English Figures of Speech
Outline
?Figures of speech
?Why are figures of speech used?
?Why do we have to learn figures of speech?
?Classification of figures of speech.
I. Figures of Speech: a tool of expressing thoughts and the art of using language effectively Examples:
1)The wind is blowing hard through the woods.
2)The little girl is singing merrily.
(literal, plain statements which give mere information about some facts and no more)
3)The wind is roaring through the woods.
4)The little girl is singing as merrily as a lark.
(Figurative statements or figures of speech (some expressed or implied comparisons are involved). The language in them is called figurative language.)
Language is a tool of expressing thoughts and rhetoric is the art of using language more effectively. II. Why are figures of speech used?
More examples:
5)Stars shine like diamonds in the sky=Stars shine brightly in the sky.
6)Imperialism is a paper tiger =Imperialism appears to be strong but inwardly it is weak..
In sentence 5) ―like diamonds‖ is more vivid and colorful than ―brightly‖. And the ―Paper Tiger‖ is more suggestive of the outward ferocity and inner weakness of the imperialism in sentence 6).
The purpose of using figures of speech is to call up pictures in the r eader‘s or listener‘s mind, to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create atmosphere, and to make the writings more appealing.
III. Why do we have to learn?
?A knowledge of these figures, and of how they are best used will be of help to us not only in deepening our understanding of what we read, but also in appreciating more fully the finer points of a writer‘s style. In the process, we might even learn to write better ourselves ,and progress from mere grammatical competence to rhetorical competence.
IV. Classification of Figures of Speech
?It is difficult to be precise about how many figures existed in classical times. The numbers range from 65 to 200 or more. Here only those that are of most universal appeal, and of the greatest practical value, are introduced.
The figures of speech are commonly divided into three categories:
?A. Lexical figures of speech (使用词汇手段的修辞格): simile, metaphor, personification, etc.
?B. Syntactical figures of speech (使用句法手段修辞格): antithesis, parallelism, repetition, etc.
?C. Phonetic figures of speech (使用语音手段的修辞格): alliteration , assonance, onomatopoeia etc.
More examples:
4. As cold water to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
5. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
6.Tall trees towered like pillars to the sky, while below in the valley, Rivers flowed like streams of jade.
7. Flowers, giving off a fragrance like the incense of the gods, while the singing of the birds was like music in heaven.
8. The past rises before me like a dream.
9. Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.
10. His happiness vanished like the morning dew.
11. The waterfall is like a piece of silk hanging
down from the edge of a precipice.
12. The fighter is as a lion in battle.
13. He seems like a hen on a hot girdle.
14. He spent money like water.
15. The slept like babies.
16. The first time I read an excellent book, it is to me
as if I had gained a new friend.
17. She is as beautiful as a flower.
18. I am as light as a feather, I an as happy as an angel. I am as merry as a school boy. I am as giddy as
a drunken man.
?as cold as ice
?as good as gold
?as strong as an ox (horse)
?as cunning as a fox
?as gentle as a lamb
?as gay as a lark
?as proud as a
peacock
?as ugly as a toad
A metaphor, is in a sense a condensed simile. It is a higher form. It requires greater ability on the part of the reader to perceive the hidden association, the insight into persons, things or ideas that is implied.
More examples:
1) He is the soul of the team.
2) Campaign posters sprouted across the land like wild flowers after a spring rain.
3) I skim over the book to taste the tone of it.
4) At last he felt a ray of hope.
5) Those people experienced the ebb and flow of human misery.
6) He embarked early on the sea of public life.
7) A stream of rush –hour traffic flooded down the street.
8) He gave her an icy stare which seemed to burn him up.
9) Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some
few to be chewed and digested. (Bacon)
10) Spare moments are the gold-dust of time.
11) The man is the black sheep of the family.
12) I was bale to rise from the ashes.
13) A lion in the way
a lame duck
a dark horse
●The effect of metaphor is to achieve freshness, originality, aptness and consistency.
●A rule to remember is to stick to good plain English if we cannot think up fresh and original comparison.
6) Overhead the stars winked mischievously at us.
7) I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake.
8) She listened to the brook murmuring through the hills.
9) The ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days.
10) The gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my anger.
