中英文资料对照外文翻译
External wall insulation technology and
energy-saving materials
Abstract: This paper used on the exterior of our current technology and energy-saving insulation material to be addressed. Vigorously promoting external insulation technology, new energy-saving materials to strengthen the development and use of energy-saving construction so that really to be implemented.
Key words: energy-saving building；materials
The implementation of building energy conservation and environmental protection and energy conservation policy and the main contents of the national economy and implementing sustainable development is an important component part.
In such a series of energy conservation policies, regulations, standards and mandatory provisions under the guidance of China's energy-saving housing construction work has been constantly deepened, energy conservation standards continuously, and the introduction of development, many new energy-saving technologies and materials, and in residential buildings to promote use. However, China's current level of building energy conservation, but also much lower than the developed countries, China's energy consumption per unit area construction climate is similar to the developed countries, three times to
five times. Cold in the north building heating energy consumption accounts for the local society more than 20% of energy consumption, and the vast majority are used in thermal power generation and coal-fired boilers, at the same time to cause serious environmental pollution. Therefore, the construction of this century, China's energy-saving construction is an important topic.
In the construction of the external structure for the heat loss larger, external retaining structure in the wall and make up a large share. Therefore, the reform and building wall wall is the development of energy-saving technologies building energy-saving technology one of the most important part of the external wall insulation technology and the development of energy-saving construction materials is the main energy-saving mode.
1.An external wall insulation technology
Energy-saving insulation wall construction techniques can be divided into external walls, insulation and Exterior Insulation two categories.
1.1 insulation technology and its features
External wall insulation in construction, in the internal and external structure to the insulation layer. Construction of insulation fast, convenient operation flexible and can ensure the construction progress. Application of thermal insulation within a longer time, mature technology, construction techniques and testing standards are relatively sound. In 2001 the external wall insulation in construction, about 90 percent of the engineering applications, insulation technology. Been in the area to promote the insulation technology: Enhanced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board, polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation board, the Interior paste polystyrene board clean wall plaster and polystyrene particles floor insulation Mortar and cracking slurry pressure Network Haile practice. However, the use of thermal insulation will be more occupied area, "thermal bridge" is no easy solution, making it easy to crack, but will also affect the construction speed, the second decoration of the affected residents, and the hoisting of the interior walls and fixed objects can easily damage the insulation structure. Insulation within the technical unreasonable, its decision must be replaced by the insulation. 3 string
1.2, and its technical characteristics of insulation
Exterior Insulation is vigorously promoting the construction of a thermal insulation energy-saving technologies. Exterior Insulation compared with the thermal insulation, technical reasonable, and there are obvious advantages of using the same specifications, the same size and performance of insulation materials, exterior insulation, insulation effect than good. Exterior Insulation technology not only apply to the new structure works, but also to transform the old buildings, applicable to a wide range of high technology content; exterior insulation package in the main structure of the outer side to protect the main structure, and extend the life of buildings; effectively reduce The thermal structure of the bridge, construction of an effective increase in space at the same time eliminating condensation and improve the living comfort. Materials net https://www.doczj.com/doc/596575061.html,
Currently insulation on the external walls of relatively mature technologies include the following types.
1.2.1 plug-Exterior Insulation
Plug the insulation material ROCK (ORE), cotton, glass wool carpets, polystyrene foam (polystyrene board, EPS, XPS), polyphenylene Artificial Stone ceramic decorative concrete composite insulation panels, steel mesh-Sandwich such as wallboard. One for polystyrene board has excellent physical properties and cheap cost, in the world has been within the scope of the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used.
The technology is plug mortar or adhesive is used for the fixed pieces of insulation materials will be posted, pegged to the outer walls, then the floor cracking mortar, pressed glass fiber Mesh protective layer formation, and the last to do decorative surface.
A further approach is the use of a dedicated fixed-absorbent will be difficult various insulation board fixed the outer walls, and then aluminium, natural stone, stained glass, and other pre-production plug in the keel, the direct formation of decorative surface. Mr. IM Pei designed by the Bank of China head office building, the insulation is used in this design.
This plug-in insulation installation time-consuming, difficult construction and construction-led occupation period, the main question can only after acceptance construction. Conducting high-level construction, the construction of the security personnel not be guaranteed.
