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高中阅读理解2（因果题，推断题）PPT(第1页)：今天我要讲解的阅读理解中的因果题，推断题。
PPT(第2页)：（学霸照着PPT读即可）PPT(第3页)：我们的学习是按照这个思路进行的，一，构建知识图;二，利用知识图解题；三，复习练习。
PPT(第4-5页)：这是我们本次学习的整个思维导图体系。
PPT(第6页)：我们正式开始学习因果题，推断题。
PPT(第7页)：首先我们学习原因细节题，也叫因果题。
PPT(第8页)：（学霸照着PPT读即可）PPT(第9页)：原因细节题也是属于细节题，所以总的步骤是一样的，区别是在第二步，需要在文中定位的时候，寻找因果信号词，这样就可以加快寻找定位句的过程。
PPT(第10页)：（学霸照着PPT读即可）PPT(第11页)：（学霸照着PPT读即可）PPT(第12页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是B，可以先让学生试着做一遍，但是不管学生是否作对，都要他说一遍过程，确认他理解了整个做题的过程，这才是最重要的。
下面的题目，或者是以后所有的题目，包括七选五，完型等，都是这样的要求。
）PPT(第13页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是A）PPT(第14页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是D）PPT(第15页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是D）PPT(第16页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是D）PPT(第17页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是C）PPT(第18页)：（学霸操作：严格按照原因细节题的三步法来操作，正确答案是C，注意此题一部分学生会在B和C中间纠结。
其实本文没有贬低电子阅读，B是错误的）PPT(第19页)：我们来看一下推断题。
PPT(第20页)：（学霸照着PPT读即可）PPT(第21页)：（学霸照着PPT读即可，让学生不用担心听不懂，后面都会一一举例的）PPT(第22页)：（学霸先照着PPT读即可，然后说出结论）其实这四个答案，都有可能，具体要看这个段落，甚至这篇文章要讲什么。
阅读理解（讲义）一、三步法及例文精讲阅读做题三步法：第一步：读文记叙类：时间、地点、人物……说明议论类：总分总/总分(首尾、层次) 第二步：做题细看题目和选项，文中适当标注第三步：检查利用标注迅速定位检查例文：Long, long ago a man arrived in a country. He was surprised tofind that only the king stood in the country. He asked people in thecountry why only the king stood. They told him the king of the country was very short and the king didn’t want to see anybody taller thanhim. So he ordered his people not to stand, and then the people would be shorter than him.The man thought for a minute and then he went to meet the king.When h e met the king, the man had a talk with him. After that, the king made a new rule that people could stand. People in the country werevery surprised, so they asked the man what he told the king.He said, “I just tell him if he asks everyone not to stand,they will remember they have a short king all the time. If peoplecan stand, they will forget all about their short king. ”本篇属于记叙类文章：时间：很久很久以前 (long, long ago)地点：在一个国家 (in a country)人物：一个男的；国王；国家的臣民(a man; the king; people in the country)事件：一个很有智慧的人帮助民众让国王改变了一个很荒唐的规定( )1. What did the man find special in the country?A.All the people sat.B.There was no tall man.C.Only the king stood.D.All people there weretall. ( )2. What did the king looklike?A.He was heavy.B.He was thin.C.He was tall.D.He was short.( )3. What did the man do after he heard that rule?A.He laughed at the king.B.He started to sit down.C.He had a talk with the king.D.He left the country.( )4. What can we infer(推断) from the passage?A.The man was smart.B.The king was shy.C.The man was scared.D.The king was lazy.( )5. Why did the king make a new rule?A.He was afraid of that man.B.He was afraid of the people in the country.C.He liked different rules.D.He didn’t want his people to remember he was short.