Oil and gas seismic exploration of complex geological concepts and approaches to explore
Abstract In this paper, we discuss the development listory of refleection seismology for oil and gas prospecting in ourcountry and point out the contradiction between signal-to-noise ratio and resolution power in seismic prospecting. Wepropose opinions and solution approaches for complex geologic bodies aiming at the complicated curface and subsurfaceconditions of Precenozoic marine-phase residual basins of China which are characteristic of deep buried depth, long e-volution history, and many geologic actions. Hydrocarbon resources in our country aremostly stored in such complexgeologic bodies such as biogenic reef, oolitic shoal, crust of weathering, and burial hill. Therefore, we cannot entirelyfollow the experience of continental-phase hydrocarbon prospecting. under the guidance of mobilism geotectonic theo-ry and the prospecting experience of "Region constrains local, deep strata control shallow ones" we probe onto tempo-ral and spatial evolution rules of surveyed areas, design observation system for complex geologic bodies, apply forhighly dense and continuous acquisition technology, obtain reflected seismic data, and process data with high resolu-tion and signal-to-noise ratio. Thereby, seismic data acquistion, processing, and interpretation can be integrated. Thedifficulties of seismic acquistion in mountainous ares can be reduced and deep imaging data can be obtained. Finallyhyfrocarbon resources from complex geologic bodies can be explored in a new height; and thus seismic prospecting canplay an important role in the second round of exploitation of oil and gas resources in China.
Keywords seismic prospecting for oil and gas, precenozoic marine-phase residual basin, complex geological body,signal-to-noise ratio, resolution power
1.China's oil development and the second pioneering
Oil is an important strategic materials, it is related to socio-economic development, and even affect national security, national liberation, China's crude oil production of 120,000 tons. "Oil-poor" argument was widely circulated. After the liberation, in order tocontinental oil generation "theory as a guide, after years of hard work, and finally in 1959 in the Cretaceous strata of Daqing find a wealth of crude oil, and quickly developed into an annual output of 50 million tons, and high and stable yield to the national economic construction with a strongstrong support. subsequently, the Shengli Oilfield (1963), Liaohe Oilfield (1965) worked in the Tertiary continental clastic sedimentary basins of the industrial oil, and then in the Junggar, Tarim, Ordos and Sichuan Lustrata, as well as in the Bohai Sea, East China Sea continental shelf and the Pearl River Estuary, north Bay, new and old Tertiary sediments in the discovery of oil, and achieved an annual output of crude oil 167 million tons, ranking the world's crude oil production five Chinese oil and gas venture once made ??goodresults, however, since the reform and opening up, economic and social development, enhance the 1993 China's demand for oil and gas resources from crude oil-exporting countries into the importing country when imported 30 million tons of crude oil, crude oil imports in 2004 reached 123 milliont. in this case, oil and gas resources began to appear diverse arguments, oil-poor "On the resurgence of rising use of the voice of the international market oil and gas resources here, we should give full consideration to the oil and gas strategic materials, relationship to economic development.and national security, should and
can take advantage of the resources on the international market, but ignored or is not appropriate to relax the domestic land and sea oil and gas exploration. results show that the second evaluation of oil and gas resources, 94 billion tons of oil resources, exploration and development of only 22% of 380,000 cubic meters of natural gas resources, only the exploration of 7%, not to mention with the increase of the degree of exploration, resource evaluation figures inevitably will continue to grow, oil and gas exploration activities in space is very broad. proposed oil and gasthe second venture, the requirements based on domestic resources, and vigorously strengthen the exploration and development of Cenozoic relic basin in search of more and larger oil and gas fields [1], it is absolutely necessary, is also possible.
2. China's oil and gas exploration work in the course of development of reflection seismic
China's oil and gas exploration has gone through the arduous and tortuous course of development. However, at each stage of the difficulties encountered by the geophysical theory and methodological advances have been overcome, in order to find more oil and gas resources.
Early (1) oil and gas exploration, according to the exposed surface of the oil and gas Miao, recourse to the subsurface structure, discovered oil and gas fields in the 1930s, Mr. Sun Jianchu in the Hexi Corridor in accordance with the Poplar River oil groove oil and gas seedlings found Yumen anticline, the drilling of industrial oil flow seen in the old Tertiary continental clastic rocks, and later reach an annual output of 120,000 tons of crude oil [1].
(2) national liberation, with the accumulation of exploration experience, understanding of the reservoir formation in sedimentary basins, and are subject to the constraints of the source, reservoir, cover, transport, together, the coverage and a variety of conditions, according to Professor Pan Zhongxiang theory of continental oil generation (1943) [2], the application of geophysical (gravity, magnetic) and ground geological survey, to identify the regional geology of the sedimentary basins, and application of seismic reflection methods to identify the anticline (such as the Songliao Daqing long Yuan), and fault blocks (North Shengli Oilfield) found that the Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental oil and gas fields must be stated that the Songliao Basin seismic geological conditions are favorable, it is easy to obtain a good reflection with the phase axis, identify the structural traps, but the oil and gas exploration North China Plain, the excitation conditions and the reception conditions change, to reduce the signal to noise ratio, resulting in difficult to obtain continuous reflection events, to carry out studies of the combination method, and recognize that the combinatorial explosion and the combination of detector with directional effect, frequency effect and the statistical effects, can improve the signal to noise ratio. At the same time, the study of seismic instruments in the United States began to use analog tape technology to replace the record of the spot, and quickly developed a digital tape technology, applied computer processing of seismic data, it is very easy (CommonDepth Point) reflection of the overlay to achieve the common depth point seismic reflection method. In fact, the combination of law and common depth point method are seismic waves together and improve SNR, in seismograph accommodate the spot under the premise, only combination method; tape technology and the advancement of digital seismographs made to achieve the common depth point stacking faults complicate the fault block traps [3], which found in North China.
