模具高速铣削加工技术
材料加工技术杂志140（2003）248–254
文件版本1.0,2010年2月,e-Xstream工程,2010年版权
施普林格出版社2006年伦敦有限公司
摘要
数控高速切削加工作为模具制造中最为重要的一项先进制造技术，是集高效、优质、低耗于一身的先进制造技术，相对于传统的切削加工，其切削速度、进给速度有了很大的提高，而且切削机理也不相同在这篇文章中介绍了高速铣削在模具加工中的应用以及影响，并简要的介绍了高速铣削机床的结构、控制系统和刀具。对高速加工的工艺进行了简单的分析。
关键词高速铣削；模具加工
前言
在现代模具生产中，随着对塑件的美观度及功能要求得越来越高，塑件内部结构设计得越来越复杂，模具的外形设计也日趋复杂，自由曲面所占比例不断增加，相应的模具结构也设计得越来越复杂。这些都对模具加工技术提出了更高要求，不仅应保证高的制造精度和表面质量，而且要追求加工表面的美观。随着对高速加工技术研究的不断深入，尤其在加工机床、数控系统、刀具系统、CAD/CAM 软件等相关技术不断发展的推动下，高速加工技术已越来越多地应用于模具型腔的加工与制造中。
数控高速切削加工作为模具制造中最为重要的一项先进制造技术，是集高效、优质、低耗于一身的先进制造技术。相对于传统的切削加工，其切削速度、进给速度有了很大的提高，而且切削机理也不相同。高速切削使切削加工发生了本质性的飞跃，其单位功率的金属切除率提高了30%~40%，切削力降低了30%，刀具的切削寿命提高了70%，留于工件的切削热大幅度降低，低阶切削振动几乎消失。随着切削速度的提高，单位时间毛坯材料的去除率增加了，切削时间减少了，加工效率提高了，从而缩短了产品的制造周期，提高了产品的市场竞争力。同时，高速加工的小量快进使切削力减少了，切屑的高速排出减少了工件的切削力和热应力变形，提高了刚性差和薄壁零件切削加工的可能性。由于切削力的降
低，转速的提高使切削系统的工作频率远离机床的低阶固有频率，而工件的表面粗糙度对低阶频率最为敏感，由此降低了表面粗糙度。在模具的高淬硬钢件(HRC45~HRC65)的加工过程中，采用高速切削可以取代电加工和磨削抛光的工序，从而避免了电极的制造和费时的电加工，大幅度减少了钳工的打磨与抛光量。对于一些市场上越来越需要的薄壁模具工件，高速铣削也可顺利完成，而且在高速铣削CNC加工中心上，模具一次装夹可完成多工步加工。
高速加工技术对模具加工工艺产生了巨大影响，改变了传统模具加工采用的“退火→铣削加工→热处理→磨削”或“电火花加工→手工打磨、抛光”等复杂冗长的工艺流程，甚至可用高速切削加工替代原来的全部工序。高速加工技术除可应用于淬硬模具型腔的直接加工(尤其是半精加工和精加工)外，在EDM电极加工、快速样件制造等方面也得到了广泛应用。大量生产实践表明，应用高速切削技术可节省模具后续加工中约80%的手工研磨时间，节约加工成本费用近30%，模具表面加工精度可达1 m，刀具切削效率可提高1倍。
高速铣削加工机床
高速切削技术是切削加工技术的主要发展方向之一，它随着CNC技术、微电子技术、新材料和新结构等基础技术的发展而迈上更高的台阶。由于模具加工的特殊性以及高速加工技术的自身特点，对模具高速加工的相关技术及工艺系统(加工机床、数控系统、刀具等)提出了比传统模具加工更高的要求。
高稳定性的机床支撑部件
高速切削机床的床身等支撑部件应具有很好的动、静刚度，热刚度和最佳的阻尼特性。大部分机床都采用高质量、高刚性和高抗张性的灰铸铁作为支撑部件材料，有的机床公司还在底座中添加高阻尼特性的聚合物混凝土，以增加其抗振性和热稳定性，这不但可保证机床精度稳定，也可防止切削时刀具振颤。采用封闭式床身设计，整体铸造床身，对称床身结构并配有密布的加强筋等也是提高机床稳定性的重要措施。一些机床公司的研发部门在设计过程中，还采用模态分析和有限元结构计算等，优化了结构，使机床支撑部件更加稳定可靠。
机床主轴
高速机床的主轴性能是实现高速切削加工的重要条件。高速切削机床主轴的
转速范围为10000~100000m/min，主轴功率大于15kW。通过主轴压缩空气或冷却系统控制刀柄和主轴间的轴向间隙不大于0.005mm。还要求主轴具有快速升速、在指定位置快速准停的性能(即具有极高的角加减速度)，因此高速主轴常采用液体静压轴承式、空气静压轴承式、热压氮化硅（Si3N4）陶瓷轴承磁悬浮轴承式等结构形式。润滑多采用油气润滑、喷射润滑等技术。主轴冷却一般采用主轴内部水冷或气冷。
机床驱动系统
为满足模具高速加工的需要，高速加工机床的驱动系统应具有下列特性：(1)高的进给速度。
研究表明，对于小直径刀具，提高转速和每齿进给量有利于降低刀具磨损。目前常用的进给速度范围为20~30m/min，如采用大导程滚珠丝杠传动，进给速度可达60m/min；采用直线电机则可使进给速度达到120m/min。
(2)高的加速度。
对三维复杂曲面廓形的高速加工要求驱动系统具有良好的加速度特性，要求提供高速进给的驱动器(快进速度约40m/min，3D轮廓加工速度为10m/min)，能够提供0.4m/s2到10m/s2的加速度和减速度。
机床制造商大多采用全闭环位置伺服控制的小导程、大尺寸、高质量的滚珠丝杠或大导程多头丝杠。随着电机技术的发展，先进的直线电动机已经问世，并成功应用于CNC机床。先进的直线电动机驱动使CNC机床不再有质量惯性、超前、滞后和振动等问题，加快了伺服响应速度，提高了伺服控制精度和机床加工精度。数控系统
先进的数控系统是保证模具复杂曲面高速加工质量和效率的关键因素，模具高速切削加工对数控系统的基本要求为：
a. 高速的数字控制回路(Digital control loop)，包括：32位或64位并行处理器及1.5Gb以上的硬盘；极短的直线电机采样时间。
b. 速度和加速度的前馈控制(Feed forward control)；数字驱动系统的爬行控制(Jerk control)。
c. 先进的插补方法( 基于NURBS的样条插补)，以获得良好的表面质量、精确的尺寸和高的几何精度。
d. 预处理(Look-ahead)功能。要求具有大容量缓冲寄存器，可预先阅读和检查多个程序段(如DMG机床可多达500个程序段，Simens系统可达1000~2000个程序段)，以便在被加工表面形状(曲率)发生变化时可及时采取改变进给速度等措施以避免过切等。
e. 误差补偿功能，包括因直线电机、主轴等发热导致的热误差补偿、象限误差补偿、测量系统误差补偿等功能。此外，模具高速切削加工对数据传输速度的要求也很高。
f. 传统的数据接口，如RS232串行口的传输速度为19.2kb，而许多先进的加工中心均已采用以太局域网(Ethernet)进行数据传输，速度可达200kb。
冷却润滑
高速加工采用带涂层的硬质合金刀具，在高速、高温的情况下不用切削液，切削效率更高。这是因为：铣削主轴高速旋转，切削液若要达到切削区，首先要克服极大的离心力；即使它克服了离心力进入切削区，也可能由于切削区的高温而立即蒸发，冷却效果很小甚至没有；同时切削液会使刀具刃部的温度激烈变化，容易导致裂纹的产生，所以要采用油/气冷却润滑的干式切削方式。这种方式可以用高压气体迅速吹走切削区产生的切削，从而将大量的切削热带走，同时经雾化的润滑油可以在刀具刃部和工件表面形成一层极薄的微观保护膜，可有效地延长刀具寿命并提高零件的表面质量。
