1 写作教与学入手的四个方面
●Mechanics of writing：标点符号、大小写、页面格式及基本的语法问题（如主
谓一致问题等）；
●From words to sentences (遣词造句);
●From paragraphs to whole compositions（段落及全文谋篇布局）；
●Academic and practical writing
2 英语段落的三个基本特质：（P81 Two basic qualities of effective
paragraphs）
全段围绕一个中心思想展开（Unity）；
句与句之间的联系与过渡要紧密、自然或合乎逻辑（Coherence/Cohesion）；
发展充分（Well-developedness）。
也就是说，一个好的只有一个主题，所有句子在意义上始终保持统一，紧紧围绕这一主题展开；段落结构组织合理、顺畅，句与句之间的联接与过渡自然、顺理成章；整个段落能够充分地表达这一主题思想，内容上没有任何残缺。
3 段落的结构与发展
3.1 段落的结构
段落是由若干个彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是遵循一定段落发展方法的。当然, 这并不是说，所有的段落都遵循着相同的、固定的模式。在读、写实践中，我们会遇到一些段落，只有一两句话，在文中起承
前启后的过渡作用或扮演导言或结束语的角色。但，我们遇到的大多数句子并不是这样，它们在内容上比较丰富，结构较为复杂。以下所讲，就是一般的英语段落的结构。
结构完整的段落由三部分组成：主题句（Topic sentence）、发展句（Supporting sentences）和总结句（Concluding sentence）；
一个段落的一般长度为：4-8个句子
请读下面这一段文字，注意其结构：
Different people go to universities for different reasons.Some people go to a university for specialized training. They go to learn about medicine or law or engineering or nursing and so on to prepare for particular jobs. Other people go to a university to learn as much as they can about the world and the people around themselves. Still others go to a university because they want the honor of a university degree. And, of course, there are some people who go to a university because they have nothing else to do. It is clear that different people expect different things from a university education.
3.1.1 主题句
主题句通常由主题和作者的观点两部分组成，作为段落传递信息的出发点，简明扼要地告诉读者段落的线索和范围。所以，写好主题句是写好一个段落的前提。另外，主题句的位置并不是固定不变的，它可以位于段首，也可以位于段中、段尾。此外，有极少数情况下，段落没有主题句。
3.1.2 发展句
发展句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句、推展段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、
或详细解释阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。
发展句一般要具备这样的特点：（1）清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；（2）条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节。
一个段落通常有若干个发展句。这些发展句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级发展句之下用二级发展句来支持一级发展句，从而构成发展句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的发展句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要作到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要作到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务；同时还要注意一级发展句、二级发展句等和主题句之间的关系。一级发展句为主题句服务，二级发展句支持一级发展句来说明或论证主题句。
(1)In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. (2)No single beat is characteristic of the music today. （3）But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. (4)As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.
(5)Before long, your entire body seems to be moving with it. （6）Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for thought. （7）Only the surge of the music is important. (8)In its own way, rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.
在这一段中，句（1）是段落主题句，点出本段主题思想，要说明“摇滚乐最突出的特点是其节奏”。句（2）、（3）是一级发展句，对主题句进一步补充说明；而句（4）、（5）、（6）是二级发展句，从属于句（2），对句（2）起着补充、解释和说明的作用，更形象、生动地证明了主题句所表达的思想。这里，句（7）是总结句。
3.1.3 总结句
总结句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。总结句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与发展句相关联。但是并非任何段落都必须有总结句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句没有总结句。
A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as “agreement” and became more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by the concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law.
3.2 段落的发展
1时间顺序法
2 空间顺序法
3 列举法
用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，脉络一目了然。
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally,
entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.
4 例证法
举具体的事例来证明观点，这是议论文最常用的方法，尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。如：
The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teachings: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
5 对比法(comparison and contrast)
对比法是指通过叙述或描述两种或两种以上的相关事物之间的相同（相似）的地方或不同之处来表达主题。采用对比法展开段落主要通过两种途径：一是先叙述对比双方的一个方面的全部细节，然后再叙述另一个方面的全部细节；另一个途径是对逐个问题进行双方面的比较。
Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching? Part of the reason is the ever-widening pay gap between these two professions. A secretary, an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000, and when one is promoted to the position of a business executive or manager, the salary is even higher. But a college graduate with a master’s degree can only get a salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his teaching job. No wonder, college graduates are attracted into more lucrative（profitable）fields.