4. Metonymy （转喻）
●Metonymy is a figure of speech as consists in the use of the name of one thing for the name of another. It expresses an association between the thing spoken of and the thing meant-----the mention of one suggests the other. The most often used ones are as follows :
A. Use a container to represent the thing contained, e.g.
1) The kettle is boiling.
2) The hall applauded.
B. Use clear signs of an object to represent the object itself,
?Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hairs taught them English. ( Big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair stand for foreigners. )
?Grey hair should be respected. (Grey hair stands for old people.)
C. Use tools to represent actions or the agent
1) His pen proves mightier than his pickax. (his pen—what is written by the pen; books and articles, etc.; pickax—mining (gold) or prospecting by pickax )
2) I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (heart—feelings or emotions; head (brain)—wisdom, intelligence, reason)
3) He not only has an ear for music but also a ready tongue. ( ear for music—talent for music; ready tongue—eloquence )
D. Use the names of writers to represent their writings
?I like to read Shakespeare .
E. Use an organ to represent its function
1) He writes a good hand. (His handwriting is legible (good).)
F. Use the thing related to represent the thing itself
1) He keeps a good table. ( He provides good food.)
2) He took to the bottle. ( He took to drinking.)
3) She took the veil at 20. (She became a nun at 20.)
4)He enjoyed a good fame in the bar. ( legal profession)
G. Use quotation or proverb to represent characteristics of someone or something.
?You are all the salt of the earth. Our hope is placed on you. (社会中坚) ?Little Mary is the apple of her father‘s eye. (掌上明珠)
?Everybody has his Achilles‘ heel. (致命弱点)
H. Use place names or locations to represent government , business or industrial enterprises ?Downing Street : the British government or cabinet
?The White House : the president or Executive branch of the U..S. government
?The Pentagon: the U.S. military establishment
?Fleet Street: the British press
?Wall street: U.S. financial circles
?Madison Avenue: American advertising industry
?Hollywood: American film-making industry
5. Synecdoche （提喻）
Synecdoche means giving the part for the whole or vice versa, using a kind of thing to represent another big kind or vice versa, and using raw material to represent the thing made of it.
A. Use the part to represent the whole
1)Twenty years later when he came back to his home town, he saw many new faces. (strangers)
2) The farms are short of hands during the harvest season. (workers)
3) He has a fleet of fifty sails. (ships)
4) Great minds think alike. (great persons)
B. Use the whole to represent the part
?The score is 2 to 1 in favor of China. (Chinese team)
?The world stands by our side.
C. Use a kind of thing to represent another big kind.
?It is said that the cutthroat still remains at large.
D. Use a big kind of thing to represent another kind of thing
?The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings. (a woman)
E. Use raw material to represent the thing made of it.
?The family has been on the boards since the grandfather‘s time. (the stage)
F. Use concrete things to represent abstract things or vice versa.
1) There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Frenchman. ( ?tiger‘ and ?ape‘ stands for the quality of ?ferocity‘ and ?cunningness‘ )
2) All the wit and learning were assembled here. (the wit—the clever and wise people; learning—learned people)
2) Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.
3) Speech is silver, silence is gold.
4) The wicked flee when no one pursues, but the righteous are bold as a lion.(邪恶之人，即使无人追踪，也会心虚奔逃；方正之人，则坦然无畏，胆壮如狮。)
5）There is only one difference between an old man and a young man: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old man has a splendid future behind him.
6) In science, read , by preference, the newest book; in literature, the oldest.
7) The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself.
8) The wise man knows he knows nothing; the fool thinks he knows all.
9)Everything was on a large scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower.
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects.
For example,
1) She was scared to death.
2) I‘d give the world to see the Great Wall..
3) I told you a thousand times that you shouldn‘t behave like that.
4) Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A. Pope)
5) Her beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelley:她的美丽使世界黯然失色；沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌；倾国倾城之美。）
6) I‘m sick to death of your everlasting chat ter. Do be quiet.
7) I have a sea of trouble.
8) You are my lifesaver.（你是我的救命恩人）
9) You are 100% right.
10) My back kills me.（我的腰痛的厉害）
11) I could sleep for a whole year.（我太困了）
12) We‘re all tired to death.（我们快累死了）
13) One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters.