高速切削加工的刀具
刀具是高速切削加工中最活跃重要的因素之一，它直接影响着加工效率、制造成本和产品的加工精度。刀具在高速加工过程中要承受高温、高压、摩擦、冲击和振动等载荷，高速切削刀具应具有良好的机械性能和热稳定性，即具有良好的抗冲击、耐磨损和抗热疲劳的特性。高速切削加工的刀具技术发展速度很快，应用较多的如金刚石(PCD)、立方氮化硼(CBN)、陶瓷刀具、涂层硬质合金、(碳)氮化钛硬质合金TIC(N)等。
在加工铸铁和合金钢的切削刀具中，硬质合金是最常用的刀具材料。硬质合金刀具耐磨性好，但硬度比立方氮化硼和陶瓷低。为提高硬度和表面光洁度，采用刀具涂层技术，涂层材料为氮化钛(TiN)、氮化铝钛(TiALN)等。涂层技术使涂层由单一涂层发展为多层、多种涂层材料的涂层，已成为提高高速切削能力的关
键技术之一。直径在10~40mm范围内，且有碳氮化钛涂层的硬质合金刀片能够加工洛氏硬度小于42的材料，而氮化钛铝涂层的刀具能够加工洛氏硬度为42甚至更高的材料。高速切削钢材时，刀具材料应选用热硬性和疲劳强度高的P类硬质合金、涂层硬质合金、立方氮化硼（CBN）与CBN复合刀具材料（WBN）等。切削铸铁，应选用细晶粒的K类硬质合金进行粗加工，选用复合氮化硅陶瓷或聚晶立方氮化硼（PCNB）复合刀具进行精加工。精密加工有色金属或非金属材料时，应选用聚晶金刚石PCD或CVD金刚石涂层刀具。选择切削参数时，针对圆刀片和球头铣刀，应注意有效直径的概念。高速铣削刀具应按动平衡设计制造。刀具的前角比常规刀具的前角要小，后角略大。主副切削刃连接处应修圆或导角，来增大刀尖角，防止刀尖处热磨损。应加大刀尖附近的切削刃长度和刀具材料体积，提高刀具刚性。在保证安全和满足加工要求的条件下，刀具悬伸尽可能短，刀体中央韧性要好。刀柄要比刀具直径粗壮，连接柄呈倒锥状，以增加其刚性。尽量在刀具及刀具系统中央留有冷却液孔。球头立铣刀要考虑有效切削长度，刃口要尽量短，两螺旋槽球头立铣刀通常用于粗铣复杂曲面，四螺旋槽球头立铣刀通常用于精铣复杂曲面。
模具高速加工工艺
高速加工包括以去除余量为目的的粗加工、残留粗加工，以及以获取高质量的加工表面及细微结构为目的的半精加工、精加工和镜面加工等。
粗加工
模具粗加工的主要目标是追求单位时间内的材料去除率，并为半精加工准备工件的几何轮廓。高速加工中的粗加工所应采取的工艺方案是高切削速度、高进给率和小切削用量的组合。等高加工方式是众多CAM软件普遍采用的一种加工方式。应用较多的是螺旋等高和等Z轴等高两种方式，也就是在加工区域仅一次进刀，在不抬刀的情况下生成连续光滑的刀具路径，进、退刀方式采用圆弧切入、切出。螺旋等高方式的特点是，没有等高层之间的刀路移动，可避免频繁抬刀、进刀对零件表面质量的影响及机械设备不必要的耗损。对陡峭和平坦区域分别处理，计算适合等高及适合使用类似3D偏置的区域，并且可以使用螺旋方式，在很少抬刀的情况下生成优化的刀具路径，获得更好的表面质量。在高速加工中，一定要采取圆弧切入、切出连接方式，以及拐角处圆弧过渡，避免突然改变刀具
进给方向，禁止使用直接下刀的连接方式，避免将刀具埋入工件。加工模具型腔时，应避免刀具垂直插入工件，而应采用倾斜下刀方式(常用倾斜角为20°~30°)，最好采用螺旋式下刀以降低刀具载荷。加工模具型芯时，应尽量先从工件外部下刀然后水平切入工件。刀具切入、切出工件时应尽可能采用倾斜式(或圆弧式)切入、切出，避免垂直切入、切出。采用攀爬式切削可降低切削热，减小刀具受力和加工硬化程度，提高加工质量。
半精加工
模具半精加工的主要目标是使工件轮廓形状平整，表面精加工余量均匀，这对于工具钢模具尤为重要，因为它将影响精加工时刀具切削层面积的变化及刀具载荷的变化，从而影响切削过程的稳定性及精加工表面质量。
粗加工是基于体积模型，精加工则是基于面模型。以前开发的CAD/CAM系统对零件的几何描述是不连续的，由于没有描述粗加工后、精加工前加工模型的中间信息，故粗加工表面的剩余加工余量分布及最大剩余加工余量均是未知的。因此应对半精加工策略进行优化以保证半精加工后工件表面具有均匀的剩余加工余量。优化过程包括：粗加工后轮廓的计算、最大剩余加工余量的计算、最大允许加工余量的确定、对剩余加工余量大于最大允许加工余量的型面分区(如凹槽、拐角等过渡半径小于粗加工刀具半径的区域)以及半精加工时刀心轨迹的计算等。
现有的模具高速加工C A D /CAM软件大都具备剩余加工余量分析功能，并能根据剩余加工余量的大小及分布情况采用合理的半精加工策略。如MasterCAM 软件提供了束状铣削(Pencil milling)和剩余铣削(Rest milling)等方法来清除粗加工后剩余加工余量较大的角落以保证后续工序均匀的加工余量。
精加工
模具的高速精加工策略取决于刀具与工件的接触点，而刀具与工件的接触点随着加工表面的曲面斜率和刀具有效半径的变化而变化。对于由多个曲面组合而成的复杂曲面加工，应尽可能在一个工序中进行连续加工，而不是对各个曲面分别进行加工，以减少抬刀、下刀的次数。然而，由于加工中表面斜率的变化，如果只定义加工的侧吃刀量(Step over)，就可能造成在斜率不同的表面上实际步距不均匀，从而影响加工质量。
一般情况下，精加工曲面的曲率半径应大于刀具半径的1.5倍，以避免进给方向的突然转变。在模具的高速精加工中，在每次切入、切出工件时，进给方向的改变应尽量采用圆弧或曲线转接，避免采用直线转接，以保持切削过程的平稳性。
结束语
高速切削技术是切削加工技术的主要发展方向之一，目前主要应用于汽车工业和模具行业，尤其是在加工复杂曲面的领域、工件本身或刀具系统刚性要求较高的加工领域等，是多种先进加工技术的集成，其高效、高质量为人们所推崇。它不仅涉及到高速加工工艺，而且还包括高速加工机床、数控系统、高速切削刀具及CAD/CAM技术等。模具高速加工技术目前已在发达国家的模具制造业中普遍应用，而在我国的应用范围及应用水平仍有待提高，由于其具有传统加工无可比拟的优势，仍将是今后加工技术必然的发展方向。
Mold high speed milling processing technology
The abstract Introduced the high speed milling in the mold processing application as well as the influence, and brief introduction high speed milling engine
bed structure, control system and cutting tool. Has carried on the simple analysis to the high speed processing craft.
Key word high speed milling; mold processing
First, foreword
