unit 5
(name名称->) Naming取名字的学问
Preview
IT has been well established that we live in an age of obsessive, even competitive, parenting. The typical parent is led to believe that her every move will greatly influence her child's future accomplishments. This belief expresses itself in the first official act a parent commits: giving the baby a name. Many parents seem to think that a child will not prosper unless it is hitched to the right one; names are seen to carry great aesthetic and even predictive powers. If you have kids, you've probably thought hard about how to name your child. Should you choose a "special" kind of name, or rather a very trendy or well-known one?
Part I. Text Reading
Warm-up
I. What is a good name?
Do you believe a person's name is very important or even decisive in one's life, and a so-called good name can bring one good fortune? Work in pairs to decide what elements good names should have.
A good name must be:
plain / unusually spelled / attractive / complicated /
with a special meaning / easy to remember / easy to pronounce /the same as a celebrity's / trendy / unique / grotesque / interesting / funny /
(or others )__________________________________________
II. Popular names in the future.
The following are some most popular English names in the near future, and their implied meanings. Please try to match the corresponding meaning to each name.
Name Meaning
Alexandra a bird
Atara springtime
Ava wisdom
Aviva light
Clementine protector of mankind
Ella merciful
Emma a crown
Hannah beautiful fairy woman
Lauren universal, all embracing
Lucienne laurel leaves, honour
Maeve grace of God
Rachel goddess, a purple flower
Sophie little lamb
III. Do you believe that names reveal certain cultural backgrounds? If so, please give some examples.
Would a Roshanda by Any Other Name Smell (sound) as Sweet (pleasant)?1
Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner
[1] (Believe it or not) Obsessive or not, any parent wants to believe that she is making a big difference (起很大的作用) in the kind of person her child turns out (prove to be) to be. Otherwise, why bother (to choose a good name for her child)?
[2] The belief in parental power is manifest (shown) in the first official act (法案) a parent commits (does): giving the baby a name. As any modern parent knows, the baby-naming industry (行业) is booming, as [as evidence->as evident) evidenced by a proliferation (increasing增殖) of books, websites, and baby-name consultants (顾问). Many parents seem to believe that a child cannot prosper (=succeed) unless it (=baby) is hitched to (is connected with) the right (proper) name; names are seen (considered) to carry great aesthetic or even predictive (预示) powers (=ability).
his baby son Winner. The Lanes, who lived in a (hose: n./vt.) housing project (安居房) in Harlem2, already had several children, each with a fairly (very) typical name. But this boy--well, Robert Lane apparently (clearly) had a special feeling (感觉很特别) about this one. Winner Lane: how could he fail with a name like that?
[4] Three years later, the Lanes had another baby boy, their seventh and last child. For reasons that no one (noboby) can quite pin down (explain) today, Robert decided to name this boy Loser. It doesn't appear (seem) that Robert was unhappy about (hate) the new baby; he just seemed to get a kick out of the name's bookend effect.3(enduring effect深远影响; end=final) First a Winner, now a Loser. But if Winner Lane could hardly be expected to fail, could Loser Lane possibly succeed?
[5] Loser Lane did in fact succeed. He went to prep school (学前班) on a scholarship (奖学金), graduated from Lafayette College in Pennsylvania, and joined the New York Police
(this was his mother's longtime wish夙愿), where he made (=become) detective
(finally), sergeant (警长). Although he never (hide->) hid his name, many uncomfortable (when they were) using it. "So (Therefore) I have a bunch of names," he says today, "from Jimmy to James to whatever they want to call you. Timmy. But they rarely (seldom) call you (me) Loser." Once in a while (=Occasionally), he said, "they throw a French twist on it: Losier (->Luo)'.''4 To his police colleagues, he is known as Lou.
万无一失的) name? The most noteworthy (=worth-mentioning) achievement of Winner Lane, now in his midforties, is the sheer (only) (long) length of his criminal record: nearly (almost) three dozen arrests for burglary, domestic (violent->) violence (家庭暴力), (tres-: across) trespassing (crime), resisting arrest (拒捕), and other mayhem (故意的伤害罪
party member?]
