1. Price floor;
2. Price ceiling;
3. PPF;
4. Opportunity cost;
5. Normative statements;
6. Positive statements;
7. The income elasticity of demand;
8. Consumer surplus;
9. Producer surplus; 10. Excludability; 11. oligopoly; 12. Efficiency; 13.Concentration ratio; 14. Prisoner’s dilemma;
15.PPF；16. Lump-sum taxes; 17. Externalities;18.Price elasticity of demand; 19. Coase theorem; 20. Welfare economics; 21. Tax incidence; 22. Natural monopoly; 23. Deadweight losses; 24. Tax incidence; 25. Price discrimination; 26. Laffer curve; 27. Collusion
1. Suppose that a new invention increases the marginal productivity of labor, shifting labor demand to the right. Such an invention would be an example of
a. labor-saving technology.
b. labor-augmenting technology.
c. Luddite technology.
d. supply-shifting technology.
ANS: B
2. Consider two goods, books and hamburgers. The slope of the consumer's budget constraint is measured by the
a. consumer's income divided by the price of hamburgers.
b. relative price of books and hamburgers.
c. consumer's marginal rate of substitution.
d. number of books purchased divided by the number of hamburgers purchased.
ANS: B
3. When considering her budget, the highest indifference curve that a consumer can reach is the
a. one that is tangent to the budget constraint.
b. indifference curve farthest from the origin
c. indifference curve that intersects the budget constraint in at least two places.
d. None of the above is correct; consumer preferences are bounded.
ANS: A
4. Mike and Sandy are two woodworkers who both make tables and chairs. In one month, Mike can make 4 tables or 20 chairs, while Sandy can make 6 tables or 18 chairs. Given this, we know that
a. Mike has a comparative advantage in tables.
b. Sandy has an absolute advantage in chairs.
c. Mike has an absolute advantage in tables.
d. Sandy has a comparative advantage in tables.
ANS: D
5. An increase in the overall level of prices in an economy is referred to as
a. economic growth.
b. inflation.
c. the price effect.
d. the demand effect.
ANS: B
6. It is possible for an economy to increase its production of computers and, at the same time, to increase its production of cars if the economy
a. moves downward and to the right along its production possibilities frontier and the frontier
is bowed outward.
b. moves upward and to the left along its production possibilities frontier and the frontier is
bowed outward.
c. moves in either direction along its production possibilities frontier and the frontier is a
straight line.
d. moves from a situation of inefficient production to a situation of efficient production. ANS: D
7. Almost all economists agree that rent control
a. has no effect on the rental income of landlords.
b. allows the market for housing to work more efficiently.
c. adversely affects the availability and quality of housing.
d. is a very inexpensive way to help the most needy members of society.
ANS: C
8. To promote good economic outcomes, policymakers should strive to enact policies that
a. enhance productivity.
b. enhance individuals' market power.
c. result in a rapidly-growing quantity of money.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A
9. For two individuals who engage in the same two productive activities, it is impossible for one of the two individuals to
a. have a comparative advantage in both activities.
b. have an absolute advantage in both activities.
c. be more productive per unit of time in both activities.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A
10. Economists make assumptions in order to
a. mimic the methodologies employed by other scientists.
b. minimize the number of experiments that yield no useful data.
c. minimize the likelihood that some aspect of the problem at hand is being overlooke
d.
d. focus their thinking on the essence of the problem at hand.
ANS: D
11. Suppose a nation is currently producing at a point inside its production possibilities frontier. We know that
a. the nation is producing beyond its capacity, and inflation will occur.
b. the nation is not using all available resources or is using inferior technology or both.
c. the nation is producing an efficient combination of goods.
d. there will be a large opportunity cost if the nation tries to increase production of any good. ANS: B
12. When economists make normative statements, they are
a. speaking as scientists.
b. speaking as policy advisers.
c. adhering very strictly to basic economic principles.
d. revealing that they are very conservative in their views of how the world works.
ANS: B
13. People generally choose to depend upon others for goods and services. Economists view this interdependence as
a. a good thing, since it fosters friendships and bonds that otherwise would never develop.
b. a good thing, since it allows people to consume more goods and services than they would
otherwise be able to consume.
c. a bad thing, since self-sufficiency may become necessary in the future.
d. a bad thing, since interdependence reduces people’s self-esteem and causes various social
problems.
ANS: B
14. For an economist, the idea of making assumptions is regarded generally as a
a. bad idea, since doing so leads to the omission of important ideas and variables from
economic models.
b. bad idea, since doing so invariably leads to data-collection problems.
c. good idea, since doing so helps to simplify the complex world and make it easier to
understand.
d. good idea, since economic analysis without assumptions leads to complicated results that the
general public finds hard to understand.
ANS: C
15. A competitive market is a market in which
a. an auctioneer helps set prices and arrange sales.
b. there are only a few sellers.
c. the forces of supply and demand do not apply.
d. no individual buyer or seller has any significant impact on the market pric
e.
ANS: D
16. The line that relates the price of a good to the quantity demanded of that good is called the
a. demand schedule, and it slopes upward only if the good for which the line is drawn fails to
conform to the law of demand.
b. demand schedule, and it slopes upward only if the demand for the good in question, relative
to the demand for other goods, is increasing over time.
c. demand curve, and it slopes upward only if there is a positive relationship between income
and quantity demanded.
d. demand curve, and it slopes downward as long as the good in question conforms to the law
of demand.
ANS: D
17. Suppose roses are currently selling for $40.00 per dozen, while the equilibrium price of roses is $30.00 per dozen. We would expect a
a. shortage to exist and the market price of roses to increase.
b. shortage to exist and the market price of roses to decrease.
c. surplus to exist and the market price of roses to increase.
d. surplus to exist and the market price of roses to decreas
e.
ANS: D
18. The difference between production possibilities frontiers that are bowed out and those that are straight lines is that
a. bowed-out production possibilities frontiers apply to economies that face tradeoffs, whereas
straight-line production possibilities frontiers apply to economies that do not face tradeoffs.
b. bowed-out production possibilities frontiers apply to economies in which resources are not
specialized, whereas straight-line production possibilities frontiers apply to economies in
which resources are specialized.
c. bowed-out production possibilities frontiers illustrate increasing opportunity cost, whereas
straight-line production possibilities frontiers illustrate constant opportunity cost.
d. straight-line production possibilities frontiers illustrate real-world conditions, whereas
bowed-out production possibilities frontiers illustrate more simplistic assumptions.
ANS: C
19. To say that the quantity demanded of a good is negatively related to the price of the good is to say that
a. an increase in the quantity demanded of the good leads to a decrease in the price of the
good.
b. an increase in the price of the good leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the
good.
c. there is a weak relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and the price of the
good.
d. there is no relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and the price of the good. ANS: B
20. How does the concept of elasticity allow us to improve upon our understanding of supply and demand?
a. Elasticity allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision than would be the
case in the absence of the elasticity concept.
b. Ela sticity provides us with a better rationale for statements such as “an increase in x will
lead to a decrease in y” than we would have in the absence of the elasticity concept.
c. Without elasticity, we would not be able to address the direction in which price is likely to
move in response to a surplus or a shortage.
d. Without elasticity, it is very difficult to assess the degree of competition within a market. ANS: A
21. Which of the following events will definitely cause equilibrium quantity to fall?
a. demand increases and supply decreases
b. demand and supply both decrease
c. demand decreases and supply increases
d. demand and supply both increase
ANS: B
22. Which of the following statements about the price elasticity of demand is correct?
a. The price elasticity of demand for a good measures the willingness of buyers of the good to
move away from the good as its price increases.
b. Price elasticity of demand reflects the many economic, psychological, and social forces that
shape consumer tastes.
c. Other things equal, if good x has close substitutes and good y does not have close substitutes,
then the demand for good x will be more elastic than the demand for good y.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D
23. Which of the following events would cause the price of oranges to fall?
a. There is a shortage of oranges.
b. An article is published in which it is claimed that tangerines cause a serious disease, and
oranges and tangerines are substitutes.
c. The price of land throughout Florida decreases, and Florida produces a significant
proportion of the nation’s oranges.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C
24. A perfectly elastic demand implies that
a. buyers will not respond to any change in price.
b. any rise in price above that represented by the demand curve will result in a quantity
demanded of zero.
c. quantity demanded and price change by the same percent as we move along the demand
curve.
d. price will rise by an infinite amount when there is a change in quantity demanded.