（一个父亲的作用大于100个教师）
14) It‘s crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.
（今天阳光明媚，躲在家里实在太可惜了。）
15) A drop of ink may make a million think.
（一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。）
16) His eloquence would split rocks.
17) Her forehead is boiling hot.
18) I had millions of interruption this morning.
19) She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.
Euphemism is a figure of speech in which indirect words or phrases are used instead of those that are strictly required by truth, or in which mild words and phrases are used instead of unpleasant ones. For example,
?If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you . ( go away)
?He is a bit off his head. (crazy)
?He was now living at government‘s expense. (He‘s been sentenced to prison.)
?He is a bit slow for his age.
?He passed away for a few years. (to depart; to go to sleep; to go to heaven)
?I am getting on years.( old age, senility) ( past one‘s prime; feeling one‘s age; in second childhood)?The child is a slow learner. (under-achiever = stupid )
?Excuse me, I‘v got to answer the nature‘s call. (use the bathroom; wash one‘s hands=go to the toilet.)
?military action = invasion, raid
?lay off, ease out = dismiss, sack
?out of pocket, badly off = penniless
?in embarrassing obligation = in debt
?senior citizens = old people
?sanitation worker; environmental engineer = dustman
?emotional disturbed = mad
?strategic hamlets –concentration camp
?weight-watchers = fat people
?business girl = prostitute
A transferred epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase, especially of praise or blame used of a person. Grammatically it plays the function of an attribute or an adverbial. But it differs from
grammatical modifiers in that an epithet emphasizes rhetorical effect while a grammatical modifier can‘t. Sometimes a rhetor ical epithet has no meaning at all, and is only used to create a rhetorical effect. Therefore, it is called a transferred epithet, i.e. an epithet shifter from its proper subject to some allied circumstance. For example,
1）The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.
2）He said ? yes‘ to the question in an unthinking moment (He did not think when he said ?yes‘) 3）He sang with a passionate throat ( He sang passionately.)
4）We spent an anxious night / sleepless night.
5）He gave a wide-eyed answer.
6）He is not an easy poet. (His poems is not easy to understand)
7）In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word.( he is quiet not his laziness)
8) The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.( to show respect)
9) The letters, sad and reproachful, offer me the choice of pleading ignorance or being proved insensitive. ( the writers of the letters were sad at my stand and full of blame.（这封信，有的是对我的观点表示遗憾，有的是对我的观点给予斥责。他们要我承认不是愚昧无知，就是麻木不仁。）10) The movement for abolition of death penalty is widespread and articulate.（这场废除死刑的运动已遍及世界，而且已宣传得深入人心。）
11) His unfriendly tongue surprised her.（不友好的言辞令她吃惊）
12) The plowman homeward plods his weary way.( the weary plowman homeward plods his way)
13)F. Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed, smiling attention.
14) a surprise silence = a silence which makes people feel surprised
15. Purposeless days = days in which a person feels purposeless (漫无目的的日子）
16) a deadening roll of a thunder = a thunder with a deafening roll（一声震耳欲聋的雷鸣）
17) A mad doctor = a doctor who treats mad patients（精神病医生）
Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which words expressing contradictory and incongruous (自相矛盾的)ideas are joined together to produce a peculiar rhetorical effect. It differs from antithesis in that it is a combination in one expression of contradictory terms, whereas in antithesis there is a contrast of ideas brought about by parallel constructions. For example,
1) Bitter-sweet memories
2) proud humility (不卑不亢) ( humble, but not servile)
3) Orderly chaos: chaos exists, but there is some method or order in the way that things are thrown around.
4) The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. (冷酷的善意)
5 ) victorious defeat
6) She read the long-waited letter with a tearful smile. (tearful joy)
7) cold pleasant manner (冷漠文雅的举止)
8) dully bright (大智若愚)
9) a love-hate relationship
Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. In everyday life we often hear people using irony in their speech, though they may not be conscious of it. For instance, they may call a very thin boy ―Fatty‖ or a very fat boy ―Skinny‖.
More examples,
1) Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.
2)When people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them. (Wilder‘s The Devoted Friends)
3) What encouraging news! (when it is quite discouraging.)
4)You are very clever indeed. ( to a foolish man)
4)Oh, how I love queuing.( when he hates it)
5) What a fine weather for an outing. ( It was raining.)