In the modern mold production, along with to models artistic and the function must obtain more and more high, models the internal structure to design more and more complex, the mold contour design day by day is also complex, the free curved surface accounts for the proportion to increase unceasingly, the corresponding mold structure also designs more and more complex. These all set a higher request to the mold processing technology, not only should guarantee the high manufacture precision and the surface quality, moreover must pursue the processing surface artistic. Along with is unceasingly thorough to the high speed processing engineering research, is processing the engine bed, the numerical control system, the cutting tool system, CAD/ especially Correlation technology and so on CAM software develops unceasingly under the impetus, high speed processes the technology more and more many to apply in the mold cavity processing and the manufacture.
The numerical control high-speed cutting processing took in the mold manufacture a most important advanced manufacture technology, is the collection is highly effective, high quality, the low consumption in a body advanced manufacture technology. Is opposite in the traditional machining, its cutting speed, entered to the speed had the very big enhancement, moreover cut the mechanism not to be same. The high-speed cutting caused the machining to have the leap, its specific power metal excision rate enhanced 30%~40%, the cutting force reduced 30%, the cutting tool working durability enhanced 70%, remained hotly large scale reduces in the work piece cutting, the low step shudder vanished nearly. Along with the cutting speed enhancement, unit time semifinished materials material removing rate increased, the cutting time reduced, the processing efficiency enhanced, thus reduced the product
manufacture cycle, enhanced the product market competitive power. At the same time, the high speed processing small amount entered quickly causes the cutting force to reduce, the scrap high speed discharged reduced the work piece cutting force and the thermal load distorts, enhances the rigidity to be bad and the thin wall components machining possibility. Because cutting force reducing, the rotational speed enhancement causes the cutting system the operating frequency to be far away the engine bed the low step natural frequency, but the work piece surface roughness is most sensitive to the low step frequency, from this reduced the surface roughness. In mold high hard steel stock (HRC45~HRC65) in the processing process, uses the high-speed cutting to be possible to substitute for the working procedure which the electrical finishing and rubs truncates polishes, thus has avoided the electrode manufacture and the time-consuming electrical finishing, large scale reduced fitter's polishing with to throw the light quantity. Thin wall mold work piece more and more needs which regarding some markets in, the high speed milling also may smoothly complete, moreover in the high speed milling CNC processing center, a mold attire clamps may complete the multiplex step of processing.
