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高中英语口语训练的课外延伸

高中英语口语训练的课外延伸
高中英语口语训练的课外延伸

高中英语口语训练的课外延伸

摘要:口语是英语教学中最重要也是最困难的一部分,而说英语的机会与环境是影响英语口语最突出的因素。创造课外英语口语习得环境、强化有利于英语口语实践的条件是解

决这一问题的有效途径。

关键词:高中英语;口语训练;课外延伸

英语口语训练包括听和说两个过程,即言语理解和言语表达。口语是英语教学中最重要也是最困难的一部分,而说英语的机会与环境是影响英语口语水平最突出的因素(张东昌、杨亚军李蓉,2OO4)。由于高中英语课堂教学任务重,班级规模大,语言环境差,在课堂45分钟内即使进行最大容量的教学,仍难以保证人均口语训练的时间,口语质量也就不能得到很好的保证。为了解决这一问题,根据我校实行寄宿制、学生在校时间长的特点,我在所教的班里进行了“高中英语口语训练的课外延伸”的实践,通过给学生创造口语训练的环境,增加其口语训练的机会,收到了良好的效果。现将我的做法介绍如下,与同行们交流。一、课外口语训练的可行性

新颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》倡导任务型教学模式,强调高中英语教学应该着重培养学生在人际交往中得体地使用英语的能力。强化习得环境,营造校内外有利于英语学习的氛围,增加学生外语信息量的摄人,以激发兴趣,培养语感。这些都要求教师在英语教学实践中既要精心设计任务型课堂教学程序,最大程度地提高课堂教学效率,又要关注高中生的课外时间。课外交往为学生创造了无数真实、生动的任务链,如果学生能统一思想,大胆地用英语完成这些任务,无疑会极大地提高他们的英语口语水平。赵忠德(2002)说:“外语教学中有很多方法,但是这些方法主要由教师在课堂上使用,而课外的时间和方法我们则往往忽略。”学校是英语学习者最集中的地方,只要学生愿意并能保证时间和地点,任何学校、任何班级里都可以自发地营造英语氛围。两个人就可以交谈,三四个人就能说得很热闹。学生通过自己创造的小天地,在彼此熟悉的环境里,可以克服开口讲英语的恐惧,大胆而自然地进行英语口语活动,从而达到提高英语口语的目的。

二、课外口语训练的组织形式

心理学研究发现,进人高中后学生的自我中心感更强,他们一直觉得自己是别人注意的中心,这就使他们产生了一种“经常受到他人监视”的感觉,从而不大愿意抛头露面(朱纯,20O0)。他们在英语学习中则表现为宁愿多读多写,也不愿意积极主动地参加口语训练。针对这种情况,在统一学生思想、提出要求的同时,我又发挥班干部和平时课堂教学中培养的英语骨干的作用,让他们分别担任小组长,带动大家参与口语活动。为了充分调动学生口语训练的积极性,采用多种多样的组织形式,在统一目标的前提下,学生可以自由组合。自由组合主要以是否符合其个人的兴趣和爱好、同学之间在一起能否融洽相处、用英语交谈时能否相互平等对待为原则,同时又注意性格内向和性格外向同学及英语水平不同同学之间的搭配。主要有下列几种组织形式:

(一)小组活动

小组活动主要根据学生的不同兴趣自由组合。他们的活动主要安排在课外活动时间,如同篮球组、足球组、音乐组等的活动时间安排。这种形式有利于学生在休息放松的同时,利用真实、动态的任务链使用英语,促使他们大胆、自然地实践英语口语。

(二)寝室活动

这一形式主要要求学生按照他们自己的喜好讨论每天确定的话题或谈论学习中存在的问题,使他们的寝室休闲时间得到很好的利用。

(三)对子活动

两人组成的对子活动有利于学生在课间休息、校园散步时训练英语口语。由于两人相互熟悉,从而避免了紧张、不敢开口讲英语的问题。

(四)个人活动

喜欢独自活动的同学或因谈话对象不在时,一个人也可以通过背诵短文、复述故事、描述图片、就某一问题发表自己的看法等来训练英语口语。

三、课外口语训练的内容

除了良好的组织,确定口语训练的内容也很重要。根据Krashen的输入假说(input hypothesis),将训练材料的难易度控制在i+1水平是非常重要的。年龄、水平相仿的同学一起练习口语,因为彼此有相似的背景、经历、爱好等,交谈起来既可以共享谈话内容,又有较好的理解基础,可以相互促进、共同发展,避免因文化背景与知识水平差异过大而带来的交际困难。口语训练的内容通常有以下几个方面,其难易程度应循序渐进。