(3) construct found in almost all the earthquakes in eastern China are drilling test oil, also found that a very wide range of stratigraphic lithologic reservoir, which requires reflection seismic exploration and high-resolution capabilities. Exxon set up the successful experience of the Atlantic
passive continental margin and deepwater Gulf of Mexico basin seismic stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy, high-resolution reflection seismic data to distinguish between a variety of seismic facies, identification of sedimentary facies, and determine the depositional environment and the establishment of the strata sequence and the turbidite facies and delta front sequence phase, the level of HST, found concealed lithology reservoir, such as ancient river sand body [4] In recent years, the stratigraphic lithologic reservoirs exploration and development, provide a lot of oil and gas resources.
(4) If you find oil and gas in Mesozoic and Cenozoic continental clastic sedimentary basins of China's oil and gas exploration venture, then, open up new areas of pre-Cenozoic marine residual basins of oil and gas oil and gas exploration second pioneering work [5]. pre-Cenozoic marine residual basins with distinct characteristics, it is deeply buried, the evolutionary history of long withstood geological, resulting in surface and subsurface environment is extremely complex, oil and gas resources in the reservoir complex geological Therefore, It is different from the world's oil and gas exploration, can not completely borrowed the theory, methods and techniques of the Chinese continental oil and gas exploration, must be a concrete analysis of specific treatment is worth emphasizing that described the beginning of this century, oil and gas Not long after the second pioneering, oil and gas exploration news of success in Jiyang Depression application of prestack depth migration of seismic reflection, and overthrust nappe body under the action of the buried hill, ancient Shenghai 2 well, drilled to a depth of 2900 meters of industrial oil flow, Nissan 1059 tons of crude oil [6]; Subsequently, in the town parts of the car found a series of low buried hill, drilling to see oil; in the Huanghua Depression Qianmiqiao ancient potential Hill Well there are one thousand tons breakthrough [7]; Secondly, the the Daqing Placanticline southeast, Xujiaweizi region, the application of aeromagnetic and seismic reflection in the Jurassic volcanic rocks, huge reserves of natural gas fields [8] not only deepen understanding of the dialectical relationship between volcanic rocks and the reservoir, and given the application of magnetic survey to find the volcanic body, found an instance of the natural gas fields in combination with the earthquake; third, the Tarim Xayar uplift on, once drilling depth of 5800 m huge oil and gas in the top of the to the Ordovician unconformity dolomite weathering crust developed Tahe Paleozoic marine oil and gas fields, to estimate its reserves currently has more than 10 100 million t [9]; northeastern Sichuan S & P Everbright gas field in understanding the basis of regional seismic data on the slopes of the ancient shelf oolitic reef, and then in the Changxing Formation and Feixianguan Formation marine strata in the industrial gas stream, the proven reserves of more than one hundred billion cubic meters [10], and what you want, drill cloth in the distribution within the oolitic beach, there will be more discoveries in the Ordos, the Bohai also see the pre-Cenozoic marine oil and gas resources.
3. Petroleum complex geological knowledge and geophysical exploration methods Geophysical exploration methods and technology to solve the demand for oil and gas exploration tasks in the deepening and development, geophysical exploration is extremely active learn the latest achievements of mathematics, physics and engineering, continue to embark on an integrated innovative path of development. the basic problems of oil and gas exploration is the understanding of spatial and temporal evolution of sedimentary basins, according to the area constraints of local, deep constraints shallow "geological exploration experience under the guidance of the activities on the tectonic theory, the application of integrated geophysical method to explore the formation and evolution of the regional geological structure, which is conducive to hydrocarbon
accumulation in traps, for further detailed investigation, including the application of seismic reflection method of structural traps and stratigraphic lithologic traps, or the broader sense , a detailed study of complex geological bodies. Thus, to find oil and gas widely used in reflection seismic exploration proposed a series of refinement requirements:
(1) to further improve the resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the reflection seismic exploration, and able to adapt to the the mountain the high Doudi shape and complex geological conditions of acquisition, processing, interpretation integration.
(2) make full use of seismic, well logging, drilling data, to deepen understanding of the stratigraphy, lithology, efforts to eliminate multiple solutions for the interpretation of seismic reflection data.
(3) for the complex geological features play the role of the various geophysical methods to achieve a comprehensive study of complex geological bodies, found that the effect of oil and gas reservoirs, for example, the application of the residual gravity anomaly found buried hill, the application of high-precision magnetic survey delineated volcanic body by reflection seismic exploration must be a higher level in terms of equipment, observing systems, processing and interpretation to meet the needs of China's oil and gas secondary entrepreneurship:
(1) the seismic signal and interference (Rule interference and random interference) is a basic contradiction in the seismic exploration by the combination method (explosive combination of geophones) or common depth point stack can take advantage of the directivity effect and frequency effect to improve the letter noise ratio, the number of combinations of N, but also gives the statistical effects are.
(2) exploration of formation lithology, requiring high resolution, to take advantage of the seismic facies identified sedimentary facies, to determine the depositional environment and found the hidden oil and gas traps. To this end, mostly taken to improve the frequency and increase the bandwidth approach in the seismic exploration to improve resolution.
(3) in the complex terrain and complex geological exploration, it is necessary to improve the signal to noise ratio, and it must increase the resolution, however, the signal to noise ratio and resolution in the seismic exploration contradict each other, using the combination method, or a total depth of overlay, can improve the signal to noise ratio, increasing the exploration depth, but it reduces the ability to distinguish; the earth is a filter function, increased frequency and bandwidth, will not only reduce the signal to noise ratio will reduce the exploration depth.
