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托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理

托福非常着重对考生语言逻辑性的考察,这一点在托福阅读和托福写作中都有所体现,下面就和大家分享托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理,希望能够帮助到你们,快来一起学习吧。

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理

1、Condition 条件/ 因为(if )

后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

2、Time 时间(when )

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

3、Summary 总结(in a word)

作者的最后总结

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述// in short // in a word

4、Example举例(for example)

for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是

5、Reason原因( because)

since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause

6、And 并列关系(and)

in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that

7、Sequence 顺序(then)

出现的时候表示列举

first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards

8、Consequence 结果(so)

前面是后面的结果// 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。

as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly

9、Contrast转折(but )

表对前面论述的转折// 一般后面才是作者观点

however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //

though // although // but // on the contrary

otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

10、Certainty 确定(of course)

强烈的确定// 后面是作者的坚定论点

obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

托福阅读备考:100个必懂短语

1. a couple of 两三个,几个

Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.

2. account for 解释

Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.

3. adapt to 使适应于

They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

4, adorn with sth 用…装饰

Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

5.appeal to 吸引

Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults

6.apply to 适用于

Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.

7.at best 充其量,多

Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.

8.at intervals 相隔一定距离

However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下

A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.

10.at the height of sth 在…鼎盛时期

The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

11.back and forth 来回地

They then spiral back and forth between the Earths magnetic poles very rapidly.

12.be absent from 缺席,不在

Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.

13.be capable of 能…的

Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

14. be characterized by 以…为特征

The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.

15.be composed of 由…组成

Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

16.be concerned with 与某事物有关

Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.

17.be distinct from 与…不同

Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets

18.be essential to 对…不可缺少

Public performance is essential to verbal art.

19.be exposed to 使接触,使遭受

Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.

20.be far from 离…很远,根本不是

But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.

21. be hostile to 极不友好的,极厌恶的

Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

22.be regarded as 被认为是

Humanitys primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.

23.be related to 与…有关的,相联系的

Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?

24. be responsible for 对…负责

In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.

25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的

Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.

26.be subjected to 经历,遭受

Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.

27. be superior to 优越于

Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

28 .be traced to 找出根源

The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

29. be/become aware of 意识到,认识到

People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.

30. be/become/get accustomed to 习惯于

In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.

31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的

Two distinct processes are involved in molting.

32.benefit from 从…中受益

Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.

33.break down 分解

All of these forces slowly break down the Earths exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

34.by far 到目前为止

Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.

35.by means of 通过,凭借

The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.

36.by virtue of 由于

Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics

37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内

The delivery service was at first confined to cities.

38.conform to 符合

Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area

39.contribute to 有贡献,有助于

Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.

40.cope with 对付

Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.

41.date back to 始于

In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.

42. depend on 依靠

The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.

43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物

Plant stems die when deprived of water.

44.derive from 获得,起源于

Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.

45.due to 由于,因为

Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.

托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系

托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系 第一种因果关系 因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with 果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly 因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。 隐性因果: A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for 如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. 在这段话中,有lead to, 表示了导致的意思,即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。 B 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to 如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.” 在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。 C 反映,体现(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show This result demonstrates that…中华考试网 D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort. E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems. F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once. G 分词短语,不定式做状语 Failing in the final exam, she cried. 第二种对比转折关系 A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand 在解释句子题,插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。 B 转折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however 第三种比较关系 A 同级比较as…as B 比较级:more…than, -er than, less…than C 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

托福阅读逻辑关系词

四大“明显”/ “隐含”关系: 否定\因果\比较\转折 否定 显性否定:not, no, never, nor, none, neither 隐性否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of,few, little,rather than, instead of 否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un- 否定后缀:less 双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon 因果 显性: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly. 隐性: a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt. b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, stem from, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as f. 介词:by,from 比较 显性词汇: 同级比较\比较级 同级比较:as…as 比较级:more…than,-er than,less…than 隐性词汇: a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, develop, improve, progress, enhance, advance, grow, diminish,decrease,degenerate, retreat, continue, remain, stay, stable, still. b. “差异”: different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, excel, over 比较 最高级\绝对化 显性词汇: -est 隐性词汇: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme, peak, top b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly,prohibitively high 对比转折关系

实例讲解托福阅读利用因果关系词解题方法

实例讲解托福阅读利用因果关系词解题方法 说到托福考试阅读部分中的因果关系词,绝大部分的考生都不陌生,信手拈来也能说上三五个相关词,如:because、so、since、result from、due to、therefore、as a consequence,而这些逻辑关系如何在托福阅读中帮助我们解题的呢?今天点课台就协助大家一一攻克。 首先,因果关系词,其实有两类,一个是表示原因的:as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的:as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger 紧接着,我们来看托福阅读的句子简化题。这道题要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。专家们发现一个规律,那就是:原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了,但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。知道这个规律,解开这道题就变得简单了。 下面,我们来看TPO3 Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题: The extreme seriousness of desertification results fromthe vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as fromthe great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. ADesertification is a significant problem becauseit is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. ASlowing down the process of desertification is difficult because ofpopulation growth that has spread over large areas of land. BThe spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. CDesertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected. 很多托福考生在做句子简化题时,习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文,那样做其实不仅慢,而且很容易乱。

