categorization

商务英语常见词汇大汇总——“C”下面是给大家汇总的商务英语常见词汇“C”开头的部分。

categorization 分门别类Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司CBS Records 唱片公司CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标cable TV 有线电视Cadillac 凯迪拉克Campbell's Soup 金宝汤业公司capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道Charles Snow 查尔斯·斯诺Cherokee 切诺基chevrolet 雪佛莱choice criteria 选择标准Christian Dior 克里斯汀·迪奥(世界著名时装品牌) Chrysler 克莱斯勒Citi Corp 花旗银行closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商CNN 美国有线新闻网co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics (职业)道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调Colgate-Palmolive 高露洁collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案Comdex 计算机展销会commercialization 商业化commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者(购买)决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司(经营)范围corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献(贡献毛利)分析contributrion margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系Compaq 康柏comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争(供方)演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本countertrade 对等贸易customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度customizing 定制coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度。

大一社会心理学名词解释
社会心理学是研究人类在社会环境中思维、情感和行为的学科。

以下是一些大一社会心理学中常见的名词解释：
1. 自我概念（Self-concept）
自我概念是指个体对自己的认知和理解。

它是一个包含了对自
己个性、特点、价值观和角色等方面的认识的整体体系。

2. 社会认知（Social cognition）
社会认知是指个体对社会环境中他人和自己的认知过程。

这些
过程包括注意、记忆、推理和解释等，用以理解和解释社会世界。

3. 群体心态（Groupthink）
群体心态是指在追求共识和和谐的过程中，群体成员的决策能
力和判断力下降，导致出现错误的决策。

常见于群体中的亲和力过
高或缺乏批判性思考的情况。

4. 主观规范（Subjective norms）
主观规范是个体对别人期望自己采取某种行为的信念和看法。

这种规范可以来自家庭、朋友、社会和文化等方面的影响。

5. 关系辨析（Social categorization）
关系辨析是指个体在社会中将自己和他人归类到特定的群体或类别中的认知过程。

这种归类可以基于共同特征、身份、性别、年龄等因素。

6. 社会影响（Social influence）
社会影响是指他人对个体行为和态度的影响。

这包括了从他人那里获得信息、模仿他人行为和遵守社会规范等。

以上是对一些大一社会心理学中常见名词的简要解释。

这些名词帮助我们了解人类在社会中的思维和行为，并对人际关系和社会互动有更深入的理解。

`(800字)`。

sex英语的意思"Sex" 这个词在英语中有几种不同的意思，具体取决于上下文。

以下是其中一些常见的含义：1. 性别（Gender）："Sex" 可以指代生物学上的性别，即男性（male）和女性（female）之间的区别。

-例如：The doctor asked about the patient's sex to determine the appropriate treatment.（医生询问患者的性别，以确定适当的治疗方式。

）2. 性行为（Sexual Activity）："Sex" 也可以用来指代性行为，包括生理上的性交。

-例如：They talked openly about sex education in schools.（他们公开讨论了学校的性教育。

）3. 性别特征（Sexual Characteristics）：这指的是与性别相关的生理特征，如男性和女性的生殖器官。

-例如：The development of secondary sex characteristics occurs during puberty.（二次性征在青春期发育。

）4. 性别分类（Categorization）：在语言中，"sex" 有时也用于表示将事物分类为男性或女性。

-例如：In some languages, nouns are assigned a grammatical gender, such as masculine or feminine.（在某些语言中，名词被赋予语法性别，如阳性或阴性。