二、阅读精选 (1)Frank is my friend. His family is rich. His parents always givehim lots of pocket money. But Frank thinks his parents work very hard and it’s not easy for them, so he always tries his best to save money. He has some good ways to do it.Frank likes reading. He has lots of books. He tells me he oftenbuys books online, because they’re cheaper. And when he has free time, he often goes to bookstores or libraries to do some reading.Frank has a bike. He usually goes to school by bike. Sometimes when it rains or snows, he walks. These two ways help Frank keephealthy and save some money.Frank brings a bottle of water to school every day. When other students drink juice, he enjoys his water. He thinks water is the cheapest but the best drink.Some students think Frank is mean. But I don’t think so. Ithink he is right. What do you think of him?本篇是说明类文章：总：(第 1 段)交代 Frank 是个家里很富但自己却很节俭的人。
2023年高考北京卷英语阅读理解D篇解析讲义What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any waysurprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defense of ALife, the author is __________.A. supportiveB. puzzledC. unconcernedD. doubtful32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A. Shocked.B. Protected.C. Attracted.D. Challenged.33. What can we learn from this passage?A. ALife holds the key to human future.B. ALife and AI share a common feature.C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?文章分析2023年北京卷阅读理解的D篇完完全全是命题者和考生开的一个玩笑。
一、如何理解文中的词语1、同词换词法：即文中某些词可以找出近义词来替换。
2、综合释词法：一个词语，通常几个字或几个词构成，只要先分开理解字义、词义，再组合起来就好理解了。
3、综合具体的语言环境理解：有些词富有表现力，感情色彩浓，这要联系语言环境分析，推敲揣摩，把握其变化。
4、联系上下文理解：用文中句子解释词语，课文中的词语，并不是孤立存在的，往往可以借助前后联系的方法，给予解释。
5、弄懂词中关键字的意思，用综合分析的方法理解。
（一）九龙壁闻名全国的艺术珍品九龙壁，是一座用琉璃瓦砌成的影壁。
今天我游览了北海公园，亲眼见到了它。
它那精美的造型使我赞叹不已。
九龙壁，高五米，长二十七米，厚一点二米。
在影壁的正反两面，用七色的琉璃砖分别镶嵌成九条巨龙。
它们色泽鲜艳，形态逼真，像是在腾云驾雾似的，要冲出影壁，飞向天空。
你看，一条黄龙和一条紫龙正在争夺一个火球。
它们瞪圆了双眼，怒目相视。
黄龙叉开四爪，伸出了锐利的尖钩；那条紫龙也不示弱，傲慢地摆动着尾巴，轻蔑地照着对方，仿佛说（）（）你有什么了不起（）敢和我较量吗（）（）这对巨龙正在挑战，那对巨龙已经开仗了。
只见蓝、白两条龙，翻滚在汹涌澎湃的碧涛之上，穿梭于险峻的山峰之间。
这一场恶斗，真是惊心动魄啊！再看其他几条龙，也各有特色。
有的气势汹汹，杀气腾腾；有的耀武扬威，得意洋洋；有的回首遥望，呼唤同伴……它们形态各异，真是妙不可言，美不胜收。
面对这刻画精致的九龙壁，我不禁感慨万分。
我们的祖先，真是心灵手巧，多么聪明呀！九龙壁是我国劳动人民智慧的结晶！1、给第二自然段括号里填上标点。
2、联系上下文，先解释字，再理解下列词语。
赞叹不已：回首遥望：耀武扬威：妙不可言：3、把词语填完整。
（）云（）雾汹（）澎（）得意（）（）（）（）万分（）心动（）不（）示（）4、在括号里填写合适的词语。
（）的造型（）的尖钩（）的山峰5、缩句：（1）、闻名全国的艺术珍品九龙壁，是一座用琉璃瓦砌成的影壁。
六年级阅读训练专题一写人类文章阅读阅读方法指南小学课文中，写人的文章占有一席之地，有的直接以人物名作题目，一看就一目了然，如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》、《詹天佑》、《小摄影师》；有的却并非如此，得细细品味，才能体会作者字里行间的意思。
一般写人类文章以人物描写为主，通过对人物在具体事例中的言行举止，心理活动及细节的描写，反映人物的性格特点和思想品质。
在阅读写人文章时，应注意以下几个方面：一、抓住人物的特点，体会人物的个性和品质。
每个人的外貌特征、言行举止都不尽相同，所以在阅读时，要认真分析人物的外貌描写、语言描写、动作描写等内容，从而了解人物的个性特点以及人物的美丑善恶。
二、抓住典型事例，分析人物形象。
在阅读时，应抓住典型的事例，认真分析人物的性格特征和事情的关系。
要看一看作者是通过写什么事情来表现人物的，想一想所写事情的侧重点在哪里，它对表现人物的特点有什么好处等。
三、理清文章层次，明确写作目的。
看文章通过记叙或者描写表现、歌颂了什么，这就是归纳文章的中心思想。
明确了中心，就有利于更进一步地加深对文章内容的理解。
四、准确把握关键词语和句子。
文章里写的人是活生生的人，其思想性格是通过具体的事情来显示的。
有些文章能够直接找到反映人物性格特点、内心世界的词语或句子，阅读时只要找到这些关键的词语或句子，就能比较容易地领悟文章的中心。
典型例题讲解阅读下文，回答问题。
泥人张冯骥才手艺道上的人，捏泥人的“泥人张”排第一。
而且，有第一，没第二，第三差着十万八千里。
泥人张大名叫张明山。
咸丰年间常去的地方有两处。
一是东北城角的戏院大观楼，一是北关口的饭馆天庆馆。
坐在那儿，为了瞧各样的人，也为捏各样的人。
去大观楼要看戏台上的各种角色，去天庆馆要看人世间的各种角色。
这后一种的样儿更多。
那天下雨，他一个人坐在天庆馆里饮酒，一边留神四下里吃客们的模样。
这当儿，打外边进来三个人。
中间一位穿得阔绰，大脑袋，中溜个子，挺着肚子，架式挺牛，横冲直撞往里走。