ANS: B
25. A price ceiling will be binding only if it is set
a. equal to equilibrium price.
b. above equilibrium price.
c. below equilibrium price.
d. none of the above; a price ceiling is never binding.
ANS: C
26. A tax on bicycles that buyers of bicycles are required to pay shifts
a. the demand curve downward, causing both the price received by sellers and the equilibrium
quantity to fall.
b. the demand curve upward, causing both the price received by sellers and the equilibrium
quantity to rise.
c. the supply curve downward, causing the price received by sellers to fall and the equilibrium
quantity to rise.
d. the supply curve upward, causing the price received by sellers to rise and the equilibrium
quantity to fall.
ANS: A
27. Other things equal, the deadweight loss of a tax
a. decreases as the size of the tax increases.
b. increases as the size of the tax increases, but the increase in the deadweight loss is less rapid
than the increase in the size of the tax.
c. increases as the size of the tax increases, and the increase in the deadweight loss is more
rapid than the increase in the size of the tax.
d. increases as the price elasticities of demand and/or supply increase, but the deadweight loss
does not change as the size of the tax increases.
ANS: C
28. When demand is inelastic within a certain price range, then within that price range,
a. an increase in price would increase total revenue because the decrease in quantity demanded
is proportionately less than the increase in price.
b. an increase in price would decrease total revenue because the decrease in quantity demanded
is proportionately greater than the increase in price.
c. a decrease in price would increase total revenue because the increase in quantity demanded
is proportionately smaller than the decrease in price.
d. a decrease in price would not affect total revenu
e.
ANS: A
29. A binding price floor in a market is set
a. above equilibrium price and causes a shortage.
b. above equilibrium price and causes a surplus.
c. below equilibrium price and causes a surplus.
d. below equilibrium price and causes a shortag
e.
ANS: B
30. Economists generally believe that rent control is
a. an efficient and equitable way to help the poor.
b. not efficient, but the best available means of solving a serious social problem.
c. a highly inefficient way to help the poor raise their standard of living.
d. an efficient way to allocate housing, but not a good way to help the poor.
ANS: C
31. Most labor economists believe that the supply of labor is
a. less elastic than demand and, therefore, firms bear most of the burden of the payroll tax.
b. less elastic than demand and, therefore, workers bear most of the burden of the payroll tax.
c. more elastic than demand and, therefore, workers bear most of the burden of the payroll tax.
d. more elastic than demand and, therefore, firms bear most of the burden of the payroll tax. ANS: B
32. Which of the following is correct?
a. Efficiency deals with the size of the economic pie and equity deals with how fairly the pie is
sliced.
b. Equity can be judged on positive grounds whereas efficiency requires normative judgments.
c. Efficiency is more difficult to evaluate than equity.
d. Equity and efficiency are both maximized in a society when total surplus is maximized. ANS: A
33. Private markets fail to reach a socially optimal equilibrium when positive externalities are present because the
a. private benefit equals the social benefit at the private market solution.
b. private cost exceeds the private benefit at the private market solution.
c. social value exceeds the private value at the private market solution.
d. private cost exceeds the social benefit at the private market solution.
ANS: C
34. The Laffer curve relates
a. the tax rate to tax revenue raised by the tax.
b. the tax rate to the deadweight loss of the tax.
c. the price elasticity of supply to the deadweight loss of the tax.
d. government welfare payments to the birth rat
e.
ANS: A
35. The difference between a corrective tax and a tradable pollution permit is that
a. a corrective tax sets the price of pollution and a permit sets the quantity of pollution.
b. a corrective tax creates a more efficient outcome than a permit.
c. a corrective tax sets the quantity of pollution and a permit sets the price of pollution.
d. a permit creates a more efficient outcome than a corrective tax.
ANS: A
36. A Maine legislator wanted to create a deposit on cigarettes butts. If implemented, people would have the incentive to (1) not toss cigarette butts onto public streets and sidewalks, and (2) pick butts up to redeem them for the cash. The degradation of the environment from littered cigarette butts is a
a. private goods problem.
b. Nash equilibrium.
c. Tragedy of the Commons.
d. cost-benefit equilibrium.
ANS: C
37. When an oligopoly market reaches a Nash equilibrium,
a. the market price will be different for each firm.
b. the firms will not have behaved as profit maximizers.
c. a firm will have chosen its best strategy, given the strategies chosen by other firms in the
market.
d. a firm will not take into account the strategies of competing firms.
ANS: C
38. A profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market is characterized by which of the following?
a. Average revenue exceeds marginal revenue
b. Marginal revenue exceeds average revenue
c. Average revenue is equal to marginal revenue
d. Revenue is always maximized along with profit
ANS: A
39. Monopolistically competitive firms have excess capacity. To maximize profits, firms will
a. increase their output to lower their average total cost of production and eliminate the excess
capacity.
b. produce where price equals marginal cost to eliminate the excess capacity.
c. produce where average revenue equals marginal cost to eliminate the excess capacity.
d. maintain the excess capacity.
ANS: D
40. A tax system with little deadweight loss and a small administrative burden would be described as
a. equitable.
b. communisti
c.
c. capitalistic.
d. efficient.
ANS: D
41. Which of the following is true of markets characterized by positive externalities?
a. Social value exceeds private value, and market quantity exceeds the socially optimal
quantity.
b. Social value is less than private value, and market quantity exceeds the socially optimal
quantity.
c. Social value exceeds private value, and market quantity is less than the socially optimal
quantity.
d. Social value seldom exceeds private value; therefore, social quantity is less than private
quantity.
ANS: C
Figure 2
The graph below depicts the cost structure for a firm in a competitive market.
42. Refer to Figure 2. When price rises from P2 to P3, the firm finds that
a. marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue at a production level of Q2.
b. if it produces at output level Q3 it will earn a positive profit.
c. expanding output to Q4 would leave the firm with losses.
d. it could increase profits by lowering output from Q3 to Q2.
ANS: C
43. Young Johnny inherited the only local cable TV company in town after his father passed away. The company is completely unregulated by the government and is therefore free to operate as it wishes. Assuming that Johnny understands the true power of his new monopoly, he is probably most excited about which of the following statements?
(i) He will be able to set the price of cable TV service at whatever level he wishes.
(ii) T he customers will be forced to purchase cable TV service at whatever price he wants to set.
(iii) He will be able to achieve any profit level that he desires.
a. (i) only
b. (ii) only
c. (i) and (iii)
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A
44. Marginal revenue can become negative for
a. both competitive and monopoly firms.
b. competitive firms, but not for monopoly firms.
c. monopoly firms, but not for competitive firms.
d. neither competitive nor monopoly firms.
ANS: C
45. According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long as
a. the externalities that are present are positive, not negative.
b. government assigns property rights to the harmed party.
c. private parties can bargain with sufficiently low transaction costs.
d. businesses determine an appropriate level of production.
ANS: C
46. Which of the following is a characteristic of a more efficient tax system?
a. The system minimizes deadweight loss.
b. The system raises the same amount of revenue at a lower cost.
c. The system minimizes administrative burdens.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D
47. Which of these assumptions is often realistic for a firm in the short run?
a. The firm can vary both the size of its factory and the number of workers it employs.
b. The firm can vary the size of its factory, but not the number of workers it employs.
c. The firm can vary the number of workers it employs, but not the size of its factory.
d. The firm can vary neither the size of its factory nor the number of workers it employs. ANS: C
48. In the absence of taxes, Janet would prefer to purchase a large sport utility vehicle (SUV). The government has recently decided to place a $10,000 nuisance tax on SUVs. If Janet decides to purchase a small economy car as a result of the tax, which of the following statements is correct?
a. Other people who choose to purchase SUVs will incur the cost of the deadweight loss of the
tax.
b. There are no deadweight losses as long as some people still choose to purchase SUVs.
c. In order to determine the magnitude of the deadweight loss, we must add the revenues from
the tax to the loss in Janet’s consumer surplus.
d. Janet is worse off, and her loss of welfare is part of the deadweight loss of the tax.