1.2.2 polystyrene board with a wall casting molding
This technology is in the concrete frame - polystyrene board shear system will be built into the architecture template, will be pouring in the lateral wall, and then pouring concrete, concrete pouring and molding polystyrene board for a composite wall. The technology to solve the plug-in insulation of the main issues of its advantages is obvious. As the external walls of the main insulation layer with a survival, improve efficiency, greatly shorten the construction period, and the safety of construction workers be guaranteed. But in the winter construction, the role of polystyrene insulation Banqi can reduce the external envelope insulation measures. But we should pay attention to pouring concrete uniform, continuous casting, otherwise concrete lateral pressure caused the impact polystyrene board in the FORM REMOVAL after deformation and wrong stubble, impact on the construction sequence. The built-in polystyrene board which can be double-sided steel mesh, it could be a single screen of steel. Double Wire Fabric benzene plate and concrete connections, relies mainly on the medial wall and the steel mesh-banding and lateral reinforcement of concrete and polystyrene board of bonding, the combination of good performance, high security. Single Wire Fabric benzene plate and concrete connections, rely mainly on the concrete and polystyrene board and the bonding Chacha reinforced, L, such as steel and concrete wall of the anchorage, with better performance. And double steel mesh, compared to one-sided steel mesh technology with the cancellation of the inner steel mesh and installation of insulation board before the board lateral plastering, saving time and materials. Its cost can be reduced by 10 percent. However, the two approaches are used steel mesh planes, the higher cost, and the steel is hot-conductor, direct heat will be reduced wall insulation effect. We are concrete and polystyrene board with a grid molding compound wall were studied. The experimental results show that, in concrete slurry of suitable conditions, the direct use of concrete as an adhesive to paste polystyrene board, it is entirely possible. When we polystyrene board on the back of treatment, with concrete bonding further improve (the average bond strength can be achieved 0.07 Mpa, and damage occurred in polystyrene board). The technology-steel mesh canceled its performance of the insulation, and once again cut the cost of board. After its long-term durability demonstration, the project can be widely used.
1.2.3 polystyrene insulation slurry particles external insulation
Will be abandoned polystyrene plastic (for EPS) processing broken into the 0.5 to 4 mm particle, as a lightweight aggregate to the preparation insulation mortar. The technology includes the insulation layer, the protective layer and cracking impermeability of protection layer (or layer of impermeable surface cracking of the mortar in 1). ZL powder particles of polystyrene insulation materials and technology in 1998 by the Ministry of Construction as on the national law. This method is now widely recognized wall insulation technology. The construction technique is simple and can reduce the labor intensity, and improving work efficiency; difference in the quality of the structure from the impact of the wall on the defective construction of the wall need repair leveling, and the direct use of slurry Huabu insulation can avoid other Insulation Construction Technology for plastering leveling off Houer shedding phenomenon. At the same time the external wall insulation technology to solve the engineering harsh conditions resulting from the use of easy interface debonding hollowing, surface cracking, and other problems easier to achieve Exterior Insulation an important breakthrough technology. Insulation and other things, compared to the same insulating effect of the circumstances, its lower cost, lower housing construction costs. For example, with polystyrene insulation boards, compared to per square metre can reduce about 25 yuan. Fraunhofer-new home in Tianjin high-level external insulation is used in the works of such technology.
Energy-saving insulation materials are adiabatic materials. Insulation material is used for building envelope or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance of the material or composite materials, including insulation materials, including insulation materials. The significance of thermal insulation material, on the one hand to meet the architectural space or thermal equipment thermal environment, on the other hand in order to save energy. With worldwide energy growing tensions in the energy-saving aspects of thermal insulation material on the significance of significant outstanding. Residents generally only heating air conditioning, insulation enclosure through the use of material that can be on the basis of the existing energy-saving 50% to 80%. According to Japan's Energy Conservation Practice has proved that the use of 1 ton per insulation materials, can save three tons of standard coal / year, the energy efficiency of the cost of production is 10 times. Therefore, some
countries insulation material as is the coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy after the fifth-largest "energy."
Insulation on the external wall insulation is insulation materials as building envelope, development and application of highly efficient insulation thermal insulation material is to ensure that building an effective energy-saving measures. At present the world's least developed countries, are on the insulation material production and application very seriously, and energy-saving construction work is done well, and they attach importance to the development of insulation materials and are inseparable.