The high speed processing technology has had the huge influence to the mold processing craft, changed the traditional mold processing to use "the annealing→milling processing→heat treatment→to rub truncates" or "the electric spark machining→manually polishes, polishes" and so on the complex long technical process, even might use the high-speed cutting processing substitution original complete working procedure. The high speed processing technology besides may apply in the hard mold cavity direct processing (in particular half precision work and precision work), in EDM aspect and so on electrode processing, fast type manufacture also obtained the widespread application. The mass productions practice indicated that, the application high-speed cutting technology may save in the mold following processing 80% handwork to grind the time approximately, saves the processing cost expense nearly 30%, the mold face work precision may reach 1 m, the cutting tool cutting efficiency may enhance one time.
Second, high speed milling processing engine bed
The high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions, it along with foundation technology the and so on CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new material and new structure development but steps a higher stair. Because the mold processes particular as well as high speed processing technology own characteristic, (processed engine bed, numerical control system, cutting tool to the mold high speed processing related technology and the craft system and so on) proposed processed a higher request compared to the traditional mold.
1. High stable engine bed strut part
The high-speed cutting engine bed lathe bed and so on supports the part to be supposed to have very well moves, the static rigidity, hot rigidity and best damping characteristic. The majority of engine beds all use high grade, the high rigidity and Gao Kangzhang the gray iron took the strut part material, some engine bed companies also increase the high damping characteristic in the foundation polymer concrete, by increases its vibration-proof and the thermostability, this not only may guarantee the engine bed precision is stable, also may prevent when cutting the cutting tool inspires trembles. Uses the enclosed lathe bed design, the overall casting lathe bed, the symmetrical lathe bed structure and has the densely covered stiffener and so on also enhances the engine bed stable important measure. Some engine bed companies' research and development departments in design process, but also uses the modality analysis and the finite element structure computation and so on, optimized the structure, stably causes the engine bed strut part to be reliable.
2. Engine bed main axle
The high speed engine bed main axle performance is the realization high-speed cutting processing important condition. The high-speed cutting engine bed main axle rotational speed scope is 10000~100000m/Min, the main axle power is bigger than 15kW. Is not bigger than 0.005mm through the main axle compressed air of or axial play between the cooling system control hilt and the main axle. Also requests the
main axle to have the fast vertical speed, to assign the performance which the position is fast stops (namely to have extremely high angle addition and subtraction speed), therefore the high speed main axle often uses the liquid static pressure bearing type, the air static pressure bearing type, the thermo-compression nitriding silicon (Si3N4) the ceramic bearing magnetism aerosol bearing type isostructuralism form. Lubricates uses technology and so on oil gas lubrication, splash lubrication. The main axle cools uses the main axle interior water cooling generally or air cooled.
3. The engine bed actuates the system
In order to satisfy the mold high speed processing the need, high speed processes the engine bed the actuation system to be supposed to have the following characteristic:
(1) high entering for speed.
The research indicated that, regarding the minor diameter cutting tool, enhances the rotational speed and each tooth enters for the quantity is advantageous in reduces the cutting tool attrition. At present commonly used entering for the speed range is 20~30m/Min, like uses leads greatly the ball bearing guide screw transmission, enters may reach 60m/ for the speedMin; Uses the straight line electrical machinery then may enable to achieve 120m/ to the speedMin.
(2) high acceleration.
Has the good acceleration characteristic to the three dimensional complex curved surface silhouette high speed processing request actuation system, the request provides the driver which the high rapid advance or progress gives (to enter speed approximately 40m/ quicklyMin, the 3D outline processing speed is 10m/Min), can provide 0.4m/S2 to 10m/The s2 acceleration and reduces the speed.
The engine bed manufacturer mostly uses the entire closed loop position servo-control slightly to lead, the great size, the high grade ball bearing guide screw or leads greatly many guide screws. Along with the electrical machinery technology development, the advanced straight line electric motor already was published, and the success applied in the CNC engine bed. The advanced straight line direct motor drive
enable the CNC engine bed no longer to have the mass inertia, in advance, question and so on lag and vibration, sped up the servo speed of response, increased the servo-control precision and the engine bed processing precision.
4. Numerical control system
The advanced numerical control system is guaranteed the mold complex curved surface high speed processing quality and the efficiency key aspect, the mold high-speed cutting processing to the numerical control system basic request is:
A. High speed numerical control return route (Digital control loop), including: 32 or above 64 bit parallel processors and 1.5Gb hard disk; Extremely short straight line electrical machinery sampling time.
B. Speed and acceleration feed-forward control (Feed forward control); Digital actuation system crawling control (Jerk control).
C. Advanced inserts makes up the method (to insert based on the NURBS transect makes up), by obtains the good surface quality, the precise size and the high geometry precision.
D. Pretreatment (Look-ahead) function. The request has the large capacity cushion register, may read in advance and inspects many segments (for example the DMG engine bed to be possible to reach 500 segments, the Simens system may reach a 1000~2000 segment), in order to when is processed the superficial shape (curvature) changes may promptly adopt changes for measure and so on speed by avoids cutting and so on.
E. The error compensatory function, including because the straight line electrical machinery, the main axle and so on gives off heat the hot error which causes to compensate, the quadrantal error compensates, the measurement system error compensates and so on the function. In addition, the mold high-speed cutting processing very is also high to the data transmission speed request.
F. The traditional data connection, like the RS232 serial mouth transmission speed is
19.2kb, but many advanced processings centers have used the ether local area network (Ethernet) to carry on the data transmission, the speed may reach 200kb.