ANS: D
Figure 1
49. Refer to Figure 1. Which of the figures represents the total cost curve for a firm?
a. Figure 1
b. Figure 2
c. Figure 3
d. Figure 4
ANS: B
50. "A $1,000 tax paid by a poor person may be a larger sacrifice than a $10,000 tax paid by a wealthy person" is an argument based on
a. the horizontal equity principle.
b. the benefits principle.
c. a regressive tax argument.
d. the ability-to-pay principl
e.
ANS: D
Figure 1
51. Refer to Figure 1. The firm experiences economies of scale if it changes its level of output
a. from Q1 to Q2.
b. from Q2 to Q3.
c. from Q3 to Q4.
d. from Q4 to Q5.
ANS: A
52. The total cost curve gets steeper as output increases due to
a. diseconomies of scale.
b. economies of scale.
c. diminishing marginal product.
d. increasing returns to scal
e.
ANS: C
53. When a country is on the downward-sloping side of the Laffer curves, a cut in the tax rate will
a. decrease tax revenue and decrease the deadweight loss.
b. decrease tax revenue and increase the deadweight loss.
c. increase tax revenue and decrease the deadweight loss.
d. increase tax revenue and increase the deadweight loss.
ANS: C
54. Employing a lawyer to draft and enforce a private contract between parties wishing to solve an externality problem is an example of
a. an opportunity cost.
b. an implicit cost.
c. a sunk cost.
d. a transaction cost.
ANS: D
55. Suppose that Martin owns a lighthouse, and Lewis owns a nearby port. Martin's lighthouse benefits only those ships that enter Lewis's port. Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. Martin's lighthouse may be considered a private good.
b. Martin can reduce the free-rider problem by charging Lewis a usage fee.
c. Martin can exclude Lewis's port from benefiting from the lighthouse by simply turning the
power off.
d. Martin's lighthouse would be considered a common resourc
e.
ANS: D
56. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. A price ceiling is not binding when the price ceiling is set above the equilibrium price.
b. A price floor is not binding when the price floor is set below the equilibrium price.
c. A binding price ceiling causes a shortage and a binding price floor causes a surplus.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D
57. Opponents of the minimum wage point out that the minimum wage
a. encourages teenagers to drop out of school.
b. prevents some workers from getting needed on-the-job training.
c. contributes to the problem of unemployment.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D
58. A tax on the sellers of cell phones will
a. reduce the size of the cell phone market.
b. place a burden on the sellers of cell phones but not on the buyers of cell phones.
c. affect the price paid by buyers of cell phones, but not the size of the market.
d. affect the size of the market, but it will have no effect on the effective price received by
sellers of cell phones.
ANS: A
59. Chad is willing to pay $5.00 to get his first cup of morning latté. He buys a cup from a vendor selling latté for $3.75 per cup. Chad's consumer surplus is
a. $8.75.
b. $5.00.
c. $3.75.
d. $1.25.
ANS: D
60. Suppose that in a competitive market the market price is $2.50. What is marginal revenue for the last unit sold by the typical firm in this market?
a. Less than $2.50.
b. More than $2.50.
c. $2.50.
d. The marginal revenue cannot be determined without knowing the actual quantity sold by the
typical firm.
ANS: C
Figure 1
The figure below depicts the cost structure of a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market.
61. Refer to Figure 1. Which line segment best reflects the short-run supply curve for this firm?
a. ABCE
b. CD
c. DE
d. BCD
ANS: A
62. For a profit-maximizing monopolist,
a. P > MR = MC.
b. P = MR = MC.
c. P > MR > MC.
d. MR < MC < P.
ANS: A
63. The midpoint method is used to compute elasticity because it
a. automatically computes a positive number instead of a negative number.
b. results in an elasticity that is the same as the slope of the demand curve.
c. gives the same answer regardless of the direction of change.
d. automatically rounds quantities to the nearest whole unit.
ANS: C
64. Suppose demand is perfectly elastic and the supply of the good in question decreases. As a result,
a. the equilibrium quantity decreases and the equilibrium price is unchanged.
b. the equilibrium price increases and the equilibrium quantity is unchanged.
c. the equilibrium quantity and the equilibrium price both are unchange
d.
d. buyers’ total expenditure on the good is unchanged.
ANS: A
65. Which of the following statements is not correct concerning government attempts to reduce the flow of illegal drugs into the country?
a. Drug interdiction raises prices and total revenue in the drug market.
b. Drug interdiction can increase drug-related crime.
c. Drug interdiction shifts the demand curve for drugs to the left.
d. Drug interdiction shifts the supply curve of drugs to the left.
ANS: C
66. In a competitive market with free entry and exit, if all firms have the same cost structure, then
a. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the short run.
b. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the long run.
c. the price of the product will differ across firms.
d. the number of sellers in the market will steadily decrease over tim
e.
ANS: B
67. The equilibrium quantity in markets characterized by oligopoly is
a. higher than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets.
b. higher than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets.
c. lower than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets.
d. lower than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets.
ANS: B
68. One way in which monopolistic competition differs from oligopoly is that
a. there are no barriers to entry in oligopolies.
b. in oligopoly markets there are only a few sellers.
c. all firms in an oligopoly eventually earn zero economic profits.
d. strategic interactions between firms are rarely evident in oligopolies.
ANS: B
69. The demand curve for hot dogs
a. shifts when the price of hot dogs changes, because the price of hot dogs is measured on the
vertical axis of the graph.
b. shifts when the price of hot dogs changes, because the quantity demanded of hot dogs is
measured on the horizontal axis of the graph.
c. does not shift when the price of hot dogs changes, because the price of hot dogs is measured
on the vertical axis of the graph.
d. does not shift when the price of hot dogs changes, because the quantity demanded of hot
dogs is measured on the horizontal axis of the graph.
ANS: C
70. Holding all other forces constant, when the price of gasoline rises, the number of gallons of gasoline demanded would fall substantially over a ten-year period because
a. buyers tend to be much less sensitive to a change in price when given more time to react.
b. buyers tend to be much more sensitive to a change in price when given more time to react.
c. buyers will have substantially more income over a ten-year perio
d.
d. the quantity supplied of gasoline increases very little in response to an increase in the price
of gasoline.
ANS: B
71. For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is always
a. equal to marginal revenue.
b. equal to total revenue.
c. greater than average revenue.
d. equal to the firm’s efficient scale of output.
ANS: A
72. In a long-run equilibrium,
a. "excess capacity" applies to monopolistically competitive firms, but not to competitive
firms.
b. "zero economic profit" applies to competitive firms, but not to monopolistically competitive
firms.
c. "markup over marginal cost" applies to both monopolistically competitive and competitive
firms.
d. “product variety externalities” apply to both perfectly competitive firms and
monopolistically competitive firms.
ANS: A
73. In a market economy,
a. supply determines demand and, in turn, demand determines prices.
b. demand determines supply and, in turn, supply determines prices.
c. the allocation of scarce resources determines prices and, in turn, prices determine supply and
demand.
d. supply and demand determine prices and, in turn, prices allocate scarce resources.
ANS: D
74. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?
a. Sellers possess market power.
b. There are many sellers.
c. Buyers must accept the price the market determines.
d. All of the above are characteristics of a perfectly competitive market.
ANS: A
75. Currently you purchase 6 packages of hot dogs a month. You will graduate from college in December and you will start a new job in January. You have no plans to purchase hot dogs in January. For you, hot dogs are
a. a substitute good.
b. a normal good.
c. an inferior goo
d.
d. a law-of-demand good.