2.1 insulation material properties
Adiabatic is to maximize the thermal impedance of the transmission and therefore asked the insulation material must be large and small thermal resistance of the thermal conductivity.
Speaking from the composition of materials, organic polymer generally are smaller than the thermal conductivity inorganic materials; non-metallic thermal conductivity coefficient is less than metallic materials; gaseous substances is less than the thermal conductivity of liquid material, liquid than solid material. Therefore, in conditions permitting, should make full use of organic polymer materials or amorphous inorganic materials, which is beneficial for the insulation insulation.
In addition, insulation insulation materials must also be able to resist the impact of load, the environment is consistent with the use of mechanical strength. Its better performance bond, still a small contraction rate and the environment in line with the durability. 9 string
3 Summary
At present, China's external wall insulation technology developed very quickly, and energy conservation is the focus of the work. External wall insulation technology with the development of innovative energy-saving materials are inextricably linked, building energy efficiency must be the development of new energy-saving materials for the premise, there must be sufficient insulation insulation materials as a foundation. Energy-saving materials and the development of the external wall insulation must be technology, we can really play its role. It is precisely because of the energy-saving materials innovation, and the superiority of external insulation technology was increasing people's attention. Therefore, in the
external wall insulation technology to promote the same time, we must step up the development of new energy-saving materials and the use and thus truly achieve energy-saving construction.
References
1. Huxiaoyuan, Xu Lin. Building insulation materials of the present situation and prospects of the application. Insulation materials and energy-saving technologies, 2002, (6): 2-4
2. Liu Hongtao, etc.. Insulation on the external walls of several common forms and materials. Building Technology and Application, 2001, (1): 39 to 40
3. Guo Ying. External walls, insulation, energy-saving technology in residential construction in the role of construction technology development, 2002, (2): 46 to 48
外墙保温及节能材料
摘要本文就当前我国常用的外墙保温技术及节能材料加以论述。在大力推广外墙保温技术的同时，要加强新型节能材料的开发和利用，从而使建筑节能真正得以实施。
关键词建筑材料，建筑节能
简介
建筑节能是执行国家环境保护和节约能源政策的主要内容，是贯彻国民经济可持续发展的重要组成部分。