6) You are a big help.( 你可够―帮忙‖啊！）
7) Better luck than I did.（希望你小子更―走运‖！？）
8) You are telling stories.（你讲的―真动听‖啊！）
9) It is a real bargain. （这实在―太便宜‖了!)
10 ) The public is wonderfully tolerant — it forgives everything except genius.（世人是宽大得惊人的---除了天才以外，他们宽恕一切。）
Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For example,
1) I shall not be sorry. (= I shall be glad.)
2) She is no bad singer. (=She is a very good singer)
3) It is no unimportant matter. (=It is really an important matter.)
4) I was not a little surprised at the news. (=I was greatly surprised at the news.)
5) He was a man of no mean（中等的，普通的）wealth. ( =He was quite rich.)
6) It‘s no laughing matter. (=It‘s serious matter.)
7) I didn‘t half like it.(I like it very much)（我不只是稍微喜欢）
8) It takes a bit skill to play a good game of golf.( a great deal of skill)
9) It is not very courteous to poison a guest.（伤人是不礼貌的）
10) London is a village of some size.( quite small in size)
11) The whale that wanders round the pole is not a table fish.( quite big, huge)
12) It is not unpleasant to see a good film now and then.( It is pleasant to see a good film now ant then.)
13) Advanced field training isn‘t going to be a lark.(戏耍) ( It‘s not to be easy, or fun)
Climax involves that part in a related set or list of events, ideas, expressions, etc. , which is most powerful, interesting, and effective, and which usually comes near the end.
For example，
?I am sorry, I am very sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
?He threatened to swear at people, beat people and murder people.
?The audience smiled, chuckled, and finally howled.
?We are low—we‘re low—we are very, very low, as low as low can be. (Ernest Jones)
?I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)
Anticlimax, contrary to climax, involves a sudden change from something noble, serious, exciting, etc., to something foolish, unimportant or uninteresting. Anticlimax may be done intentionally for the sake of humor or ridicule. For example,
1) I lost my bag, and with it, my wallet, my I.D. card, and my dirty socks.
2) ―Who is he ?‖ ― Why, he has gone the vole—has been soldier, ballad-singer, traveling tinker and is now a beggar.‖
3）Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its --- oysters.
Paradox is a statement which on the surface seems nonsensically contradictory but which, upon close examination, makes good sense. For example,
1) More haste, less speed.
2) Grasp all, lose all.
3) Man is born free, and everywhere he is in irons.
4) The more things a man is ashamed of, the more respectable he is.
5) Failure is the mother of success
6) The more you give , the more you have.
7) A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
8) The greatest hatred springs from the greatest love.
9) Let him who desires peace, prepare for the war.
10) He who praises everybody praises nobody.
A rhetorical question is a question which requires not answer, because it expresses a truth which cannot be denied. It is used for emphasis. When a reader comes upon a rhetorical question, he generally pauses and reflects intensely for a moment. The question will fix an idea more firmly in his mind than a declarative statement would. Thus you can give special force to an idea by expressing in the form of a rhetorical question. Such a question may appear at the beginning , middle, or end of a composition.
The following points should be kept in mind:
1) A rhetorical question focuses and intensifies the reader‘s interest.
2) A rhetorical question should be used only to give force to the writer‘s main ideas; it should not be wasted on minor points.
3) The rhetorical question---like any stylistic device-----should be used sparingly for best effect.
For example,
1) If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
(Shelly. There is only one possible answer)
2) What kind of people do they ( the Japanese) think we are? (Churchill to the US Congress in 1941)
3) What is this course about ? Is it concerned with pronunciation, figures of speech and participial phrases? Does it have to do with outlining themes, constructing topic sentences, and studying the principles of unity, coherence and emphasis?
Phrases or clauses having the same function and importance must have the same grammatical form. Parallel constructions which express parallel ideas give emphasis, clarity, and coherence to sentences. In parallel sentences, conjunctions are frequently used;
?并列连词：and, both…and, not only…but also…, as well as, besides, moreover等
?选择连词：or, otherwise, nor, either…or…, neither…nor…等
?转折连词：but, yet, while（而）, whereas（而）, nevertheless等
?推理连词：therefore, so, then, hence, for
Examples:
1) He speaks, reads, and writes equally well.