ANS: C
76. What causes the labor demand curve to shift?
(i) changes in productivity
(ii) c hanges in wages
(iii) changes in output prices
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (i) and (iii)
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C
77. The following diagram shows a budget constraint for a particular consumer.
If the price of x is $10, what is the price of y?
a. $15
b. $25
c. $35
d. $70
ANS: C
78. If a good is a Giffen good, then
a. the supply curve slopes down.
b. the demand curve slopes up.
c. the demand curve is horizontal.
d. there is no optimal level of consumption for the consumer.
ANS: B
79．If duopolists individually pursue their own self-interest when deciding how much to produce, the amount they will produce collectively will
a. be less than the monopoly quantity.
b. be equal to the monopoly quantity.
c. be greater than the monopoly quantity.
d. Any of the above are possibl
e.
ANS: C
80. Monopoly firms have
a. downward-sloping demand curves and they can sell as much output as they desire at the market price.
b. downward-sloping demand curves and they can sell only a limited quantity of output at each price.
c. horizontal demand curves and they can sell as much output as they desire at the market price.
d. horizontal demand curves and they can sell only a limited quantity of output at each pric
e. ANS: B
81. The bowed-out shape of the production possibilities frontier can be explained by the fact that
a. scarcity is a fact of life.
b. economic growth is always occurring.
c. the opportunity cost of one good in terms of the other depends on how much of each good the economy is producing.
d. an assumption that is made in constructing a production possibilities frontier is that tradeoffs are unimportant.
ANS: C
82. Absolute advantage is found by comparing different producers’
a. opportunity costs.
b. payments to land, labor, and capital.
c. input requirements per unit of output.
d. locational and logistical circumstances.
ANS: C
83. If duopolists individually pursue their own self-interest when deciding how much to produce, the amount they will produce collectively will
a. be less than the monopoly quantity.
b. be equal to the monopoly quantity.
c. be greater than the monopoly quantity.
d. Any of the above are possibl
e.
ANS: C
84. In which of the following market structures are there a large number of sellers?
(i) Monopolistic competition
(ii) P erfect competition
(iii) Oligopoly
a. (i) and (ii) only
b. (ii) and (iii) only
c. (ii) only
d. (i), (ii), and (iii)
ANS: A
Table 1
B
A
Up Down
85. Refer to Table 1. This table shows a game played between two players, A and B. The payoffs
in the table are shown as (Payoff to A, Payoff to B). Which of the following statements about this game is true?
a. Up is a dominant strategy for A and Right is a dominant strategy for B.
b. Up is a dominant strategy for A and Left is a dominant strategy for B.
c. Down is a dominant strategy for A and Right is a dominant strategy for B.
d. Down is a dominant strategy for A and Left is a dominant strategy for B.
ANS: A
86. A business-stealing externality
a. is an externality that is likely to be punished under antitrust laws.
b. is the negative externality that occurs when one firm attempts to duplicate exactly the
product of a different firm.
c. is an externality that is considered to be an explicit cost of business in monopolistically
competitive markets.
d. is the negative externality associated with entry of new firms in a monopolistically
competitive market.
ANS: D
87. Low rates of inflation are generally associated with
a. low rates of government spending.
b. small or nonexistent government budget deficits.
c. low rates of productivity growth.
d. low rates of growth of the quantity of money.
ANS: D
88. The basic principles of economics imply that policymakers should
a. rely on markets to guide economic activity, except when markets produce inefficient or
inequitable outcomes.
b. enact policies that discourage people from specializing in particular economic activities.
c. enact policies that lead to high rates of growth of the quantity of money.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A
89. Because a firm's demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in the market, it is called a
a. differentiated demand.
b. secondary demand.
c. derived deman
d.
d. hybrid demand-supply.
ANS: C
90. Consider the labor market for computer programmers, which is in equilibrium. During the late 1990s, the value of the marginal product of all computer programmers increased dramatically. Holding all else equal, what effect did this process have on the labor market for computer programmers?
a. The equilibrium wage increased, and the equilibrium quantity of labor increased.
b. The equilibrium wage increased, and the equilibrium quantity of labor decreased.
c. The equilibrium wage decreased, and the equilibrium quantity of labor increase
d.
d. The equilibrium wage decreased, and the equilibrium quantity of labor decreased.
ANS: A
1. List and briefly explain each of the four properties of indifference curves.
ANS:
1: Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones, because consumers usually prefer more of something to less of it. 2: Indifference curves are downward sloping. The slope of an indifference curve reflects the rate at which the consumer is willing to substitute one good for another. If the quantity of one good is reduced, the quantity of the other good must increase in order for the consumer to be equally happy. 3: Indifference curves do not cross. If indifference curves did cross, the same point could be on two different curves, thus contradicting the assumption that consumers prefer more of both goods to less. 4: Indifference curves are bowed inward. This is because people are more willing to trade away goods that they have in abundance and less willing to trade away goods of which they have less.
2. Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphically illustrate the impact each of the following would have on demand or supply. Also show how equilibrium price and quantity have changed.
a. Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.
b. The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.
c. Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month.
d. Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.
ANS:
3. Use a graph to demonstrate why a profit-maximizing monopolistically competitive firm must
operate at excess capacity. Explain why a perfectly competitive firm is not subject to the same constraint.
ANS:
Competitive firms do not face downward-sloping demand. The graph shows the firm choosing a level of production in which the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost occurs at an output level where average total cost is decreasing. This profit-maximizing output level is less than the efficient scale (minimum of average total cost) and therefore the firm is said to be operating with excess capacity.
4. Using the graph shown, answer the following questions.
a. What was the equilibrium price and quantity in this market before the tax?
b. What is the amount of the tax?
c. How much of the tax will the buyers pay?
d. How much of the tax will the sellers pay?
e. How much will the buyer pay for the product after the tax is imposed?
f. How much will the seller receive after the tax is imposed?
g. As a result of the tax, what has happened to the level of market activity?
ANS:
a. Equilibrium price is $8 and equilibrium is 8,000 units.
b. The tax is $3.00.
c. Buyers will pay $1.00.
d. Sellers will pay $2.00.
e. $9.00
f. $6.00
g. Instead of 8,000 units being bought and sold, only 6,000 will be bought and sold.
5. Ford and General Motors are considering expanding into the Vietnamese automobile market.
Devise a simple prisoners' dilemma game to demonstrate the strategic considerations that are relevant to this decision.
ANS:
The answer should present two strategies for each company, such as “Expand” and “Don’t Expand.” To be a prisoner’s dilemma, each firm needs a dominant strategy, but each firm choosing its dominant strategy results in an outcome that is jointly worse than if they both chose their other strategy. A possible payoff table with payoffs (Ford, GM) is