在这样一系列的节能政策、法规、标准和强制性条文的指导下，我国住宅建设的节能工作不断深入，节能标准不断提高，引进开发了许多新型的节能技术和材料，在住宅建筑中大家，我国建筑单位面积能耗仍是气候相近的发达国家的3倍~5倍。北方寒冷地区的建筑采暖能耗已占当地全社会能耗的20%以上，且绝大部分都是采用火力发电和燃煤锅炉，同时给环境带来严重的污染。所以建筑节能还是本世纪我国建筑业的一个重要的课题。
在建筑中，外围护结构的热损耗较大，外围护结构中墙体又占了很大份额。所以建筑墙体改革与墙体节能技术的发展是建筑节能技术力推广使用。但我国目前的建筑节能水平，还远低于发达国的一个最重要的环节，发展外墙保温技术及节能材料则是建筑节能的主要实现方式。
1外墙保温技术
节能保温墙体施工技术主要分为外墙内保温和外墙外保温两大类
1.1内保温技术及其特点
外墙内保温施工，是在外墙结构的内部加做保温层。内保温施工速度快，操作方便灵活，可以保证施工进度。内保温应用时间较长，技术成熟，施工技术及检验标准是比较完善的。在2001年外墙保温施工中约有90%以上的工程应用内保温技术。被大面积推广的内保温技术有：增强石膏复合聚苯保温板、聚合物砂浆复合聚苯保温板、增强水泥复合聚苯保温板、内墙贴聚苯板抹粉刷石膏及抹聚苯颗粒保温料浆加抗裂砂浆压入网格布的做法。但内保温会多占用使用面积，“热桥”问题不易解决，容易引起开裂，还会影响施工速度，影响居民的二次装修，且内墙悬挂和固定物件也容易破
坏内保温结构。内保温在技术上的不合理性，决定了其必然要被外保温所替代。
1.2外保温技术及其特点
外保温是目前大力推广的一种建筑保温节能技术。外保温与内保温相比，技术合理，有其明显的优越性，使用同样规格、同样尺寸和性能的保温材料，外保温比内保温的效果好。外保温技术不仅适用于新建的结构工程，也适用于旧楼改造，适用于范围广，技术含量高；外保温包在主体结构的外侧，能够保护主体结构，延长建筑物的寿命；有效减少了建筑结构的热桥，增加建筑的有效空间；同时消除了冷凝，提高了居住的舒适度。
目前比较成熟的外墙保温技术主要有以下几种。
1.2.1 外挂式外保温
外挂的保温材料有岩（矿）棉、玻璃棉毡、聚苯乙烯泡沫板（简称聚苯板，EPS、XPS）、陶粒混凝土复合聚苯仿石装饰保温板、钢丝网架夹芯墙板等。其中聚苯板因具有优良的物理性能和廉价的成本，已经在全世界范围内的外墙保温外挂技术中被广泛应用。
该外挂技术是采用粘接砂浆或者是专用的固定件将保温材料贴、挂在外墙上，然后抹抗裂砂浆，压入玻璃纤维网格布形成保护层，最后加做装饰面。
还有一种做法是用专用的固定件将不易吸水的各种保温板固定在外墙上，然后将铝板、天然石材、彩色玻璃等外挂在预先制作的龙骨上，直接形成装饰面。由贝聿铭先生设计的中国银行总行办公楼的外保温就是采用的这种设计。
这种外挂式的外保温安装费时，施工难度大，且施工占用主导工期，待主体验收完后才可以进行施工。在进行高层施工时，施工人员的安全不易得到保障。
1.2.2聚苯板与墙体一次浇注成型
该技术是在混凝土框—剪体系中将聚苯板内置于建筑模板内，在即将浇注的墙体外侧，然后浇注混凝土，混凝土与聚苯板一次浇注成型为复合墙体。该技术解决了外挂式外保温的主要问题，其优势是很明显的。由于外墙主体与保温层一次成活，工效提高，工期大大缩短，且施工人员的安全性得到了保证。而且在冬季施工时，聚苯板起保温的作用，可减少外围围护保温措施。但在浇注混凝土时要注意均匀、连续浇注，否则由于混凝土侧压力的影响会造成聚苯板在拆模后出现变形和错茬，影响后序施工。其中内置的聚苯板可以是双面钢丝网的，也可以是单面钢丝网的。双面钢丝网聚苯板与混凝土的连接，主要是依靠内侧钢丝网架与墙体外侧配筋相绑扎及混凝土与聚苯板的粘接力，其结合性能良好，具有较高的安全度。单面钢丝网聚苯板与混凝土的连接，主要依靠混凝土与聚苯板的粘接力以及斜插钢筋、L型钢等与混凝土墙体的锚固力，结合性能也较好。与双钢丝网相比较，单面钢丝网技术因取消了内侧钢丝网和安装保温板前的板外侧抹灰，节省了工时和材料。其造价可降低10%左右。但此两种
做法都采用了钢丝网架，造价较高，且钢材是热的良导体，直接传热，会降低墙体的保温效果。
我们对于混凝土与无网架聚苯板一次成型复合墙体进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，在混凝土中水泥浆量合适的条件下，直接利用混凝土作为粘接剂来粘贴聚苯板，是完全可能的。当我们对聚苯板的背面进行处理之后，其与混凝土的粘接力进一步提高（其平均粘接强度可以达到0.07Mpa，而且破坏均发生在聚苯板内）。此技术取消了钢丝网架，其保温性能提高，而且板的成本再次降低。在经过对其长期耐久性论证之后，工程中可以推广使用。
1.2.3聚苯颗粒保温料浆外墙保温
将废弃的聚苯乙烯塑料（简称为EPS）加工破碎成为0.5~4mm的颗粒，作为轻集料来配制保温砂浆。该技术包含保温层、抗裂防护层和抗渗保护面层（或是面层防渗抗裂二合一砂浆层）。其中ZL胶粉聚苯颗粒保温材料及技术在1998年就被建设部列为国家级工法。这种工法是目前被广泛认可的外墙保温技术。该施工技术简便，可以减少劳动强度，提高工作效率；不受结构质量差异的影响，对有缺陷的墙体施工时墙面不需修补找平，直接用保温料浆找补即可，避免了别的保温施工技术因找平抹灰过厚而脱落的现象。同时该技术解决了外墙保温工程中因使用条件恶劣造成界面层易脱粘空鼓、面层易开裂等问题，从而实现外墙外保温技术的重要突破。与别的外保温相比较，在达到同样保温效果的情况下，其成本较低，可降低房屋建筑造价。例如与聚苯板外保温相比较，每平方米可降低25元左右。在天津云琅新居高层外墙保温工程中采用的就是此种技术。
节能材料属于保温绝热材料。绝热材料是指用于建筑围护或者热工设备、阻抗热流传递的材料或者材料复合体，既包括保温材料，也包括保冷材料。绝热材料的意义，一方面是为了满足建筑空间或热工设备的热环境，另一方面是为了节约能源。随着世界范围内能源的日趋紧张，绝热材料在节能方面的意义日显突出。仅就一般的居民采暖的空调而言，通过使用绝热围护材料，可在现有的基础上节能50% ~80%。据日本的节能实践证明，每使用1吨绝热材料，可节约标准煤3吨/年，其节能效益是材料生产成本的10倍。因此，有些国家将绝热材料看作是继煤炭、石油、天然气、核能之后的第五大“能源”。