(4) the current development trend of the seismic reflection acquisition, processing and interpretation of integration, but for the pre-Cenozoic marine residual basins of oil and gas exploration, the first must be based on geological targets and processing requirements, such as for complex terrain with complex geological body design optimal observing systems, demonstrate the offset arrangement of the length of the channel spacing and offset parameters, and data acquisition to obtain the highest resolution in the laboratory, through the electronic computer complete the portfolio and overlay, and to improve the signal to noise ratio, as well as deep domain migration.
(5) of rugged mountains and complex geological earthquake construction is extremely difficult, and very high intensity of labor, must cancel the seismic line, the introduction of a differential global positioning system (DGPS) to achieve high-density seismic acquisition, for which, it is recommended geophone, the use of digital (acceleration) sensor, the Global Positioning System, U-disk recording, and even local area network and even satellite transmission technology, high-density seismic acquisition, to obtain deep imaging data.
(6) the interpretation of seismic data processing, should be based on the "One, two, three, many"
[11] principle, in the activities on the connotation of global tectonic theory under the guidance of, firmly grasp the two aspects, namely, the link between Geology and Geophysics --- petrophysical and contact the qualitative and quantitative analysis between the model of Geology and Geophysics, qualitative and quantitative, forward and inverse closely combine the last several times with feedback, so that interpretation results continue to deepen the approximation on the basis of the spatial and temporal evolution of the correct answer so that the current oil and gas the second undertaking, requiring seismic exploration equipment, innovative, high-density collection, and collection, processing, interpretation, one of the principles of the laboratory to complete the combination, overlay, offset the preparation of the imaging software to overcome the difficulties of mountain collection, appropriate to make the geological interpretation, and to find more oil and gas fields.
4. Small knot
(1) pre-Cenozoic marine residual basins buried deep evolutionary history of long withstood many geological processes, so that the characteristics of surface and subsurface conditions are complex. Oil and gas resources are mostly stored in this complex geological body, such as organic reefs, ooliticBeach, weathering crust buried hill reservoir. for this reason, can not be completely borrowed a continental oil and gas exploration experience, but must make a concrete analysis of complex geological and specific treatment.
(2) seismic exploration is the science of observation. "For good work must first sharpen his tools". What seismic instruments to find oil and gas resources in the complex geological conditions of the current scientific and technological progress, we face an important issue.
(3) under the guidance of the activities on the tectonic theory, according to the area constraints of local, deep constraints shallow "exploration experience, to explore the spatial and temporal evolution of the surveyed area, the design of complex geological bodies Observing System, to take the high-density continuous acquisition technology. access to seismic reflection data, then the processing of high resolution and high signal to noise ratio, so that the seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation of integration, looking for new heights in complex geological oil and gas resources.
(4) According to the course of development of oil and gas exploration seismic reflection and experience, pointing out the contradiction between the SNR and the resolution seeks to address ways to reduce mountain acquisition difficult to obtain deep imaging complex geological seismic exploration information play an important role in the Chinese oil and gas secondary venture.
复杂地质体油气地震勘探的理念和方法途径探索
摘要论述了我国油气勘探工作中反射地震的发展历程,指出地震勘探中信噪比与分辨率之间的矛盾,针对中国前新生代海相残留盆地具有埋藏深、演化历史长、经受地质作用多,以致地表和地下条件都很复杂的特点,提出了复杂地质体油气地震勘探的理念和方法途径.我国油气资源多存储于复杂地质体如生物礁、鲕滩、风化壳、古潜山等储集体之中.不能完全搬
用陆相油气勘探的经验.应在活动论大地构造理论指导下,根据“区域约束局部,深层制约浅层”的勘探经验,探索测区的时空演化规律,设计复杂地质体的观测系统,采取高密度连续采集技术,获取反射地震资料,再进行高分辨率与高信噪比的处理,从而使地震采集、处理与解释一体化,减轻山地采集困难,获取深部成像资料,在新的高度上寻找在复杂地质体中的油气资源.使地震勘探能在中国油气二次创业中发挥重要作用.
关键词油气地震勘探前新生代海相残留盆地复杂地质体信噪比分辨率
1我国的石油开发和二次创业
石油是重要的战略物资.它关系到社会经济的发展,甚至会影响到国家安全.全国解放前,中国原油产量12万吨.当时广泛流传着“中国贫油”的论调.解放后,以“陆相生油”理论为指导,经过多年的艰苦奋斗,终于在1959年在大庆的白垩纪地层中找到丰富的原油,并迅速发展到年产5000万吨,而且高产稳产,给国民经济建设以强有力的支持.随后,在胜利油田(1963年)、辽河油田(1965年)又先后在第三纪陆相碎屑岩沉积盆地中发现工业油流,进而在准噶尔、塔里木、鄂尔多斯和四川的陆相地层中,以及在渤海、东海陆架和珠江口、北部湾的新老第三纪沉积中发现石油,并取得年产原油1.67亿吨,居世界原油产量第5位.中国油气一次创业取得良好的成绩.但是,改革开放以来,经济社会的发展,提升了对油气资源的需求.1993年我国从原油输出国变成输入国,当年进口原油3000万吨,到2004年进口原油已达1.23亿吨.在这种情况下,油气资源开始出现纷纭议论,“中国贫油”论死灰复燃,利用国际市场油气资源的呼声不断高涨.这里,我们应充分考虑到石油天然气是战略物资,关系到经济建设与国家安全,应该而且可以利用国际市场上的资源,但忽视或放松国内海陆油气勘探则不恰当.全国油气资源二次评价的结果显示,石油资源量940亿吨中,仅勘探开发了22%,天然气资源量38万立方米中,仅勘探了7%,更何况随着勘探程度的增加,资源量评价数字必然还会增长,油气勘探活动的空间还是十分广阔的.为此,提出油气二次创业,要求立足于国内,大力加强勘探开发工作,在前新生代海相残留盆地中寻找更多更大的油气田[1],是完全必要的,也是可能的.