GM
Ford Expand Don’t Expand
6. Using the graph below, answer the following questions about hammers.
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is International Economics About? 1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. A) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1776 B) "Wealth of Nations," David Hume, 1758 C) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1758 D) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1776 E) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1758 Answer: E Question Status: Previous Edition 2) From 1959 to 2004, A) the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. B) U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. C) the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. D) U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. E) U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 3) The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country. B) the United States is a "Superpower." C) the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Question Status: Previous Edition 4) Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are A) not relevant to current policy analysis. B) are only of moderate relevance in today's modern international economy. C) are highly relevant in today's modern international economy. D) are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. E) are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 5) An important insight of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other it A) is always beneficial to both countries. B) is usually beneficial to both countries. C) is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country. D) is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country. E) tends to create unemployment in both countries. Answer: B Question Status: Previous Edition
一、试题类型：A型题（每小题2分，共30分） （类型说明：每一道试题下面有A、B、C、D四个备选答案，请 从中选择一个最佳答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。） ( ) A．世界上大多数人生活在贫困中 B．相对于资源的需求而言，资源总是不足的 C．资源必须保留给下一代 D．世界上的资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光 2．对经济学家来讲，非理性意味着( ) A．人们无意识的伤害自己 B．人们故意采取与自己的最大利益相悖的行为 C．人们采取恶毒的行为 D．人们没有花费足够的时间加以考虑，从而做出反常的选择 3．所有下列因素除哪一种以外，都会使需求曲线移动 ( ) A．购买者收入变化 B．商品价格下降 C．其他有关商品价格下降 D．消费者偏好变化 4．如果商品a和商品b是替代品，则a的价格下降将造成 ( ) A．a的需求曲线向右移动 B．a的需求曲线向左移动 C．b的需求曲线向右移动 D．b的需求曲线向左移动 5．需求弹性与需求曲线的斜率关系密切。需求曲线越是______，则购买者对商品价格变动的反映越敏感。 ( ) A．陡峭B．向右延伸 C．平缓D．靠近纵轴 6．若无差异曲线上任何一点的斜率dy/dx=－1/2，这意味着消费者有更多X时，他愿意放弃多少单位X而获得一单位Y. ( ) A.0.5 B.2 C.1 D.1.5 7．下列说法中错误的是 ( ) A．只要总产量减少，边际产量一定是负数 B．只要边际产量减少，总产量一定也减少 C．随着某种生产要素投入量的增加，边际产量和平均产量增加到一定程度将趋于下降，其中边际产量的下降一定先于平均产量 D．边际产量曲线一定在平均产量曲线的最高点与之相交 8.已知产量为99单位时，总成本等于995元，产量增加到100单位时，平均成本等 于10元，由此可知边际成本为______。( ) A．10元B．5 元 C．15元D．7.5元 9．完全竞争市场的厂商短期供给曲线是指( ) A．AVC＞MC中的那部分AVC曲线 B．AC＞MC中的那部分AC曲线
Economics, 11e, Global Edition (Parkin) Part 4 Review 1 Firms and Markets 1) Ms. Lollipop opened a candy store in December 2013. She rented a building for $25,000 a year and used $30,000 from her savings account, which earned an annual interest rate of 5 percent, to buy capital equipment. In December 2014, the market value of her capital equipment was $26,000. What is the economic depreciation of Lollipop's capital? A) $3,000 B) $4,000 C) $1,000 D) $25,000 Answer: B Topic: Economic Depreciation Skill: Conceptual Status: Previous edition, Part Review 4 AACSB: Analytical Skills 2) Ms. Lollipop opened a candy store in December 2013. She rented a building for $25,000 a year and used $30,000 from her savings account, which earned an annual interest rate of 5 percent, to buy capital equipment. During the first year of operation, Lollipop paid $28,000 to her employees, $10,000 for utilities, and $16,000 for goods she bought from other firms. In December 2014, the market value of Lollipop's capital equipment was $26,000. Lollipop's best alternative to running her candy store is to work as a sales clerk at Winn-Dixie for $15,000 a year. What is Lollipop's total opportunity cost? A) $99,500 B) $94,000 C) $79,000 D) $20,500 Answer: A Topic: Opportunity Costs Skill: Conceptual Status: Previous edition, Part Review 4 AACSB: Analytical Skills
西方经济学（微观部分）集中练习 第一章 简答或计算 1.试论述需求量变动和需求变动的区别，以及供给量变动和供给变动的区别，并简单举例。 2.下列事件对产品X?的需求会产生什么影响 （1）产品X?变得更为流行 （2）产品X?的替代品Y?的价格下降 （3）预计居民收入上升 （4）预计人口将有较大幅度的上涨 3.用一条需求曲线来表示需求价格点弹性的5?种类型，并说明理由。 4.降价是市场上常见的促销方式，但为什么餐饮业可以降价促销，而中小学教科书不用采取降价促销的方式用需求弹性理论解释这种现象。同时假设某产品的需求函数为P+3Q=10，当P=1?时，若企业想 扩大销售收入，应采取提价还是降价策略 5.已知市场的需求函数为:Qd=10-2P，供给函数为:Qs=-2+2P。求（1）此时的均衡价格与均衡数量，需求价格弹性系数与供给价格弹性系数。（2）若政府对每单位产品征收1?元的定量销售税，在这1?元的定量税中消费者和生产者各负担了多少 6.美国的小型企业乐于建立煤炭的供给和需求快速估计曲线，公司的研究机构提供的供给弹性约为，需求弹性约为，当前的价格和 交易量是40?元/吨，1200?吨/星期。 第2?页共3?页edited?by?Li?An? （1）在当前的价格和交易量下，建立线性供给和需求曲线。 （2）若需求增加600?吨，对均衡价格和数量有何影响 （3）在第二问中，如果政府禁止涨价，将有多少缺口 7.假定某消费者的需求价格弹性Ep=，需求收入弹性Em=.求：（1） 在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格下降2%对需求量的影响； （2）在其他条件不变的情况下，消费者收入提高5%对需求量的影响。第二章 简答或计算 1．根据基数效用论中关于消费者均衡的条件回答下列问题： （1）如果MU1/P1?不等于MU2/P2，消费者应如何调整两种商品的消 费数量，为什么 （2）如果MUi/Pi?不等于货币的边际效用，则消费者该如何调整该种商品i?的消费数量，为什么 2.我国许多大城市，由于水源不足，导致自来水供应紧张，请根据边际效用递减原理，设计一种方案供政府来缓解或消除这个问题。并回答： （1）这种措施对消费者剩余有何影响 （2）这种措施对生产资源的配置有何有利或不利的效应 （3）这种措施对城市居民收入有何影响有何补救方法 3.用无差异曲线解释下列现象（香蕉用横轴度量，苹果用纵轴度量）。
西方经济学试题及答案 一、单项选择题(每小题２分，共２０分。） 1.整个需求曲线向左下方移动，其原因是（） A．需求增加 B．需求减少 C.价格提高 D．价格下降 2．当汽油的价格上升时，在其他条件不变的情况下，对小汽车的需求量将（） A．减少 B. 不变 C．增加 D．难以确定 3 下列商品的需求价格弹性最小的是（） A．小汽车 B.服装 C．食盐 D．化妆品 4．商品的边际效用随者商品消费量的增加而（） A.递增 B．递减 C．先减后增 D．增后减 5．根据无差异曲线分析，消费者均衡是（） A．无差异曲线与消费可能线的相切之点B．无差异曲线与消费可能线的相交之点 C．高原点最近的无差异曲线上的任何一点D．离原点最近的消费可能线上的任何一点 6 、当边际产量大于平均产量时，平均产量（） A．递减 B．不变 C.递增 D．先增后减 7．等产量曲线向左下方移动表明的是（） A.产量增加 B.产量减少 C.产量不变 D．价格提高 8. 短期平均成本曲线呈U型，是因为（） A．外在经济 B. 内在经济C. 规模经济 D．边际收益递减规律 9．下列项目中属于可变成本的是（） A．折旧 B．正常利润C．管理人员的工资 D．生产工人的工资 10．长期平均成本曲线与长期边际成本曲线一定是（） A．相切于平均成本曲线的最低点 B．相切于边际成本曲线的最低点 C．相交于边际成本曲线的最低点 D．相交于平均成本曲线的最低点 二、多项选择题(下列每小题的五个选项中，有二至五项是正确的，多选、少选、错选均无分。每小题2分，共10分。) １.资源配置要解决的问题是（） A.生产什么 B．如何生产 C.为谁生产 D．充分就业 E.通货膨胀 2．影响需求弹性的因素有（） A．消费者对某种商品的需求程度 B．商品的可替代程度 C.商品本身用途的广泛性 D．商品使用时间的长短 E.商品在家庭支出中所占的比例 3.引起内在经济的原因有（） A．使用更先进的技术 B．厂商之间的合作C．综合利用 D．行业扶植E.管理水平提高 4．通货膨胀理论包括（） A．需求技上的通货膨胀理论 B.．供给推动的通货膨胀理论 C.供求混合推动的通货膨胀理论 D．结构性通货膨胀理论E.滞胀理论 5.经济周期繁荣阶段的特征是（） A．生产迅速增加 B．投资增加C 信用扩张 D．价格水平上升E.失业严重 三.名词解释(每小题５分,共２０分) １.供给的变动 ２.规模收益递增 ３．结构性失业 ４．需求管理 四.简答题(每小题５分,共2０分) １.需求与供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量有什么影响? ２.说明牙膏社种产品的市场结构及其形成条件. ３.简述计算国民生产总值的支出法.