本段的主题是为什么那么多的大学毕业生从商，而不从事教学工作。作者运用对比法，说明由于两种职业之间存在着越来越大的收入差异，所以有好多学生毕业后选择从商，而不选择从教。
There are striking similarities between two of the most popular U.S. presidents, Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. Both men had their elections legally challenged. Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor, as well as for their interest in civil rights. Lincoln’s secretary was Mrs. Kennedy; Kennedy’s secretary was Mrs. Lincoln. Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was assassinated. Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives. And finally, the same caisson（弹药车）carried the bodies of both men in their funeral processions.
本段采用对比法通过第一种途径展开段落。这里，作者将美国历史上两位伟大的总统林肯与肯尼迪从六个方面作了比较，描述他们的相似之处。
6 分类法
分类法是按一定标准对事物进行归类的一种段落发展方法。通过分类，可以使文章脉络一目了然。例如：
Examinations fall into three kinds. One is the machine-scored “objective” t ype. In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on best ch oice among a number of alternatives given. Another is the “completion” type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to co mplete a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, in which the s tudents are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any p articular course.
本段采用分类法来展开段落。主题句在段落开头，指出“考试可分三种类型”。然后，作者运用One is the machine scored “objective type”, Another is the “completion type”,“And the third type is the essay examination” 来清楚地将考试分类阐述，段落脉络一目了然，层次十分分明。
7 定义法
定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。定义法常用于说明、描写和论证，以提供更多的具体解释来说明某一概念或术语。
Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas, emotions, and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called “verse”, depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special effects. Poetry, even more than prose (all other writings), depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious ways, also. Most often the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in the middle of a sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme, and often they have a particular rhythm, like music.
本段通过下定义的方法说明什么是诗歌。段落一开始就指出诗歌是一种文学形式。作者在段落首句里用一个which引导的定语从句直接对Poetry进行定义、解释。后来，还利用同散文（prose）的简单对比，将诗歌的特点淋漓尽致地展示给读者。
8 因果法
因果法是说明事态发展的原因和结果之间联系的，常用在说明文或议论文中。可以先讲原因，后给结果，也可以先给结果，后讲原因。这要视实际需要而定。也有一些段落结果是显而易见的，就集中说明原因；有的段落正好相反，就集中说明结果，因为原因不言自明。
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?
First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in a n hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.
上面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”，第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢？”接下来在说原因时，用到了上面的列举法，只不过不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，让人感觉不落俗套。
9 综合法
综合法是指根据行文的需要采用两种或两种以上的方法来展开段落的写作方法。综合法需要具体情况具体分析地使用，千万不可“眉毛胡子一把抓”，或者信笔胡写，一定要注意围绕主题句，以说明段落中心思想为前提，保持段落意思的一致性和连贯性。
4 全文的结构与发展
英语写作一般包括开篇段、正文（发展段）和一个总结段。开篇段和总结段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。
4.1 开篇段
开篇段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。
注意：开篇段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题，最忌开篇离题太远、使用不言自明的陈述、内容空泛、言之无物。开篇段一般不对主题进行
深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般地，两三百
字的作文的开篇段有三、五句话就可以了。
开篇段常用写法：主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等。
4.2 正文
文章的正文是由若干段落组成，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证，是文章的主体部分，其篇幅要比开篇段和总结段长。
正文的发展要注意：
1) 文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索，具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主
题。
2) 每一个段落中一定要有各自的主题句，各段的主题句都要紧紧围绕全文
的主题思想；
3) 段落之间连贯自然；
4) 各段内容主次分明、顺序安排合理，材料比例适当、逻辑性较强；
4.3 结尾
文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。不管是哪一种结尾，总结段都要干脆利落，深化主题。常见的几种模式是：
1．总结归纳：简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。例如：In conclusion, I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
2．用不同的语词重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，也就是用不同的话语重述全文主题思想，达到强调的效果。
3. 根据前文所述做出自然的、合乎逻辑的预测。例如：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund, for present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government’s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4. 批评前文中讨论的两种观点之一，或从中作出选择，或两者之间折中处理。
My Opinion about Google
Is Google a good thing or a bad thing? Different people may have different answers. Before giving my opinion, it will be wise to take a look at the advantages and disadvantages that people have raised about it.