外墙保温主要是靠保温绝热材料作为建筑围护，开发和应用高效的保温绝热材料是保证建筑节能的有效措施。目前世界各发达国家，均对绝热材料的生产和应用十分重视，之所以建筑节能工作做得好，与他们重视和发展保温材料是分不开的。
2 绝热材料的性能
绝热，就是要最大限度地阻抗热流的传递，因此要求绝热材料必须具有大的热阻
和小的导热系数。
从材料的组成上看，一般有机高分子的导热系数都小于无机材料；非金属的导热系数小于金属材料；气态物质的导热系数小于液态物质，液态物质小于固体。所以在条件允许的情况下，应尽量使用有机高分子材料或无定形的无机材料，这对于保温绝热是有利的。
另外，保温绝热材料还必须能抵抗一定的冲击荷载，具有与使用环境相一致的机械强度。其粘结性能要好，还得有小的收缩率及与环境相适应的耐久性。
3 结语
目前我国外墙保温技术发展很快，是节能工作的重点。外墙保温技术的发展与节能材料的革新是密不可分的，建筑节能必须以发展新型节能材料为前提，必须有足够的保温绝热材料做基础。节能材料的发展又必须与外墙保温技术相结合，才能真正发挥其作用。正是由于节能材料的不断革新，外墙保温技术的优越性才日益受到人们重视。所以在大力推广外墙保温技术的同时，要加强新型节能材料的开发和利用，从而真正地实现建筑节能。
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2. 刘洪涛等. 几种常见的外墙保温形式及材料. 建筑技术与应用，2001，（1）：39~40
3. 郭莹. 外墙内、外保温技术在建筑节能住宅中的作用. 建筑技术开发，2002，（2）：46~48
关于建筑外墙保温系统及其节能分析 摘要：文章对建筑外墙保温系统与其节能技术进行了深入分析，仅供同行参考。 关键词：建筑外墙保温节能材料防火性能 引言 随着我国建筑行业的飞速发展，新型节能环保建筑的不断涌现，但是有很多新建建筑仍不能达到国家规定的标准，而成为高能耗的建筑。因此，加强建筑节能技术的应用势在必行。建筑外墙保温对建筑节能的影响最大，如何改善墙体的保温性能是建筑节能的关键。 一、外墙外保温技术概述 我国住宅建筑外墙保温主要有以下四种形式：外保温、内保温、夹心保温、综合保温。其中外墙外保温方式直接、效果显著，是建设部倡导推广的主要形式，也是在我国应用的最为广泛。外墙外保温是将保温材料安装在外墙的外侧，降低建筑主体结构受温差的影响，减小结构的温度变形量，从而起到保护墙体、有效阻断冷（热）桥，从而延长建筑结构的使用寿命。外墙外保温系统的应用不但可以将制冷、制热系统的能耗降低至50%左右，还可以让人们的生活居住环境更为健康、舒适。因此，外墙外保温技术在建筑节能技术中得以广泛的应用。 二、外墙外保温的优势 （一）适应范围广 外保温不但可以适用于夏季炎热的南方需要隔热的空调建筑，还可以适用于冬天寒冷的北方需要保温的采暖建筑。不但可以在新建建筑工程中应用，还可以应用于旧建筑的节能改造工程。 （二）保温效果显著 由于是将保温材料设置于外墙的外侧，几乎可以消除建筑结构的每一个部位的热桥影响。可以将轻质高效的保温材料效能发挥到极致，较内保温、夹心保温，外保温的节能效果十分显著。 （三）保护主体结构 外侧保温材料可以大幅度的降低自然环境中的温度、湿度、太阳紫外线等对主体结构造成的影响。现代建筑高度越来越高、层数越来越多，主体结构受温度的影响也越来越大，建筑结构的热胀冷缩有可能造成建筑结构的开裂，而采
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
墙体保温与建筑节能 节能是当今世界的热门话题，建筑节能又是各关注点中的重要内容之一。建筑节能最初是指“减少建筑中能量的散失”；现在普遍的内涵则是“在建材的生产、房屋的建筑和构筑物施工及使用过程中，满足同等需要或达到相同目的的条 件下，尽可能降低能耗”。建筑物围护结构的能量损失主要涉及三个部分：①外墙；②门窗；③屋顶。这三部分的节能技术是各国建筑界都非常关注的。我国目 前对现有建筑外墙节能的主要发展方向是，开发高效、经济的保温、隔热材料和切实可行的构造技术，以提高围护结构的保温、隔热性能和密闭性能。兢墙体节能而言，传统的用单一材料增加墙体厚度来达到保温的作法已不能适应节能和环 保的要求，取而代之的是复合墙体。复合墙体一般用钢筋商品混凝土等作为承重结构，与保温隔热材料复合，或在框架结构中用薄壁材料加以保温、隔热材料作为墙体。 1我国主要保温材料以及特点 建筑行业中的节能措施主要是从建筑材料的运用以及设计中。实施建筑节能，当前我国的保温材料主要是岩棉、矿渣棉、玻璃棉、发泡水泥、聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板、新型珍珠岩外墙外保材料、保温商品混凝土多孔砖以及发泡玻璃等等。这些保温材料在建筑的过程中，具有高品质、高效率、环保等等特点。 （1）矿物棉
矿物棉属于无机材料，包括岩棉和玻璃棉。岩棉是来自天然的矿物质，真正的无毒无害的绿色产品，并且这种材料具有耐久性、防火性在满足保温效果的同时，而且还可以隔声，并且可以和建筑结构的寿命一致，价格低等特点，但是岩 棉的优劣性相差很大，如果在保证保温效果的时候，但是其密度就低，抗拉强度低。实验证明，在一定工艺条件下，对于化学组成及成份确定的岩棉保温材料， 在一个大气压及确定温度下，存在一个对应于最小导热系数的最佳密度范围，通常为80-100kg/m3。而玻璃棉与岩棉在性能上很相似，容重比岩棉低，导热性能 比岩棉好，渣球少，纤维韧性好，但是其使用温度通常为300℃以内，而岩棉可以达到600℃左右，并且价格相对也比岩棉高，从而使其使用有了局限性。 （2）发泡水泥 采用发泡水泥可制作保温层，用于外墙保温和屋面保温。发泡水泥含有大量封闭气孔，是一种新型、轻质化的绝热保温材料。它的干体积密度为普通水泥商品混凝土的1/5—1/8左右，使建筑物整体载荷减轻；同时它又有着绝好的保温 性能，导热系数为0.06～0.28W/（m.K），热阻约为普通商品混凝土的15倍左右；它的抗压性能也很好，抗压强度可以达到0.6～25.0MPa。除了以上重要优点之外，发泡水泥还具有隔音性能好，耐水性高，施工简单等诸多优点。发泡水 泥制作的保温材料具有制备工艺简单（工艺流程见图1）、附着性强等特点，这在施工的过程中，可以有效保证面层的薄厚均匀，改善隔热层与楼板之间的附着性，减少使用其他材料时出现的脱层、龟裂、空鼓等问题。发泡水泥的另一个突 出特点是它的环保性，除了无机材料的水泥外，所使用的发泡剂也是中性的，不含苯、甲醛等有害物质，这将有效地保护环境，避免因材料产生的环境隐患。