新托福阅读题型介绍与技巧

新托福阅读题型介绍 一、细节题 特征:没有特征(因为其他题型都有各自的特征) 数量:每篇3-6题 难度:变化很大 策略:随机应变 二、选非题 特征:NOT/EXCEPT 数量:每篇1题 难度:较低 策略:一定要做对 三、推理题 特征:infer、imply 数量:每篇1-2题 难度:很高 策略:可以放 四、修辞题: 特征:(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影 (2)个选项的开头为TO+关键动词(这些动词代表某个修饰手法,这样的动词很少, 所以遇到都要记住)PS:这类题目有可能会变形 五、词汇题 特征:(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影 (2)以the word/phrase开头 数量:每篇3-6题 难度:非常简单 策略:一定要做对 六、指代题 特征:(1)原文与题干被打上阴影 (2)打上阴影的是某个代词 数量:1题 难度:较低(可以直接测试语法能力) 策略:要做对 七、复述题 特征:(1)原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影 (2)题干为:which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer

choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 数量:1题 难度:很难或者很简单 八、插句题 特征:黑色小方框(■) 数量:1题 难度:较低 策略:要做对 九、归总题 特征:两排六个选项 数量:1题 难度:1分很简单,2分有点难 策略:保1争2 新增题型(参考TPO5):四选二题型:是细节题的变形 全文归纳题:可以去归总题找答案 第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲 阅读的步骤: 第1步:把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶 (粗略看一遍文章) 第2步:点review键,做完词汇题(不看原文),同时关注一下是否有选非题(因为与原文 对应的东西很多) 第3步:边看边做阅读,要按顺序做(因为托福阅读,题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。) PS:阅读的流畅性很重要,如果NO1考Para1 NO2考Para3 那么Para2仍然要看。 PPS:永远先看题后看文 第4步(如何处理一道题目?) 找定位词,定位词越多越好 什么是定位词? 定位词就是出现并只出现在这道题的词 定位词包括:a.特殊名词 b.大写名词 c.数字词 d.年代词 注:题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形 第5步:排除选项(一般只能排除2个)

托福阅读分数对照表

常常有考友询问,为什么托福阅读明明有42个题,总分却只有30分,分数如何计算的呢?其实,每每看到这种问题,小编的内心是疼痛的。 大家准备一个考试,却不看考试指导手册,考得不太理想,简直太正常了。就算天生神勇,也应该有个作战纲领呀! 打开OG,第一部分就是托福阅读的介绍,编者首先给出了评分标准的表格。 紧接着给出了各类题型的题型解析,这些就是托福阅读的考察内容,众位考友一定要反复研究,在准备考试时,下意识的按照出题者的思路去解题。 那么托福阅读有些什么考察类型?应该怎么解题?

在iBT阅读中,甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中,无论是题干还是正确选项,大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换,来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译,是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个,都有着重要的作用。 1、词汇题 解题方法:若认识,直接解题,没得说;若不认识,就只能推断了。 但是备考阶段最重要的一点。背单词!首先,考托福没有一定的词汇量等于直接酱油了,所以词汇量是一切的基础。 2、指代题 考点:句子直接词之间的关系 解题方法: (1)代词 a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some 和 others (2)名词 a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 m is a kind of M, M是m的上意词 b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案 c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象 3、句子简化题 解题方法: (1)确定题干句子中的逻辑成分 逻辑成分主要包括:关联词,动词,状语 而托福最爱考的逻辑主要是:因果,比较、最高级,否定 (2)确定与逻辑相关的语义 要依据最简化原则,抓句子中的逻辑要素。 因果的逻辑要素是:原因结果 比较的逻辑要素是:比较三要素 最高级 否定的逻辑要素是:作用对象 (3)选择与题干逻辑语义一致的选项 先主后次,从逻辑到语义(千万要保证逻辑正确) 很多时候,光凭逻辑关系,就能选出正确选项。越复杂越长的句子,更需要很快地抓住句内的逻辑关系。然后快速看选项,找出逻辑一致的选项。 4、句子插入题

托福阅读如何通过逻辑关键词解答句子插入题

托福阅读如何通过逻辑关键词解答 句子插入题 托福阅读中句子插入题是比较有难度的一种题型,一般会出现在每篇阅读比较靠后的段落中。今天给大家带来托福阅读如何通过逻辑关键词解答句子插入题,希望可以帮助到大家,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读如何通过逻辑关键词解答句子插入题? 托福阅读句子插入题简介 句子插入题是考察句子与句子关系的题目。句子之间连接常见的线索有四项:指代、连接性副词、句子打头的并列连词FANBOYS(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),以及观点与事实。其中前三项是可见线索,最后一项是不可见线索。这里主要介绍连接性的副词。 托福阅读常见逻辑关系词汇罗列 并列递进:Besides, In addition, in fact, indeed, also… 转折:however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, instead… 因果:thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly…

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Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。托福文章大都遵循这种结构。 2. 学术性文章的段落结构 学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分: Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"TS+D段落结构"。 了解了这种TAA篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后,对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数,更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。 托福词汇类问题(Vocabulary Questions) 一、词汇类题目的问题的提问形式 新托福词汇类题目的出题形式通常为: The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to 用来考察考生某单词在文章上下文中意思的问题类型最为常见。 二、答题步骤 第一步:在文章中定位到阴影标识的单词或短语。认识单词直接选。 第二步:如为生词读原文,仔细阅读该词或短语所在句子。 第三步:根据上下文含义推测含义。 第四步:少量单词可由词根验证答案。选择答案时,不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项,题目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一个词义。 三、解题线索 1. 论点对论据TS+D Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to A. indefensibly B. substantially C. unintentionally D. partially

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