2我国油气勘探工作中反射地震的发展历程
中国油气勘探经历了艰苦曲折的发展历程.但是,每个阶段所遭遇的困难,都是由地球物理理论与方法的进步而得到克服,从而找到更多的油气资源.
(1)油气勘探初期,根据出露地表的油气苗,追索地下构造,发现油气田.上世纪30年代,孙健初先生在河西走廊根据白杨河石油沟的油气苗,发现玉门背斜构造,经钻探在老第三纪陆相碎屑岩地层中见到工业油流,后来年产达到12万吨原油[1].
(2)全国解放后,随着勘探经验的积累,认识到油气藏形成于沉积盆地之中,并受到生、储、盖、运、聚、保等多种条件的制约,再根据潘钟祥教授“陆相生油”理论(1943)[2],应用地球物理(重力、磁力)和地面地质调查,查明沉积盆地的区域地质概况,然后应用反射地震方法查明背斜(如松辽大庆长垣)以及断块(华北胜利油田),发现中新生代陆相油气田.应该说明,松辽盆地的地震地质条件十分优越,很容易获取良好的反射同相轴,识别构造圈闭,但是,油气勘探进入华北平原之后,激发条件与接收条件变化,信噪比降低,以致难于获取连续的反射同相轴.为此,开展了组合法研究,认识到组合爆炸与组合检波具有方向效应、频率效应和统计效应,能够提高信噪比.与此同时,美国地震仪器的研究,开始采用模拟磁带技术来取代光点记录,并迅速开发出数字磁带技术,同时开始应用电子计算机处理地震资料.这样很容易在反射地震方法中实现共深度点(CommonDepth Point)反射的叠加.其实,组合法与共深度点法都是使地震波相加而提高信噪比的技术,在迁就光点地震仪的前提下,只能采用组合法;在地震仪取得磁带技术和数字化进步之后,就可以实现共深度点叠加,从而在华北地区找到断层复杂化了的断块圈闭
[3].
(3)在中国东部几乎所有经地震发现的构造上都钻探试油之后,还发现有极其广泛的地层岩性油气藏.这就要求反射地震勘探具有高分辨率的能力.美国埃克森公司对大西洋被动大陆边缘和墨西哥湾深水盆地的成功经验建立起来的地震地层学与层序地层学,应用高分辨率反射地震勘探资料,区分各种地震相,识别沉积相,判断沉积环境并建立地层层序,再根据浊积相和三角洲前缘相中高低水位体系域的层序,发现隐蔽的地层岩性油气藏,如古河道砂体[4]等.近年,地层岩性油气藏的勘探与开发,提供了不少的油气资源.
(4)如果说在中、新生代陆相碎屑岩沉积盆地中寻找石油和天然气是中国油气勘探的一次创业,那么,开拓前新生代海相残留盆地的油气新领域则是中国油气勘探的二次创业[5].中国前新生代海相残留盆地具有鲜明的特色,其埋藏深、演化历史长,经受地质作用多,以致地表和地下环境极其复杂,而油气资源储集于复杂地质体之中.因此,它既不同于世界的油气勘探,又不能完全搬用中国陆相油气勘探的理论、方法与技术,必须具体分析,具体对待.值得强调说明的是,本世纪之初,提出油气二次创业之后未久,中国油气勘探就开始捷报频传.首先,在济阳坳陷应用反射地震的叠前深度偏移技术,发现逆掩推复体作用下的古潜山,通过胜海古2井,在2900米深度钻出工业油流,日产原油1059吨[6];随后,在车镇地区又发现一系列低位潜山,钻探见油;在黄骅坳陷中千米桥古潜山则又有千吨井的突破[7];其次,在大庆长垣东南侧,徐家围子地区,应用航空磁测和反射地震在侏罗纪火山岩中发现储量巨大的天然气田[8],不仅加深火山岩与油气储层之间辩证关系的认识,而且给出应用磁测寻找火山岩体,再与地震结合发现天然气田的实例;第三,塔里木沙雅隆起上,曾经在5800米深度上钻探到奥陶纪顶部不整合面的白云岩风化壳中取得巨大油气,现在则发展出塔河古生代海相大油气田,估算其储量目前已超过10亿吨[9];第四,川东北普光大气田在区域地震资料的基础上认识到古陆架斜坡上有鲕粒礁滩的存在,进而在长兴组与飞仙关组海相地层中获得工业天然气流,探明储量达千亿立方米以上[10],而且按图索骥,在鲕滩展布范围内布钻,还将有更多的发现.此外,在鄂尔多斯、渤海也都见到前新生代海相油气资源.
3对含油气复杂地质体的认识和相应的地球物理勘探方法
地球物理勘探方法与技术是在解决油气勘探任务的需求中得到不断深化与发展的.为此,地球物理勘探极其活跃地汲取数学、物理以及各种工程技术的最新成就,不断地走上一条集成、创新的发展道路.油气勘探的基本问题是对沉积盆地时空演化规律的认识.在活动论大地构造理论指导下,根据“区域约束局部,深层制约浅层”的地质勘探经验,应用综合地球物理方法,探索区域地质构造的形成与演化,选择其中有利于油气聚集的圈闭,做进一步的详查,其中包括应用反射地震方法研究构造圈闭和地层岩性圈闭,或者更广泛意义上来说,对复杂地质体做详细研究.这样,对于寻找油气广泛应用的反射地震勘探就提出了一系列精细化的要求: (1)进一步提高反射地震勘探的分辨率和信噪比,并能适应山地高陡地形与复杂地质体条件下的采集、处理、解释一体化.
(2)充分利用地震、测井、钻井资料,深化对地层、岩性的认识,努力消除反射地震资料解释中的多解性.