2) I prefer non-fiction: history, social commentary, and stuff like that.
3) An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. 4）We can gain knowledge, by reading, by reflecting, by observation or by practice.（求知门很多，
或阅读，或反思，或观察，或实践）
5) The world listens. The world watches. The world waits to see what we will do.（世界在倾听，世界在注视，世界等待着我们做什么）
6) March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers.
7) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.
8) It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends, who are dead.
9) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
10)Reading makes a full man, meditation a profound man, discourse a clear man.
11) All men are mortal; kings are men; therefore kings are mortal.
12)Modesty helps one to make progress, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
Alliteration is a figure of speech which is the use in close proximity of two or more sounds that begin with the same sound, or sequence of sound. For example,
?A strong man struggling with the storms of state.
?Some phrases:
?Forgive and forget
?Part and parcel
?As busy as a bee
?I wish you to be hearty, happy, healthy during the National holiday.
Onomatopoeia refers to the formation of a word in imitation of the natural sound associated with the object or action involved . For example,
●She banged the door behind her.
●The rain pattered all night.
●I listened to the rumbling of thunder.
19. Other figures of speech include:
?Sarcasm: Sarcasm is just attacking in a taunting and bitter manner and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. This figure of speech needs context clue. ?Ridicule: Hyperbole for humor or ridicule makes use of absurdly exaggerated descriptions or situations to expose or to deflate.
本文根据《大学英语》中出现的最常见的几种修辞格加以分析，希望有助于大家在学习英语的过程中能够恰当地选择修辞手段来丰富自己的表达。 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsint oshis wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。)在《品尝家》一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。 ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。)《礼物》一文中，老太太喜迎八十大寿，大女儿不来庆祝，只寄来一张支票。作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟，形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭，极度伤心的心情。 暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。 ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬
英语写作常用修辞格 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. 鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart. 品尝Mozart的音乐.
广告英语翻译常用词汇 产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚，深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球 selling well all over the world 典雅大方 elegant and graceful 定型耐久 durable modeling 方便顾客 making things convenient for customers 方便群众 making things convenient for the people; to suit the peo ple's convenience 方便商品 convenience goods 方便生活 bringing more convenience to the people in their daily life; prov iding amenities for the people; making life easier for the popula tion 各式俱全 wide selection; large assortment
顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一，信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良，疗效显著，誉满全球，欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods
英语中常见的修辞手法
英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile －简明英汉词典['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor －简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻
暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration －英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1．夸张,夸大 2．夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张；夸大 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering
明喻( simile )是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似 关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though 等， 补充: 二、隐喻( metaphor )这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事 物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 补充: 三、提喻( synecdoche )又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具 体，或以具体代抽象。四、拟人( personification )这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。五、夸张( hyperbole )这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。六、叠言( rhetorical repetition )这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。七、借代( metonymy )是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。八、双关语( pun )是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。九、拟声( onomatcpocia )是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。十、讽刺( irony )是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。十一、通感 ( synesthesia )是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。十二、头韵法( alliteration )在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。 英语修辞手法 1）Simile ：（明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic （特性）in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2） Metaphor ：（暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3） Analogy:（类比）It is also a form Of COmPariSon, but UnIike SimiIe Or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several Common qualities or points of resemblanCe. 4） PerSOnification:（拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes（赋予） to inanimate（无生命的） objeCts, or to ideas and abstractions（抽象）. For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中，马克.吐温是位伟大作家，他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)（eternal和endless都是夸张用语，表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。） 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）（大学英语第三册第六课课文A） 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如： “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好，下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋，其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼，百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆，后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足，教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.
明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.
