉语表达。而如果把they译成“它们”,汉语则会显得语意不清,因为“它们”有可能指“汽车”,也有可能指“监测器”。由此可见,英语里的很多代词在译为汉语时都要变成名词。

上述例子中的代词,在句中都可以找到相对应的名词,笔者将其称为句内代词,而在考研翻译的过程中,有些代词在本句内找不到相应的名词,一般需到上一句或此段首句去找,笔者将其称为句外代词。

例:His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led himto his decision. ( 2006: 47)

上句中,his function中的his就属于句外物主代词。根据上文提到的寻找原则,考生可以很快找到his代指的就是intellectual——知识分子。所以考生在翻译时需注意此类细节,可将其译为“知识分子的作用或功效。”

二、 顺句符号翻译法

在对中英两种语言的上述特点有所了解之后,考生在做翻译练习时,需学习对句子的结构进行分析,并适当运用笔者提出的顺句符号翻译法对所需翻译的复杂句子进行顺句翻译并加以逻辑连接。

(一)句子结构的分析

一般而言,对于英语句子结构的分析,可以在短期内得以突破。考生在冲刺阶段,应对真题中的修饰语加以详细划分并细加揣摩。修饰语主要指定语、状语和插入语。定语由形容词、名词、非谓语形式短语或从句充当,修饰名词,短的定语放在被修饰词之前,长的则放在被修饰语之后。一个句子中可以同时有多个定语。而状语由副词、介词短语、非谓语短语或从句充当,修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子,副词一般放在被修饰词前面,介词短语、非谓语短语或从句多放在被修饰词后面,也可置于句首或句末。一个句子中可以同时有多个状语。插入语由名词、名词短语或从句充当,对叙述主题起补充、说明的作用。

(二)顺句符号翻译法

在考研英语的翻译部分,因其中的长句均较为复杂,往往是修饰成分加修饰成分,如果按照中文的习惯将所有的修饰成分都叠放在被修饰词的左边,考生定会觉得头疼不已,甚至想弃之不理。针对这一情况,考生可以采取顺句符号翻译法。所谓的“顺句符号翻译法”即:在翻译的过程中采用顺句翻译的方法,无须变动句序;若所需翻译的修饰成分长而复杂,则利用汉语中的几种标点符号对其进行有效的顺句逻辑连接,进而解决翻译时句序的前后变动给考生带来的困扰。这几种标点符号分别是:冒号、破折号、括号等。运用顺序符号翻译法,考生无须进行句序变动,只需顺句翻译,这样翻译的难度在无形中降低了很多。在翻译过程中,之所以可以用标点符号进行串联,是由其本身的功能所致。英语修饰语大多是限定、说明、解释等作用,而汉语中的冒号、破折号、括号等也具有解释、说明等功能。对于长句中难以顺句翻译的从句,考生可以通过运用以上几种标点符号对其进行转译,将其译为进一步的限定、说明、或解释。这样便化解了考生对长句难以翻译的问题。至于句中较短的成分,考生则可以按照常规的方法进行翻译。

例:His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. ( 2006: 47)

解析:

上句中,主要是用了一个非限定性定语从句来修饰主句,而在这个非限定性定语从句中,又有一个比较复杂的of结构修饰这个非限定性定语从句中的名词obligation;而在本句中的of结构里还有一个比较短的定语从句修饰the course of reasoning。很多考生看到这个句子在翻译完主句之后,就感觉无从下手了。其实针对这种情况,考生可以在各个比较复杂的修饰语之间加上一些汉语中的标点符号来进行顺句逻辑连接,这样考生只需顺着原句的顺序,将主要精力放在句意的理解上。就本题而言,考生可以在judge之后加上一个冒号,然后在of结构处加上一个破折号把修饰advantage的成分变成了对其进行补充说明的部分。而of结构之后的另一个定语从句,因其较短,所以考生完全可以按照将其放在所修饰语的前面这种常规方法对其进行翻译。

译文:

知识分子的功能与法官相似:其必须接受这样一种义务——用尽量可能清楚的方式揭示导致其作出决定的推理过程。

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇英汉对照

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