(3)针对复杂地质体的特征,发挥各种地球物理方法的作用,达到综合研究复杂地质体,发现油气藏的效果.例如,应用剩余重力异常发现古潜山,应用高精度磁测圈定火山岩体等.为此,反射地震勘探必须在仪器设备、观测系统、处理解释等方面都再上一个台阶,以满足中国油气二次创业的需求:
(1)地震有效信号与干扰(规则干扰与随机干扰)是地震勘探中的基本矛盾.采用组合法(爆炸组合与检波器组合)或共深度点叠加可以利用方向性效应和频率效应来提高信噪比,而组合数N,还可以给出统计效应为.
(2)地层岩性勘探,要求有高分辨率,以利用地震相识别沉积相,判断沉积环境,发现隐蔽油气圈闭.为此,在地震勘探中大多采取提高主频和加大带宽的办法来提高分辨率.
(3)在复杂地形与复杂地质体的勘探中,既要提高信噪比,又必须提高分辨率,然而,信噪比与分辨率在地震勘探中是相互矛盾的,采用组合法或共深度点叠加,可以提高信噪比,增加勘探深度,但却降低了分辨能力;大地是有滤波作用的,提高主频与带宽,不仅会降低信噪比,也会降低勘探深度.
(4)当前反射地震的发展趋势是采集、处理与解释的一体化,但对于中国前新生代海相残留盆地的油气勘探来说,首先必须基于地质目标和处理技术的要求,如针对复杂地形与复杂地质体,设计出最佳观测系统,论证偏移距,排列长度、道间距与炮检距等参数,然后进行数据采集,以获取最高的分辨能力,再在实验室内,通过电子计算机完成组合与叠加,提高信噪比,以及深度域中的偏移处理.
(5)崎岖山地与复杂地质体的地震施工极其艰苦,需要极高强度的劳动,这样,必须取消地震大线,引入差分全球定位系统(DGPS),努力实现高密度地震采集,为此,建议在地震检波器中,使用数字(加速度)传感器、全球定位系统、U盘记录,甚至于采用局域网乃至卫星等传输技术,实现高密度地震采集,获取深部成像资料。
(6)地震资料处理后的解释工作,应根据“一、二、三、多”[11]的综合原则,在活动论为内涵的全球构造理论指导下,紧紧抓住两个环节,即地质与地球物理之间的纽带———岩石物性和联系定性与定量解释之间的模型,使地质与地球物理、定性与定量、正演与反演紧密结合起来.最后要多次反馈,使解释成果不断地深化,在时空演化规律的基础上逼近于正确答案.这样,当前油气二次创业中,要求地震勘探能在仪器设备上创新,进行高密度采集,并在采集、处理、解释一体化的原则下,完成实验室内组合、叠加、偏移成像等软件的编制,克服山地采集的困难,恰当地做出地质解释,找到更多的油气田.
4小结
(1)中国前新生代海相残留盆地具有埋藏深、演化历史长、经受地质作用多,以致地表和地下条件都很复杂的特点.油气资源大多存储于这种复杂地质体如生物礁、鲕滩、风化壳、古潜山等储集体之中.为此,不能完全搬用陆相油气勘探的经验,而必须针对复杂地质体作具体分析,具体对待.
(2)地震勘探是观测的科学.“欲善其功,必先利其器”.在当前科技进步的条件下,应用怎样的地震仪器来寻找复杂地质体中的油气资源则是我们面临的一个重要问题.
(3)在活动论大地构造理论指导下,根据“区域约束局部,深层制约浅层”的勘探经验,探索测区的时空演化规律,设计复杂地质体的观测系统,采取高密度连续采集技术,获取反射地震资料,再进行高分辨率与高信噪比的处理,从而使地震采集、处理与解释一体化,在新的高度上寻找在复杂地质体中的油气资源.
(4)根据油气勘探工作中反射地震的发展历程和经验,指出信噪比与分辨率之间的矛盾,寻求解决的途径,以期针对复杂地质体使地震勘探中减轻山地采集困难,获取深部成像资料,在中国油气二次创业中发挥重要作用.