）总体而言，请根据上下文来确定"sex" 的确切含义。

广告专业英语美国爱荷华大学广告学参考书目网站/%7 Ecommstud/resources/adtexts.html提供以下电子书：（1）《The World of The World of Coca-Cola》by Ted Frie dmanOriginally appeared in Communication Research, Vol. 19 No 5, October 1992, pp. 642-662（2）《Toward A Critical Theory of Advertising》By John Harms The University of Texas at Austin（3）《Torches of Freedom: Themes of Women's Liberatio n in American Cigarette Advertising》（4）《Product Placement as a Marketing Took in Film and Television》 (PDF) An introductory overview by H. Ronald M oser, Layne Bryant and Katie Sylvester, Middle Tennessee St ate University（5）Maldonado, Rachel; Patriya Tanshuj and Darrel D. M uehling. 2003. 《The Impact of Gender on Ad Processing: A S ocial Identity Perspective.》 Available: http://www.amsrevi /articles/maldonado03-2003.pdf（6）/~rabe/adindex.htm《American Advertising History: A Bibliographic Refere nce》学校图书馆提供以下参考书：（7）《How does advertising impact teen behavior》David M. Haugen, book editor F713.8/*6 David M. Haugen, book edito r.文学院资料室（新校）（8）《Advertising and society》 edited by Carol J. Pardun. F713.80/*5外国语学院资料室（新校）（9）《Advertising 》William Wells, John Burnett, Sandra Moriarty = 广告学 : 原理和实务 / 威廉·韦尔斯, 约翰·伯内特,桑德拉·莫里亚蒂著. 北京 : 中国人民大学出版社, 2005. F713. 80/*3=6 经济类图书（新校）（10）《Advertising and integrated brand promotion 》 Th omas C. O'Guinn, Chris T. Allen, Richard J. Semenik = 广告学 / 托马斯·C．奥吉恩, 克里斯·T．艾伦, 理查德·J．西曼尼克著. 大连 : 东北财经大学出版社, 2004.F713.80/*1经济类图书（新校）（11）《Advertising, promotion, & supplemental aspects o f integrated marketing communications》Terence A. Shimp. 北京 : 北京大学出版社 ; 2004. 当代全美MBA经典教材书系（英文影印版） F713.50/*2经济类图书（新校）（12）《Advertising》 Sheils Malovany-Chevallier H319.4/ *70外文.医学书库(北校)（13）《Advertising media planning 》Larry D. Kelley an d Donald W. Jugenheimer. F713.8/*4=2文学院资料室(新校)（14）《Advertising and new media 》 Christina Spurgeon. F713.8/*5文学院资料室(新校)广告专业英语词汇注：红字部分为重点记忆词汇。

categorization语言学定义【categorization 语言学定义】“嘿，朋友们！在我们的日常交流和学习中，经常会遇到各种各样的分类问题，比如整理书架时把书按类型摆放，或者区分不同风格的衣服。

今天呀，咱们就来聊聊 categorization 这个在语言学中有点特别的概念。

”其实，categorization 简单来说就是把事物按照一定的标准或特点分成不同的类别。

就像我们把水果分为苹果、香蕉、橙子等，这就是一种 categorization 。

比如在超市里，货物被分类摆放，方便我们快速找到想要的东西。

但是要注意哦，有些人会误以为 categorization 只是简单的分组，其实它更强调依据明确的规则和特征来划分。

比如，不能因为苹果和香蕉都是黄色的，就把它们归为一类，而应该根据它们本质的特征，像形状、味道等来分类。

接下来咱们看看它的关键点。

核心特征或要素：1. 明确的分类标准：这是 categorization 的基础。

比如把动物按照食性分为食草动物、食肉动物和杂食动物，食性就是明确的分类标准。

2. 系统性：分类要有条理和逻辑。

像把书籍按照文学、历史、科学等大类，然后再细分，这就是系统性的体现。

3. 可变性：分类不是一成不变的。

随着新事物的出现或者我们对事物认识的深入，分类可能会改变。

比如说以前对于音乐的分类比较简单，现在随着音乐风格的多样化，分类也更加细致和丰富了。

容易混淆的概念：Categorization 和 classification 这两个词很相似，但也有区别。

Categorization 更侧重于基于事物内在的本质特征进行分类，比较细致和深入。

而 classification 则更侧重于从宏观的角度进行大致的分类，相对来说没有那么细致。

比如说在生物学中，对物种的 categorization 会非常详细，考虑到基因、生态等多个方面；而 classification 可能只是简单地分为动物、植物、微生物等大类别。

Unit 91、As is found in all phases of polymer chemistry, there aremany exceptions to this categorization.译：正如在高分子化学的各个部分都可以看到的那样，对这种分类方法有很多例外情况。