[7] These days (At present/ Nowadays), Loser and Winner barely (hardly) speak. The father who named them is no longer (不再) alive（<->living things）. Clearly (Obviously) he had the right (correct) idea--that naming (命名) is destiny (fate->destination目的地) 命运--but he must have gotten the boys mixed up.5
[8] Then there is the recent case of Temptress (a woman who tempts sb. to have sex), a fifteen-year-old girl whose misdeeds landed [(1) 飞机降落(2)登陆；(3)get an order; (4)be listed on a newspaper] her in Albany County Family Court in New York. The judge, W. Dennis Duggan, had long taken note of (had noticed) the strange names (bear->) borne (带上->born) by some offenders (criminals). One teenage boy, Amcher, had been named for the first thing his parents saw upon reaching (as soon as) the hospital: the sign (symbol) for Center Hospital
her out of the courtroom so I could talk to her mother about why she named her daughter Temptress," the judge later recalled (remembered). "She said she was watching The Cosby Show and liked the young actress. I told her the actress's name was actually Tempestt Bled-soe. She said she found that out later, that they had (mis-: wrong) misspelled the name. I asked her if (whether是否# weather天气) she knew what 'temptress' meant, and she said she also found that out (discover) at some later point. Her daughter was charged with (accuse sb. of sth.指控某人犯某
罪(不受管束/ 放荡不羁) behavior, which included bringing men into the home
曾经) thought the daughter was living out (=realizing兑现) her name.6 Most all of this went completely over (beyond the reach of sb.超出理解力) her head.7'"
[10] As it happens (事实上), Loser and Winner and Temptress were all black. Is this fact merely (only) a (curious->) curiosity (sth. strange/ unusual) or (=otherwise) does it have something (cause) larger (more important/ greater) to say about names and culture?
[11] Every generation seems to produce a few marquee (大帐篷, 华盖; great/ important) academics (scholars) who advance (promote) the thinking (meditate) on black culture. Roland G. Fryer Jr. (the Senior<->the Junior->Jr.), the young black economist who analyzed the "acting white"(模仿人) phenomenon and the black-white test score gap, may be among the next (topic).
[12] In addition to (=Besides) economic and social disparity (gap) between blacks and whites, Fryer had become intrigued (be aroused interest by) by the virtual (actual) segregation of culture (geographic dialect<->social dialect). Blacks and whites watch different television shows. They smoke different cigarettes. And black parents give their children names that are starkly (greatly) different from white children's.
[13] What kind of parent is most likely (possible) to give a child such a distinctively (different) black name? The (datum->) data (information) offer (give/ provide) a clear answer: an unmarried, low-income, undereducated teenage mother from a black neighborhood who has a distinctively black name herself. In Fryer's view, giving a child a superblack (typical) name is a black parent's signal (symbol) of solidarity with (isolate from) the community (society). "If I start naming my kid Madison," he says, "you might think, 'Oh, you want to go live across the railroad tracks8 (想超越黑白界限/ 想出人头地), don't you?" If black kids who study calculus and ballet are thought to be "acting white (想做白人)," Fryer says, then mothers who call their babies Shanice are simply "acting black (表明自己是黑人)."
[14] So how does it matter (vi.重要) if you have a very white name or a very black name? Over the years (=In the long run), a series of "audit (interview面试/试听) studies" have tried to measure (examine) how people perceive (interpret/ understand/ explain) different names. In a typical audit study, a researcher would send two identical (same) (and fake) resumes, one with a traditionally white name and the other with an (migrate->immigrate->) immigrant (<->emigrate-> emigrant)
immigrant or minority-sounding name, to potential employers. The "white" resumes have always gleaned (received; to obtain information, knowledge etc, sometimes with difficulty and often from various different places) more job interviews.
Notes
1. This article is from (Freak: adj.奇异的, 反常的,Freako-; nom(Latin): name; nomics) Freakonomics (取名字的学问), written by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. It is first and foremost (most) an interesting book. The premise (前提) is to take the tools of economics—(rigor 活力->) rigorous statistical (统计学的) (analyze分析->) analysis of [volume: (1)体积/音量;(2)一卷一册->] voluminous (datum->) data (information)--and apply them to topics beyond the range (范围) normally (usually) addressed (discussed) by economists. The results are, of course, interesting. Interesting enough to put the book to the best-seller (畅销书) list and make it a topic of many discussions. The final chapter (章节) of this book examines the influence (影响) of names on life outcomes (结局).
2. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough (区) of Manhattan, long known as
a major (important) African-American (reside-resident->) residential, cultural, and business center. (origin->original->) Originally it was a Dutch (荷兰; go ~各付个的钱) village, formally (officially) organized in 1658, and remained (were/ stayed) independent of the City of New York until 1873. It is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands(荷兰;).
3. ...he just seemed to get a kick out of the name's bookend effect: he just seemed to be influenced by the books which teach people how to give sound (good) names for their children, and got great pleasure from it. The word kick here refers to a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure.
e.g. I get a kick out of my own car.
4. ... "they throw a French twist on it: `(loser->)Losier.'": they pronounce it with some change according to French in order to avoid associating it with unsuccessfulness.
5. ..: but he must have gotten the boys mixed up (混淆): but he must have given the wrong names to the boys when they were born.