高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么？读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句；what引导的主语从句；2)not…but结构；3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢？（prevent） 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。（likely） 译句：He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。（go through） 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。
英语翻译重点词汇词组 fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河Industrial Revolution 工业革命dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业Department of Agriculture 农业部门the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候surveyor general 测量总监sovereign nation 主权国家aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 英语翻译重点词汇（２） major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机 warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战 minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物 crude oil 原油 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 pitch lake 沥青湖 superhighway 高速公路 living organism 生物体 applied entomology 应用昆虫学 environmental Law环保法 wildlife 野生生物
第一单元 孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的"圣人"（sage）。他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient "sage". His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. 第二单元 每年农历（Chinese lunar calendar）八月十五是我国的传统节日——中秋节（the Mid-Autumn Festival）。这时是一年秋季的中期，所以被称为中秋。中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月、吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节。中秋节也是家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之情。中秋节的习俗很多，都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往。自2008年起，中秋节成为中国的法定节假日。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略摘要：翻译能力是英语综合能力的重要组成部分，也是英语专业学生必需具备的基本能力。要全面提升英语翻译能力，需要了解英汉两种文化的差异性，具备深厚的语言功底，掌握熟练的翻译技巧。 关键字：英语翻译能力；提升；障碍；策略 中西文化差异是影响英语翻译能力提升的重要因素，除了文化因素外，英语翻译能力的提升还受到其他因素的影响，本文将进一步的展开叙述影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍及其相应的策略。 一、影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍 1．中西文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译误会 英语翻译就是汉语和英语相互转换的过程，这个过程不仅仅是一种语言现象，也体现了跨文化现象。具体来说，中西方的文化差异体现在文化传统、生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式等方面，而这些层面的差异性往往会造成人们对同一事物有着不同的理解和解释，因此不同文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译的误会。比如，生活中最常见的信封的写法，在中国，习惯的书写顺序是国名，省、市、县、街道，最后才是收信人姓名。而在西方国家信封的书写顺序恰好相反。因此在学习英语知识的同时，需要更加注意对英语文化知识的了解和掌握。
2．语言基础知识掌握不扎实，影响了翻译的准确性 英语翻译就是英汉两种语言之间的相互转换，在转换的过程中主要涉及两个方面，首先翻译者要正确地领悟原文的意思，其次要通过译文将原文确切的表达出来，达到“信达雅”的标准。因此翻译者需要牢固地掌握英汉两种语言。但是由于多方面的因素，翻译者的语言基础知识掌握不扎实，很多翻译者的词汇量太少，经常背了忘，而又不重视巩固复习，或者死记硬背不会灵活运用，此外，语法掌握也不扎实，对一些基本的句型模棱两可，不能正确理解更不会运用。 二、提升英语翻译能力的具体策略 1．通过词汇、语法和阅读，了解中西文化之间的差异性 在英语的学习中，提高英语翻译能力，不仅要加强英语语言知识的学习，还要注重对英语文化知识的了解。具体来说，可以通过词汇、语法以及阅读等的学习获取英语文化知识。 首先，通过词汇的学习了解中西文化知识。词汇是英语语言的基本元素，掌握词汇的过程中，仅仅注重词汇正确的拼写和准确的发音是远远不够的，更主要的是学会如何恰当的运用词汇和组织词汇。因此，在背诵英语词汇意思的基础之上还需要进一步了解词汇产生的文化背景知识，尤其是了解习语、谚语和成语这一类词语的文化内涵、感情色彩以及
2.3小说类（Practice26～Practice36） Practice26 It is a very long time since I attended a Mass.In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing,with a crowd of real worshippers--those who come include the paralyzed,the crippled,the blind,the deformed,the dying,a terrible parade,a parade Mass proceeded.It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time,as all did,since I had voluntarily come:but for all the disapproving glances,I the stiff--necked Jew,would not kneel.I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday.I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh,the study hall supervisor,as I trudge in the snow on t he town square in the purple evening,having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy.Perhaps in a larger city,the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery,and pass it off.Then the whole course of my life might have been different. 【参考译文】 我已经很久没有做过弥散。在这个众人朝拜的圣城，我看到了真正的弥散。看到一批一批虔诚的善男信女，其中有瘫痪的，有跛足的，有失明的，有畸形的，有奄奄一息的，他们组成一支令人目不忍赌的行列。如果有谁果真相信就连麻雀坠地这样的小事上帝也注意到了，那么这些人一定是他有意残酷作弄的对象，或是他千虑一失的牺牲品。教堂里寒气逼人，但弥撒开始后，教堂里的气氛与我心中的凄凉相比，却温暖如春。既然我来这里是完全出于自愿。仅仅为了礼貌起见，我本应该在需要下跪的时候和他们一起下跪。但是，我这个倔强
2019英语六级翻译重点词汇 一、经济类 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy 货币投放量the size of money supply 流动性过剩excess liquidity 经济过热overheated economy
1.Sandy is wearing a long, black, silk dress.桑迪穿了条黑色的长丝裙。 43. I came to London when I was 18. 我18岁的时候来到伦敦。 44. It takes 45 minutes to get to the city centre from the hotel. 宾馆到市中心需要花45分钟时间。 One of the biggest sporting events in the world is the Olympic Games. 奥运会是世界上规模最大的体育比赛之一 41. While she was waiting, her phone rang.她正在等待的时候，电话铃响了 42. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. We have enough money to improve the website.我们有足够的钱改进网站。 44. 1 had the windows cleaned yesterday.昨天我请人把窗户给擦了。 45. He came across an old violin at his friend's house.他在朋友家偶然发现了一把旧提琴。 41．She borrowed the book and gave it back on Monday． 她借了那本书，后来星期一把书还了。 45．He used tO play basketball every Sunday．他以前每个周日都打篮球。 41．Football is played by more than 20 million people in more than l40 countries· 超过140个国家的2000多万人都踢足球。 42．I’ve got the same sense of humour as my mum·我和我妈妈一样，有幽默感 43．He got on well with his classmates． 他和同学关系处得很好 44．He used tO work very hard when he was youn9． 他年轻的时候工作非常努力。 45．My family is putting me up at the moment，but I am thinking of buying my own flat．我现在跟家人住在一起，但是我正考虑买一套公寓自己住 41．He got on well with his sister． 他和他的姐／妹相处得很好 44．That box is too heavy for her to carry home．那个盒子太重了，她抬回家。 41. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影 非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. I need to be at the airport by 6.00 o’clock.我得在六点前到达机场。 44. I must have left the camera in a shop.我一定是把相机丢在那家商 店里了。 31. We have enough money to improve the website. 我们有足够的钱改进网站。 45. The accounts, which are in a bit of a mess, have to be ready for next month. 帐目现在有点乱，必须要在下个月清理好。 32. Do you take after your mother or father?你像你的母亲或父亲吗？ 35. I’ve been learning English for three years. 我已经学英语3年了33. I have to move out of my room on Friday because Franco has got another tenant. 我周五得从房子里搬出来，因为佛朗哥又招了一位房客。 35.would be great to see you to catch up on all our news. 到时见了面咱们把这些日子发生的事聊一聊，会多开心啊。 :33. They enjoyed themselves at the party. 他们在聚会上玩的很愉快 34.She doesn’t like swimming and neither does her sist er. 她不喜欢游泳，她妹妹也不喜欢 32. He used to play basketball every Sunday( 每个星期天他常常去打篮球 31. He studies in a university west of Beijing. 他在北京西部的一个大学学习 :32. He came across an old painting at his friend’s house. 他在他朋友家看到了一幅旧画 33. She would buy a large house if she won the lottery. 如果她中了彩票，她就买一幢大房子 :35. Both of the boys are good at singing. 这两个男孩都擅长唱歌 34. The flat was in a bit of mess. 公寓里一片狼籍 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 44. Your neighbour says your flat was burgled this afternoon. .休的邻居说你的房子今天下午被盗了。 45. I haven't got a car, and nowhere to live. My family is putting me up at the mom 我没有车，也没有地方住。现在跟家人住一起。 44. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long. 虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 1.I can’t find the key.I must have left it in the car. 我找不到钥匙了，我肯定将它丢在车上了。 2.Polly is worried about her lack of experience. 波利担心自己缺乏经验。 3.she needs to return the book by next Friday 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 42. Polly(波莉) is worried about her lack of experience. 波莉担心自己缺乏经验。 43. She needs to return the hook by next Friday. 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 41. He got on well with his sister.