Among the various advantages that people have listed about Google, the following 3 are most frequently mentioned. First, Google gives its users a kind of e-library in which people can find nearly all the information they need, such as philosophy, geology, fine art and so on, much easier than in the traditional library. Second, people can enjoy finding information on Google at their own home instead of going to the library in which they have to follow the time schedule made by the library. Last but not the least, the appearance of Google largely reduces the time which people spend on finding useful information. All people need to do is to type a
few key words about the information they want to find on Google, and then all the relative information will appear on the computer screen in a moment.
As to the disadvantages of Google, people often argue in terms of its reliability and the effects it has on its users’ creativity and health. Some people doubt about the information provided by Google, because they think that the information in Google is second-hand and also including personal intentions of the collectors who select the information from various kinds of newspapers, magazines and other means. The problem is that it’s not always easy for them to decide what kind of information should be collected or omitted. Some people think that Google kind of leads them to refuse to do any creative thinking. Searching on the Google is as easy as turning on a water tap, so many students download articles from the Google instead of writing by themselves. Sometimes, these people get the feeling that they are losing the ability to think independently and even more they don’t like to think up something, and just to copy everything. Still, some people hold that Google should take some responsibility for its users’health problem, because it is reported that working at computers for more than two hours will cause bad effects to people’s health. The use of Google will eventually add the time of using computer since people tend to find everything by Google.
In my opinion, Google, as a modern device, is of great importance in making people’s life and work more convenient. Its advantages largely outweigh its disadvantages, because its so-called disadvantages are not its own faults at all. Rather, they are all due to people’s improper use of it. If people can use it wisely and don’t rely on it too much, the so-called disadvantages of Google can be largely reduced, and many of them can even be avoided.
5. 根据前文所述，提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动；但
最忌空呼口号，言之无物。例如：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair
share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
6. 引用一个与文章主题紧密相关的名言警句。
Do Unto Others As Y ou Would Have Others Do Unto Y ou
Coming directly from the Bible, the phrase, “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you”, means that we should treat others as we would like to be treated. Confucius’s teaching, like “己所不欲，勿施于人”(Do not impose upon others what you do not desire yourself) and “己欲达而达人”(if you want success, then help others be successful), just captures the same spirit conveyed in this Christian saying, which is also called the Golden Rule.
Among the morals by which we live, such as honesty, and sensitivity and so on, the Golden Rule embodies our most cherished value. Above all, in our life, interpersonal relationships probably cause more stress and anxiety than any other single factor. Noticeably regularly, conflicts in the home, in the street and other public places provoke and enhance anxiety in most of us. If every one can follow the Golden Rule, and stand in the other's shoes, conflicts can be diminished or even be avoided, and harmony can be realized. People can then live in peace and friendliness. However, if every one treats others in any way that seems to serve his or her own immediate best interests, even if it means doing harm to others’ interests, no one can escape from a state of constant anxiety. Life then will be nothing but a nightmare. That accounts for why many, if not most of us, for most of the time, are practicing the Golden Rule. Practicing that rule is a sign that we are different from animals.
No doubt, there are always people who don’t follow the Golden Rule, but this should by no means be an excuse for us not to abide by it. The point is that if we are consistently well mannered and pleasant with them, it is not easy for others to continue with harsh and selfish attitude. They will finally become polite and welcoming.
“As you sow, so shall you reap.”Hardworking farmers reap a heavier harvest,
while kind people will get a greater reward from the efforts they put into their relationship. If all of us try as hard as possible to follow the Golden Rule, together we can sure make a better world to live in.
6. 自然结尾
随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。以“Fishing”为标题的记叙文可以这样结尾：
I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
同样地，“A Day of Harvesting”可以这么结尾：
Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
7. 以反问句结尾：如：“Are we going to let this situation continue?”
但要注意，结尾要慎用问句。另外，问句结尾时要确保自己的观点立场已经在正文和开篇段中表白清楚，不能故用玄虚，让人揣摩不透。
A question is always a weak end.