专题01 阅读理解之细节理解题(讲义)目录考点阅读理解之细节理解题------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页【真题研析·规律探寻】-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2页考向1 考查直接信息题----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2页考向2 考查间接信息题--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4页考向3 考查数字计算题----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7页【核心提炼·考向探究】----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9页1．命题规律--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9页2．细节题的设题方式-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9页3．常用的解题方法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10页4．阅读理解之细节理解题的解题关键-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11页5．细节理解题的实用技巧---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11页【题型特训·命题预测】------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12页预测考向1 考查直接信息题-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12页预测考向2 考查间接信息题-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14页预测考向3 考查数字计算题-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17页考点 阅读理解之细节理解题考情分析：分析2021-2023年新高考阅读理解细节理解题考向分布。
二、怎样理解句子的含义1、抓关键词语，理解句子的含义。
弄清关键词的本义及其在具体语言环境中的意思，从而理解句子的深刻含义。
2、联系上下文理解句子的含义。
有些句子含义与上下有着密切的联系，我们就应该联系上下文读读，多问几个“为什么”，从课文的内在联系入手理解句子的深刻含义，明确该句在文中的作用。
3、内外联系，通过联想来理解句子的含义。
围绕句子的关键点，将课文内容和生活实际想联系，进行必要的思维补充，产生具体感觉，领悟句子的含义。
4、分析句子的修辞手法，理解句子的含义。
通过分析作者运用的修辞手法，结合文章的写作背景来理解。
5、结合时代背景来理解，理解句子含义。
闻到花开的味道在一座小镇的郊外，有一个别致的小木屋，屋子里住着一个孤独的老人，他有一个很大的花园。
人们每天都能看到他在园子里忙忙碌碌，他给它们修剪枝叶，浇水施肥，把花园侍弄得非常好，一年四季，蜂飞蝶舞，姹紫嫣红，引得不少人在此驻步流连。
有一年，一位年轻的画家路过此地，他非常欣赏地看着这个美丽的花园和木屋。
他想，要是自己住在这样一个美丽的地方该有多好。
这时他看到了那位老园丁，信令他惊奇的是，老园丁是个盲人。
他走近老园丁，不解地问：“你每天都在不知疲倦地忙碌着，而你根本看不见这些美丽的花朵，为什么？”老园丁笑了：“第一，我年轻的时候是个园丁，这一生都是个园丁，第二，我的眼睛虽然看不见，但我还有手，可以抚摸我的花朵，第三，我住在花园里，终日沐浴着芬芳，最后一个原因，则是因为你。
”“我？但是，你并不认识我呀？”画家更加惊奇。
老人接着说：“是的，我不认识你，但我知道花是人间仙子，所有人都认识花，都不会在此拒绝花的邀请。
不少像你这样热爱生活的人在此经过，都会因为花园的美丽而驻步，从而心情愉快。
我也因此有机会和你在这儿聊天，一起分享花的快乐。
”只要把花种在了心里，就一定能看到花的美丽，闻到花的味道，，听到花开的声音。
1、词语模仿秀。
忙忙碌碌2、写出下列词语的近义词。
初中英语阅读讲义第一部分:阅读理解第一节:题型概说阅读理解是考查学生通过阅读短文获取信息、解决问题的能力,是上海市中考试题的“重中之重"。
初中学业考试要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告和广告等，主要考查学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力及对阅读策略的掌握情况。
即：主要考查以下几种阅读的微技能：（1）理解主旨和要义; （主旨大意题）（2）理解所读材料的具体信息；（细节理解题）(3)根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词或词组的含义;（猜测词义题）（4）做出简单的判断和推理；（推理判断题)（5）理解文段中各句子之间的逻辑关系；(推理判断题)(6）理解作者的意图和态度。
（推理判断题第二节:策略指导一、主旨大意题。
主旨大意题主要考查学生对文章的整体把握及理解程度，一般要求学生通读全文后再作答。
1.提问方式：（1) The passage is mainly about ________。
(2) The writer wants to tell us__________.(3）The main idea of the passage is________.（4）Which is the best title of the passage?（5）What do we learn from the text？……2.解题技巧:（1）先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目,了解题目类别和提问方式。
（2）再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼,把握主旨。
寻找文章主旨大意的方法有如下几种：错误!找主题句：A.首尾段，首尾句.B。
首段出现疑问句或设问句时，对该问题的解答就是主旨大意。
C.段落中出现转折句时，该句很可能是主题句.○，2找反复出现的单词错误!找重复出现同一意思的词,即作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨.错误!这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做。