1.苹果公司(Apple Inc)不仅在中国有生产线，其产品在中国市场的销量也一片大好。对中 国消费者来说，苹果是最受推崇的品牌之一。2012年调查人员发现，苹果生产的电子产品在北京的一所精英中学的渗透度比在美国城市的一所精英中学还要广。目前，中国有 2.7亿人已经能买得起苹果手机，随着收入的提高，每年还会增加5700万人。简而言之， 苹果的产品目前在中国的销售速度非常快而且甚至可能更快。一些业内专家预测，几年之内中国将超过美国成为苹果最大的市场。（199） Apple Inc. not only has production lines in China, its sales there are also booming. For Chinese consumers, Apple is one of their most admired brands. A survey in 2012 by researchers found that the penetration of electronic products from the company at an elite high school in Beijing was greater than that at one in an American city. At present, 270 million people in China can already afford Apple’s products, and as income increases, each year there will be another 57 million able to. In short, Apple’s products are selling fast and likely to sell even faster in China. Some industry experts predict that China will overtake America to become Apple’s larg est market within a few years. 生产线a production line 最受推崇的品牌the most admired brand 渗透度penetration 电子产品an electronic product 精英中学an elite high school 可能be likely to 预测predict 超过overtake 2.自上世纪70年代末以来，中国许多最优秀人才赴海外留学，但学成归国的只有少数。中 国人才流失(brain drain)现象严重。面对全球化的世界，中国有越来越多的工作需要具备国际教育背景的人才。因此国家开展了一系列的引进海外人才的项目，成功的吸引了越来越多的留学生回国进入国企、教育机构和商业园区工作。如今，每年都有超过15万的海外留学生回国。他们将中国经济与世界相连，从商业、政治以及流行文化上着手，帮助中国走向世界。（191） Many of China's best and brightest talents have left to study abroad since the late 1970s, however, only a minority have returned. The country experienced a serious brain drain. Faced with a globalized world, more and more jobs in China need skilled people with international education background. China, therefore, launches a series of projects aimed at the introduction of overseas talents, which has successfully attracted more and more students abroad back home to work in state companies, educational institutions and business districts. Now, more than 150 thousand overseas students come back every year. They link China’s economy to the world, helping to connect China to commerce, politics and popular culture abroad. 海外人才overseas talents 全球化世界globalized world 开展launch 一系列 a series of 国企state companies 教育机构educational institutions 商业园区business districts 相连link …to
浅议英语翻译能力的培养 高等学校很注重培养英语专业学生的翻译能力。要具备一定的翻译能力，学生必须具有深厚的语言功底?p广博的文化知识?p熟练的翻译技巧?p正确的翻译观念和严谨的翻译态度。因此，要培养和提高英语专业学生的翻译能力，教师应该从以下几个方面入手。 一?p掌握好汉语和英语的基础知识 翻译是一个语言转换的过程。从根本上讲，这个过程要解决两个问题：一是如何深刻地理解原文；二是如何用译文确切地表达原文的意思。因此，译者要较好地掌握英语和汉语两种语言，具备较强的语言理解能力和表达能力，这是做好翻译的前提条件。 从语言学角度讲，英语和汉语之间最大的区别莫过于形合和意合的区别。英语是重形合的语言，即英语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠连接词来完成。汉语是重意合的语言，即汉语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠语义或句子之间的逻辑关系来完成。例如“他今天没来，母亲住院了”（Hedidnotcometodaybecausehis mother was hospitalized），在这个例子中，汉语原文在表达因果关系时，没有使用任何表示因果关系的词汇，但是读者一看就能理解。然而，在翻译成英语的时候，必须加上连接词because，否则就会出现语法错误。二?p积累广博的文化知识 翻译材料涉及面极广，学生要具备渊博的知识。具体来说，文学性的翻译需要学生具备广博的文化知识，科技翻译需要学生具备相关的专业知识。另外，学生还要掌握大量的习语和俚语，这样在翻译时才不会被句子的字面意义所迷惑。如“I decidedto sit at his feet”这句话的字面意思是“我决定坐在他的脚上”，但实际上，“sit at his feet”是一个习语，表示“拜他为师”。 三?p培养严谨的翻译态度 英语和汉语的句子结构复杂，词汇意义也复杂多变，在翻译中出现错误是难以避免的，但是教师应该让学生尽量避免错误，避免粗枝大叶，望文生义。此外，学生在翻译时还应多关注细节，如单词的拼写?p标点符号?p小词等。例如，“中国政府”应该翻译成Chinese government还是the Chinese government这
美国学校提供的学位有很多种，依所学领域的不同，而有不同的学位。以下列出的是美国高等教育中较常见的学位: Ph.D.（Doctor of Philosophy）: 博士学位。而有些领域的博士课程会有不同的学位名称，如D.A.(Doctor of Arts)、Ed.D.(Doctor of Education) M.B.A.（Master of Business Administration）: 商学管理硕士。 M.A.（Master of Arts）硕士；B.A.（Bachelor of Arts）学士: 两者皆属于人文、艺术或社会科学的领域，如文学、教育、艺术、音乐。 M.S.（Master of Science）硕士；B.S.（Bachelor of Science）学士: 两者皆属于理工、科学的领域，如数学、物理、信息等。 Associate Degree（副学士学位）: 读完两年制小区大学或职业技术学校所得到的学位。 Dual Degree（双学位）: 是由两个不同学院分别授与，因此得到的是两个学位。 Joint Degree：为两个不同学院联合给予一个学位，如法律经济硕士。 major 主修 minor 辅修 大家要搜索自己的专业, 请按 ctrl + F 打开搜索窗口, 然后输入关键字查询 学士 Bachelor of Arts B.A. 文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Education B.A.Ed., B.A.E. 