2、When the molecular chains are ‘straightened out’orstretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to maintain the oriented state and will retract once the force is released. 译：当通过一个拉伸过程将分子链拉直的时候，分子链彼此之间没有足够的相互吸引力来保持其定向状态，作用力一旦解除，将发生收缩。

3、Therefore, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiberunless subjected to a ‘drawing’process, i.e., a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecular orientation. 译：因此，可以制成纤维的聚合物将不成其纤维，除非经受一个抽丝拉伸的过程，即一个可以形成分子间高度取向的过程。

4、It must be borne in mind that, with the advent ofZiegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular andcrystalline structure.译：必须牢牢记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理出现，以及随着提高结晶度和提高链的堆砌密度的新方法的出现，对许多过去已得到的关于空间结构和晶体结构旧的资料，应当批判的接受。

中山大学语言学概论C 2010年考研真题答案解析Ⅰ.音标题Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)1. advantageous [ædvən'teɪdʒəs]2. cushions ['kʊʃən]3. paradigm ['pærədaɪm]4. propagate ['prɒpəgeɪt]5. synonymy [sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ]6. kernel ['kɜːn(ə)l]7. cohesion [kə(ʊ)'hiːʒ(ə)n]8. tagmemics [tæg'miːmɪks]9. immobile [ɪ'məʊbaɪl]10. prefix ['priːfɪks]II. 填空题 Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels ha sits own principles of organization.2. The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dictionaries and textbooks through the world. The lattested version was revised in 1993 and updated in twice in 1996 and 2005.3. Folk etymology refers to the change of the form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular notion of4. The development of modern linguistic science has helped push the study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. More linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in the paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of text linguistics and discourse analysis.5. Predicate logic, also called propositional calculus, studies the internal structure of simple propositions. In this logical system, propositions like Socrates is a man will be analyzed into two parts: _argument_ and a predicate.6. Cognitive linguistics seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring inlanguage.7. when Hyme’s theory of communicative competence was introduced into the fieldas an antagonism to the traditional philosophy in language teaching, language teachers began to pay more attention to the question of how their students as active and successful language users in real language context.8. Levinson presents his three heuristics, which are derived from Conversational Implicature.9. The form thou in Early Modern English, the second person singular pronoun equivalent to the French form tu, was used to signal intimacy/respect.10. Computational linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language, includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and text processing and communication between people and compuetrs.11. Nunan （1983：3）suggests that a curriculum is concerned with making general statements about language learning, learning purpose, and experience, and the relationship between teachers and learners, whereas a syllabus is more localized and is based on the accounts and records of what actually happens at the classroom level as teachers and students apply a curriculum to their situation.12. Saussure’s ideas we re developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology, and psychology.13. The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.14. In SFG, Mental process express such mental phenomena as “perception”, reaction and cognition.15. Bloomfield’s language(1993) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and greatest work in linguistics on both sides of the Atlantic in the 20th century.III. 名词解释Define the following terms. (50 points)1. Macrolinguistics【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是宏观语言学的定义。

Chapter 5 Meaning1. Semantics(语义学)Semantics is the study of meaning of the linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. (语义学是对语言单位，尤其是词和句子的意义的研究。

)2. Meanings of “meaning”1). Meaning:Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.（意义是指语言所表达的关于现实世界或者想象中的世界的想法。

）2). Connotation: （内涵）Connotation means the properties of the entity a word denotes.(内涵指的是一个词所指称的实体的特征。

)3). Denotation: （外延）Denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity to which it refers. Thus it is equivalent to referential meaning. (外延涉及语言单位与非语言实体之间的关系。

在这个意义上，它跟指称意义是一样的。

)3. The difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotationMeaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meaning according to different approaches.Concept is the impression of objects in people’s mind.Connotation is the implied meaning, similar to implication.Denotation, like sense, is not directly related with objects, but makes the abstract assumption ofthe real world.4. The referential theory1). DefinitionThe theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.(把词语意义跟它所指称或代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论)2). The semantic triangle （语义三角）Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”as manifested in the following diagram。