1.线索，指事情可寻的端绪,路径，或贯穿于整篇文章的思路,脉络等。
（就是用来贯穿全文，揭示文章含义，主旨，围绕这个来写的。
）在写作中，用一根线把事件按一定顺序连起来,让这些材料表达一个完整的意思.这根"线"就是叙事的线索,即,究竟按什么顺序来叙述.线索是在文章中起连贯作用的,如果有了好的材料,再加上有使之连贯的线索,那么文章就成为一串美丽的珍珠.在一篇文章里,事物发展的过程或作者所表述的思路,常常成为贯串始终的一条线索.读课文,抓住了线索,就容易掌握段落结构,领会中心思想.写作文时,抓住了线索,就容易做到围绕中心,组织材料,使文章中心明确,条理井然,显得内容集中,脉络清晰.2.《快乐是生命开出的一朵花》以快乐为线索叙事性文艺作品中贯穿整个情节发展的脉络。
它把作品中的各个事件联成一体，表现形式可以是人物的活动、事件的发展或某一贯穿始终的事物。
一部叙事作品通常都有一条或一条以上的线索，但起主导作用的只有一条。
线索，指事情可寻的端绪,路径，或贯穿于整篇文章的思路,脉络等。
在写作中，用一根线把事件按一定顺序连起来,让这些材料表达一个完整的意思.这根"线"就是叙事的线索,即,究竟按什么顺序来叙述.线索是在文章中起连贯作用的,如果有了好的材料,再加上有使之连贯的线索,那么文章就成为一串美丽的珍珠.在一篇文章里,事物发展的过程或作者所表述的思路,常常成为贯串始终的一条线索.读课文,抓住了线索,就容易掌握段落结构,领会中心思想.写作文时,抓住了线索,就容易做到围绕中心,组织材料,使文章中心明确,条理井然,显得内容集中,脉络清晰.一般叙事的线索有以下几种:1.以事情发展顺序为线索,就是按照事情的发生,发展,经过和结果的顺序.如《落地的红枣也不能吃》,就是按照事情的起因,经过和结果的线索来写的.2.以时间顺序为线索,就是把事情发展过程中比较明显的时间写出来,并叙述在此时间内发生的内容.如《一定要争气》,重点记叙了童第周在中学读书和在欧洲留学两个时期的事.3.以地点变换的顺序作线索.以写景,参观访问过程为内容的文章一般用地点变化顺序作线索,叙述时要写清每个地点上的事情.如《参观人民大会堂》不仅按参观顺序来写,而且以参观者每到一处的踪迹开头.点明参观的地点,再抓住每一处所见所闻具体描述.4.以具体的事物为线索.如写《一个苹果》把传来传去的苹果作为线索,围绕苹果叙述了感人的事.5.中心事件为线索.中心事件在文章中起主干作用,围绕它来写一些相关的事.如《养花》围绕中心事件养花写了为什么养花,养什么花,怎样养花,怎样劳动获得丰收,怎样享受劳动成果.养花有何乐趣等.6.以事物特点的几个方面为线索.如《说茶》一文,介绍了我国是茶的故乡,介绍了茶叶的种类,喝茶的好处以及茶具的质地和造型.并不是所有的文章都只有一条线索,有的文章是双线并行甚至是三条线索展开的,如《春天的雨点》一文就有两条线索,一条是达丽玛上课走神到专心听讲这一线索,另一条是乌汉娜老师发现她上课不专心的情况后,给她补课并护送回家这一条线索.这两条线索互为因果,相辅相成.有几条线索组成的文章,往往有一条是主线.如《春天的雨点》乌汉娜老师发现她上课不专心的情况后,给她补课并护送回家这一条线索是主线,另一条线索是为了衬托老师的精神的可贵.有的文章虽然也有两条线索,但一条线索是明的,另一条是暗的,如《少年闰土》这篇文章,明线是在写闰土的特点,暗线写出了我的思想感情的变化.掌握了以上安排线索的方法,我们在叙事文章时,可以得心应手地安排好材料,把事情说得明明白白.怎么寻找文章的线索呢？（1）首先，你要明白文章线索有什么特点。
初一语文阅读理解讲义初一语文阅读理解是学生学习语文的重要环节，它不仅能够提升学生的阅读能力，还能锻炼学生的思考和分析能力。
本讲义旨在帮助初一学生掌握阅读理解的基本技巧，提高他们的阅读效率和理解深度。
阅读理解的第一步是快速浏览全文，把握文章的主旨大意。
在阅读时，要注意文章的开头和结尾，因为这两个部分往往包含了文章的中心思想。
同时，要注意文章中的关键词和转折词，它们往往是理解文章的关键。
在理解文章内容时，要学会找出文章的中心论点和支持论据。
中心论点是作者想要传达的主要观点，而支持论据则是用来证明中心论点的事实、数据或例证。
通过分析这些论点和论据，可以更好地理解文章的深层含义。
此外，还要注意文章的结构和逻辑。
文章的结构是指文章的组织方式，包括段落的划分和内容的安排。
逻辑则是指文章中观点和论据之间的联系。
理解文章的结构和逻辑有助于我们更清晰地把握文章的脉络。
在阅读过程中，遇到不懂的词语或句子，不要急于查字典或问别人，而应该尝试根据上下文来推断其含义。
这种推断能力是阅读理解中非常重要的一项技能。
同时，阅读时要做笔记，记录下自己的理解和疑问，这有助于加深对文章的理解。
最后，要通过不断的练习来提高阅读理解能力。
可以阅读不同类型的文章，如记叙文、议论文、说明文等，以此来锻炼自己的阅读技巧。
同时，也可以通过做阅读理解题来检验自己的阅读效果。
总之，初一语文阅读理解的学习是一个循序渐进的过程，需要学生在老师的引导下，通过不断的阅读和思考来提高自己的阅读能力。
希望本讲义能够帮助初一学生在阅读理解方面取得进步。
阅读理解总复习A. 阅读理解应试技巧一、命题原则1. Material Selection2. One-One Principle3. Correct choice4. Wrong choices二、考题类型1. General questions - main ideas2. Specific questions - specific information3. True/False statements4. Inference/implications5. Vocabulary6. Tone of the article三、考题形式1. Sentence completion:California‟s website before last September was introduced by the writer to _________.2. Complete question:What do the citizens benefit from the new California‟s website?四、答题步骤第一步迅速浏览一下文章第二步迅速浏览问题第三步通读全文并答题五、英语篇章结构六、阅读步骤七、阅读理解题难度设计B. 阅读能力的提高一、良好的阅读方式有助于阅读速度的提高：1. Skimming2. Scanning3. Reading for full understanding4. Reading in meaningful groups影响阅读速度的不良习惯1. “指读”2. “回读”3. “译读”二、怎样读懂文章？A. 怎样猜测词义（5种方法）1. 利用上下文确定词义例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society．例3：A first-year college or university student is commonly a …freshman‟, and …sophomore‟, …junior‟ and …senior‟designate the second－third—and fourth-year student.例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.例5：When it comes to manufactured goods there is actually more diversity in this country than Europe has ever known. The variety of goods carried by our stores is the first thing that impresses any visitor from abroad．下面我们联系上下文，试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。