建筑材料供应合同（中英文） 建筑材料供应合同（中英文） CONTRACT OF PURCHASE BUILDING MATERIAL 买方 Buyer (以下简称“买方”hereinafter, the “Buyer”)地址 Address : 电话 Tel : 传真 Fax : 卖方 Seller : 地址 Address : 电话 Tel : 传真 Fax :
本合同经买、卖双方友好协商后在年月日签订。根据本合同签订的条款，买方同意向卖方购买、卖方同意向买方提供下列轻钢结构系统建筑材料一套（以下简称“钢结构”）： This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and Seller on ___________, 1997 after friendly negotiations. The Buyer hereby agrees to purchase from the Seller, and the Seller hereby agrees to sell to the Buyer, the following set of metal building system (hereinafter, the “Metal Building System”) on the terms and conditions set forth in this Contract: 第一条项目名称Article 1. Name of Project 1.1 本项目名称为：The name of this project is: 1.2 本项目位于（以下简称“工地现场”）。 This project is located at (hereinafter, “the Site”). 第二条卖方供货范围Article 2. Scope of Supply from Seller 2.1 在提供钢结构时，卖方应负责： In supplying the Metal Building System, the Seller shall be responsible for: 2.1.1 设计并制造供应本项目地面以上的全部钢结构（详见附件一）；及 the design and manufacture of this project’s entire above-ground structure (see Attachment 1 for details); and 2.1.2 所提供钢结构部件及材料的□必要包装□运输□运输的保险。
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
The application of constructional material 建筑材料的应用 The availability of suitable structural materials is one of the principal limitations on the accomplishment of an experienced structural engineer. Early builders depended almost exclusively on wood, stone, brick, and concrete. Although iron had been used by humans at least since the building of the Egyptian pyramids, use of it as a structural material was limited because of the difficulties of smelting it in large quantities. With the industrial revolution, however, came both the need for iron as a structural material and the capability of smelting it in quantity. John Smeaton, an English civil engineer, was the first to use cast iron extensively as a structural material in the mid-eighteenth century. After 1841, malleable iron was developed as a more reliable material and was widely used. Whereas malleable iron was superior to cast iron, there were still too many structural failures and there was a need for a more reliable material. Steel was the answer to this demand. The invention of the Bessemer converter in 1856 and the subsequent development of the Siemens-Martin open-hearth process for making steel made it