5. Cooling lubrication
The high speed processing uses the belt coating the hard alloy tools, in high speed, the high temperature situation does not need the cutting compound, the cutting efficiency to be higher. This is because: The milling main axle high speed revolves, the cutting compound if achieved the cutting area, first must overcome the enormous centrifugal force; Even if it overcame the centrifugal force to enter the cutting area, also was possible as a result of the cutting area high temperature but to evaporate immediately, the cooling effect very small did not even have; At the same time the cutting compound can cause the cutting tool edge of a sword the temperature intense change, is easy to cause the crack the production, therefore must pick the oil used/Gas cooling lubrication dry type cutting way. This way may use the compressed gas rapidly the cutting which the cutting area produces, thus the massive cuttings hotly will carry off, at the same time might forms extremely thin microscopic protective film after the atomization lubricating oil in the cutting tool edge of a sword and the work piece surface, but effectively will lengthen the cutting tool life and enhances the components the surface quality.
Third, high-speed cutting processing cutting tool
The cutting tool is in the high-speed cutting processing one of most active important factors, it is affecting the processing efficiency, the production cost and the product processing precision directly. The cutting tool must withstand load and so on high temperature, high pressure, friction, impact and vibration in the high speed processing process, the high-speed cutting cutting tool should have the good machine capability and the thermostability, namely has the good anti- impact, the wearability and resists heat the weary characteristic. The high-speed cutting processing cutting tool technological development speed is very quick, application many like diamonds (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic cutting tool, coating hard alloy, (carbon) titanium nitrides hard alloy TIC (N) and so on.
In the processing cast iron and in the alloy steel cutting tool, the hard alloy is the most commonly used cutting tool material. Hard alloy tools resistance to wear good,
but the solidity ratio cube boron nitride and the ceramics are low. In order to enhance degree of hardness and the superficially attractive fineness, uses the cutting tool coating technology, the coating material for the titanium nitrides (TiN), the aluminium nitride titanium (TiALN) and so on. The coating technology causes the coating by the sole coating development for multilayered, the many kinds of coating material coating, has become one of enhancement high-speed cutting ability essential technical. The diameter in the 10~40mm scope, also has the carbon titanium nitrides coating the hard alloy bit to be able to process the Luo river degree of hardness to be smaller than 42 materials, but the titanium nitrides aluminum coating cutting tool can process the Luo river degree of hardness is 42 even higher materials. When high-speed cutting steel products, the cutting tool material should select the hot rigidity and the fatigue strength high P kind of hard alloy, the coating hard alloy, the cubic boron nitride (CBN) and the CBN compound cutting tool material (WBN) and so on. The cutting cast iron, should select the fine grain K kind of hard alloy to carry on the rough machining, selects the compound nitrided silicon ceramics or the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCNB) the compound cutting tool carries on the precision work. When precise processing non-ferrous metal or nonmetallic material, should select crystal combination diamond PCD or the CVD diamond coating cutting tool. When choice cutting parameter, in view of the circular shear blade and a ball milling cutter, should pay attention to the effective diameter the concept. The high speed milling cutting tool should press the balance design manufacture. The cutting tool front angle must be smaller than the conventional cutting tool front angle, the clearance angle is slightly big. The host vice- cutting edge attachment point should the cavetto or the lead angle, increases the vertex angle, prevents the knife point place hot attrition. Should enlarge nearby the knife point the cutting edge length and the cutting tool material volume, enhances the cutting tool rigidity. Is safe in the guarantee and satisfies the processing request under the condition, the cutting tool hangs extends as far as possible short, cutter body central toughness is friends with. The hilt must be sturdier than the cutting tool diameter, connects the handle to assume but actually the pyramidal, by increases its rigidity. As far as possible central the refrigerant hole in
the cutting tool and the cutting tool system. A ball end mill must consider effectively cuts the length, the cutting edge must be as far as possible short, two spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the thick mill complex curved surface, four spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the fine mill complex curved surface.
Fourth, mold high speed processing craft
The high speed processing including take removes the remainder as the goal rough machining, the residual rough machining, as well as take gains the high grade processing surface and the slight structure as the goal half precision work, the precision work and the mirror surface processing and so on.
1. Rough machining
The mold rough machining essential target is pursues in the unit time material removing rate, and is half precision work preparation work piece geometry outline. In the high speed processing rough machining should adopt the craft plan is the high cutting speed, Gao Jin giving rate and the small cutting specifications combination. The contour processing way is one processing way which the multitudinous CAM software uses generally. Using is spiral contour and so on the Z axis contour two ways which are many, also is in processes the region only time to feed, in does not lift the knife in the situation to produce continuously the smooth cutting tool way, enters, draws back the knife way to use the circular arc to cut into, to cut. The spiral contour way characteristic is, has not waited the high level between the knife road migration, may avoid frequently lifting the knife, feeding to the components surface quality influence and mechanical device nonessential consuming. To is steep and the flat site processes separately, the computation suits contour and suits the use similar 3D bias the region, and may use the spiral way, in very little lifts the cutting tool way which the knife in the situation produces optimizes, obtains the better surface quality. In the high speed processing, certainly must adopt the circular arc to cut into, to cut the connection way, as well as the circular arc transition, avoids changing the cutting tool to enter suddenly for the direction, the prohibition use direct under knife
connection way, avoids burying the cutting tool the work piece. When processes the mold cavity, should avoid the cutting tool vertical insertion work piece under, but should use inclines the knife way (commonly used angle of bank for 20°~30°), best uses the screw type under knife by to reduce the cutting tool load. When processes the mold core, should under the knife then level cut into the work piece as far as possible first from the work piece. The cutting tool cuts into, cuts when the work piece should use as far as possible inclines the type (or round arc-type) cuts into, cuts, vertically avoids cutting into, cutting. Uses climbs up the type cutting to be possible to reduce the cutting heat, reduces the cutting tool stress and the work hardening degree, improves the processing quality.
2. Half precision work
The mold half precision work essential target is causes the work piece outline shape smoothly, surface finish remainder even, this especially is important regarding the tool steel mold, because it will affect time the precision work cutting tool layer of cutting area change and cutting tool load change, thus influence cutting process stability and precision work surface quality.