第一章引论 一、单选题（70 题） 1. 下列哪一种资源是最不具有稀缺性的? （） A ?医生； B ?苹果； C ?铁矿石； D ?空气； 2. 下列中的哪一个问题是最有可能被微观经济学家所研究的? （） A. 一般物价的膨胀； B. 整个经济中的失业； C. 总产出的增长率； D. 汽车行业中的劳动就业； 3. 下列中的哪一个属于规范经济问题? （） A. 通货膨胀和失业是由什么引起的? B. 政府应该雇用所有失业的工人吗? C. 消费者如何对较低的价格做出反应? D. 收入与储蓄之间的关系是什么? 4. 经济学有时被称作社会科学的皇后，这是因为：（） A. 它强调经济增长和经济发展； B.几乎所有的学生都必须学习经济学； C. 它的边际分析方法广泛应用于其他学科； D. 规范经济学和实证经济学的区别。 5. 经济学家的理性行为假定：（） A. 仅仅在其提供有效预测的限度内才是有用的。 B. 导致错误的理论，因为人们并非总是理性的。 C. 只有当所有人都是理性的，才是有用的。 D. 不管人们是否为理性的，都是有效的。 6. 微观经济学研究（），宏观经济学研究（） A ?现实的经济问题，抽象的经济理论； C ?理性行为，非理性行为；7．经济学可定义为（）。 A ?政府对市场制度的干预 C.研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题8．“资源是稀缺的”是指（） B ?个量经济，总量经济D ?企业行为，政府行为 B.企业赚取利润的活动D.个人的生财之道 A ?资源是不可再生的 B.资源必须留给下一代 C.资源终将被耗费殆尽 D.相对于需求而言，资源总是不足的. 9．失业问题如果反映在生产可能性曲线图上，可记为（）
中南财经政法大学——学年第—-学期期末考试试卷 国际经济学（闭卷）卷 学院专业年级班级课堂号姓名 （单选，共20题，每题2分） 1, Under Ricardian model, If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then ( ) A.it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable. B.it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares through imports. C.it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade. D.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade. 2, According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which its ( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/5715370891.html,bor productivity is relatively low. https://www.doczj.com/doc/5715370891.html,bor productivity is relatively high. https://www.doczj.com/doc/5715370891.html,bor mobility is relatively low. https://www.doczj.com/doc/5715370891.html,bor mobility is relatively high. 3, If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries, ( ) A.Australia would export the land-intensive product. B.Belgium would import the capital-intensive product. C.Both countries would export some of each product. D.Trade would not continue since Belgium is a smaller country. 4, Under The Specific Factors model, At the production point the production possibility frontier is tangent to a line whose slope is ( ) A.the price of manufactures. B.the relative wage. C.the real wage. D.the relative price of manufactures. 5, The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following except: A.which country will export which product. ( ) B.which factor of production within each country will gain from trade. C.the volume of trade. D.that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.
《微观经济学》习题集 第一章导论 一、判断 1．以萨缪尔森为首的新古典综合派把经济学分为微观经济学和宏观经济学。∨ 二、选择题 3．21世纪30年代，西方经济学经历的第二次修改和补充ACD A．出现于1936 年B．涉及垄断问题 C．代表人物是凯恩斯D．为国家干预经济生活奠定了理论基础 三、简答题 1.什么是西方经济学？ 2.试述西方经济学企图解决的两个问题及两重属性。 第二章需求和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念 一、解释概念 均衡价格需求需求价格弹性比较静态分析需求收入弹性供给 二、判断 1．价格分析是微观经济学分析的核心。∨ 2．微观经济学的研究对象是包括单个消费者、单个生产者、单个市场在内的个体经济单位。∨ 3．若某商品的需求价格弹Ed =0．6，卖者提高价格肯定增加销售收入。∨ 4．需求缺乏弹性的商品的价格与销售收入呈同方向变动关系。∨ 5．需求的变动是指商品本身价格变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。×
6．当消费者的收入发生变化时，会引起需求曲线的移动。∨ 7．Ed＞1的商品，降低价格会增加厂商的销售收入。∨ 8．若某商品的Ed＜1，表明当该商品价格下降20% 时，该商品需求量减少小于20%。×9．卖者提高价格肯定会增加销售收入。× 10．在几何图形上，供给量的变动表现为商品的价格-供给量组合点沿着同一条既定的供给曲线运动。∨ 11．在几何图形上，需求的变动表现为商品的价格-需求量组合点沿着同一条既定的需求曲线运动。× 12．当两种商品中一种商品的价格发生变动时，这两种商品的需求量都同时增加或减少，则这两种商品的需求交叉价格弹性系数为正。× 13．某商品的可替代品越多，相近程度越高，则该商品需求弹性往往就越大。∨ 14．商品用途越广，需求价格弹性就可能越大。∨ 15．任何情况下商品的需求量与价格都是反方向变化的。× 16．当对农产品的需求缺乏弹性时，粮食丰收，粮价下跌，农民收入反而会减少。∨ 17．如果两种商品具有替代关系，则相应的需求交叉价格弹性系数为负。× 三、选择题 1．微观经济学的基本假设前提是C A．完全信息的假设B．完全竞争的假设 C．合乎理性的人的假设D．边际效用递减的假设 2．微观经济学所要论证的根本思想或目的是C A．一般均衡论B．“看不见的手”的原理 C．整个资本主义经济可以实现有效率的资源配置