高考英语作文常用的12个修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味，一篇好的作文，语言应该生动形象。而恰当地运用修辞手法，可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真，大大增强艺术表现力，扩大语言表达的范围；而且还可以激发读者的想象，给人留下深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1、比喻 (metaphor) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻 (simile)： 用like， as， as。。。as， as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love’s like a red， red rose。我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can’t be trusted。 He is as slippery as an eel。那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung。他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream。童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻 (metaphor)： 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事
物。例如： He has a heart of stone。他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage。世界是一个大舞台。 2、换喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。例如： His purse would not allow him that luxury。他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle。母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848。他在1848年继承了王位。 3、提喻 (synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing。他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season。在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket。澳大利亚队在板球
英语中常见得修辞手法 １明喻(Sｉmile) siｍilｅ - 简明英汉词典 ［'ｓ?m?lｉ:］?n. (使用like或as等词语得)明喻 ?明喻就是一种最简单、最常见得修辞方法,就是以两种具有共同特征得事物或现象进行对比,表明本体与喻体得关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式就是“A像Ｂ”,常用得比喻词有aｓ, like,asｉf, aｓｔhough等。如果使用得当可以把深奥得道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单得事物表达得更为形象更为生动。例如: Lｉke climbｉng ａmｏuntain, weｓtｒｕgglｅup ｔhｒee feetａｎd ｆall back tｗo.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B)?I sｅe also the ｄull, ｄriｌｌｅd, ｄｏciｌｅ, bruｔｉｓｈmasses of tｈe Hun soldieｒy bｌoddｉnｇｏn lｉkeａswarｍoｆcrawｌing ｌocｕｓts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当得比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metａphｏr) mｅtａphor —简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻 ?暗喻也就是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了得明喻(a coｍpｒeｓsｅd simile)。它就是根据两个事物间得某些共同得特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物得比喻方式。本体与喻体之间不用比喻词,只就是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言得表现力。例如:?I will do anyｔhｉnｇI can t ｏｈｅlp him ｔｈｒｏuｇh life's dangｅｒous seａ.(我将全力帮助她穿越人生得惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文Ａ) Coｎsｉder that ｔhe same cｕｌturａl soil ｐroducinｇthe English lanｇuagｅalso nｏuｒiｓhｅｄｔhe great pｒinｃｉplｅｓｏf frｅｅｄom and rｉｇht of manｉn ｔhe moderｎwoｒlｄ、(想想吧,孕育英语得文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由与人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each lｅttｅr was a seed fallinｇon a fｅrtiｌｅhearｔ. Aｒomａncｅwas bｕｄｄiｎg。(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上得种子,浪漫之花含苞待放、)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(theｍetonymy) ?转喻就是通过相近得联想,借喻体代替本体。转喻就是比隐喻更进一步得比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物、例如: The buｓeｓin Ameriｃa are on striｋe noｗ.美国得公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buｓes 喻指司机driｖers)。?“Well,”ｓaｉd the dｏctor.“I wｉｌl do aｌl that scieｎce cａn aｃcoｍplｉsｈ、But wheneｖe ｒmy patｉｅnｔｂeｇins to coｕnt tｈe carriages in heｒｆuneral pｏｒcｅsｓioｎI subtrａcｔ50pｅｒｃｅnt from the ｃuｒative powerｏfｍedｉｃiｎｅs、"(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到得,但每当我得病人开始数自己葬礼上得马车时,药物得疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4夸张(thｅｅxaggeratｉｏn) exａgｇｅration －英汉双向大词典 D。J、[?ｇ?z?d???ｒｅ???ｎ］?— exaggeratｉon?n、 1. 夸张,夸大? 2. 夸张得言语;夸张得手法?— Eｘaｇgeration?ｎ、夸张;夸大 ?把事物得特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”得说法,使事物得本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张得功能就是突出事物得本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发、例如:?ＭosｔAmerｉｃaｎrｅｍembｅr Maｒk Tｗain as tｈｅfatｈer of Hｕck Ｆinn’s idylliｃcruｉsｅtｈｒouｇh eteｒnal ｂoｙhｏod aｎd ToｍSaｗyer’s endless sｕmmer ｏf frｅed ｏm anｄaｄvｅｎｔure、(在大多数美国人得心目中,马克、吐温就是位伟大作家,她描写哈克。费恩永恒得童年时代中充满诗情画意得旅程与汤姆、索亚在漫长得夏日里自由自在历险探奇得故事。)(eteｒｎal与endｌeｓs都就是夸张用语,表示哈克、费恩童年时期田园般得旅游与汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇得故事都已成为永恒不朽之作、) 5 拟人(the personiｆjｃａtion) ?所谓拟人就就是把无生命得事物当作有生命得事物来描写,赋予无生命之