The rough machining is based on the volume model, the precision work then is based on the face mold. Before develops CAD/The CAM system to the components geometry description is not continual, after because has not described in front of the rough machining, the precision work processes the model the average information, therefore the rough machining surface surplus processing remainder distribution and the great surplus processing remainder is unknown. Therefore should fifty-fifty the precision work strategy carry on the optimization after to guarantee half precision work the work piece surface has the even surplus processing remainder. The optimized process includes: After the rough machining the outline computation, the great surplus processing remainder computation, the biggest permission processing remainder determination, is bigger than the biggest permission processing remainder the profile district (for example transition radius and so on scoop channel, corner is smaller than rough machining cutting tool radius region) as well as when half
precision work the knife heart path computation to the surplus processing remainder and so on.
The existing mold high speed processes CAD/The CAM software has the surplus processing remainder analysis function mostly, and can act according to the surplus processing remainder the size and the distribution situation uses the reasonable half precision work strategy. After like the MasterCAM software provided has tied the shape milling (Pencil milling) and the surplus milling (Rest milling) and so on the method eliminates the rough machining the surplus processing remainder big quoin by to guarantee the following working procedure even processing remainder.
3. Precision work
The mold high speed precision work strategy is decided by the cutting tool and the work piece contact point, but the cutting tool and the work piece contact point but changes along with the processing surface curved surface slope and the cutting tool effective radius change. Regarding by the complex curved surface processing which many curved surface combination but becomes, should carry on the continuous treating as far as possible in a working procedure, but is not carries on the processing separately to each curved surface, by reduces lifts the knife, under the knife number of times. However, because processes the superficial slope change, if only defines the processing the side to eat the knife quantity (Step over), possibly creates on the slope different surface the actual step of distance non-uniformity, thus influence processing quality.
In the ordinary circumstances, the precision work curved surface radius of curvature should be bigger than the cutting tool radius 1.5 times, by evades the no admittance to the direction suddenly transformation. In the mold high speed precision work, when each time cuts into, cuts the work piece, enters for the direction change should as far as possible use the circular arc or the curve switches over, avoids using the straight line to switch over, by maintains the cutting process the stability.
Fifth, concluding remark
The high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions, at present mainly applies in the automobile industry and the mold profession, in the processing complex curved surface domain, work piece itself or the cutting tool system rigidity request high processing domain and so on, is the many kinds of advanced processings technology integration in particular, its is highly effective high grade, esteems for the people. It not only involves to the high speed processing craft, moreover also includes high speed processes the engine bed, the numerical control is systematic, the high-speed cutting cutting tool and CAD/CAM technology and so on. The mold high speed processing technology generally has applied at present in the developed country mold manufacturing industry, but still waited for in our country's application scope and the application level the enhancement, because it had the tradition to process the incomparable superiority, still will be the next processing technology inevitable development direction.
Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号
外文资料翻译 资料来源：《模具设计与制造专业英语》 文章名：Chapter 3 Casting Dies 书刊名：《English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing》 作者：刘建雄王家惠廖丕博主编 出版社：北京大学出版社，2002 章节：Chapter 3 Casting Dies 页码：P51~P60 文章译名：铸造模具
Chapter 3 Casting Dies 3.1Casting The first castings were made during the period 4000~3000 B.C., using stone and metal molds for casting copper. Various casting processes have been developed over a long period of time, each with its own characteristics and applications, to meet specific engineering and service requirements. Many parts and components are made by casting, including cameras, carburetors, engine blocks, crankshafts, automotive components, agricultural and railroad equipment, pipes and plumbing fixtures, power tools, gun barrels, frying pans, and very large components for hydraulic turbines. Casting can be done in several ways. The two major ones are sand casting, in which the molds used are disposable after each cycle, and die casting, or permanent molding, in which the same metallic die is used thousands or even millions of times. Both types of molds have three common features. They both have a “plumbing” system to channel molten alloy into the mold cavity. These channels are called sprues, runners, and gates (Fig. 3-1). Molds may be modified by cores which form holes and undercuts or inserts that become an integral part of the casting. Inserts strengthen and reduce friction, and they may be more machinable than the surrounding metal. For example, a steel shaft when properly inserted into a die cavity results in an assembled aluminum step gear after the shot. After pouring or injection, the resulting castings require subsequent operations such trim-ming, inspection, grinding, and repairs to a greater or lesser extent prior to shipping. Premium-quality castings from alloys of aluminum or steel require x-ray soundness that will be acceptable by the customer. Certain special casting processes are precision-investment casting, low-pressure casting, and centrifugal casting.
冲压模具词汇 Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表
外文翻译及原文 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 【原文一】 CONCURRENT DESIGN OF PLASTICS INJECTION MOULDS Abstract The plastic product manufacturing industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most popular processes for making plastic parts is injection moulding. The design of injection mould is critically important to product quality and efficient product processing. Mould-making companies, who wish to maintain the competitive edge, desire to shorten both design and manufacturing leading times of the by applying a systematic mould design process. The mould industry is an important support industry during the product development process, serving as an important link between the product designer and manufacturer. Product development has changed from the traditional serial process of design, followed by manufacture, to a more organized concurrent process where design and manufacture are considered at a very early stage of design. The concept of concurrent engineering (CE) is no longer new and yet it is still applicable and relevant in today’s manuf acturing environment. Team working spirit, management involvement, total design process and integration of IT tools are still the essence of CE. The application of The CE process to the design of an injection process involves the simultaneous consideration of plastic part design, mould design and injection moulding machine selection, production scheduling and cost as early as possible in the design stage.