附：英文标题的大写规则及标点符号问题：
大小写规则：
1.首尾词的首字母一律大写；
2.重要词（包括合成词中连字符后面的重要词）的首字母大写：实词（名动形
副数叹）都是重要词；虚词（连介代冠）中，代词是重要词要大写，并列连词、介词和冠词及不定式符号to是非重要词不大写。
英文标题中的标点符号问题：
1.除结尾不能用逗号和句号之外，该用什么标点就用什么标点；
2.副标题前可以用冒号或用空格与主标题隔开；不能用破折号。
请看以下例子，注意大小写和标点符号：
Life As I Find It
Whose Music? A Sociology of Musical Language
Italian Literature before Dante
Why Y ou?
What Is Literature?
Picturing the Rose: A W ay of Looking at Fairy Tales The Old Man and the Sea
How to Build a W orking Digital Computer
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试题 课程代码：00597 I. Correct the errors in the following sentences.(改写病句)10% Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television .I resolved never to buy that brand again. After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television, I resolved never to buy that brand again. 1.Those berries are poisonous don’t eat them. 2.Our city’s buildings are not as modern as your city. 3.To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 4.He told me that Mary had returned home for a week. 5.I read the book on the bus which did not interest me at all. II. Read the following passages and identify the topic sentence in each by underlining it.(阅读以下每段文章，然后在每段文章的主题句下划线。)20% 1. The biggest problem in ancient DNA reserch is getting the DNA in the first place. The favorite material to work with is bone, and a small chunk of it is best. Cells can lie inside the hard bone structure waiting to be liberated after the calcium has been dissolved away. That’s the easy bit. Getting the DNA out, what little of it that remains is horrendously difficult and many teams have succumbed to pitfalls in the past. The rule is that it has to be done in a clean room better than used to assemble spacecraft to go into deep space, and it has to be done away from any other source of potentially contaminating DNA. 2. Names usually have origins, especially for Indians. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics, might be given names such as Big Foot or Crooked Leg. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named Thundercloud. Grey Eagle, Red-Dog, Big Bear, and Spotted Wolf are examples of Indian names after animals. 3. Many TV commercials imply that a woman’s self-esteem depends on her cleaning ability. In one commercial, we see a woman terribly upset because her guests find spots on her glassware. Countless other commercials blur out the message that a woman will pass muster as a person if her kitchen floor gleams and her toilet bowl is blue. This idiocy must work, because the images of women scrubbing, moping, waxing and smiling keep on coming over the air. 4. As human beings, we are constantly in the stage of change. Our bodies change everyday. Our attitudes are constantly evolving. Something we swore by five years ago is now almost impossible for us to imagine ourselves believing The clothes we wore a few years ago now look strange to us in old photographs. Everything is changing. This is a prediction I can make with absolute certainty. 1
话题三：校园生活 be good for 有益于 develop one’s friendship 发展友谊 impress sb a lot 给某人留下深刻印象 it’s always shining inside my heart. 它总是在我的内心里闪耀 benefit a lot from 在---中受益匪浅 sth will last in my heart forever 某事将永存我心 unforgettable experience 难忘的经历 lifelong memory 一生的记忆 in one’s mind 在某人的脑海中 keep sth in one’s heart 将---用存心中 I will treasure it forever 我将永远珍惜 provide opportunities for sb 为---提供机会 cooperate with others 与人协助 gain knowledge through reading 通过阅读获得知识 open up one’s mind 拓展某人的思维 result from--- 源于--- scientific studying methods 科学的学习方法 spoken English 英语口语 on one’s own 独自，靠某人自己 turn out to be 结果证明是--- through this transformation 通过这次的转变 practice makes perfect 孰能生巧 keep on doing sth 坚持做某事 no matter how difficult it is 无论多么困难--- try my best to get over--- 尽力去克服--- No pains, no gains 一份耕耘，一份收获 make efforts to overcome--- 努力战胜--- the best way to do sth is 做某事最好的方法是--- set practical goals 设定切实可行的目标 strengthen ourselves both physically and mentally. 在身体上和精神上增强自己be good at sth 擅长某事 believe in yourself 相信自己 try your best to catch up 尽力赶上 make rapid progress 快速取得进步 as long as 只要 willing to make an effort 愿意付出努力 positive attitude 积极的态度 sth is the power that drives you to success 某事是驱使你成功的力量maintain a positive attitude 保持一个积极的态度 keep us feeling optimistic 让我们感到更加的乐观 话题八：个人观点、建议