"must + have +过去分词"结构表示现在对过去的推定或揣测。
e.g. He must have gone away. We don't see him anywhere around. It must has rained last night for the ground is wet.
6. ... the daughter was living out her name: the daughter was behaving as her name suggested. The phrase live out here means to experience in reality
e.g. Her success enabled her to live out (=realize) her (wild->wilder->) wildest fantasies (dreams). 获得出乎预料的成功
7. Most all of this went completely over her head: She completely didn't believe that her daughter had done most such things. The phrase over someone's head here means beyond someone's ability to understand.
8. ... you want to go live across the railroad tracks: you expect that your child can act white (做事好高骛远). field and track sports meet田径运动会
Word Bank
(academy->) academic: n. 学者/ adj. 学术性someone who looks at things in an academic way学者；The Police Academy；academic conference学术年会
aesthetic: adj.美学的(aesthetics: n. 美学) of or concerning the appreciation of beauty or
good taste美学的，审美的(bad taste->tasteless) [sex<->sexy]
(audio-: 与听力有关) audit: n. an examination of records or financial accounts to check their (accurate->) accuracy审计
ballet (Italian): n. a classical dance form characterized by grace and precision芭蕾舞
(bost->boster) boom: v. to grow or develop rapidly; flourish/ thrive/ prosper快速发展
(burglar->) burglary: n. the act of entering a building or other premises with the intent to commit (thief->) theft入室盗窃
(calculate->calculator->) calculus: n. the branch of mathematics that deals with limits and the (different->differentiate->) differentiation and integration of functions of one or more variables微积分
commit: v. to do, perform, or perpetrate做，实行或犯罪; ~ a crime犯罪/ ~ suicide自杀(pesticide杀虫剂); spend the committed time花够所需的时间
(detect->) detective: n. sb. who investigates crimes and obtains evidence or information侦探; private ~私家侦探
disparity (gap/ difference): n. the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference不等，差距
(distinct->distinctive-) distinctively: adv. distinguishingly特殊地
fake:（1）n./ （2）adj. having a false or misleading appearance; fraudulent假的
hitch: v. to connect or attach连住; hitchhike搭便车；attachment附件
intrigue: v. to arouse the interest or (curious->好奇的) curiosity of激起…的兴趣或好奇心manifest: adj. obvious明显的; Manifesto共产党宣言; manual labo(u)r体力劳动
marquee: n. a large tent with open sides, used chiefly for outdoor (enter->entertain给人以娱乐->）entertainment大帐篷
mayhem: n. the offense of willfully maiming or (crippled=disabled残疾的) crippling a person 身体伤害罪
[mis-:(1)wrong; (2)bad->] misdeed: n. a wrong or illegal deed (行为); a wrongdoing 违法行为
noteworthy: adj. notable值得注意的
obsessive: adj. of, relating to, characteristic of, or causing an obsession着迷的
(offend->offense->offensive: offensive talk) offender: n. one (sb.) that offends, especially one that breaks a public law违法者
outrageous: adj. being well beyond the bounds (limits) of good taste蛮横的, 残暴的, 无耻的, 可恶的, 令人不可容忍的; 勃然大怒
perceive: v. to achieve understanding of apprehend (comprehend)理解
(proliferate->) proliferation: n. a rapid increase or spreading激增
prosper (->prosperous-> prosperous-looking很成功的样子): v. to be fortunate or successful, especially in terms of one's finances; thrive繁荣，成功
(sume=get) resume: n. a brief written account of educational and professional qualifications and experience学术简历
(segregate->) segregation: n. the act or process of segregating or the condition of being segregated隔离; discriminate->discrimination歧视
sergeant: n. the rank of police officer next below a captain, lieutenant (陆军中尉, 海军上尉), or inspector警官
sheer: adj. completely such, without qualification or exception纯粹，完全的; sheer luck纯粹是运气好
[solid: (1)固体;(2) 牢固的;(3)孤独的]solidarity: n. fellowship of responsibilities and interests团结，一致; solidary bee独蜂
starkly: adv. c ompletely or utterly; extremely完全地
（tempt：引诱+ tress一绺头发->）temptress: n. an (allure引诱) alluring, (witch->) bewitching woman诱惑男人的女人; (wise->wiz->) wizard巫婆神汉/ 向导; witch try
[past: (1)adj. e.g. in the ~ few days; (2) preposition, e.g. He went past my window.] (tres-: across) trespass: v. to commit an offense or a sin; transgress or err (err<->error不懂而出错<->mistake懂但不小心出错) 违法或犯罪; [crime<->sin] Some people prefer to call errors mistakes.不懂装懂。
(rule=govern->governor总督/ 州长) ungovernable: adj. incapable of being governed, restrained, or controlled 难统治的; divide-and-rule policy分而治之的政策
Phrases and Expressions
a bunch of: a group or things growing close together; cluster or clump一束
come across: to meet or find by chance遇到confront; to cross a street/ river
hitch to (stick to): to continue to do something; persist坚持
[pin:(1) n. 图钉; (2)vt. 钉；（3）寄托希望; ping some hopes on sb.把希望寄托在某人身上] pin down: to know or understand clearly; identify准确知道，证实