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 冲压模具设计 对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。 如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。 而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。 图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯
拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。 图2 板料成形原理 弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。 在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1
常用模具零件中英文对照表 2005-12-19 14:51:17???中国注塑网 入水：gate 进入位：gate location 水口形式：gate type 大水口：edge gate 细水口： pin-point gate 水口大小：gate size 转水口：switching runner/gate 唧嘴口径：sprue diameter 二、流道: runner 热流道：hot runner,hot manifold 热嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner 唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate 圆形流道：round(full/half runner 流道电脑分析：mold flow analysis :?[??n?l?s?s] 流道平衡:runner balance 热嘴：hot sprue 热流道板：hot manifold 发热管：cartridge heater 探针: thermocouples 插头：connector plug 插座： connector socket 密封/封料： seal 三、运水：water line 喉塞：line lpug 喉管：tube 塑胶管：plastic tube 快速接头：jiffy quick connector plug/socker 四、模具零件：mold components 三板模：3-plate mold 二板模：2-plate mold 边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin 边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing 中托司：shoulder guide bushing 中托边：guide pin 顶针板：ejector retainer plate 托板：support plate
济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on
冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： １．根据工艺性质分类 （1）冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 （2）弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线（弯曲线）产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 （3）拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 （4）成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。 ２．根据工序组合程度分类 （1）单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 （2）复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 （3）级进模（也称连续模）在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、镨元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化镨溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件 冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。
Landed plunger mold有肩柱塞式模具Burnishing die 挤光模 Landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具Button die镶入式圆形凹模 Loading shoe mold料套式模具Center-gated mold中心浇口式模具Loose detail mold 活零件模具 Chill mold 冷硬铸模 Loose mold 活动式模具 Cold hobbing冷挤压制模 Louvering die百叶窗冲切模Composite dies 复合模具 Manifold die分歧管模具 Counter punch反凸模 Modular mold 组合式模具 Double stack mold 双层模具 Multi-cavity mold多模穴模具Electroformed mold电铸成形模 Multi-gate mold复式浇口模具Expander die 扩径模 Offswt bending die双折冷弯模具Extrusion die 挤出模 Palletizing die 叠层模 Family mold反套制品模具 Plaster mold 石膏模 Blank through dies漏件式落料模Porous mold 通气性模具Duplicated cavity plate复板模Positive mold全压式模具 Fantail die扇尾形模具 Pressure die压紧模 Fishtail die鱼尾形模具 Profile die轮廓模 Flash mold 溢料式模具Progressive die顺序模 Gypsum mold 石膏铸模 Protable mold 手提式磨具 Hot-runner mold热流道模具Prototype mold 雏形试验模具 Ingot mold钢锭模 Punching die 落料模 Lancing die 切口模 Raising (embossing) 压花起伏成形Re-entrant mold 倒角式模具
第一篇译文（中文） 2.3注射模 2.3.1注射模塑 注塑主要用于热塑性制件的生产，它也是最古老的塑料成型方式之一。目前，注塑占所有塑料树脂消费的30%。典型的注塑产品主要有杯子器具、容器、机架、工具手柄、旋钮（球形捏手）、电器和通讯部件（如电话接收器），玩具和铅管制造装置。 聚合物熔体因其较高的分子质量而具有很高的粘性；它们不能像金属一样在重力流的作用下直接被倒入模具中，而是需要在高压的作用下强行注入模具中。因此当一个金属铸件的机械性能主要由模壁热传递的速率决定，这决定了最终铸件的晶粒度和纤维取向，也决定了注塑时熔体注入时的高压产生强大的剪切力是物料中分子取向的主要决定力量。由此所知，成品的机械性能主要受注射条件和在模具中的冷却条件影响。 注塑已经被应用于热塑性塑料和热固性塑料、泡沫部分，而且也已经被改良用于生产反应注塑过程，在此过程中，一个热固树脂系统的两个组成部分在模具中同时被注射填充，然后迅速聚合。然而大多数注塑被用热塑性塑料上，接下来的讨论就集中在这样的模具上。 典型的注塑周期或流程包括五个阶段（见图2-1）： （1）注射或模具填充； （2）填充或压紧； （3）定型； （4）冷却； （5）零件顶出。 图2-1 注塑流程 塑料芯块（或粉末）被装入进料斗，穿过一条在注射料筒中通过旋转螺杆的作用下塑料芯块（或粉末）被向前推进的通道。螺杆的旋转迫使这些芯块在高压下对抗使它们受热融化的料筒加热壁。加热温度在265至500华氏度之间。随着压力增强，旋转螺杆被推向后压直到积累了足够的塑料能够发射。注射活塞迫使熔融塑料从料筒，通过喷嘴、浇口和流道系统，最后进入模具型腔。在注塑过程中，模具型腔被完全充满。当塑料接触冰冷的模具表面，便迅速固化形成表层。由于型芯还处于熔融状态，塑料流经型芯来完成模具的填充。典型地，在注塑过程中模具型腔被填充至95%~98%。 然后模具成型过程将进行至压紧阶段。当模具型腔充满的时候，熔融的塑料便开始冷却。由于塑料冷却过程中会收缩，这增加了收缩痕、气空、尺寸不稳定性等瑕疵。为了弥补收缩，额外的塑料就要被压入型腔。型腔一旦被填充，作用于使物料熔化的压力就会阻止模具型腔中的熔融塑料由模具型腔浇口处回流。压力一直作用到模具型腔浇口固化。这个过程可以分为两步（压紧和定型），或者一步完成（定型或者第二阶段）。在压紧过程中，熔化物通过补偿收缩的保压压力来进入型腔。固化成型过程中，压力仅仅是为了阻止聚合物熔化物逆流。
