《英语经贸知识》重点资料
Lesson 1
1. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.
2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.
3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.
4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage
比较利益：comparative advantage
5. rich in advantage over point on across borders
6.Translation:
(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.
(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
(3) 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
(4) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。
Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own actions.
(5) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.
Lesson 2
1. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.
2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade restriction.
3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.
4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.
5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.
6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.
7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.
8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.
9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.
10. 需求结构：patterns of demand 生产能力：production capabilities
消费爱好：consumption preference 规模经济：economies of scale
成本优势：cost advantage 大规模生产：large-scale production
关税和配额：tariffs and quotas 外汇：foreign exchange
革新或款式：innovation or style 移民汇款：immigrant remittance
11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on
take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to
engage in
12.Translation:
(1) 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。
The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
(2) 在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.
(3) 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
(4) 有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。
The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
(5) 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
Lesson 3
1. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.
2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.
3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.
4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date.
5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc.
6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.
7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.
9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight.
10.外汇管制：foreign exchange control 预付现金：cash in advance
记帐贸易：open account 破产：go bankrupt
11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手)
enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交给)
push the sale(促销) tie up money(占压资金)make/effect payment
open/issue/establish L/C with bank in one"s favor (以谁为受益人)
12. Translation:
(1) 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。
In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract.
(2) 为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade
(3) 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。
A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.
(4) 即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。
Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
(5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。
So far as the exporter"s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A.
Lesson 4
1. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.
2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to the credit is called the confirming bank which is undertaken either by the advising bank or another prime bank.
3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or at its own choice, buys the exporter"s draft submitted to it under
a credit, it is called a negotiating bank.
4. 支付方法：method of payment 发货：dispatch the goods
条款：terms and conditions 保兑信用证：confirmed letter of credit
分批可转船：partial shipments or transshipment运载船支：carrying vessel 统一惯例：the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits
5. m atch…with (与…一致) at the request of be concerned with (关心)
(1) 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。
In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.
(2) 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
(3) 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。
Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.
(4) 要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。
Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require confirmed letter of credit.
(5) 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
Lesson 5
1. Clean draft: draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit.
2. Documentary credit: credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.
3. Irrevocable credits: are those that cannot be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.
4. Revocable credit: the credit is a revocable one if such commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.
5. Confirmed credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit.
6. Sight credit: is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit calls for a sight draft.
7. Usance credit: is one by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date or after sight, this type of credit requires a usance draft.
8. Transferable credit: if a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit.
9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency for payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.
10. Revolving credit: if a credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.
11. Accompany with/by consult with(和…协商)
(1) 信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。
Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.
(2) 光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。
Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
(3) 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。
In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.
(4) 远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天，60天甚至可长达180天。
A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.
(5) 如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
(6) 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。
The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
Lesson 6
1. Contract: is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
2. Firm offer: is a promise to sell goods at a stated price. In making a firm offer, mention should be made of the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired n addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer.
3. 业务范围：business line 不可抗力：force majeur
合同正文：contract proper 通常作法：usual practice
4. make compensation give rise to disputes (引起争执)
binding upon send/make/mail an offer (发盘) in relation to (关于)
set up (结构)
5. Translation:
(1) 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
(2) 口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to -face discussions or those conducted through international truck calls.
(3) 买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。
Inquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.
(2) 这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。
The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.
(3) 过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.
(4) 作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。
As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.
(5) 最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.
Lesson10
1. Insurance: is a social device in which a group of individuals and business enterprises transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
2. 对外贸易：overseas trade 时滞：time lag 索赔：claim compensation
3. carry /bear/ run the risks (承担风险) in association with (与…联合)
refer to + n take…share of (占…份额) aim at doing (旨在做…)
place upon (放在…) be exposed to (暴露)
fill/ supply/ stop/ close/ bridge the gap (填补空白)
4. Translation:
(1) 保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。
Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
(2) 即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
(3) 对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费用也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
(4) 企业投保的主要刺激是他们可能腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
(5) 因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。
Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.
Lesson11
1. Insurable interest: holds that no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affected.
2. Indemnity: holds that a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
3. Contribution: is a sub-principle which is associated with indemnity. It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.
4. 价格条件：terms of sale 崭新的：brand-new 占用的资金：the capital tied up
货运代理行：freight forwarder 平安险：F.P.A.(Free Particular Average)
水渍险: W.A./ W.P.A.(With Particular Average)
5. take out (制定) take over(接管) insure sth with sb (通过…投保)
pay up for (承担) be substituted for(取代…) be entitled to+n/doing(有权力)
draw up / make out (开出保险单)
6.Translation:
(1) 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.
(2) 尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。
Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
(3) 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
(4) 赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10%。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.
(5) 如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司不予赔偿。
The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.
Lesson 12
1. Barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.
2. Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.
3. Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.
4. 对销贸易：counter trade 中央计划经济国家：centrally planned economies
进出口合同：cross-border contracts 政策目标：policy objectives
竞争性贬值：competitive devaluations 金融市场：financial market
清算系统：clearing system 实际头寸: net positions
补偿贸易：compensation trade 贸易信贷往来账户：trade credit accounts
欧洲支付联盟：(EPU)European Payment Union
石油输出国组织：(OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
5. be associated with collapse in trade flows(贸易往来)
be subject to(以…为准) 记账单位：unit of account
6. Translation:
1、由于反向贸易经济常是在欠发达国家和计划经济国家之间进行的，它一般是与这些国家的政策目标相互联系的。
As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries.
2、实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。
Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.
3、回购贸易和反向贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比反向贸易要延续更长一段时间。
Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.
4、在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。
In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
5、尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
经贸英语专业面试自我介绍 经贸英语专业面试自我介绍第一篇： 经贸英语专业面试自我介绍如果你对面试流程不太了解，以下是一则经贸英语专业面试自我介绍，提供给大家参考一下，希望大家可以举一反三。 我是 xxx,是 xxxx 大学经贸英语专业的毕业生 .在大学四年里我很注重培养自学。我先后顺利地通过了英语四级和计算机二级，还能熟练应用会计电算化软件，也能翻译英文名著，在专业课学习之余，我还广泛涉足于哲学、文学、法律、经济学等领域，并辅修了经贸英语，自学了第二外语——德语。 此外，我更注重自己综合能力的培养。在校期间，我担任班级宣传委员，受到了全校师生的广泛好评。我深知作为经济类学生，交流、实践不可或缺。因此，在×××年我加入了×××工大软科学爱好者协会”的市场调研部。作为部长助理，我参与编写、访问并总结的调研项目，通过真实的数据，纠正了社会上部分群众对大学生不正确的看法，引起了很大反响。
我坚信作为一位适应社会需要的复合型人才，走入社会汲取养分是必备的。在××年××月到××月，我在××公司驻长办事处做了三个月的促销小姐，初步感受到商家的激烈竞争，也以微见巨地了解了中国企业的现状。同年期间，我还兼职市场咨询公司调查员，对市场调查做了全面、专业、深刻的了解。这些经验为我走入社会，参与商业经营运作奠定了良好的基础。 四载匆匆，我深深懂得： 昨天的一切已成为历史，未来的辉煌要靠今天脚踏实地坚持不懈地努力去实现。做事踏实、投入，但不盲目，这是我工作、学习和生活的一个重要准则。 现在的我并不满足于现有的知识水平 ,渴望在更加广阔的天地里展露自己的才能 ,在实践中得到锻炼和提高 ,因此我希望能够加入你们的单位 .我会踏踏实实的做好属于自己的一份工作 ,竭尽全力的在工作中取得好的成绩 .我相信经过自己的勤奋和努力 ,一定会做出应有的贡献 ! 第二篇： 经贸英语专业学生面试的自我介绍我是好范文，是 ***大学经贸英语专业的毕业生 .在大学四年里我很注重培养自学。下面就是本人的自我介绍： 此外，我更注重自己综合能力的培养。在校期间，我担任班级宣传委员，受到了全校师生的广泛好评。我深知作为经济
2003年4月全国自学考试--经贸知识英语试题及答案 Ⅰ．Translate the following words and expressions:(10%) 1.From English into Chinese: a. consignment contract b. give rise to disputes c. inquiry d. correspondent bank e. commercial invoice 2.From Chinese into English: a.可转让信用证 b.采取法律行动 c.运载船只 d.受票人 e.债权人 Ⅱ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right:(5%) ()3.discrepancy a. after presentation of draft ()4.liability b. absence of agreement ()5.clean credit c. suffer ()6.after sight d. a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment ()7.sustain e. what one is responsible for according to law Ⅲ.Make brief explanations of the following terms in English:(20%) 8.customs union 9.counter purchase 10.most-favored-nation treatment 11.insurance 12.CTD Ⅳ.Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word from the list(You can only choose 10 from the following 12 words in the square):(10%) powerful international currencies membership subscription loanableVolume remainder quota revised voting quantity Upon joining the IMF, each nation was assigned a (13) based on its economic importance and the (14) of its international trade. The size of a nation's quota determined its (15) power and its ability to borrow from the Fund. The total (16) to the Fund was set in 1944 at $ 8.8 billion. As the most (17) nation, the United States was assigned by far the largest quota, 31 percent. Every five years, quotas were to be (18) to reflect changes in the relative economic importance and (19) trade of member nations. At the beginning of 1994, the total subscription of the Fund had grown to 144.8 billion SDRs ($ 205.4 billion)through increases in (20) and periodic increases in quotas. Upon joining the IMF, a nation was to pay 25 percent of its quota to the Fund in gold and the (21) in its own currency. In borrowing from the Fund, the nation would get convertible (22) approved by the Fund in exchange for depositing equivalent amounts of its own currency into the Fund, until the Fund held no more than 200 percent of the nation's quota in the nation's currency.
U1.重点知识笔记整理 1.How many animals can you name? 你能说出多少动物的名字？ 注意：How many+可数名词复数 2.--------Would you like a pie? 短语：would you like....你想要。。。 --------你想要一个派吗？ 一般疑问句两种回答-----Yes,please. --------是的，请 ----- No,thanks. ------- 不了，谢谢 3.-------What would you like ? ------I would like some cakes. 注：I’d=I would -------你想要什么？-------我想要一些蛋糕。 注意：Some用于肯定句，或者请求或希望得到肯定回答。 例：I have some cakes. 例：would you like some cakes? Any用于疑问句和否定句 例：Do you have any cakes? 例：I don’t have any cakes. Any也可以用于肯定句，此时Any后面接可数名词单数，意为“任何一个”，起强调作用。Eg: Any student can answer this question. 4.---------what’s that? -------It’s a toy monkey ------那是什么？---------它是一个玩具猴子 This （这个）+可数名词单数对应的词that,复数是these That （那个）+可数名词单数 注意指示代词 these （这些）+可数名词复数 those （那些）+可数名词复数对应的词these,单数是that 5.-------Do you like dogs? ----------Yes,I do. No, I don’t. -------你喜欢狗吗？-------是的，我喜欢。--------不，我不喜欢 肯定句改为一般疑问句：看句子中有没有be动词或情态动词1.如果有，则放于句首；如果没有，则借助动词Do，放于句首。2.把第一人称改为第二人称，some 改为any,其余部分位置不变。 注意：借助动词Do时，Do要根据原句中动词的适当形式进行对应的变化，此时，动词还原。 6.--------What do you like? ---------- I like elephants. --------你喜欢什么？-------我喜欢大象 +可数名词复数例：I like tiger s 注意：Like的用法+不可数名词例：I like milk. +that/this/a/an/the +可数名词单数例：I like this white cat 7.感叹句 What 开头的感叹句，其结构为： What a/an +形容词+可数名词单数例;What a nice book（it is）! What +形容词+可数名词复数例：what besutiful flowers(they are)! How 开头的感叹句，其结构为; How +形容词/副词（主语+动词）例：How nice(the pictures are)! 8.Be动词的一般现在形式有三个：am is are. 其中am is是单数，其复数是are Am主要和I连用：例I am Su Hai.（下例，改为一般疑问句） 注意：在有I和am出现的句子，改为疑问句时，要把I改为you ,am改为are.例Are you Su Hai? Is作谓语动词，主语为第三人称单数:He,She,It.或者名词单数 Are作谓语动词，主语为第一人称复数we,第二人称you，第三人称复数they,或者复数名词 9.a/an的用法：an--用于单数名词首字母发音为元音音素a,e,i,o,u，或首字母不发音，第二字母发元音，如hour，前面用an,例an egg,an apple,an elephant,---an hour(一小时）
六年级语法总复习 一、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如yesterday, last weekend ,last Saturday ,等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句——What did you do last weekend?你上周做什么了？ ——I played football last weekend.我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 ⒈一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play—played ⒉词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance—danced ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop（停止）--stopped ⒋结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加-ed，例如：study--studied ★一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is—was are—were go—went swim—swam fly—flew do—did have—had say—said see—saw take—took come—came become—became get—got draw—drew hurt—hurt read—read tell—told will—would eat—ate take—took make—made drink—drank sleep(睡觉)—slept cut（切）--cut sit(坐)—sat begin(开始)—began think—thought find—found run(跑)---ran buy—bought win—won give(给)—gave sing—sang leave—left hear（听）--heart wear—wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在的事实和真理。常与often ,always ,usually ,sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ●主语（非第三人称）+动词原形+其他。例句：——What do you usually do on the weekend?——I usually do my homework on the weekend. ●主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ——What does Sarah usually do on the weekend?萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ——She usually does her homework on the weekend.她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play—plays ⒉以s ,x ,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch—watches ⒊以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly—flies ⒋个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do—does go—goes （三）现在进行时态 现在进行时态表示说话人现在正在进行的动作。基本句型：主语+be+动词的-ing+其他。 例如:——What are you doing ?你在干什么？ ——I am doing my homework..我正在做作业。 ★动词现在分词的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在词尾加ing ，例如;wash—washing ⒉以不发音e字母结尾的动词，去掉e ,再加ing.例如：make—making ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，要双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing.例如swim—swimming （四）一般将来时态 一般将来时态表示将来某一时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间如tomorrow ,next weeken ,this afternoon 等连用。我们通常用will,be going to+动词原形来表示一般将来时态。
经贸英语词汇 经贸英语词汇经贸英语词汇(m0)money in circulation 流通中的现金 (m1) narrow money 狭义货币 (m2) broad money 广义货币 a minimum living standard system 最低生活保障系统 account 帐户 accounting equation 会计等式 accounting system 会计系统 all risks 一切险 american accounting association 美国会计协会 american institute of cpas 美国注册会计师协会 articulation 勾稽关系 assets 资产 audit 审计 bad account 坏帐 balance sheet 资产负债表 bear market 熊市 blank endorsed 空白背书 bookkeepking 簿记
bull market 牛市 business entity 企业个体 capital stock 股本 cargo receipt 承运货物收据 cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 catalogue 商品目录 certificate in internal auditing内部审计证书certificate in management accounting 管理会计证书certificate public accountant 注册会计师 china securities regulatory commission 中国证监会china's "big four" commercial banks中国四大商业银行close-ended fund 封闭式基金 commission 佣金 consignee 收货人 corporation 公司 cost accounting 成本会计 cost and freightcfr 成本加运费价格 cost insurance and freightcif 成本加运保费 cost principle 成本原则 creditor 债权人 cut a melon 分红 dead account 呆帐
英语句子成分 主语谓语宾语定语状语表语同位语.
*主语* 主语是句子的核心成分之一。与其它成分比较，主语相对来说变化比较少，位置通常位于句首，倒装句时除外。大部分主语由名词、代词或名词短语充当，表示动作的施动者。但除了名词及代词之外，还有一些结构可以充当主语. 1)名词做主语 My love for you is deeper than the sea.我对你的爱比海深. Many students didn't pass the exam.许多学生没有通过考试。 The young should show respect to the old.年轻人应该尊重老年人。*注*the young为形容词名词化) 代词做主语 That isn’t what I meant at all.那根本不是我的意思。 Yours is the best answer.你的答案最佳。 He broke the window immediately.他立即打破窗。 It will just take a few minutes.只需要几分钟。 3)数词做主语 Three is the ideal number for our small team.我们的小组三个人最为理想。 Two of them survived the accident.他们中的两个逃过了这场意外事故。 4)动名词做主语
Smoking can cause cancer.吸烟可致癌。 Talking to local people is a good way to learn English.与本土人讲话是学习英语的一个好方法。 5.)不定式做主语 To say something is one thing,to do it is another.说是一回事，做是另一回事。 To compromise should be advisable.妥协应该是明智的。 6）从句(即主语从句) What you think is not right.你所想的是不对的。 Where we should go tomorrow is still not decided.我们还没决定明天去哪？ 以上的词和结构覆盖了主语的绝大部分情况，但实际应用中，由于表达的需要，主语还可以是其它形式，比如副词，介词短语等。Before seven will be too early.七点钟之前太早了。 Slowly is exactly how he speaks.他说话就是慢吞吞的。"Power to the people"is their slogan.“一切权力归人民”是他们的口号。 当句子的主语是不定式、动名词或主语从句时，常常可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后部。 *注*疑问代词也可以作主语， e.g:What produce the energy?什么产生能量？ Which of the two methods is superior?这两种方法哪一种好？
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
英语专业（经贸英语方向） 本科培养方案 Undergraduate Program for Specialty in English (in the field of Economic and Trade English ) 一、培养目标 I. Educational Objectives 本专业培养德智体美全面发展，适应社会经济发展需要的，具有扎实的英语语言基础和比较广泛的科学文化知识及商贸知识和较强的实用技能的复合型、实用型高级英语专业人才。学生毕业后可到经济、管理、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游、外事、对外经贸部门及外企从事翻译、涉外文秘、进出口业务等工作。 The program is designed to adapt the students to the development of social economy, enable them to have a solid foundation of English and extensive knowledge on scientific culture, trade and business and practical skills and develop them in an all-round way i. e., morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically. They will graduate as advanced inter-disciplinary and application-oriented talent capable of working on translation, foreign secretary, imports and exports business in the sector of Economy, Management, News Media, Education, Scientific Research, Tourism, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Economic & Trade and Foreign Enterprises, etc. 二、基本要求 II. Skills Profile As a student of this program, he/she is required to: 1、热爱祖国，拥护中国共产党的领导，掌握马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观的基本理论体系；愿为社会主义现代化建设服务、为人民服务；爱岗敬业、艰苦奋斗、热爱劳动、遵纪守法、团结合作；具有良好的思想品德、社会公德和职业道德。 1. Love motherland, support the Chinese Communist Party’s leadership and grasp the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, “Three Represents” Thought and Scientific Outlook on Development; be willing to serve the socialist modernization drive and the masses; have a strong sense of responsibility and aspirations to endeavor for the country and nation’s prosperity; be conscientious and meticulous in work, observe disciplines and obey laws, and cherish team spirit; have good moral character, social morality and professional ethics. 2、系统学习英语语言、文学、历史、政治、经济、外交、社会文化等方面的基本理论和基础知识，接受英语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好的技能训练，掌握一定的科研方法，具有较强的跨文化和商务沟通能力，熟悉对外经贸业务的相关环节，具备进行研究、教学、管理、商务翻译等工作的业务素质和能力。 2. Learn systematically the basic theory and knowledge of English language, literature, history, politics, economics, diplomacy, social culture, etc., receive skill training on English listening, speaking, reading and writing, master some
一、单选题（共 25 道试题，共 100 分。） V 1. ( ) of existing bad assets and tighter procedures for issuing new loans are the two major factors for cutting the NPL ratio. 削减不良贷款的两个主要手段是对尚存的不良资产的处置及更加严格发放新贷款的程序。 A. Disclose B. Disposed C. Disposal D. Expose 2. It is currently only at a （） stage. 目前它尚在试验阶段。 A. tentative B. initial C. mature D. ripe 3. The United States makes ( ) furniture and the Chinese industry focuses on middle and low-grade furniture. 美国制作高档家具同时中国家具业致力于中低档家具。 A. low-end B. high C. low D. high-end 4. But according to a ( ) economist, it is easier said than done. 但是依照一位著名的经济学家的观点，这是说起来容易做起来难。 A. notorious B. renowned C. renewed D. renamed 5. The CIRC official dismissed the （）. 中国保监会的官员否认了这一预测。 A. specify B. specific C. speculation D. speculate 6. An official who asked to remain （） revealed this. 一位要求匿名的官员透露了这一信息。 A. anonymous B. announce C. anymore D. famous 7. Foreign and Sino-foreign joint venture insurance companies are raising their voices calling for a broader investment scope to improve their ( ) in the Chinese market. 外资和中外合资保险公司提高呼吁要求扩大它们的投资范围以提高在中国市场的收
Unit 1 重点知识归纳 Where’s your pen pal from? 一、重点词汇 1.澳洲，澳大利亚n. 2.日本n. 3.加拿大n. 4.法国n. 5.国家n 6.语言n. 7.居住v. 8.世界n. 9.日语，日本人n. 10.法国人，法语n. 11.任何一个，无论哪个adj. 二、重点短语 1.来自 2.笔友 3.一点儿 4.给…写信 三、重点句型 1.-- 你的笔友来自哪里？-- 来自美国。 2. 3. Where’s the post office? 一、重点词汇 1.餐馆，饭店n. 2.图书馆n. 3.超级市场n. 4.银行n. 5.公园n. 6.街，街道n. 7.中央，中心n. 8.邮件，邮政n. 9.桥n. 10.向左，左边adv. & n. 11.向右，右边adv. & n 12.房子,住宅n. 13.(菜,花)园n. 14.散步,步行n. 15.开始n. 16.旅行,游历n. 17.地方,地点n. 18.向下,下去,沿着adv.& prep. 19.出租车,的士,计程车n. 20.私人飞机,小型民用机场n. 21.开着的,营业中的adj. 22.清洁的,干净的adj. 23.宁静的adj. 24.肮脏的adj. 25.享受…的乐趣，欣赏v. 26.穿过，通过prep. 27.如果（表条件）conj. 28.饥饿的adj. 29.到达，抵达v. 30.通过v. 31.希望，盼望，期待v. 二、重点短语 1.邮局 2.投币式公用电话 3.在…对面 4.在…前面（外部） 5.紧挨着，在…旁边 6.在临近地区 7.散步，步行 8.玩得高兴，过得愉快 9.去…的路 10.到达 三、重点句型 1.-- 附近有银行吗？-- 是的，有。/不，没有。 2. 3.哪一条路是去超市的路？ 4.我怎么才能到达红星旅馆？ 5.沿着大桥街走，在第二个十字路口向左拐，银行就在 公园的对面。 6.沿着这条大街直行，公用电话就在前方500米处的右 侧。 7.过桥后继续走直到马路的尽头，公园就在你的面前， 你不会错过的。 8.大桥街是个能玩得高兴的好地方。 Unit 3 重点知识归纳 Why do you like koalas？ 一、重点词汇 1.动物园n. 2.熊猫n. 3.地图，图n. 4.睡，睡觉v. 5.老虎，虎n. 6.大象n. 7.狮子n. 8.友好的adj. 9.害羞的，怕羞的adj. 10.狗n. 11.草n. 12.因而，所以conj. 13.在…期间prep. 14.动物n. 15.其他的，另外的adj. 16.美丽的，美好的adj. 17.聪明的，机灵的adj. 18.（食用）肉，肉类n. 19.叶，树叶n. 20.懒惰的，懒散的adj. 21.放松，休息v. 二、重点短语 1.南非 2.在白天 3.入睡 4.再五个，又五个 5.（两个中的）另一个 6.（两部分中的）另一些 7.（无范围的）一个…，另一个… 8.（无范围的）一些…，另一些… 9.（三个中的）一个…，又一个…，再一个 10.对某人友好 三、重点句型 1.-- 你喜欢什么动物？-- 我喜欢熊猫。 2.你还喜欢什么别的动物吗？我还喜欢狮子。 I want to be an actor. 一、重点词汇 1.给，授予v. 2.穿，戴v. 3.谈话，谈论v 4.演员n. 1
人教版七年级（上册）英语知识点 第一块国际音标 国际音标是一种工具，其作用是标记英语字母和单词的读音。 1、20个元音 单元音： ／i:／Ee、／з:／her ／u:／do ／I／it ／?／about ／u／book ／ɑ:／are ／／or ／?／any ／／us ／／off ／e／at 双元音： ／／Ii ／／out ／／ear ／／Aa，／／Oo ／／air ／／boy ／／sure 2、28辅音： 成对的清浊辅音： ／p／map ／t／it ／k／book ／f／off ／θ／math ／s／yes ／b／club ／d／dad ／g／big ／v／have ／e／this ／z／zoo ／／fish ／／watch ／tr／tree ／ts／its ／／usually ／／orange ／dr／dress ／dz／beds 其他辅音： ／m／am ／n／and ／／English ／l／like ／h／hello ／r／red ／w／what ／j／yes 3、国际音标拼读规则： 辅见元，碰一碰。／l／在前，发本音；音节后面卷下舌。 ／p／、／t／、／k／、／tr ／清辅音，／s／后读成浊辅音。 本块词汇: speak说讲start开始school学校 s trict严格的out外面club俱乐部usually通常 dress化妆about关于大约us我们her她的ear耳朵English英语sure当然可以air空气or或者any一些boy男孩orange橙子,桔子map地图tree树math数学 off离开watch观看手表do做 like喜欢 beds床what什么hello喂是的red红色的yes是的 book书its它的 zoo动物园fish鱼dad爸爸big大的have有this这it它 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 例如：
一、课程性质与定位 （一）、课程性质 《经贸英语阅读教程》是为310英语专业的学生开设的一门英语课程。本课程的教学目的是培养学生掌握阅读和理解商务英语文章的基本技能，掌握一些国际经济文章中常用词汇，懂得一般的商务表达，熟悉主要的商务英语文章类型，为进一步学习后续的商务英语课程，毕业后成为适应社会需要的应用型涉外商务工作者打下坚实的基础。 （二）、课程定位 本课程为310英语专业学生在第四学期学习的职业拓展模块课程，属于B 类。 二、课程教学目标与任务 （一）、课程教学目标 培养学生的英语阅读理解能力和提高学生的阅读速度；培养学生细致观察语言的能力以及假设判断、分析、归纳推理检验等逻辑思维能力；并通过阅读训练帮助学生扩大阅读量，吸收语言和文化背景知识。 （二）、课程教学任务 通过学习有关的商务活动的实用语言材料，学生应熟悉主要的商务英语文章类型，提高阅读商务文章的能力。通过学习，学生应进一步提高基本的听、说、读、写、译的能力。 ·要求： 1.熟悉主要商务英语文章的类型。
2.能读懂主要英语报刊、杂志上面有关商务活动的难度适中的报道和 评论。 3.能将一般性英语商务材料译成汉语，要求译文符合原义，行文顺畅； 同时，进行一些中英句子翻译，主要目的是让学生学会商务文章中 最常用的表达方法的实际运用。 4.熟练阅读、正确理解并逐渐学会欣赏商务文章的语言和文字魅力， 具备初步的独立分析能力。 5.通过有效的阅读训练，学会解读商务英语文章的段落大意和中心思 想；在正确理解的基础上，撰写文章概要和与文章主题相关的小 论文等。 三、先修及后续课程 （一）先修课程：英语泛读 （二）后续课程：无 四、教学内容与要求 Unit 1 国际经济组织 本章教学目标： (1).掌握TextA和TextB中的单词短语. (2).通过阅读能把握文章的主要大意。 (3).了解世界旅游组织的作用。 本章教学重点： 单词短语。 本章教学难点：
九年级英语知识点归纳总结 Unit1 How can we become good learners? 【短语归纳】 1. have conversation with sb.同某人谈话 2. too…to… 太……而不能 3. the secret to… ……的秘诀 4. be afraid of doing sth./ be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 5. look up 查阅 6. repeat out loud大声跟读 7. make mistakes in在……方面犯错误 8. connect ……with… 把……和……连接/联系起来 9. get bored 感到厌烦 10. be stressed out 焦虑不安的 11. pay attention to 注意；关注 12. depend on 取决于；依靠 13. the ability to do sth.. 做某事的能力 【单元知识点】 1. by + doing ：通过……方式（by是介词，后面要跟动名词，也就是动词的ing形式） 2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论 The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。 talk to sb= talk with sb 与某人说话 3. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? 做…怎么样？（about后面要用动词的ing形式，这一点考试考的比较多）如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don't you + do sth.? 你为什么不做…？（注意加黑的部分用的是动词的原型） 如：Why don't you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ? 为什么不做…？（注意加黑的部分用的是动词的原型） 如：Why not go shopping? ④Let's + do sth. 让我们做…吧。（注意加黑的部分用的是动词的原型） 如： Let's go shopping ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 我们/我…好吗？ 如：Shall we/ I go shopping? 4. a lot 许多 ,常用于句末。如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。 5. too…to :太…而不能，常用的句型：too + 形容词/副词+ to do sth. 如：I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。 6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法，三个词都与“大声”或“响亮”有关。 ①aloud是副词，通常放在动词之后。 ②loud adv./adj. 用作副词时，常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用，多用于比较级，须放在动词之后。如：She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。 ③loudly是副词，与loud同义，有时两者可替换使用，可位于动词之前或之后。 如：He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。 7. not …at all 一点也不，根本不 如：I like milk very much,I don't like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶，我一点也不喜欢咖啡。not 经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾。 8. be / get excited about sth. 对…感兴奋 9. ① end up doing sth : 终止做某事，结束做某事 如：The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 ② end up with sth. 以…结束（注意介词with） 如： The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 10. first of all 首先（这个短语可用在作文中，使得文章有层次） 11. also 也、而且，（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也（用于肯定句）常在句末（它们三个的区分要清楚，尤其要知道用在什么句子中以及各自的 位置）。 12. make mistakes 犯错如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。 make a mistake 犯一个错误如： I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。 13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人）（常见短语） 如：Don't laugh at me! 不要取笑我！ 14. take notes 做笔记，做记录 15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…，乐意做… 如：She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。 enjoy oneself 过得愉快如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。 16. native speaker 说本族语的人 17. make up 组成、构成