1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant isa deadly poison.3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldn‟t help laughing.6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of turmoil.8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker became flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.11. Many early types of human being were troglodytes before they learned to build houses.12. Mohammed Ali was not fighting seriously in the gymnasium—he was only sparring with a friend.13. The Prince left most of the ordinary everyday decisions to his satraps.14. The crowd obviously enjoyed the fat man‟srisible efforts to compete in the 100 meters dash.15. Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed.16. General de Gaulle always wore a kepi with his uniform instead of a steel helmet.17. The soldiers did not have plates so they ate straight from the dixie.18. The politician was embarrassed when his argument was proved to be specious.19. The fortune-teller was unable to prognosticate the events of the following week.20. The Japanese are investigating the possibility of using marine resources such as plankton and kelp for human food.2. 利用构词法确定词义例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.例2：They overestimate the interviewee‟s ability and asked too many difficult questions.例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.例4：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.3. 利用语法知识确定词义例1：This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of children‟s stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.例2：For their fishing and hunting the men used akayak, a small boat for one person.例3：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.例4：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.例5：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient‟s heartbeat and breathing.4. 根据同义、反义关系确定词义例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.例2：Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.例3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.例4：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others.5. 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.例3：A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.例4：Most troubles can be avoided, but death and taxes are inevitable.三、怎样读句子？1. 简单句和复合句2. 长句和难句1）复杂的修饰成分2）倒装句3）省略句4）插入语例句：1. Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.2. Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.3. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving themplenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.4. On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.