Survey n. 纵览,视察,测量v. 审视,视察,通盘考虑,调查 1. We stood on the top of the mountain and surveyed the countryside. 我们站在山顶上，眺望乡村。 2. A quick survey of the street showed that no one was about. 扫视街道, 空无一人。 Add v. 增加 1. He added some wood to increase the fire. 他加了一些木柴，使火旺些。 2. If you add 4 to 5, you get 9. 四加五等于九。 3. Add up all the money I owe you. 把我应付你的钱都加在一起。 Upset a. 烦乱的,不高兴 v. 颠覆,推翻,扰乱,使心烦意乱,使不舒服 1. I'm always upset when I don't get any mail. 我接不到任何邮件时总是心烦意乱。 2. He has an upset stomach. 他胃不舒服。 3. The news quite upset him. 这消息使他心烦意乱。 Ignore v. 不顾,不理,忽视 1. I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely! 我向她打招呼, 可她根本不理我! 2. I can't ignore his rudeness any longer. 他粗暴无礼, 我再也不能不闻不问了。 Calm n. 平稳,风平浪静 a. 平静的,冷静的 v. 平静下来,镇静 1. It was a beautiful morning, calm and serene. 那是一个宁静、明媚的早晨。 2. You should keep calm even in face of danger. 即使面临危险，你也应当保持镇静。 3. Have a brandy it'll help to calm you (down). 来点儿白兰地--能使你静下来。 calm down vt. 平静下来(镇定下来) 1. His rage was soon calmed down by the rustic peace. 乡村的宁静很快就使他的怒气平静下来。 2. I told myself to calm down. 我告诫自己要冷静下来。 have got to conj. 不得不(必须) 1. You may not like him, but you have got to admire his persistence. 你可以不喜欢他，但你不得不佩服他那种坚忍不拔的精神。 2. I couldn't have got to the meeting on time -- unless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较找的一班火车。 Concern n. 关心,关系, 关切的事,忧虑 v. 涉及,与...有关,影响;使关心 1. How much money I earn is none of your concern. 我挣多少钱与你无关。 2. These problems concern all of us. 这些问题影响到我们每一个人。 3. This restaurant is a family concern. 这家饭店是由一家人经营的。 be concerned about vt. 关心(挂念) 1. It is reassuring to be enquired after when you're ill. It shows your friends haven't stopped being concerned about you. 如果能询问一下你是何时生病的我们也就放心了。因为你的朋友一直在关心你。 2. The government's claim to be concerned about unemployment is sheer hypocrisy. 政府声称对失业表示关注纯属做做姿态。 Cheat n. 骗子,欺骗行为 v. 欺骗,作弊 1. His father was cheated of his land. 他的父亲被人骗走了地产。 2. He never cheats to pass examination. 他考试从不作弊。 3. He was cheated (out) of his rightful inheritance. 他依法应得的遗产被人骗走了. Reason n. 理由,原因,理智,理性 v. 说服,推论,下判断 1. She can reason very clearly. 她能很清晰地思考。 2. Copernicus reasoned that the earth revolved around the sun. 哥白尼论证了地球绕着太阳转。 3. We have reason to believe that he was murdered. 我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。 list n. 目录,名单,明细表 v. 列出,列于表上,记入名单内 1. He wrote down his name on the list. 他将他的名字写在清单上。 2. He listed all the things he had to do. 他把自己必须做的事列成表。 Share n. 部份,股份,分担 v. 共享,共有,分配 1. If you want a share of the pay, you'll have to do your fair share of the work. 要是你想得到一份报酬，你就必须做好你该分担的那一份工作。 2. She's got all her money in stocks and shares. 她所有的钱都投放到股票里去了。
Vocabulary 1.flame ◎n. The whole building was soon in flames. burst into flames ※literary a sudden strong feeling a flame of passion anger desire hope ◎v. literary to become suddenly bright with light or colour, especially red or orange: Erica’s cheeks fla med (with anger.) https://www.doczj.com/doc/562881273.html,sh---lace ◎ something firmly to something else, or to tie two things together firmly using a rope After lashing the boat to the bank, we ran for shelter from the storm. ◎to hit/attack sth. with violent force The man lashed the horse to go faster. Giant waves /wind/rain/sea lashed the sea wall. ◎if an animal lashes its tail, or if its tail lashes, it moves its tail fast and violently from side to side, often when it is angry ◎to criticize someone angrily –used especially in newspapers: Democrats lashed Republican plans, calling them extreme. Gallins lashed back at those who accused him of corruption. ※Olson lashed out at the media.(critcize sb. suddenly) She would suddenly lash out at other children.( to suddenly try to hit sb) n. (作为惩罚的)鞭打,抽打: They each received 20 lashes for stealing. *eye?brow /?a?bra?/眉毛 lash/eyelash睫毛 3.scoff ◎If you scoff at something, you laugh at it in a way that shows you think it is ridiculous David scoffed at her fears. Officials scoffed at the idea. ‘You, a scientist!’ he scoffed. It’s easy to scoff when you haven’t tried it yourself. 4.sway ◎to move slowly from one side to another:
A: All the young children were _________ over the outing. A. excited B. exciting A : What is the least dangerous kind of robbery? B : ________ robbery. A. Safe B. Safety C. Saving All the people were _________ to hear that the pirates attacked our merchant ships. A. astonished B. astonishing All the fruits must before they are paid for. A. weight B. be weighed C. weigh D. be in weight A : What are we all doing at the same time? B : We are all growing __________. A. old B. elder C. elderly B: Be careful __________ you cross the street. A. how B. for C. to D. with C: D: Do you wish me ___________? A. stay B. to stay C. staying D. stayed Didn’t I ask you ________ in your homework this week? A. hand B. handed C. handing D. to hand E: Everyone longs ________ the summer holiday. A. till B. toward C. towards D. for Everybody was _______ at the news of a sudden outbreak of polio in the community. A. alarmed B. alarming F: G: Great changes _______ in our institute in the last few years.
毕业论文整体上包括：Title page (标题页）/ an English cover page Acknowledgement Abstract (摘要)150－200words, 第三人称，一般现在时 Outline （提纲） The Body （正文) Works Cited (参考书目) / Bibliography Title: 1:Choose a topic: i. Your interest ii. Subject area iii. Subject importance iv. Availability of Resources 2. Narrow Down Your Topic 3: Ways to find out resource materials : encyclopedia; periodicals; Internet Abstract: This paper mainly focuses on ...First of all, the paper analyses....Secondly, it explores....Moreover, it concentrates on... By the contrast between ...and... ,The paper reveals.... I. Abstract Content a. a clear statement of the problem b. the purpose of the paper c. the methods applied in research d. where and how you obtain your information e. how you use the data to make your points f. an outline of your system of analysis g. statement of your result or finding h. enlightment of your research Outline ： 1)Before you write an outline, make a list of the main questions you plan to answer and the important facts you have discovered as you have gone through your sources. 2)Then, give a serious thought on how you plan to organize your paper. There are some basic ways to go about it.Cause and effect ；Order of importance ；Categorical order 3)Pattern Body: I. Beginnings (Introduction) The function of an introduction of a research paper is to:(目的） ⑴ Create reader ’s interest by introducing in more details some general background information on the topic under investigation; ⑵ Focus on an issue, a problem, or a question relevant to the study; ⑶ Review previous research; ⑷ Discuss deficiencies in previous research on the topic; ⑸ Propose a different/new way of investigating the same topic or some aspect of it. Elements that make readers satisfactory: (1) A clear statement of purpose. (2) A little background information. (3) A few questions. (4) A positive view of the end point and the topic of the paper. II. Review of Literature The purpose of literature review To show what has been previously studied in the field. To summarize other people ’s writings. To define or review definitions or concepts. III. Discussion and analysis In this part we bring everything together by discussing the significance of our findings and its relationship to previous research in the area and also the hypotheses we set out with. analysis ---provides the evidence Discussion---gives the explanation, description, elaboration, comparison, contrast 要素Topic Specification (TS) Background Information (BI) Purpose Statement (PS) Methodology and Data (MD) Results/Findings (RF) Implications/Conclusions (IC) The elements of literature review 1.Description of the source 2. Analysis of the work. 3. Crediting the source.