possible to produce structural steel at competitive prices and triggered the tremendous developments and accomplishments in the use of structural steel over the next hundred years. The most serious disadvantage of steel is that it oxidizes easily and must be protected by paint or some other suitable coating. When steel is used in an enclosure where a fire could occur, the steel members must be encased in a suitable fire-resistant enclosure such as masonry, concrete. Normally, steel members will not fail in a brittle manner unless an unfortunate combination of metallurgical composition, low temperature, and bi-or triaxial stress exists. Structural aluminum is still not widely used in civil engineering structures, though its use is steadily increasing. By a proper selection of the aluminum alloy and its heat treatment, a wide variety of strength characteristics may be obtained. Some of the alloys exhibit stress-strain characteristics similar those of structural steel, except that the modulus of elasticity for the initial linearly elastic portion is about 10,000,000 psi (700,000 kgf/cm*cm) or about one-third that of steel. Lightness and resistance to oxidation are, of course, two of the major advantages of aluminum. Because its properties are very sensitive to its heat treatment, care must be used when riveting or welding aluminum. Several techniques have been developed for prefabricating aluminum subassemblies that can be readily erected and bolted together in the field to form a number of beautiful and well-designed shell structures. This general procedure of prefabrication and held assembly by bolting seems to be the most promising way of utilizing structural aluminum. Reinforced and prestesses concrete share with structural material. Natural cement concretes have been used for centuries. Modern concrete construction dates from the middle of the nineteenth century, though artificial Portland cement was patented by Aspidin, an Englishman, about 1825. Although several builders and engineers experimented with the use of steel-reinforced concrete in the last half of the nineteenth century, its dominant use as a building material dates from the early decades of the twentieth century. The last fifty years have seen the rapid and vigorous development of prestressed concrete design and construction, founded largely on early work by Freyssinet in France and Magnel in Belgium. Plain (unreinforced) concrete not only is a heterogeneous material but also has one very serious defect as a structural material, namely, its very limited tensile strength, which is only of the order of one-tenth its compressive strength. Not only is tensile failure in concrete of a brittle type, but likewise compression failure occurs in a relatively brittle fashion without being preceded by the forewarning of large deformations. (Of course, in reinforced-concrete construction, ductile behavior can be obtained by proper