练习：1. Decision thinking is not unlike poker —it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.2. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.3. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.4. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used asa result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.5. Whereas a woman‟s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn‟t unusual to hear a man say he didn‟t know his friend‟s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.四、段落和语篇的阅读英语篇章结构l. Topic Paragraph/Sentence2. Supporting Paragraphs/sentences3. Conclusion逻辑关系的把握1）句子内部的逻辑关系2）句子与句子之间的逻辑关系3）段落之间的逻辑关系1. This successful operation contrasts sharply with the succession of communications crises that have arisen through the 1990s as the British government attempted to deal with the admittedly more complex and emotive-issues arising from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, known as mad-cow disease) in cattle. The government‟s persuasive messages produced mixed results. British consumers continued to buy beef, but the Vegetarian Society saw an unprecedented increase in membership. At the same time overseas audiences remained largely unconvinced. The UK‟s beef and dairy farmers mounted repeated attacks on the Minister of Agriculture as the country‟s European Union partners refused to lift a ban on exports of British beef.2. Winning isn‟t “the only thing.” Such an idea muddles the idea of competition, not simply in sports, but in all aspects of our lives. We‟ve learned the hard way in this century that the world is a complex place; it‟s certainly not the National Football League. Winning isn‟t the only thing in love, art, marriage, commerce, or politics; it‟s not even the only thing in sports.In sports, as in so many other areas of our national life, we‟ve always cherished gallant losers.3. Many companies use animals to make us want to buy their goods. Automobile companies, for example, love to show fast horses when they are trying to sell their cars. They also name their cars for other fast powerful animals.Automobile manufacturers and gasoline companies especially like to use big cats to sell their products. They like lions, tigers and wildcats.When Americans say wildcat, they usually mean a lynx, an ocelot or a bobcat. All these cats attack quickly and fiercely. So wildcats represent something fast and fierce.4. King‟s success seems to stem from an unaffected brand of populism. He has a face made for radio. Large black-framed glasses dominate his visage. His hair is well coiffed but thinning. His eyes are friendly but beady, his nose prominent. He is tall and slender, but standing, he tends to slouch. Sitting down, he hunches forward. He shuns suit jackets in favor of baggy shirts and suspenders. “He‟s pleasant to look at, but he‟s not handsome,”says Mario Cuomo. “He doesn‟t have that kind of perfection that everyone resents.”。