Unit 1单元知识梳理 【词汇】 UK 英国Canada 加拿大USA 美国China 中国 she 她he 他boy 男孩girl 女孩teacher 教师student 学生pupil 小学生my 我的and和；并且 new 新的friend 朋友today 今天I’m 我是 from 来自welcome 欢迎where 哪里 【三会句型】 1、Hi! /Hello! 你好！——用于比较熟悉的人打招呼 2、I’m Amy. 我叫埃米。——用于自我介绍 3、Where are you from? 你来自哪里？——用于问别人来自哪儿时 I’m from the UK/ America /Canada /China. 我来自英国/美国/加拿大/中国。——用于介绍自己来自哪个国家 4、Welcome！欢迎 5、This is Amy. She’s a new student. 这是Amy。她是一个新生。
Unit 1 【四会单词】 boy 男孩girl 女孩teacher 教师student 学生pupil小学生this 这个my 我的friend 朋友nice 好的；愉快的today 今天new 新的and 和China 中国Canada 加拿大UK 英国USA 美国Australia 澳大利亚where 哪里from来自 人称代词： he 他she 她it 它we 我们I 我you你；你们 词的缩写： she’s =she is 她是he’s= he is 他是 it’s= it is 它是I’m=I am 我是 you’re=you are你是；你们是we’re= we are 我们是 【三会句型】 1.Welcome! 欢迎！ Welcome back! 欢迎回来！ Welcome back to school! 欢迎回到学校！ 2.Nice to see you again! 又见到你很高兴！ Nice to see you, too! 见到你我也很高兴！（用于朋友较久没见面）3.Where are you from? 你来自哪里？（用于问别人来自哪儿时） I’m from America /Canada /China. 我来自美国/加拿大/中国。（用于介绍自己来自哪个国家）
第一部分英语写作基础(答案) 第一章句子写作 1.1 句子的种类 I. 1) Is there any water in the bottle? 2) Can she sing and dance very well? 3) Has he a brother in England? Or: Does he have a brother in England? 4) Does it often rain here in summer? 5) Did you always play together at that time? 6) Who is he? 7) How many times have you been to Beijing? 8) Where do they live? 9) What does your father like very much? 10) Why did he go to school yesterday? II. 1)“Shall we go by bus or by train?”“Better go by train.” 2)“Are we going to have the meeting today or tomorrow?”“Tomorrow.” 3)“You are not ready, are you？”“No, I am not.” 4)We can’t take these books out, can we?”“No, we can’t” 5)Take care not to catch cold. 6)Speak a little slower. I can’t follow you. 7)Let’s not waste our time arguing about it. 8)How pretty you are in that skirt! 9)What a beautiful city Hangzhou is! 10)How I miss my parents! III. 1)She has not had her lunch. 2)I was too excited to say a ward. 3)None of the problems is difficult. 4)You can find this kind of mobile phone somewhere. 5)He opened the door and we all went in. 6)Put on your coat, or you will catch cold. 7)It was late, so we went home. 8)He doesn’t earn much, but he spends money freely. 9)Turn off the light before you leave the room. 10)I hope that you will enjoy your stay here. 1.2句子的基本句型 I． 1）SVC 2) SV 3)SVC 4) SVOC 5. SVOA 6) SVO 7) SVOC 8) SVOiOd 9) SVOC 10) SVA II. 1)My ink has run out. (SV)
Part One Manuscript Form You should do everything - writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing. Ⅰ. Arrangement排版 Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words(including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions(and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives. Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters. Ⅱ. Word Division移行 The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables. Pay attention to the following: One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided. Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone, trick. y. Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in. Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten.