(一)以校园日常会话为内容

学校是一个小社会,学生生活在其中必然要用到问候、告别、感谢、道歉、建议、就餐、就医、打电话、请求允许等不同语言环境下的日常英语。对于这些内容高中生都比较熟悉,只是缺少在真实的动态语言环境下实践的机会。课外口语训练初期,从校园生活会话开始,充分利用真实动态的语言环境,鼓励学生运用已掌握的语言材料进行口语技能训练,既能增强他们口语训练的兴趣,也能为他们后期深层次的训练奠定基础。

(二)以课本中学过的材料为内容

把课本中已学过的材料通过改编运用到课外口语训练,既可加深学生对课本内容的熟悉程度,又可解决口语训练初期学生因为找不到适合自己的训练材料而苦恼的问题。例如,《北师大版》高一英语必修三,Unit8 Lesson 3课文,学生可以进行下列话题的课外讨论:

What Chinese advanced inventions and developments went ahead of Europe at that time?

China Europe

used … ?

? ?

At that time , we Chinese people used …, but the Europeans …

(三)以学生热爱的活动为内容

打篮球、踢足球、看电影、听音乐、上网等等,都是学生喜爱的课外活动,动员鼓励学生坚持在这些活动中运用英语交际,在丰富他们课外活动内容的同时,也增强他们运用口语的信心。

例如,篮球组的同学通过上网不但掌握了有关篮球运动的五十多个词汇,而且在组长的带动下打球的时候也能大胆地喊出“blocking foul(阻挡犯规),charging foul(撞人),double dribble(两次运球),elbowing(打拐子),held ball(持球) illegal defense(防守违例),three.second violation(秒钟违例)”等篮球场上的用语。

(四)以学生感兴趣的话题为内容

时事新闻、球星、影星、名人、代沟等都是学生业余时间谈论的热门话题,正确引导学生运用英语表达这些内容将有助于他们口语水平的不断提高。例如,在2004年12月底印度洋沿岸发生了海啸,这一灾难牵动了学生的心。我抓住这一时机,立刻将有关海啸的英语词汇利用课余时间提供给学生,为他们的课外讨论增添了丰富的内容。

四、课外口语训练的指导

Krashen的情感过滤假设(affective-filter hypothesis)认为,学习者的情感状态或态

度(动机、自信心、焦虑等)直接影响语言学习,而学生在学习情绪最优化的状态下,如动机强烈、自信心强、焦虑程度适中,最容易习得语言(Ellis1999)。因此,教师怎样想方设法激发学生的口语训练动机、增强他们的自信心、减轻他们的焦虑感、培养他们的自主学习意识,最终调动他们积极参与课外口语训练是非常关键的。我经常从以下三个方面做起:(一)积极参与学生的口语活动

教师经常深入到学生中间参与他们的口语活动,不仅能及时发现和解决他们口语训练中出现的问题,而且对他们的口语训练也是极大的鼓舞同时教师也能根据掌握的第一手材料对口语活动进行及时的调控。例如,在寝室口语训练中,我发现有一个寝室做得很好,其组员轮流负责将每周每天要训练的中心内容提前确定好,并列出可能涉及到的生词,然后以表格形式公布,这样大家在每天的训练中可以做到有的放矢。有些寝室准备工作做得不够,苦于找不到话题,我就将做得好的这个寝室的做法进行了推广,最后发展成为寝室之间相互交换不同的谈话内容,从而推动了口语训练在寝室的全面展开。

(二)教给学生常规套语

在鼓励学生持之以恒大胆训练的同时,及时给他们提供英语交谈中的常规套语也很有用。例如,熟人之间想要说话时可以先打招呼:Hello/Hi! How are you? How are you doing? How’s everything going?等。与陌生人开始交谈时则用:Excuse me.Haven’t we met somewhere before? A very nice day。isn’t it?等。询问对方意见观点时常用what do you think 0f? ? How do you like? ? How do you feel about? ? what’s your opinion about? 等。表达自己的观点时说:In my opinion,? I think/believe/suppose/feel/consider…I'd like to point out that… There’s no doubt that…The point I'm making is…等等。