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 冲压模具设计 对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。 如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。
而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。 图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯 拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。
模具名词中英文对照表序号中文名英文名 1一、水口gate 2进水位gate location 3水口形式gate type 4大水口edge gate 5细水口pin-point gate 6水口大小gate size 7转水口switching gate 8唧嘴口径sprue diameter 9二、流道runner 10热流道hot runner 11冷流道cold runner 12唧嘴直流direct sprue gate 13圆形流道round runner 14模流分析mold flow analysis 15流道平衡runner balance 16热嘴hot sprue 17热流道板hot manifold 18发热管cartridge heater 19探针thermocouples 20插头connector plug 21插座connector socket 22密封/封料seal 23三、运水water line 24喉塞line pug 25喉管tube 26塑胶管plastic tube 27快速接头jiffy quick connector plug 28四、模具零件mold components 29三板模three-plate mold 模具名词中英文对照表 序号中文名英文名 30二板模two-plate mold 31边钉/ 导边leader pin /guide pin
32边司/ 导套bush in g/guide bush ing 33顶针板ejector retainer plate 34托板support plate 35螺丝screw 36管钉dowel pin 37开模槽ply bar score 38内模管位core/cavity inter-lock 39顶针ejector pin 40司筒ejector sleeve 41司筒针ejector pin 42推板stripper plate 43缩呵movable core 44扣机（尼龙拉勾）n yl on latch lock 45斜顶lifter 46模胚（架）mold base 47母模cavity in sert 48公模core insert 49行位（滑块）slide 50 镶件in sert 51压座/斜鸡wedge 52耐磨板/ 油板wedge wear plate 53压条plate 54撑头support pillar 55唧嘴sprue bushing 56挡板stop plate 57定位圈locating ring 58锁扣latch 模具名词中英文对照表 序号中文名英文名 59扣鸡parti ng lock set 60推杆push bar 61栓打螺丝S.H.S.B 62顶板ejector plate 63活动臂lever arm
注射模具的介绍 1.模具基本知识 1.1引言 我们日常生产、生活中所使用到的各种工具和产品，大到机床的底座、机身外壳，小到一个胚头螺丝、纽扣以及各种家用电器的外壳，无不与模具有着密切的关系。模具的形状决定着这些产品的外形，模具的加工质量与精度也就决定着这些产品的质量。因为各种产品的材质、外观、规格及用途的不同，模具分为了铸造模、锻造模、压铸模、冲压模等非射胶模具，以及射胶模具。近年来，随着射料工业的飞速发展和通用与工程射料在强度和精度等方面的不断提高，射料制品的应用范围也在不断扩大，如：家用电器、仪器仪表，建筑器材，汽车工业、日用五金等众多领域，射料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。一个设计合理的射料件往往能代替多个传统金属件。工业产品和日用产品射料化的趋势不断上升。 1.2 模具的一般定义 在工业生产中，用各种压力机和装在压力机上的专用工具，通过压力把金属或非金属材料制出所需形状的零件或制品，这种专用工具统称为模具。 1.3 模具的一般分类 可分为射胶模具及非射胶模具：（1）非射胶模具有：铸造模、锻造模、冲压模、压铸模等。 A．铸造模——水龙头、生铁平台 B．锻造模——汽车身 C．冲压模——计算机面板 D．压铸模——超合金，汽缸体（2）射胶模具根据生产工艺和生产产品的不同又分为：A．注射成型模——电视机外壳、键盘按钮（应用最普遍） B．吹气模——饮料瓶 C．压缩成型模——电木开关、科学瓷碗碟 D．转移成型模——集成电路制品 E．挤压成型模——胶水管、射胶袋 F．热成型模——透明成型包装外壳 G．旋转成型模——软胶洋娃娃玩具 注射成型是射料加工中最普遍采用的方法。该方法适用于全部热射性射料和部分热固性射料，制得的射料制品数量之大是其它成型方法望尘莫及的，作为注射成型加工的主要工具之一的注射模具，在质量精度、制造周期以及注射成型过程中的生产效率等方面水平高低，直接影响产品的质量、产量、成本及产品的更新，同时也决定着企业在市场竞争中的反应能力和速度。注射模具是由若干块钢板配合各种零件组成的，基本分为： A 成型装置（凹模，凸模） B 定位装置（导柱，导套） C 固定装置（工字板，码模坑） D 冷却系统（运水孔） E 恒温系统（加热管，发热线） F 流道系统（唧咀孔，流道槽，流道孔） G 顶出系统（顶针，顶棍） 1.4 模具的类型
模具名词中英文对照表 序号中文名英文名 1 一、水口gate 2 进水位gate location 3 水口形式gate type 4 大水口edge gate 5 细水口pin-point gate 6 水口大小gate size 7 转水口switching gate 8 唧嘴口径sprue diameter 9 二、流道runner 10 热流道hot runner 11 冷流道cold runner 12 唧嘴直流direct sprue gate 13 圆形流道round runner 14 模流分析mold flow analysis 15 流道平衡runner balance 16 热嘴hot sprue 17 热流道板hot manifold 18 发热管cartridge heater 19 探针thermocouples 20 插头connector plug 21 插座connector socket 22 密封/封料seal 23 三、运水water line 24 喉塞line pug 25 喉管tube 26 塑胶管plastic tube 27 快速接头jiffy quick connector plug 28 四、模具零件mold components 29 三板模three-plate mold
模具名词中英文对照表 序号中文名英文名 30 二板模two-plate mold 31 边钉/导边leader pin/guide pin 32 边司/导套bushing/guide bushing 33 顶针板ejector retainer plate 34 托板support plate 35 螺丝screw 36 管钉dowel pin 37 开模槽ply bar score 38 内模管位core/cavity inter-lock 39 顶针ejector pin 40 司筒ejector sleeve 41 司筒针ejector pin 42 推板stripper plate 43 缩呵movable core 44 扣机（尼龙拉勾）nylon latch lock 45 斜顶lifter 46 模胚（架）mold base 47 母模cavity insert 48 公模core insert 49 行位（滑块）slide 50 镶件insert 51 压座/斜鸡wedge 52 耐磨板/油板wedge wear plate 53 压条plate 54 撑头support pillar 55 唧嘴sprue bushing 56 挡板stop plate 57 定位圈locating ring 58 锁扣latch 模具名词中英文对照表 序号中文名英文名