西方经济学模拟试题一 二、单项选择题：从下列每小题的四个选项中，选出一项正确的，将其标号填在题后的括号内。（每小题 2 分，共20 分） 1.下列哪一项会导致某种商品需求曲线向左移动？（） A.消费者收入增加 B.互补品价格上升 C.替代品价格上升 D.该商品的价格下降 2.同一条无差异曲线上的不同点表示：（） A.效用水平相同，所消费的两种商品组合比例也相同 B.效用水平相同，所消费的两种商品组合比例却不同 C.效用水平不同，所消费的两种商品组合比例也不同 D.效用水平不同，所消费的两种商品组合比例却相同 3.利润最大化的原则是：（） A.边际成本小于边际收益 B.边际成本等于边际收益 C.边际成本大于边际收益 D.边际成本等于平均成本 4.下列哪一个不是垄断竞争的特征？（） A.企业数量很少 B.进出该行业容易 C.存在产品差别 D.企业忽略其竞争对手的反应 5.随着工资水平的提高：（） A.劳动的供给量一直增加 B.劳动的供给量先增加，但工资提高到一定水平后，劳动的供给不仅不会增加反而会减少 C.劳动的供给量增加到一定程度后就不会增加也不会减少了 D.劳动的供给量先减少，后增加 6.一年内在本国领土所生产的最终产品的市场价值总和被称为：（） A.国民生产总值 B.国内生产总值 C.国内生产净值 D.实际国内生产总值 7.由一种工作转换到另一种工作而导致的失业称为：（） A.总需求不足的失业 B.摩擦性失业 C.结构性失业 D.周期性失业 8.根据简单的凯恩斯主义模型，引起国内生产总值减少的原因是：（） A.消费减少 B.储蓄减少 C.消费增加 D.总供给减少 9.根据菲利普斯曲线，降低通货膨胀率的办法是：（） A.减少货币供给量 B.降低失业率 C.提高失业率 D.增加工资 10.紧缩性货币政策的运用导致：（） A.减少货币供给量，降低利率 B.增加货币供给量，提高利率 C.减少货币供给量，提高利率 D.增加货币供给量，降低利率 四、计算题（每小题 5 分，共10 分） 1.某种商品在价格由8元下降为6元时，需求量由20单位增加为30单位。用中点法计算这种商品的需求弹性，并说明属于哪一种需求弹性。 （1）已知P1＝8，P2＝6，Q1＝20，Q2＝30。将已知数据代入公式： （2）根据计算结果，需求量变动的比率大于价格变动的比率，故该商品的需求富有弹性。 2.某国的人口为2500万人，就业人数为1000万人，失业人数为100万人。计算该国的劳动力人数和失业率。 （1）劳动力包括失业者和就业者，即该国的劳动力为1000＋100＝1100万人。（2分） （2）该国的失业率为：100/1100＝0.09，即9％。（3分） （以上两个计算题仅列出公式或列出式子可给一半分，也可以不写公式，但要列出式子，没有式子不给分） 五、问答题（每小题15 分，共30 分） 1.总产量、边际产量与平均产量之间的关系是什么？如何根据这种关系确定一种要素的合理投入？ （1）总产量指一定量的某种生产要素所生产出来的全部产量。平均产量指平均每单位某种生产要素所生产出来的产量，边际产量指某种生产要素增加一单位所增加的产量。（3分） （2）总产量与边际产量的关系。当边际产量为零时，总产量达到最大，以后，当边际产量为负数时，总产量就会绝对减少。（4分） （3）平均产量与边际产量的关系。边际产量大于平均产量时平均产量是递增的，边际产量小于平均产量时平均产量是
第一章导论 一、名词解释 1、经济学 2、解释现象 3、验证 答案： 1、经济学：研究与人的行为有关的现象的科学。 2、解释现象：是指这样一个过程：对现象提出一个理论假说，并由此推出可验证的含义，然后加以验证。 3、验证：用观测到的事实与理论含义对照，以确定理论是否错误的过程。 二、判断题 1、经济模型对我们解释现实世界的价值是极为有限的，因为这些模型是从复杂多变的现实世界中抽象出来的。( ) 2、检验经济模型就要比较它的预期与现实世界的情况。( ) 3、“每个大学生都应该学一门经济学课程”是实证表述。（） 4、“中国应该限制私人小轿车的发展”。这是一个实证表述。（） 答案：1、错2、对3、错4、错 三、单项选择题 1、下列属于实证表述的是( )
A．通货膨胀对经济发展有利 B．通货膨胀对经济发展不利 C．只有控制货币量才能抑制通货膨胀 D．治理通货膨胀比减少失业更重要 2、检验经济模型的方法是( )。 A．检验它的假设是否现实 B．比较它的预期与事实 C．由权威的领导人或经济专家作出结论 D．以上各项都是 3、下列假设小不属于经济模型的关键假设 A．人们有偏好 B．人们要实现最优化或经济化 C．人们要受既定的资源与技术的限制 D．人们的选择是不协调的 答案：1、C 2、A 3、C 四、问答题 1、下面的论述中哪些是实证的，哪些是规范的?为什么? (1)治理通货膨胀比增加就业更重要。 (2)利率上升有利于增加储蓄。
(3)经济发展过程中出现收入差别扩大是正常的。 (4)效率比平等更重要。 (5)效率就是生产率的提高。 答案：(1)是规范表述。了含价值判断，表述了应该是什么的问题。 (2)是实证表述。不涉及应该提高利率还是降低利率。 (3)是实证表述。因为这也是对一种客观现象的描述，不涉及收入差别扩大是否应该的问题。 (4)是规范表述。因为强调效率更重要就表明认为一个经济应该实现效率优先。 (5)是实证表述。因为它只说明了效率是什么。 2、解释现象包含哪四个过程？ 答案：提出假设、建立理论模型、推出可验证的含义、验证。 第二章成本与收益 一、名词解释 1、理性人假设 2、成本 3、收益 答案： 1、理性人假设：是指人们在一定的约束条件下从自己的角度作出最好的决策 2、成本：是指人们选择时放弃的最大利益. 3、收益：指人们获得的稀缺资源。
精心整理 《西方经济学》试题 一、填空题（每空1分，共10分） 1．替代效应使价格上升的商品需求量__________，收入效应使价格上升的商品需求量__________。 2．垄断企业实行歧视定价可以实现更大的利润，其基本原则是对需求__________弹性的消费者收取低价，对需求_________弹性的消费者收取高价。 3 4．乘数的大小取决于 5 6．如果把1995年作为基期，物价指数为120，则从1995年到2001 7的货币政策，在经济繁荣时期，应该采用 分，共30分） 1 A B．微观经济学和宏观经济学 C．西方经济学和政治经济学D．理论经济学和应用经济学 2．如果需求的价格弹性为1/3，价格上升30%时需求量将（）。 A．增加10%B．减少10%C．增加90%D．减少90% 3．边际效用为零时的总效用（）。 A．等于0B．等于1C，降至最小D．达到最大
4．如果生产过程中存在规模收益递增，这意味着当企业生产规模扩大时（）。A．产量将保持不变B．产量增加的比率大于生产规模扩大的比率C．产量增加的比率小于生产规模扩大的比率D．产量增加的比率等于生产规模扩大的比率 5．机会成本是指（）。 A．作出某项选择时实际支付的费用或损失B．企业生产与经营中的各种实际支出C．作出一项选择时所放弃的其他若干种可能的选择中最好的一种D．作出一项选择时所放 弃的其他任何一种可能的选择 6 A．平均收益大于边际收益B C．平均收益小于边际收益D 7 A C．劳伦斯曲线向45 8 A C 9 被称为（）。 A．国民生产总值B．实际国内生产总值C．国内生产净值D．国内生产总值 10．由一种工作转换到另一种工作而导致的失业称为（）。 A．总需求不足的失业B．摩擦性失业C．结构性失业D．周期性失业 11．物价水平上升对总需求的影响可以表示为（）。 A．沿同一条总需求曲线向左上方移动B．沿同一条总需求曲线向右下方移动
国际经济学双语习题 3 International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 3.1 The Concept of Comparative Advantage 1) Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if A) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage. B) each country enjoys superior terms of trade. C) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods. D) each country has a more elastic supply for the exported goods. E) Both C and D. Answe r: A
Question Previous Edition Status: 2) In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ________ unit labor requirements one A) two B) three C) four D) five E) Answe D r: Previous Edition Question Status: 3) A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because it is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it A) could alternatively. is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it B) could domestically. is producing exports using fewer labor units. C) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units. D) None of the above. E) B Answe r: Previous Edition Question Status:
西方经济学题库答案整理（名词解释部分） 1、需求：需求是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够购买的商品的数量。经济学意义上的需求是指既有购买欲望又有购买能力的有效需求。一般而言，消费者对商品的需求量与其价格成反方向运动。消费者消费商品的数量不仅取决于该商品的价格，也受到相关商品的价格、消费者的收入、消费者的偏好和消费者对商品价格的预期等因素的影响。 2、供给：商品的供给是指生产者在一定时期内，在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的商品的数量。一般来说，商品的价格越高，生产者提供的产量就越大，反之，则提供的产量越小。一种商品的供给量不仅取决于该商品的价格，也受到生产该商品的成本、生产的技术水平，相关商品的价格和生产者对未来的预期等因素的影响。 3、均衡价格：使得供给量恰好等于需求量时的市场价格水平。在市场上，由于供给和需求力量的相互作用，市场价格趋向于均衡价格。如果市场价格高于均衡价格，则市场上出现超额供给，超额供给使市场价格趋于下降；反之，如果市场价格低于均衡价格，则市场上出现超额需求，超额需求使市场价格趋于上升直至均衡价格。因此，市场竞争使市场稳定于均衡价格。 4、需求弹性：需求价格弹性的简称。它表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的相对变动对于该商品的价格的相对变动的反应程度。需求弹性的大小通常用弹性系数来表示，需求弹性系数等于商品需求量的变动率与价格变动率之比。依照于所考察的需求曲线上区间范围的不同，需求弹性可分为需求弧弹性和需求点弹性。 5、边际效用：效用分为总效用和边际效用。总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。边际效用量的大小在消费者的决策中具有重要作用。 6、消费者均衡：消费者的效用达到最大并且不再变的一种状态。基数效用论的消费者均衡是消费者在既定收入约束下实现效用函数值最大，实现均衡的条件是消费者购买的每种商品的边际效用与其价格之比相等。即：MU1/P1＝MU2/P2…MU n/P n=λ。其中，λ为货币的边际效用。在序数效用理论条件下，当无
第一章国民收入得核算 一、单项选择题 1、在考察一个民族(包括人力与非人力得)全部财富时,下列哪项不应包括进来[ ] A、国家公路 B、海洋中得鱼 C、某一公司股票得所有权 D、一个大得发电机 E、以上说法均不准确 2、当在某一时期,产出没能全部消费时,国民财富将[ ] A、增加 B、保持不变 C、减少 D、增加或减少 E、以上说法均不准确 3、在国民收入体系中,测度一定时期所有最终产品与劳务得货币价值量得就是[ ] A、国民收入 B、国内生产总值 C、国内生产净值 D、可支配收入总与 E、以上说法均不准确 4、下列哪一项不就是要素收入[ ] A、业主收入 B、雇员报酬 C、公司转移支付 D、股息 E、个人租金收入 5、下列哪一项不就是公司间接税[ ] A、销售税 B、公司利润税 C、货物税 D、公司财产税 E、以上各项都不就是 6、为从国民收入中获得个人收入,不用减去下列哪一项[ ] A、社会保障金 B、公债利息 C、公司利润税 D、公司未分配利润 E、以上各项都不就是 7、下列哪一项不就是转移支付[ ] A、退伍军人津贴 B、失业救济金 C、贫困家庭补贴 D、退休人员得退休金 E、以上答案都不对
8、1955年得GDP以当年价计算为3980亿元,1965年得GDP以当年价计算为6760亿元,相当得价格指数1955年为91,1965年为111,那么,1955年与1965年得GDP实际值[ ] A、保持不变 B、增长约40% C、增长约70% D、增长约90% E、增长约20% 9、在一般情况下,国民收入核算体系中数值最小得就是[ ] A、国内生产净值 B、个人收入 C、个人可支配收入 D、国民收入 E、国内生产总值 10、下列哪一项应计入GDP中[ ] A、面包厂购买得面粉 B、购买40股股票 C、家庭主妇购买得面粉 D、购买政府债券 E、以上各项都不应计入 11、已知:消费额=6亿,投资额=1亿,间接税=1亿,政府用于商品与劳务得支出额=1、5亿,出口额=2亿,进口额=1、8亿[ ] A、NDP=8、7亿 B、GDP=7、7亿 C、GDP=8、7亿 D、NDP=5亿 E、以上数字均不准确 12、计入国内生产总值得有[ ] A、家庭主妇得家务劳动折合成得收入 B、拍卖毕加索作品得收入 C、出售股票得收入 D、晚上为邻居瞧儿童得收入 E、从政府那里获得得困难补助收入 13、已知某国得资本存量在年初时为2000亿元,该国在本年度生产了500亿元得资本品,资本消耗折扣就是300亿元、这样,该国在本年度得总投资与净投资分别就是( ) A、500与200亿元 B、2500与2200亿元 C、500与300亿元 D、2300与500亿元 E、以上结果都不对 14、在国民收入核算体系中,计入GDP得政府支出就是指( ) A、政府购买物品得支出 B、政府购买物品与劳务得支出 C、政府购买物品与劳务得支出加上政府得转移支出之与 D、政府工作人员得薪金与政府转移支出
一、名词解释 1、供给是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量 2、均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 3、边际效用递减规律在一定时间内，在其它商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。 4、引致需求由消费者对产品的直接需求所引发的厂商对生产要素的需求被称为引致需求。 5、消费函数通常,随着收入的增加,消费也会增加,但不及收入增加的快,即边际消费倾向递减。消费和收入的这种关系称作消费函数或消费倾向，用公式表示为：C=C(Y)。 6、成本推动的通货膨胀又称为成本通货膨胀或供给通货膨胀，是指在没有超额需求的情况下由于供给方面成本的提高所引起的一般价格水平持续和显著的上涨。 二、简答题 1、需求变动的含义是什么？简要说明需求变动的诸因素。需求变动是由非价格因素而引起的需求量的变化。也就是说在商品本身的价格不变时，由其他因素变动而引起的需求量变化，这种变化表现为需求曲线位置的移动主要的因素有：该商品的价格、消费者的收入水平、相关商品的价格、消费者的偏好、消费者对该商品的价格预期。 2.简述凯恩斯的乘数理论，并指出其发挥作用的条件。乘数理论在凯恩斯就业理论中具有重要地位，因为凯恩斯认定，由于消费需求不足而造成的总需求不足，主要靠投资来弥补；在私人投资不足的情况下，尤其要靠政府增加公共工程投资支出来解决，在这里，说明增加投资或政府支出会使收入和就业若干倍的增加的理论就是乘数理论。 条件：一是社会中过剩生产能力的大小；二是投资和储蓄决定的相互独立性；三是货币供给量增加能否适应支出增加的需要；四是增加的收入不能用于购买进口货物，否则GDP增加会受到限制。 3.简述西方宏观的财政政策及财政政策是如何调节宏观经济运行的。财政政策是为促进就业水平提高，减轻经济波动，防止通货膨胀，实现稳定增长而对政策支出、税收和借债水平所进行的选择，或对政府收入和支出水平所作的决策。 财政政策通过变动政府的收支，对国民收入产生乘数作用，进而达到调节宏观经济运行的目的。财政政策是逆经济风向行事的。当经济的总需求不足时，失业增加，政府通过削减税收、降低税率、增加支出等措施刺激总需求。反之，当总需求过高时，出现通货膨胀，政府则增加税收或削减开支以抑制总需求。 三、论述题 1.分析说明需求的价格弹性与收益之间的关系及其对管理的意义。 答：商品的需求弹性表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反映程度。 我们知道，厂商的销售收入等于商品的价格乘以商品的销售量。在此假定厂商的商品销售量等于市场上对其商品的需
上篇：微观经济学 第一章导论 一、简释下列基本概念： 1.稀缺 2.自由物品 3.经济物品 3.机会成本 4.生产可能性边界 5.自给经济 6. 计划经济 7.市场经济 8.混合经济 9.微观经济学 10.宏观经济学 11.实证分析 12. 规范分析 13.存量 14.流量 15.局部均衡 16.一般均衡 17.理性人 18.内生变量 19.外生变量。 二、单选题： 1．经济物品是指( ) A．有用的物品 B．稀缺的物品 C．要用钱购买的物品 D．有用且稀缺的物品 2.一国生产可能性曲线以内一点表示( ) A．通货膨胀 B．失业或者说资源没有被充分利用 C．该国可能利用的资源减少以及技术水平降低 D．一种生产品最适度产出水平 3.生产可能性曲线说明的基本原理是( ) A．一国资源总能被充分利用； B．假定所有经济资源能得到充分利用，则只有减少Y物品生产才能增加X物品的生产 C．改进技术引起生产可能性曲线向内移动 D．经济能力增长唯一决定于劳动力数量 4.下列命题中哪一个不是实证分析命题？( ) A．1982年8月联储把贴现率降到10％ B．1981年失业率超过9％ C．联邦所得税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 D．社会保险税的课税依据现在已超过30000美元 5.以下问题中哪一个不属微观经济学所考察的问题？( ) A．一个厂商的产出水平 B．失业率的上升或下降 C．联邦货物税的高税率对货物销售的影响 D．某一行业中雇佣工人的数量 6. 经济学家提出模型的主要理由是( ) A．一个模型为验证一种假设所必需 B一个模型可帮助弄清和组织对一个论点的思考过程 C．一个模型为决定一个指数所必需 D．只有模型中才可使用实际变量 7.微观经济学是经济学的一个分支，主要研究( )。 A.市场经济 B.个体行为 C.总体经济活动 D.失业和通货膨胀等 8.宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支，主要研究( )。 A.计划经济 B.经济总体状况，如失业与通货膨胀 C.不发达国家经济增长 D.计算机产业的价格决定问题 9.实证经济学( )。 A.关注应该是什么 B.主要研究是什么，为什么，将来如何