(三)指导学生合理地运用交际策略

指导学生合理地运用英语交际策略,可以帮助他们克服语言障碍,维持交际,提高交际效果,逐渐培养用英语思维的能力。例如,在交谈中可以用“Yeah”,“Good”,“Uhuh”,“How interesting”等来积极回应对方;在讲话间隙用“um”,“well”,“you know”,“let’s see”等补白词(hesitation filler)来争得思考时间。当交际遇到障碍,找不到恰当的词语或想不起句型时,可以让学生学会“拐弯抹角”、想方设法把自己的意思表达出来,或者借助非语言手段表达自己的思想。这些都是训练学生英语口语驾驭能力的有效方法。

五、课外口语训练的评估

评估不仅有利于教师及时了解学生口语训练的进展状况,对每位学生做到心中有数,而且有利于保持口语训练有始有终,提高学生对口语训练的认识,培养他们的自主学习意识,促进英语学习。《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》中听说技能的目标是以学生“能做什么”的形式加以具体描述的,这种目标陈述符合现代英语教学理念。因此,评估口语技能的行为指标是学生“会做什么”,只有根据学生做事的行为表现,教师才能科学地评估他们的口语水平。评估分以下两个方面:

(一)学生评估

学生评估包括学生自评和小组长评估,目的是为了培养学生自主学习的能力,让他们学会自己制定计划、自己监控、自己检查纠正,从而使口语训练能自始自终开展下去。学生评估以形成性评价为主,每两周评估一次。主要内容如下表:学生课外口语训练自评表

(二)教师评估

教师在每学期的期中和期末考试前分别对以寝室为单位的各小组进行一次口语测试。教师通常提前确定十个讨论题目,让学生有所准备。小组口语测试的讨论题目通过抽签决定。在测试时,教师先就这一题目对每个小组提问,然后小组成员进行讨论。

参考文献:

1.Ellis,Rod.1999.Understanding Second Language Acquisition【M】.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

2.上海中小学课程教材改革委员会办公室.

3.张东昌,杨亚军,李蓉.20O4.影响中国学生英语口语

4.流利表达的成因分析及教学对策[J].外语界,1:15-20.

5.赵忠德.2002.中国英语教学的症结思考[J].中学外语教与学,6:4-6.

6.朱纯.2000.外语教学心理学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.

7.中华人民共和国教育部.2003.普通高中英语课程标准(实验)[s].北京:人民教育出版社.

咖啡厅常用英语口语情景对话

Hao: Good morning madam. What can I get you? Hao: 早上好,您要点什么? Jenny: I’d like a coffee please. Jenny: 我要一杯咖啡。 Hao: Certainly madam, what kind of coffee would you like? Hao: 您要哪一种? Jenny: What have you got? Jenny: 你们都有什么? Hao: Well we have espresso, cappuccino, latte, skinny latte or americano. Hao: 我们有义式浓缩咖啡,花式咖啡,拿铁咖啡,脱脂拿铁咖啡或美式咖啡。 Jenny: Goodness me! What a choice! I think I’ll have a cappuccino please Jenny: 这么多种类! 请给我一杯花式咖啡吧。 Hao: Here you are. You’ll find the sugar just over there. Hao: 给您,砂糖就在那边。 Ling: Would you like something to drink? Ling: 你想喝点什么? Jenny: Yes please. Do you have any teas? Jenny: 好的,你们有茶吗? Ling: Of course we have lots of teas? Ling: 当然,我们有很多。 Jenny: What do you recommend? Jenny: 你给推荐一种吧? Ling: What about a green tea or perhaps a jasmine tea? Ling: 你看绿茶或茉莉花茶,怎么样? Jenny: What’s this one? Jenny: 这是什么? Ling: That’s Oolong tea – it’s a Cantonese tea. Ling: 这是乌龙茶-是一种广东茶。 Jenny: Ok, I’ll try that. Jenny: 好吧,我想试试。 What can I get you? 你要点什么? What have you got? 你们有什么? What do you recommend? 你给推荐一下好吗? I’ll try that. 我来试试那个。