Unit 1 知识点汇总 1. 问路的句型---Where is…? 课文应用：Where is the museum shop?（博物馆商店在哪里？） It’s near the door.（在大门附近。） 句型结构：问句---Where is+地点？ 答句---It’s+表示地点的词语（near the park; over there; next to the school…）此问句是由特殊疑问词where 引导的一个特殊疑问句，where意为“在哪里，到哪里”，用来询问地点，放在句子的开头。where is 后接名词或代词的单数形式，where are 后接名词或代词的复数形式。 2. 如何表达“我想要…”---I want to … 课文应用：I want to buy a postcard.（我想要买一张明信片。） 句型结构：I want to+动词原形+其他。 3. It’s near the door.(在门的附近。) 此句中near是表示位置的介词，意为“旁边，附近”，其同义句是：It’s next to the door.（它在门的旁边。） ·neat与next to的不同：near和next to都可以表示较近的距离，但是next to表示“挨着；与…相邻”，而near表示“在…附近”。很显然，near表示的范围更大一些。4. 询问怎么到某地的句型 课文应用：How can we get there?（我们怎么到那儿？） 句型结构：How can+主语+get (to)+地点？ 回答时，可以用“turn left, turn right, go straight.”等用来指路的句型回答。同时表示在某处的介词用at。如：Turn left at the bookstore. Then turn right at the hospital. 此句5. Is the Thames far from here? No.此句是个be动词开头的一般疑问句，其回答要用yes或no.句中的far from意为“离……远”。反义词组为near to.
高一英语知识点梳理 Module 2 Unit 1 Tales of the unexplained (1) 一、单词 1. search vt./vi. 搜索,搜寻,搜查 search sb 搜（某人的）身；search somewhere 在某处搜查 search somewhere for sth. 在某处搜寻某物；search for sth. 搜寻/寻找某物 n. 搜寻，寻找in search of …寻找/寻求某物 1）他们毫无理由地搜了他的身。They ___________ ____________ without any reason. 2）科学家正在寻找治愈这种疾病的办法。 Scientists _________ ____________ ___________a cure for the disease. 3）他正在寻找失踪的钥匙。 _______________________________________________________________ 4）The villagers continued their search for the lost child in the forest. 5）流动工人为找工作从一个城市移居到另一个城市。 Migrant workers moved from city to city _________ __________ _________ work. 6）他去为他生病的妻子找医生。 He went ________ ________ _________ __________ __________for his sick wife. 2. witness n. [c.] 目击者; 见证人；证明，见证 a witness to/of...是...的目击证人 vt./ vi. 目击，亲眼看见；为……作证 witness to ... / to doing/to having done ... 为某事作证/ 为做某事作证 1）警察找到了那个谋杀案的目击证人。The police found the the murder. 2 她是那次事故的目击证人。She was the accident. 3 没有见证人的情况下你不能签署你的遗嘱。You cannot sign your will without witnesses. 4）他的整个一生就是对他的诚实的见证。 His whole life was ________ _________ ________ his honesty.
全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试题 课程代码：00597 全部题目用英文作答。 I.重写句子(15 points,1.5points each) Revise the following sentences according to the requirement. Example: The history of English words in the history of our civilization in many ways.(periodic sentence) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. 1.I like roller-skating. I like ice-skating better.(compound sentence) 2.If you sit by the window facing the sun on a sunny winter day, you may feel nice and warm.(loose sentence) 3.Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly.(complex sentence) 4.His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. Tom called the insurance company.(complex sentence) 5.I asked my friend if we should tip the driver when the bus tour ended.(periodic sentence) 6.Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor.(simple sentence) 7.Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.(compound sentence) 8.I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.(compound-complex sentence) 9.Jack applied for a job. He went for an interview. He was hired.(parallel structure) 10.Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes.(periodic sentence) II.改写病句(15 points,3 points each) Correct the errors in the following sentences. 11.The rain might last for a while, clouds covered the entire sky. 12.In the evening we would swim in the lake and dancing afterward. 13.That woman just bought her dog a milk shake in a red skirt. 14.To pass the course, your term paper must be handed in on time. 15.Harry wouldn’t make a good negotiator he doesn’t have the patience. III.标出主题句(15 points,5 points each) 16.Choose the best topic sentence from the group below. Write the choice in the blank. A.I eat a lot of homemade ice cream. B. Homemade ice cream is my favorite.