教育学文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science B.A.CS 计算机文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Music B.A.Mus,B.Mus 音乐艺术学士 Bachelor of Arts in Social Work B.A.S.W 社会工作学文学士 Bachelor of Engineering B.Eng., B.E 工学士 Bachelor of Engineering in Social Science B.Eng.Soc 社会工程学士 Bachelor of Engineering in Management B.Eng.Mgt 管理工程学士 Bachelor of Environmental Science/Studies B.E.Sc., B.E.S 环境科学学士 Bachelor of Science B.S 理学士 Bachelor of Science in Business B.S.B., B.S.Bus 商学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Business Administration B.S.B.A 工商管理学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Education B.S.Ed., B.S.E 教育学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Engineering B.S.Eng., B.S.E 工程学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Forestry B.S.cF 森林理学士 Bachelor of Science in Medicine B.S.Med 医学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology B.S.M.T., B.S.Med.Tech 医技学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Nursing B.S.N., B.S.Nurs 护理学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Nutrition B.SN 营养学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Social Work B.S.S.W 社会工作学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Technology B.S.T 科技学理学士 Bachelor of Computer Science B.CS 计算机理学士 Bachelor of Computer Special Science B.CSS 计算机特殊理学士 Bachelor of Architecture B. Arch. 建筑学士 Bachelor of Administration B.Admin. 管理学士
fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的 cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业 Department of Agriculture 农业部门 the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失 Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候 surveyor general 测量总监 sovereign nation 主权国家 aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户 economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场 foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机
一、第一集—Heart of the Dragon 二、第二集—Shangri-La 三、第三集—Tibet It's home to more than 50 distinct ethnic groups and a wide range of traditional lifestyles, often in close partnership with nature. We know that China faces immense social and environmental problems. But there is great beauty here, too. China is home to the world's highest mountains, vast deserts ranging from searing hot to mind-numbing cold. Steaming forests harbouring rare creatures. Grassy plains beneath vast horizons. And rich tropical seas. Now for the first time ever, we can explore the whole of this great country, meet some of the surprising and exotic creatures that live here and consider the relationship of the people and wildlife of China to the remarkable landscape in which they live. 这里是五十多个民族的故乡，有着各式各样贴近自然的传统生活方式。我们都知道中国面对着着众多社会、环境问题。但这里也存在着令人惊叹的美丽。中国有着世界最高山峰，无垠的沙漠，从令人窒息的炙热到麻木大脑的寒冷，那蒸笼般的森林中隐匿各种珍稀生物，天际下广阔无垠的草原以及富饶的热带海洋。现在，我们第一次有机会深入探索这片伟大的土地，接触栖息于此的珍奇生物，思考中国这片神奇土地上人与野生世界的关系。 This vertical gorge in Guizhou Province is a focal point for the region's wildlife. This is one of the world's rarest primates, Francois'
考研英语：怎样提高翻译能力？ 在英语翻译备考中，许多人总想一步登天，跨考教育英语教研室的孟老师在此着重强调，须知任何能力(包括英语翻译在内)的提升必定要经过反复练习的过程。当然，练习是有方法可循的，比如系统学习翻译的方法、原理、固定句式和译法、多学习比较优秀的译文等等。 要做好翻译其实并不是机械地在大量的词库句库中搜求配对，片面追求字面的精准，而是对信息的传达。这就要求译者不仅对源语言有准确的理解，并且对于目标语言也要有优秀的表达能力。很多时候你能明白一整段的意思，却觉得不能自如组织成书面汉语，是因为其实你的汉语表达能力也不够。 提高汉语表达能力，建议可以从经典作品的译本和各大电影字幕组的翻译作品中学习。前者的翻译作品比较严谨传神;后者则生动俏皮，富有时代气息。在学习这些资料时，并不是说某句英文只有资料里的一种翻译方法，以后碰到这句话就直接照搬照抄译文，资料只是辅助，要学习的是其中的思路和方法。 另外，不要太拘泥于所谓的翻译理论。语法和理论都是随着时代的更迭不断更新的，比如当下不断涌现出的各种新词汇，必须与时俱进。 翻译最重要的一点，就是对文章的理解，要彻底读懂文章想表达的思想，甚至尝试去体会原作者的想法，才能翻译出更贴切、更符合原文的译文。 所以，总结起来，你需要经历三个阶段： 首先，语法学好，能正确理解句子; 第二，接受系统的翻译训练，学会翻译方法; 第三，就在提高汉语能力形成地道的表达 你可以一边学习方法和原理、多加练习，一边做语言功底上的积累，才谓标本兼治的“有效”;至于“快速”，其实是你有多勤奋的问题——假设可以使你熟能生巧、从量变达到质变的那个量是一定的。 现在的你达到那个阶段了呢??? 综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有