Accepted Manuscript
Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from sunflower seed oil
residue via microwave assisted K2CO3 activation
K.Y. Foo, B.H. Hameed
PII:S0960-8524(11)01093-5
DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.007
Reference:BITE 8768
To appear in:Bioresource Technology
Received Date:20 April 2011
Revised Date:24 July 2011
Accepted Date: 2 August 2011
Please cite this article as: Foo, K.Y., Hameed, B.H., Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from sunflower seed oil residue via microwave assisted K2CO3 activation, Bioresource Technology (2011), doi: 10.1016/ j.biortech.2011.08.007
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Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from sunflower seed oil
residue via microwave assisted K2CO3 activation
K.Y. Foo, B.H. Hameed*
School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +6045996422; Fax: +6045941013
E-mail address: chbassim@https://www.doczj.com/doc/517651947.html,m.my (B.H. Hameed)
Abstract
Sunflower seed oil residue, a by-product of sunflower seed oil refineries, was utilized as a feedstock for preparation of activated carbon (SSHAC) via microwave induced K2CO3 chemical activation. SSHAC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption and elemental analysis. Surface
acidity/basicity was examined with acid-base titration, while the adsorptive properties of SSHAC were quantified using methylene blue (MB) and acid blue 15 (AB). The monolayer adsorption capacities of MB and AB were 473.44 and 430.37 mg/g, while the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, Langmuir surface area and total pore volume were 1411.55 m2/g, 2137.72 m2/g and 0.836 cm3/g, respectively. The findings revealed the potential to prepare high surface area activated carbon from sunflower seed oil residue by microwave irradiation.
Keywords: Activated carbon; Adsorption; Dye; Microwave; Sunflower seed hull
1.0Introduction
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the leading oil seed crops cultivated for the production of cooking oil. The oil is typically extracted by applying great pressure to sunflower seeds (Séverac et al., 2011). Globally, sunflowers are grown on about 24 million hectars, and 32.57 million tons of sunflower seeds were produced globally in 2009/2010 (National Sunflower Association, 2011). Oil extraction from the seeds is accompanied by the co-production of lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of sunflower seed hulls, which comprises 30 % of the sunflower seeds (Ra et al., 2008). These residues are usually disposed of by burning or by deposition in landfills, but conversion to higher-value products would be preferable. One such product could be activated carbon (Girgis et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011a; Liou et al., 2010). The present study was aimed at evaluating microwave irradiation for the preparation of high surface area activated carbon from sunflower seed hulls (SSHAC), via K2CO3 activation. Structural, functional and elemental characterization of the prepared adsorbent was performed. Moreover, the adsorption equilibrium of methylene blue and acid blue 15 were elucidated.
2. 0 Materials and methods
2.1 Adsorbate
Methylene blue (MB) and acid blue 15 (AB) were from Merck Limited Company, Malaysia. Stock solutions containing 500 mg/L of dye were prepared in double distilled
water and diluted as necessary.
2.2. Preparation of SSHAC
Sunflower seed hulls (SSH) obtained from sunflower seed oil refineries were air-dried, crushed and sieved to obtain a geometrical mean sizes ranging from 1 to 2 mm, and carbonized at 700 °C under purified nitrogen (99.995%) flow in a tubular furnace (Foo and Hameed, 2011). The char was mixed with potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solution to achieve an impregnation ratio of 1: 1.50 (wt %) (K2CO3: char). The activation step was performed in a glass reactor placed in a microwave oven with a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The microwave power was set as 600 W and 8 minutes of irradiation time was selected as the heating period based on preliminary runs. The activated product was washed with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and deionized water until the pH of the washing solution reached 6 to 7.
2.3 Characterization of SSHAC
The surface physical properties were characterized with a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument, using N2 as the adsorbate at 77 K. Detection of surface functional groups and elemental analysis were done by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (FTIR-2000, PerkinElmer) with a scanning range of 4000 to 400 cm-1 and elemental analyzer (EA-2400 Series II, PerkinElmer), respectively.
2.4 Surface acidity and basicity
where C0 and C e (mg/L) are the liquid-phase concentrations of dye at initial and equilibrium, respectively. V (L)is the volume of the solution, and W (g)is the mass of
adsorbent used. The effect of pH on dye removal was tested by varying the pH in the range of 2 to 12 by the addition of 0.10 M solution of HCl or NaOH, with initial dye
Freundlich isotherm ((Freundlich, 1906) assumes heterogeneous surface energies, in which the energy term in Langmuir equation varies as a function of the surface coverage. The well-known logarithmic form of the Freundlich isotherm is given by:
e F e C n K q log 1
log log +
=
(3)
where K F (mg/g) (L/mg) and 1/n are the Freundlich adsorption constant and a measure of adsorption intensity.
2.5.
3. Temkin isotherm
Temkin isotherm ((Tempkin and Pyzhev, 1940) assumes that heat of adsorption
(function of temperature) of all molecules in the layer would decrease linearly rather than logarithmic with coverage. Its derivation is characterized by a uniform distribution of binding energies (up to some maximum binding energy). The Temkin isotherm has been used in the form of:
e e C B A B q ln ln +=
(4)
where B = RT /b , b , and A , R and T are the Temkin constant related to heat of sorption (J/mol), equilibrium binding constant (L/g), gas constant (8.314 J/mol K) and absolute temperature (K).
2.6 Adsorption kinetic
adsorption and represented by:
()t
k q 1
q q 12e
t e +=?
(7)
where k 2 (g/mg h) is the adsorption rate constant of pseudo second-order equation. 3.0
Result and discussion
3.1 Textural and surface characterization
The nitrogen adsorption–desorption plot of SSHAC is depicted in Fig. 1(a). The isotherm resembles a combination of type I and type II isotherms, in accordance with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classification. This adsorption behavior exhibits characteristics of microporous-mesoporous structures. As the relative pressure was increased to 0.8, the isotherm shows an apparent hysteresis loop, pointing to a considerable development of mesoporosity.
The corresponding pore size distribution of SSHAC was determined by the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). An intensive peak at a pore diameter between 20 ? and 40 ? is associated with the presence of mesopores structures (average pore size of 23.61 ?). Detailed pore characteristics of char and SSHAC are listed in Table 1. A comparison of the key parameters of activated carbon with the carbonized char shows a significant improvement of the BET surface area, Langmuir surface area and total pore volume, implying pore development and widening of the existing pores during the microwave irradiation stage.
3.2Elemental and functional characterization
Table 1 illustrates the C, O, H, N and S content of char and SSHAC. Microwave treatment led to an increase in carbon content but caused a drastic decrease in oxygen content, resulting in an increase in the C/O ratio from 1.30 to 3.01. The content of nitrogen and sulphur was slightly decreased, but the hydrogen content in the carbonized char was thermally stable.
The FTIR spectra of char (Fig. 2) shows bands located at 3234, 1645, 1420, 1276, 1053, 928, 807 and 617 cm-1, corresponds to the presence of N–H, in-plane O–H (hydroxyl), –CH2 (alkyl), C–O–C (ester, ether and phenol), C-O stretch, out-of-plane O–H, out-of-plane C–H and C–H derivatives. For SSHAC, peaks shifted at 3233, 1650, 1424, 1276, and 1053 cm-1,indicative of the presence of N–H, in-plane O–H (hydroxyl), –CH2 (alkyl), C–O–C (ester, ether and phenol) and C-O functional groups.
The surface acidity and basicity is an important criterion interpreting the surface chemistry of the carbon adsorbents. SSHAC showed amphoteric behaviour, with a surface acidity of 1.24 mmol/g and 1.06 mmol/g surface basicity. The more acidic character is related to the presence of oxygen-containing groups (mainly carboxylic, anhydrides,lactones and phenols) of the carbon surface (Pereira et al., 2003). However, the surface basicity is associated with a high content of electron rich sites on the basal planes and a low concentration of electron withdrawing groups (Faria et al., 2004).
3.3 Adsorption equilibrium studies
The adsorptive properties of SSHAC were evaluated with MB and AB, cationic and anionic adsorbates, respectively that are used for evaluation of commercial ACs (Fig. 3a). The adsorption equilibrium of MB, q e, increased from 50.08 to 441.83 mg/g, with an increase in initial concentration from 50 to 500 mg/L. A similar trend was seen for the adsorption equilibrium of AB onto SSHAC (from 49.96 to 405.13mg/g).
An increase in pH (Fig. 3b) exerted a significant enhancement of the adsorption capacity of MB from 365.44 mg/g to 487.37 mg/g, mainly ascribed to the protonation of MB in the acidic medium, and the presence of excess H+ ions, competing with dye cations for adsorption sites. At higher pH, the formation of an electric double layer changes the polarity and consequently, the dye uptake increases (Li et al., 2011b). Conversely, the uptake of AB increased with a decrease in pH from 310.22 mg/g to 475.09 mg/g due to the association of dye anions with the positively charged sites of SSHAC. In the basic conditions, electrostatic repulsion exists between the negatively charged surface and dye molecules, thus decrease the adsorption capacity (Alvin et al., 2010).
3.4 Adsorption isotherms
Adsorption isotherms describe the interaction of adsorbates with the adsorbent materials, and thus are critical for optimization of the adsorption mechanism pathways (Foo and Hameed, 2010). Therefore, the correlation of equilibrium data by the empirical
equations is essential to the practical design and operation of adsorption systems (Durán and Flores, 2009). The experimental data of both dyes were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The applicability of Langmuir isotherm model (Table 2) suggests that the adsorption takes place on homogeneous sites within the adsorption site (the adsorbed layer is one molecule in thickness), with each molecule possess constant enthalpies and sorption activation energy. The results also demonstrate no interaction and transmigration of dyes in the plane of the neighbouring surface.
Table 3 provides a comparison of maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of activated carbons from different biomass sources. Compared with previous studies, SSHAC showed a relatively high adsorption capacity for MB and AB of 473.44 and 430.37 mg/g, respectively. It is possible that the uniform energy transfer by microwave irradiation promoted the release of volatiles from the char surface and widened the porosity in the original carbon network. Moreover, microwave heating (internal and volumetric heating) can assist the penetration of K2CO3 within the char matrix, which creats a more orderly porous structure by opening of previously inaccessibly pores and formation of new pores (Foo and Hameed, 2009).
3.5 Adsorption kinetic
Adsorption kinetic describes the mechanism of adsorption processes which in turn controls the equilibrium time and mass transfer of the adsorbates. The experimental data of AB/MB adsorption at different time intervals were examined with pseudo-first-order and pseudo second-order models, using the plots of ln (q e ?q t) against t and t/q t versus t,
respectively. The results were presented in Table 4. It is clear that the correlation coefficient, R2 values for the second-order kinetic model were higher for all AB/MB concentrations. Moreover, the experimental q e values agreed satisfactorily with the calculated q e values, with the lowest normalized standard deviation, q values which ranged between 0.21 and 6.80 % for AB/MB initial concentration ranging from 50 to 500 mg/L, which suggested that the adsorption system follows pseudo-second-order model, based on the assumption that the rate-limiting step may be chemisorption process.
4.0 Conclusion
The present investigation revealed the feasibility of sunflower seeds hull as an efficient raw precursor for preparation of activated carbon. Microwave induced activation has reduced the activation time but has successfully produced a well developed porous structures. Future studies should study the production of granular activated carbon for the continuous adsorption systems.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Universiti Sains Malaysia under the Research University (RU) Scheme (Project No.
1001/PJKIMIA/814072) and RU-PRGS grant scheme (Project 465 No. 8043030).
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Figure captions:
Fig. 1: Nitrogen isotherm (a) and pore size distribution (b) of sunflower seed hull activated carbon
Fig. 2: FTIR of sunflower seed hull activated carbon
Fig. 3: Equilibrium study (a) and effect of pH (b) on the adsorption of methylene blue and acid blue onto sunflower seed hull activated carbon at 30 °C
List of Tables:
Table 1: Textural characteristics and elemental analysis of sunflower seed hull char and activated carbon
Table 2: Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm constants and regression correlation coefficients for the adsorption of methylene blue and acid blue onto sunflower
seed hull activated carbon
Table 3: Comparison adsorption capacities of various adsorbents for methylene blue and acid blue
Table 4: Kinetic models parameters for the adsorption of methylene blue and acid blue onto sunflower seed hull activated carbon at different initial concentrations
雅思口语素材汇总之端午节 雅思口语素材:Dragon Boat Festival(端午节) Qu Yuan The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating zong zi (glutinous rice(糯米)wrapped to form a pyramid using bamboo or reed leaves) and racing dragon boats. The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. This regatta(赛舟会)commemorates the death of Qu Yuan , an honest minister who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river. Qu was a minister of the State of Chu situated in present-day Hunan and Hubei provinces, during the Warring States Period (475-221BC)(战国时期). He was upright, loyal and highly esteemed for his wise counsel that brought peace and prosperity to the state. However, when a dishonest and corrupt prince vilified Qu, he was disgraced and dismissed from office. Realizing that the country was now in the hands of evil and corrupt officials, Qu grabbed a large stone and leapt into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth month. Nearby fishermen rushed over to try and save him but were unable to even recover his body. Thereafter, the state declined and was eventually conquered by the State of Qin. The people of Chu who mourned the death of Qu threw rice into the river to feed his ghost every year on the fifth day of the fifth month. But one year, the spirit of Qu appeared and told the mourners that a huge reptile(爬行动物)in the river had stolen the rice. The spirit then advised them to wrap the rice in silk and bind it with five different-colored threads before tossing it into the river. During the Duanwu Festival, a glutinous rice pudding called zong zi is eaten to symbolize the rice offerings to Qu. Ingredients such as beans, lotus seeds(莲子), chestnuts(栗子), pork fat and the golden yolk of a salted duck egg are often
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雅思口语素材 Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-LGUT-
Useful Expressions: Words and phrases Friends and communication: solidify/ strengthen/ enhance/ promote communication / connection with mutual understanding relationship network/circle of f r i e n d s cultivate/develop friendship with s b . keep steady relationship with sb. establish interpersonal networksac build up the social circle spur message transmission Knowledge and experience widen one’s outlook broaden one’s vision/horizon acquire knowledge and skills comprehensive/overall quality
expand/enlarge one’s scope of knowledge knowledge reserve/base/storage theoretical knowledge practical skills social experience broaden one’s knowledge base promote one’s overall/ comprehensive competence accumulate experiences learn lessons from past experiences Work and experience the scarcity of employment o p p o r t u n i t i lay the foundations for career p r o s p e r i t y
U s e f u l E x p r e s s i o n s: Words and phrases Friends and communication: mutual understanding solidify/ strengthen/ enhance/ promote communication / connection with relationship network/circle of friends cultivate/develop friendship with sb. keep steady relationship with sb. establish interpersonal networksac build up the social circle spur message transmission Knowledge and experience widen one’s outlook broaden one’s vision/horizon acquire knowledge and skills comprehensive/overall quality expand/enlarge one’s scope of knowledge knowledge reserve/base/storage theoretical knowledge practical skills social experience broaden one’s knowledge base promote one’s overall/ comprehensive accumulate experiences competence learn lessons from past experiences Work and experience the scarcity of employment opportunities lay the foundations for career prosperity immerse oneself in endless job tasks boost/augment/enhance efficiency be adept in boost one’s c ompetitiveness Health and pressure diminish individuals' leisure time drive away lassitude lighten one’s burden homework/workforce overload
翻译公司收费标准 1.客户需要翻译的目标语言的普遍性和稀缺性可能导致非常 不同的费用。英语比较普遍，需求大，市场专业的英语翻译人 才也很多，翻译公司无论是从降价到抢占市场，还是成本核算 来考虑，英语收费都比较合理和透明。 其他诸如法语、德语、日语、俄语排在第二梯队，翻译公司收 费标准一般都是200-280元，视稿件专业度和数量略有调整； 意大利，西班牙，越南，泰文等东南亚语种已经接近稀有语 种了，翻译报价至少300元千字起。 2.根据翻译项目类型 常见的翻译方法主要包括翻译翻译、同声传译、本地翻译、口译翻译等，翻译项目自然是不同的收费。 3.根据翻译项目时长 这一时期的持续时间主要是指项目长度：同声传译、会议翻译、商务洽谈、双语主持人、口译、护送翻译、展览翻译，当然，视频翻译、音频翻译按时间计算的时间和会议类型是一个重要因素，是翻译时间决定翻译价格的一个重要因素。 4.根据翻译项目字数
翻译项目的字数是影响收费的重要因素之一，翻译字数主要对于笔译而言，例如：文件翻译、图书翻译、资料翻译、画册翻译等等，这些文件资料的字数决定了项目的翻译价格和翻译收费标准。 5.根据翻译项目语种 主流语种：英语、日语、韩语等和小语种：阿拉伯语、希腊语、印尼语等的翻译收费标准区别。我们知道：“物以稀为贵，”所以小语种的翻译报价会比主流语种收费要高的。 6.根据翻译项目难易程度 对于翻译公司来说，翻译费在很大程度上取决于翻译的难度程度，不同的行业术语不同，难度不同; 专业翻译公司将根据翻译人员的翻译水平、专业知识、翻译经验等方式来评价自己的翻译团队，高层次的翻译人员当然都是高收费; 如通用翻译、精细翻译、出版层次等不同类型的翻译报价不同，稿件的行业领域、材料难度、选择翻译类型等都是决定翻译公司收费标准的因素。
近期雅思口语卡片新题素材汇总 人物Describe a classmate of yours Describe a good friend Describe a happy person Describe a colleague Describe a neighbor Describe your own personality Describe a family member Describe a child you know Describe an old person Describe an old person who has influenced you the most Describe a successful person Describe a singer Describe a sportsman Describe a movie star Describe a character in TV or movie Describe a teacher of yours Describe a famous person that you want to spend a day with.地点Describe a building at schools Describe a historical place
Describe a monument Describe an interesting building Describe a lake, river or sea. Describe a peaceful place Describe a leisure place Describe a park Describe a place of interest Describe a natural beauty Describe a city you want to live in Describe a place you have visited Describe a place you always go for shopping
英文合同翻译价格英文合同翻译需要多少钱 在企业的经营过程中，有时候可能会涉及到翻译这个问题，但是一般的小企业并没有专门的人去做这件事情，大部分都是外包。那么对于企业来讲，翻译一份英文合同需要多少钱呢？作为浙江省最大的翻译公司，以琳翻译就在这里为大家解读一下。 一般来讲，翻译这项服务都是以字数来计价的，市场上的一般的价格是50-80元/千字，这是一个基本的价格。但是不同的公司的专业性质不一样的话，所给出的价格也是不一样的。对于公司的衡量标准来讲，影响价格的因素主要有：公司的资历、翻译人员的专业性、翻译文件的种类、难度等。所以，如果你需要去找翻译公司去服务，那么就需要考虑这些方面的东西。而对于合同这种文件，对于公司来讲是十分重要的，所以也需要去找专业的公司去进行翻译，如果是找一个资质不够的公司或者团队，那么就可能产生一些意想不到的问题，从而影响到公司的最终利益。 下面，我们来看看以琳翻译给出的翻译的价格。 从上面的价格可以看出，以琳翻译给出的价格是高于一般市场上的价格的，最低级别的翻译是160元/千字，然后分为A、B、C三级。C级译稿为普通中籍译员+中籍译员审核，满足客户对译文的普通要求。这是对于一般的合同而言的，但是如果是部分专业性质较强或者要求比较高的译文的话，那么可以选择更高级别的翻译，当然价格还是相对比较高的。 那么以琳翻译的资质是怎么样呢？我们再来看一下。 杭州以琳翻译有限公司是浙江省最大的实体翻译公司、中国翻译协会单位会员、美国翻译协会会员、全国翻译专业硕士研究生教育实习基地、西博会指定合作伙伴、以琳杭州翻译公司翻译团队成员均具有五年以上专业翻译、项目管理经验，绝大部分成员具有十年以上行业翻译经验。翻译服务涵盖英语、法语、韩语、日语、德语、俄语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、
一.雅思P2相关话题 一日假期 和外国朋友一起吃饺子的建议 1.The best way to eat a dumpling is in one bite. “Dumplings are designed to be consumed in one mouthful, as it’s the best way to enjoy the combination of the meat filling and the very thin and springy flour wrapper,” If you can’t use chopsticks, eat your dumplings with your fingers. Avoid using a fork at all costs, as piercing the dumpling will compromise the flavour. 3.Mix two parts vinegar with one part soy sauce for the perfect dumpling sauce. Add young ginger slices too， Chili oil is also a great addition when available. 4.Dumplings are just one element of dim sum. “Dim sum doesn’t just include dumplings. It’s also braised dishes like pork ribs, chicken feet, and beef balls. It’s actually small tapas-style dishes that are eaten in Cantonese restaurants at lunchtime,” 5.Xiao long bao dumplings are different from others as they contain broth. They originated in the Jiangnan region of China and are prepared in bamboo steaming baskets called xiao long, hence the name. 6.When eating xiao long bao or a dumpling with a ~soupy~ interior, opt for chopsticks and a spoon. “As soon as the dumplings arrive at your table, lift one from the steamer basket onto a soup spoon. Next, tear the skin of the dumpling by pressing the chopsticks from the side of the dumpling onto the spoon. The broth will ooze out onto the spoon. Sip the soup then enjoy the dumpling in one mouthful.” 7.You can tell whether your dumpling was cooked fresh or frozen by looking at the skin. “The skin of a freshly made dumpling is springy and light. “Frozen ones tend to be soggy.” 8.When makingdumplingsat home, try to keep your packages small.
精诚英语翻译报价50-80元千字（市场价格100左右 精诚英语翻译工作室是由众多英语方面精英组成的翻译团队,一直致力于为广大中小企业和个人提供专业低价中英文翻译服务。价格是我们永远的优势！！！！最低价格支付宝担保交易，让你省钱又放心接受试译！！自信源于专业可以百度搜索精诚英语翻译找到我们 选择我们的理由：可以百度搜索精诚英语翻译找到我们 1.保证价格最低，团队网络化运作，无需经营成本，可以通过低价让利于客户。（有些客户看到这么低的价格还不敢相信，但是对于我们来说是完全可以接受的。） 2.保证准时、保密、准确 3.接受淘宝交易，让您没有任何担忧。 4.长期翻译经验，保证质量让您满意。 龚如心遗产案虽然告一段落，「遗产」二字仍然成为近日香港的焦点。新春期间，民政事务局局长曾德成表示，政府将展开全港非物质文化遗产首期普查，希望市民为遗产清单提出建议。 「遗产」是「资产」？ 近五、六年间，香港对保护本地小区和文化传统的意识高涨，现在政府带头要列一个「非物质文化遗产」清单，理应是很受欢迎之举。不过普查尚未展开，就引来学者争议，其中单是「非物质文化遗产」这个译名，就引起不少误会。 「非物质文化遗产」的原文是intangible cultural heritage（英文）或patrimoine culturel immateriel （法文），是联合国在1997年以尊重多元文化为大原则而提出的概念，并由联合国教科文组织制定「保护非物质文化遗产公约」，2006年生效。 「非物质文化遗产」是中国大陆的翻译，香港有学者不约而同就「非物质」和「遗产」二字提出质疑。香港城市大学中国文化中心主任郑培凯早在2005年就大声疾呼译名不妥。他认为原文heritage/patrimoine的意义是「传承」而非资产，不容易引发出财产的概念。而现在约定俗成译作「遗产」，容易令人觉得祖宗留下的东西，是可以变卖和投资的生财工具，与联合国提出的文化传承精神背道而驰。郑教授认识，正确的译名是「非物质文化承继」或「非实物文化传承」。另一位民俗学研究者陈云进一步指出，intangible「乃触摸不到的事，无形无相之事」，应用「精神价值」代之，「非物质」有消灭了精神之嫌，所以中国人应堂堂正正将之翻译为「无形文化传承」。 姗姗来迟的「遗产」 不论是「非物质」还是「无形」，「遗产」还是「承传」，即使公约成员国中国曲译甚至错译，香港特区政府还是只能照单全收。而且，随之而来的不止是字面的斟酌，而是「遗产」的搜寻和管理问题。 中国自2005年起，就开始非物质文化遗产（由于这个名称已约定俗成，故下文仍沿用之，并简称为「非遗」）普查，并陆续列出清单。香港也在翌年提出编制非遗清单，但却延至去年才聘专家普查，估计最快要2012年才完成。 非遗普查尚未展开，在国家文化部的再三邀请（或是说催促？）下，去年九月，香港终于申请将长洲太平清醮、大澳端午游涌、大坑舞火龙和香港潮人盂兰胜会列为第三批国家级非遗，预计今年六月有结果。 其实香港已错过了2006和2008年首批和第二批的申报机会，所以，至目前为止，在中国的文化版图上，香港是唯一没有任何有形和无形「遗产」的主要城市／特区，就连比邻的澳门也凭神像雕刻工艺获得2008年国家级非遗之「奖项」。 有人说非遗不过是人有我有，纯粹锦上添花；也有人说，中国在维护主权和领土完整的概念下，又怎能在文化层面少了香港一席？香港能够「出产」一个非遗，中国在全球的文化图谱中就多一个筹码。 姑勿论背后原因为何，由于「保护非物质文化遗产公约」也适用于香港，香港特区政府就有责任找出和保护濒危失传、与社会关系密切及具香港独特性的文化传统。现在起步虽迟，但为时未晚。 「遗产」的管理问题 不过，既然政府要展开普查，另一个问题来了。民间传统应该是属于民间的，并由民间自行发展，还是属于官方，由政府承担保护与管理？ 据政府委聘负责首期普查的香港科技大学华南研究中心主任廖迪生表示，政府至今仍未有任何政策配合或承诺给予全面的保护，所以，即使清单出炉，有些遗产仍有可能难逃「破产」的命运。他强调制作非遗清单只是第一步，更重要的是如何保护这些项目。 再问民政事务局，曾德成局长除了曾向立法会议员表示，制定清单是向国家文化部申请列为国家级非遗的第一步，进而再向联合国教科文组织提出申报为世界非物质文化遗产，他所提出的，就是以遗产作招徕吸引外地游客，「以提升香港作为旅游目的地的吸引力」。 这才是令人担心的地方。「非遗」这个金漆招牌在中国许多地方都有点石成金之效。戴上这个冠冕，民俗文化很容易沦为生财工具、游客的消费品，连婚嫁仪式也可用来表演，完全违背了保护非遗的原意。曾德成之言，是否意味着香港也要跟着祖国一起走上同一条路？
雅思口语素材训练 by Tina Li Do you like music??A—肯定:Definitely yes, everyone enjoys music, and I am no exception! I love... 否定 :Well, honestly speaking, music is really not my cup of tea, simply because... ( 给出直接原因) What—pop, techno ( 电音音乐), hip-hop, rock, meditation ( 冥想乐) and especially light music.( 罗列名词) Where—Normally speaking, I would like to listen to music with my earphones when I take a ride on public transportation. ( 给出一个具体的场景) When—As long as I couldn’t go to sleep, I’d like to listen to some light music to calm myself down. ( 给出一个条件 :As long as I..., I would...)
Who—My most favourite singers include Adele, James Blunt, Avril Lavigne, and so forth. ( 喜欢的歌手) Why—I am fond of music mainly because it can cheer me up greatly when I feel down/low/ blue/bored/tired/depressed. ( 心情不好的时候让我高兴起来)?Besides, I also believe that music is an indispensable part of culture and tradition, through which I could have a better understanding of different cultures around the world, including cowboy culture, African-American street culture, the three main reli- gions and so on. ( 有助于理解不同的文化) Do you like watching movies?? A—Speaking of movies, yes, I am a big fan of all types of movies, such as...?What—comedy, action, romance, sci-fi, manga, vampire, zombie, animation...
英文翻译价格 根据以英文作为母语的人数计算，英文是最多国家使用的官方语言，英语也是世界上最广泛的第二语言，也是欧盟，最多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言之一。但仅拥有世界第二位的母语使用者，少于标准汉语。上两个世纪英国和美国在文化、经济、军事、政治和科学上的领先地位使得英语成为一种国际语言。如今，许多国际场合都使用英语做为沟通媒介。英语也是与电脑联系最密切的语言，大多数编程语言都与英语有联系，而且随着网络的使用，使英文的使用更普及。英语是联合国的工作语言之一。 为了方便大家了解英文翻译价格，小编在目前汇集最多翻译团队的高校译云上面获得了不同翻译精英团队所展示的价格。 暨南大学翻译中心：中英---普稿---150---千字英中---普稿---250---千字 武汉理工大学-外国语学院MTI翻译中心 ：中英互译中英130-150 英中100-130 华中科技大学-翻译研究中心 ：中英互译中英120-150 英中100-120 湖南科技大学MTI中心：中英---普稿---150---千字 上海师大外国语学院翻译中心： 中英---普稿---200元---千字英语普通文本译成汉语---120元---千字西南大学翻译中心：中英---普稿----300---千字英中---普稿---200---千字 上海理工大学MTI翻译中心：中英---普稿---100---千字 南京财经大学外国语学院翻译研究中心：中英---普稿---100---千字 一般英文翻译价格是是在100—300元每千字，根据译员质量、翻译内容、需要的时间等都会有一定的波动，所以以上价格供大家参考，具体的可以准备好稿件了去问，这样会更加准确一些。
做有偿工作的人 Describe a person you know who is doing a paid job. You should say: Who this person is What job it is; How long the job lasted; And explain why you or this person chose to do this job. 让你笑的小孩 Describe a time that a child did something that made you laugh. You should say: When this happened Who the child was What the child did And explain why it was funny 特殊的旅行 Describe an educational trip you went on when you were in school. You should say: When and where you went; Who you went with; What you did; And explain what you learned on this trip.
Describe an electronic machine you want to buy. You should say: What it is When you know this machine What specific And explain why you want this machine 难忘的广告 Describe an unforgettable advertisement (that you saw or heard liked) You should say: Where you saw or heard it What kind of advertisement it was What the contents of the advertisement were (or, what product or service was advertised) And explain how you felt when you saw or heard this advertisement/why you like it
【2019-2020】雅思口语话题素材-精选word文档 本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 雅思口语话题素材 雅思口语素材总结雅思口语要求学生平时多多的积累素材，在口语方面要不断的加强练习。烤鸭们要多模拟不同的场景，多用丰富的口语短语，这 样你的雅思口语水平才能越来越高。下面是常用的一些口语短语，供大家参考！ 1、 a change of pace 改变步调;换口味 You cant do these chemistry experiments all day long . You certainly need a change of pace . 2、 a far cry from 相距甚远 The published book is a far cry from the early manuscript . 3、 and how 的确 A ： Shes a good dancer . B ： And how . 4、 a matter of time 时间问题 It is only a matter of time . 5、 a phone call away 一个电话之远，即愿意过来帮忙 If you need my help , do let me know . Just remember I am a phone call away . 6、 a while back 不久以前 Well , I listened to that CD you lent me a while back . 7、 all along 一直 I knew it all along . 8、 anything but 绝对不 I was anything but happy about going . 9、 account for 解释 How do you account for it ? 10、 after all 毕竟;终究 A ： Ive just seen the X - rays and your teeth look just fine . B ： I see . Then there is nothing to worry about after all . 11、allergic to 对过敏 Oh man ! Something in this room is making my eyes itch . I must be allergic to something . 12、 at sbs service 愿为某人服务 I am at your service at any time . 13、 around the clock 24小时不停 Martha studied around the clock for management exam . 14、 as far as I know 就我所知 But as far as I know , he once won the world champion at the Olympic Games . 15、 at home with 对很熟悉 She is at home with problems like this . 16、 back out 退出 A ： Wasnt Bert supposed to sing tonight ? B ： Yes , but he backed out at last minute . 17、be cut out for 适合于，有做某事物的天赋 She is cut out for a dancer . 18、 be absorbed in 全神贯注于某事物 She has been absorbed in a horrorfiction . I cant tear her away . 19、 be addicted to 对某事物上瘾 She has been addicted to drugs for years . 20、 be attached to 对某事物有感情 A ： Im amazed that you are still driving that old car of yours . I thought you would have gotten rid of it years ago . B ： It runs well and Ive actually been quite attached to it .