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/596575061.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/596575061.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/596575061.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
建筑节能外墙保温考试试题 (西安万马实业公司） 《建筑节能工程》试卷 一、填空题（共32分,每格0、5分） 1、混凝土砌块夹芯保温外墙，由______、______、______组成。 2、承重保温装饰空心砌块就是集______、______、______三种功能于一体得新型砌块，同时解决了______与______稳定可靠连接得问题。 3、聚苯乙烯板薄抹灰外墙保温系统就是采用聚苯乙烯（简称 ______）作 ______ 层，用______ 粘贴于基层墙体外侧，辅以 ______ 固定。其防护层用嵌埋有______ 增强得聚合物抗裂砂浆覆盖聚苯板表面。防护层厚度（普通型）约为_______，（加强型）约为_______，属_______面层，然后进行饰面处理。 4、聚苯板在种类上有 _______ 与 _______ 两种。 5、实现围护结构得节能，就应提高建筑物_______、_______、_______、 _______等围护结构各部分得保温隔热性能，以减少_______，并提高门窗得_______，以减少_______耗热量。 6、建筑节能方法有在_______、布局、_______、朝向、与_______采取适合地方特点得措施以实现节能得建筑节能方法。 7、保温绝热材料一般均就是轻质、疏松、多孔、纤维材料。按其成分可分为_____与_____两种。 8、保温绝热材料按形态可分为_____、_____、_____及_____四种。 9、胶粉聚苯颗粒保温浆料得_____、_____、_____、_____与_____就是决定其导热系数得重要因素。 10、建筑中可用岩棉板作为____墙____保温系统中得保温隔热材料。 11、聚苯板薄抹灰外墙外保温墙体由 _______、 _______、________、 ________、________、与_______ 组成。 12、粘结层得作用就是将聚苯板牢固得粘结在基层墙体上，胶粘剂主要承受两种荷载：一就是 _______ 荷载，外力_______ 于墙体面层。二就是 _______ 荷载，在垂直荷载（如板自重）作用下，外力 _______ 于胶粘剂面层。 13、 EPS板施工时，材料与施工要求主要有：出厂前应在自然条件下陈化 _______天或在60℃蒸汽中陈化 _______天，产品尺寸稳定性不应大于0、30%；粘贴时，胶粘剂涂在EPS板背面，以_______或_______等方法固定，其涂抹面积不得小于_______%；门窗洞上四角应采用整板剪割，接缝距四角不应小于_______，用_______在洞口处加强。
VRAY渲染器中英文对照表一 VRay的渲染参数 这些参数让你控制渲染过程中的各个方面。VRay的控制参数分为下列部分： 1. Image Sampler (Antialiasing) 图像采样（抗锯齿） 2. Depth of field/Antialiasing filter景深/抗锯齿过滤器 3. Indirect Illumination (GI) / Advanced irradiance map parameters 间接照明（全局照明GI）/高级光照贴图参数 4. Caustics散焦 5. Environment环境 6. Motion blur 运动模糊 7. QMC samplers QMC采样 8. G-buffer G－缓冲 9. Camera摄像机 10. System 系统 1. Image Sampler (Antialiasing) 图像采样（抗锯齿） VRay采用几种方法来进行图像的采样。所有图像采样器均支持MAX的标准抗锯齿过滤器，尽管这样会增加渲染的时间。你可以选择Fixed rate采样器，Simple two-level采样器和Adaptive subdivision采样器。Fixed rate 采样 这是最简单的采样方法，它对每个像素采用固定的几个采样。 Subdivs –调节每个像素的采样数。 Rand –当该选项选择后，采样点将在采样像素内随机分布。这样能够产生较好的视觉效果。Simple two-level 采样一种简单的较高级采样，图像中的像素首先采样较少的采样数目，然后对某些像素进行高级采样以提高图像质量 Base subdivs –决定每个像素的采样数目。 Fine subdivs –决定用于高级采样的像素的采样数目。 Threshold –所有强度值差异大于该值的相邻的像素将采用高级采样。较低的值能产生较好的图像质量。 Multipass –当该选项选中后，当VRay对一个像素进行高级采样后，该像素的值将与其临
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion