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测绘工程专业英语翻译(1-8章)

测绘工程专业英语翻译(1-8章)
测绘工程专业英语翻译(1-8章)

测绘工程专业英语翻译(1-8章)

测绘工程专业英语翻译

Uuit1 What is Geomatics? (什么是测绘学)2

Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying(大地测量与平面测量) 7

Unit 3 Distance Measurement(距离测量)12

Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement(角度和方向测量) 15

Unit 5 Traversing (导线测量)18

Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination (高程测量方法) 22

Unit 7 Robotic Total Station (智能型全站仪) 26

Unit8 Errors in Measurement(测量工作中的误差) 30

Uuit1 What is Geomatics? (什么是测绘学)

Geomatics Defined(测绘学定义)Where does the word Geomatics come from?(Geomatics-测绘或地球空间信息学,这个名词是怎么来的呢?)GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. (大地测量学+地理信息学=GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球,matics 代表数学,或者 geo 代表地球科学,matics 代表信息学) It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.(据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解) The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or

“surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.(这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大;在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知,通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于GIS” 】的课程后重新命名的。) Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.(随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求,尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监测】,现在,传统测量学定义连同【along with】日益【steadily 稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。【逗号后面的句子修饰demand】)Increasingly

critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. (日益增长的危机来自人口扩张,地价上涨,资源紧缩【紧张】,还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、水、空气质量的恶化】 As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.(这样,测绘学在地球科学,各种工程学【engineering sciences 工程学】,计算机科学,空间规划,土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。) Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.(现在 geomatics 这个词已经被包括ISO【国际标准化组织】在内的数个国际机构

【international bodies】所采用,因此它就这样被普遍接受【be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受” 】The term “surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. (surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指(这换成“总称”较好)【collectively 全体的】那些从事上述活动的人。) More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise. (更具体的【explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员,【commonly 一般一般地】被业内人士【practitioners 从业者】用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。【直译为:更清楚的工作描述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员,一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。)】 The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the

true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.(geomatics 这个术语是个新词,表达【convey 传达】了实体集合和它们相关联【related】的活动的自然科学,并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合【incorporation 结合】成为可能。【flexibility 弹性、机动性】)Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. (这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业【industry】里和学校建立了【allow 允许了】一个一致的【coherent】专业市场) As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world’ s leading universities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”.(结果,世界上许多一流大学的传统的测量专业【部门】的无论是课程还是授予资【授予学位名称】格都改为“测绘学位” 【Degree

in Geomatics】的了) This does not suggest the demise of the term “surveyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specialization.(这并不意味着“surveyor” 这个词的消亡,测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地测量员、摄影测量员及其他【ect.】的工作) In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.(在过去的十年中,在应用硬件和软件的方法【solution 解决方法】来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时有着戏剧性的发展和增长) the use of 在使用…… [in 时] This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. (创造并将继续创造新的应用【application】领域,并为合适的、合格

【qualified 有资格的】的毕业生提供相关的【associated】工作。) As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.(结果是,“surveyor”的角色大大超越传统实践领域――如前面所述的领域,进入到新的【opportunity 机会、时机】的领域。) In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. (另外,最近的数据采集和处理技术的发展模糊了以前被认为有联系却分离的领域的【实践的活动的practice and activity】界限)Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.(可以预见【forecast】,这种发展继续并将为涉猎广泛、学识一流的【broadly based and of a

high academic standard】毕业生创造新的事业。) To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required.(为了使毕业生能充分利用【take full advantage of】这些发展,教育和训练的重大改革【significant changes】成为必需的)Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. (学院的和专业的机构也作出反应,部分地,采用术语“geomatics” 作为一门课程和一项授予资格【授予学位名称】)。 A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:(测绘学的一个现在使用的反映了当前的思想和对未来的预期的定义是:) The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geo-spatial data ).(获取、处理、存储,分析和上呈【presenting

呈现】地理参考信息(地理空间信息)的科学和技术。) This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.(这个广泛的术语应用于科学和技术,以及制图、大地测量学、卫星定位、摄影测量学、遥感、地理信息系统、土地管理、计算机系统、环境可视化和计算机制图等领域) Several terms such as “geomatics” , “geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.(现在一些术语如“测绘学” ,“测绘工程” “地学信息学” 和共同应用于某些活动中―――专属于【pertain to】【generally】通常涉及【concern with】地理信息的活动。) These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general

approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. (这些术语起初被采用用来表示地理信息的采集、管理和应用的总体的方法。) Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an important component of geomatics. (连同土地测量学,摄影测量学,遥感和制图学一起,GIS 也是测绘学中重要的一个组成部分。)

Branches of Geomatics(测绘学分支)

Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. (数据获取技术包括普通野外测量,GPS 测量,卫星定位和遥感图像获取,通过航空摄影和卫星成像)It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.(它还包括数据库资料的获取――通

过扫描就有地图和设计图,还有有关机构收集的数据。) Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS).(通过计算机程序,数据管理和处理应用于工程设计,数字摄影测量【digital photogrammetry】,图像分析,相关资料库的管理和 GIS。) Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.(数据成图【数字成图】是通过制图和其他直观的计算机程序【illustrative 直观的、说明性的】进行的;其表达显示在计算机屏幕上(交互式编辑处理),也可以通过数字绘图仪输出到纸上。【handle 操作、处理】) Once the positions and attributes of geographic

entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.(一旦地理实体的位置和属性被数字化并被存储进计算机存储器,就可以有效的【available 有效的、可用的】为广泛的各种的使用者所用) Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.(通过现代【估计 moderm 应该是 modern】信息技术,测绘学将以下学科的专业人员整合到一起:测量学、制图学、遥感、国土注册、土木【civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程,林业,农业,决策与发展,地质学,地理科学,基础设施【infrastructure】管理,导航,环境与自然资

源监测和计算机科学。)

.Other Definitions of Geomatics (测绘学

的其他定义)

As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”: Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations【业务】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information. (加拿大测量学会【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他们的季刊“地球空间信息学”中这样定义:测绘学是利用系统的方法,为生产和处理【management】科学的,行政的,法律的【legal】和技术的业务【operations】所需的空间信息,将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活动领域。【as part of 作为…… )的一部分,这里不翻译出来】

The definition of Geomatics is evolving.

A working definitio n might be “ the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site-specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .(测绘学定义在发展。现行的一个定义是“涉及工艺、科学和技术的地理信息的处理” 。测绘学或地球空间信息学包括一个广泛的生产活动――从工程学和发展了的测量学领域中特殊点的空间数据的获取和分析到 GIS 和遥感技术在环境管理中的应用。它包括地籍测量、水道测量和海图测量,在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。)

Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .(测绘学是一个现代科学术语,用以表示测量、分析、管理,存储和显示基于地球信息,经常被称为空间数据【often termed spatial

data】数据的描述和位置的集成方法。这些数据来自各种数据源,包括地球轨道卫星,空载和舰载传感器及地面仪器。利用计算机软件和硬件,借助现代【state-of-the-art】信息技术。它的应用覆盖所有依赖空间数据的学科,包括环境研究,规划,工程学,导航,地质和地球物理学,海洋学,土地开发,土地经营和旅游学。它因而成为所有使用空间数据地球科学学科的基础。)[from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales](摘自新南威尔士大学测绘【或地球空间信息学】工程学院)

Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing

and surveying. (测绘学是测量、表示,分析,处理,重获和显示关于地球物理特征和环境的空间数据的科学。其包括的主要学科有制图学,土地管理,GIS,环境可视化,大地测量学,摄影测量学,遥感和测量学。) [from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne](摘自墨尔本大学测绘学系【或者地球空间信息学系】Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managing geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions. (测绘学包括自然科学,工程学和工艺或【技术】学;对地理信息的收集与管理。地理信息在环境监测,陆地和海洋资源管理,以及房地产交易【real estate 房地产,transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。 [from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB](摘自加拿大纽布朗斯维克大学测量与大地测量学系)

(完整版)机电专业英语

一.单词翻译(英译汉,汉译英共20分) compound pulley 组合滑轮 screw 螺丝 worm gear 涡轮 clearance fit 间隙配合 transition fit 过渡配合 interference fit 过盈配合 ground teeth 精密齿 gear reductions 齿轮减速比aluminum 铝 brass 黄铜 bronze 青铜 cast iron 铸铁 carbon 碳钢 alloy steel 合金钢 hardened steel 硬化钢 stainless steel 不锈钢 plastic materials 塑料材料 gear teeth 齿轮 straight-toothed 直齿轮 rack and pinion 齿条和齿轮 straight bevel gears 直齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gears 弧齿锥齿轮friction 摩擦 lubrication 润滑 lubricant 润滑剂 full fluid film lubrication 全液态薄膜润滑 boundary lubrication 边界润滑elastrohydrodynamic lubrication 流体弹性动力润滑 proton 质子 neutron 中子 parallel circuit 并联电路 series circuit 串联电路 electron 电子 inductor 电感 capacitor 电容 conductor 导体 semiconductor 半导体 metal-oxide-semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体 integrated circuit 集成电路integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片 dopant 掺杂剂 mask 掩膜 doping 掺杂 photoresist 感光胶 etch 蚀刻法 dielectric 非传导性(电介质)rung 梯级 branch 分支 instructions 指令 power rails 母线 quantity 数量 parameter 参数 ladder diagram 梯形逻辑图 ON-delay timer 通电延时定时器OFF-delay timer 断电延时定时器retentive timer 保持定时器proximity timer 接近开关electromechanical control 机电控制mobile robots 可移动机器人manipulator robots 操作机器人 self reconfigurable robots 自变形(重装)机器人 Analog-to-Digital Converter A/D模数转换器 Digital-to-Analog Converter D/A模数转换器 ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit)专用采集电路 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 Z-transform Z变换 valve 阀 pump 泵 motor 发动机 cavitation 气穴 hydraulic 液压的 equilibrium position 平衡位置vibration(oscillation) 振动transducer 饱和电抗器,传感器,变频器 reservoir 油箱 pump with electric motor 电力马达泵unloader and safety relief valve 减荷

(英语)英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析

(英语)英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1.高中英语翻译题:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。(visit) 2.街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。(bring) 3.在你生命中,如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起,那么就去向他道歉吧。(apology)4.这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。(what) 5.申请材料需要精心准备,这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。(in order that) 【答案】 1.Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2.Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3.If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4.What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5.The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1.本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一,说明此处的乐趣应该用复数,必须是可数名词,因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit,需要谨慎处理,是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai,同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2.本题难度不大,重点是明亮的色彩的表达,可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3.本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4.本题考察what引导的主语从句,以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5.本题主要考固定词组的掌握,为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school,have…knowledge/ understanding of…,overall,accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子

交通工程专业英语翻译

公路建设 交通1001 绿学长公路路面结构的地基和分流路就像火车必须在轨道上行驶一样,如果没有桥梁、隧道等特殊结构,那么就需要在原来的土壤或者土堤上修建地基。所以,建造地基也就是道路设施的第一步。 [现场清理] 清理现场前的所有步骤和多数其他施工作业一样。道路开荒在农村地区有时可能只要移除杂草、灌木和其他植物或作物。但是,有时也可能会涉及到大树木、树桩和杂物的处理。我们公认的清理程序还包括处理植物的根茎,因为一旦保留了它们,它们就可能会腐烂并留下空隙,从而导致土质发生沉降。在附近区域进行选择性清除有时也是很必要的。 [开挖] 开挖是一种松动和清除障碍物和标的建设区域岩石与杂物的过程。设备的选取取决于路面材料的质量,并且要考虑到我们的移动作业和设备的处置方法。 开挖的对象通常被描述为'磐石','松散岩'或者“普通石块”,其中,“普通石块”意味着没有其他什么特别的分类了。磐石,即坚硬的岩石,几乎总需要钻孔和爆破才能开挖,然后用挖掘机、大卡车或其他大型牵引铲装车辆运输搬运。爆破的碎石块需要用推土机来搬运或转

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(完整版)《机电工程专业英语》A卷.doc

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交通工程专业英语翻译1

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