高中生活 School Life英语口语情景对话

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为什么喜欢历史课呢? Jeanna: It's interesting to learn about the past, different things, and different cultures. 了解过去,不同的事物,不同的文化十分有趣。 Todd: OK. What's one thing you don't like about high school? 高中你最讨厌的是什么? Jeanna: People can be really cruel. 高中的人有时很残忍。 Todd: Oh, really! How? How are people cruel? 真的!怎么残忍? Jeanna: There's a lot of judgmental-ness. 有很多人性格都是批判性的。 Todd: Oh, that's too bad. So, you're nice to everybody? 那太糟了。那么,你对所有人都很好? Jeanna: Generally. 通常是。 Todd: OK. OK. Who's your favorite teacher? 好的。你最喜欢的老师是谁? Jeanna: Probably my English teacher. 大概是我的英文老师。

大学英语口语考试情景对话

Study English (1.1) A: Oh, hey, you look so worried, what's wrong? B: Um... Well, in fact, it's about my English. A: English? Is there something wrong with your English? B: Yes.Although I am always working hard in my English. I can't get a good mark in the test. A: That's why you are so upset? B: I think so. A: Well, guy, could you listen to my opinions? B: Of course. A: First, you should be absorbed in the class and summarize the main point what the teacher says... B:Yes,I do,But sometimes I can't keep up with teacher, A: Hey, listen to me.You don't need to write down all the things.When you are listening,just write down the long point and only the important parts. B:OK, and what? A:Secondly, you must be abiding and as soon as you meet a problem, go ahead to have the teacher to solve.Only if you do this, you can make it. B: Oh, I will take it from now on and thank you very much. A: That's all right. Likes and dislikes (1.3) A: Do you have any hobbies?What are they? B: I'm interested in reading or other relaxing sports. A: How do you spend your spare time? B: I usually read some books or do so some sports. A: What kind of book you are interested in? B: My favorite books are those of detectives. A: Well, those books are really good.I like them too.Do you think you are introverted or extroverted? B: In fact, I wouldn't call myself extroverted. Sometime I enjoy being by myself very much. But other times, I like sharing activities with others too, especially during these past few years. A: What kind of sports do you like? B: I like almost all sports, and I enjoy both playing and watching.I specially like tennis and mountain climbing. A: What kind of personality do you think you have? B: Well, I approach things very enthusiastically. I reckon, and I don't like to leave anything half-done. It makes me nervous—I can't concentrate on anything else until the first thing is finished. A:Really?Maybe I should learn from you. Oh, I remember I have something to do after a while, so I must say goodbye to you. B:OK, see you next time.

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晨晨:咪咪,吃一些水果。 晨晨:它们真的很新鲜。 咪咪:谢谢你。 咪咪:这真有趣! 科斯达:有趣 科斯达:谁玩得开心了 科斯达:嗯。看看那些水果。 科斯达:我也想要一些。 科斯达:嘿,红太狼! 科斯达:去吓走他们,把水果给我带过来! 桑姆斯克:嘿,把水果给我! 桑姆斯克:我的主人想要得到它。 晨晨:你的主人 晨晨:那一定是科斯达! 晨晨:嘿,苏瑞苏瑞,我需要你的帮助。 苏瑞:好的,先生! 科斯达:哎呀,我又失败了...... 再见 Jane: Once you arrive at the American airport, please call me. 珍妮:你一到美国机场,就马上给我打电话。 Tom: OK, dont worry about it. I will. 汤姆:好的,不用担心,我会的。

常用英语口语对话海关入境

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(11)HowlongwillyoubestayingintheUnitedStat。一 预计在美国停留多久 (12)1plantostayforabout10days. 预计停留约10天。 (13)Howmuchmoneydoyouhavewithyou 你随身拥带多少现金 (14)lhave800dollars. 大约吕的美元。 (15)Anyotherformalities 还有别的手续吗 (16). 你所有的东西都需要特殊检查,请稍候。 (17),youmustbefined200USdollars. 新鲜水果是不允许带人境的。根据规定你被罚款200关元。 (18)Youmaylockupyoursuitcase. 你可以将行礼锁上了. (19). 祝你玩得愉快。

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(完整word版)英语日常用语情景对话

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小学英语口语情景对话 Company number:【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

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