Reading Comprehension
I. Choose the best for each of the following.
1. Many parents believe that giving the baby a name is very important because
A. only parents can name their babies
B. the baby-naming industry is booming
C. names are seen to predict the babies' future
D. many parents don't like their own names
2. Robert named his last child Loser because
A. he seemed to be influenced by the books about how to give names
B. he was unhappy about the baby
C. he loved this baby very much
D. he didn't like this baby
3. The story of Winner and Loser suggests that
A. a name can indeed predict a person's future
B. a name can predict the opposite future
C. they got the wrong names
D. a person's name itself is not decisive
4. The black parents give their children superblack names because
A. they are forbidden to give their children "white names"
B. they just follow their black culture
C. they don't accept white people
D. their children like superblack names
5. The study of the two identical resumes with one white name and the other an immigrant or
minority-sounding name shows that
A. white people are more lovable
B. there still exists racial discrimination
C. resumes are fake
D. people like to make their resumes more attractive.
II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.
Any parent wants to give some positive influence on her child's future. The parental power is (1) manifest (is showing) first in giving the baby a name. Many parents believe that names are seen to carry great aesthetic or (2) predictive powers, so the baby-naming industry is (3) booming.
A New York City man, Robert Lane, influenced by the name's bookend (end: result) effect [effective有效(达到预期的目的)<->efficiency效率(单位时间内完成的工作量多)], called his last
were quite different from what (implied): Loser was (5) successful but Winner was in fact a (6) 1oser (failure/ wretch不幸的人) in life.
Fryer, a black economist studies the (7) disparity (difference) between blacks and whites. The study shows that blacks and whites watch different (8) television shows, smoke different (9) cigarettes, and even name their children very differently. In Fryer's view, giving child a superblack name is a black parent's signal of solidarity (isolation孤单) with the community. So how does it matter if you have a very white name or a very black name? The study of two identical resumes with a white name and the other non-white name shows that people with white names always get more job (10) interviews. [方正Fountain (泉水) Stone; Kill two birds with one stone.一石二鸟/ 一箭双雕]
Vocabulary
I. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.
1. Jones is _____ as a novelist.
A. boom
B. (dome穹顶<->) doom(灾难)
C. booming
D. dooming
2. The government has _____ to improving health education.
A. promised
B. committed itself (~ oneself to sth.=take the responsibility of承担责任)
C. planned
D. intended
3. A railway _____ arrested him.
A. detect
B. detection
C. detecting
D. detective
4. Each rank (军衔) in the army has a _____ sign to wear.
A. distinction (n.)
B. distinctive (different)
C. distinguish (vt.区别于)
D. distinctively (adv.)
5. The story of the boy's adventures _____ their friends.
A. intrigued (arouse the interest of sb.)
B. introduced
C. interest (n./ vt.)
D. interrupt (插入/ 插嘴) <->intervene干涉
6. He deserved long imprisonment for his many _____.
A. misdeeds (crimes)
B. misfortune [(1) fortune=luck; (2)treasure: e.g. make/ earn money->make a fortune发财)
C. mischief伤害
D. misery (n.悲惨->miserable; e.g. live/ lead a happy/~ life)
7. The judge jailed the young _____ for thirty days.
A. offend (vt. 犯罪)
B. offender (criminal罪犯)
C. offence (n. 犯罪)
D. offensive (adj.得罪人的)
8. I can't _____ any difference between these coins (硬币).
A. perfect [(1)完美无缺的; (2)vt. improve]
B. perform (vt.)->performance (n.)
C. perplex (vt.) 使困惑=confuse
D. perceive (vt.)understand知觉/ 理解
9. They were essential (=most important) to the economic _____ of the country.
A. prosper (vi.)
B. prosperous (adj.)
C. prosperity (n.)
D. prosperously (add + verb->adv.副词)
10. The gang committed several _____ crimes. [Gang of Four四人班]
A. outrageous
B. outgoing (adj.外向的)
C. outcome (=result)
D. outright (adj./ adv. Frank/ frankly直率)
II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. academics aesthetic noteworthy fake
mix up manifest obsessive segregation
proliferation come across starkly resumes
sheer ungovernable over one's head
1. Over the past two years we have witnessed (wit智慧；witness: 证人/ 见证; eye witnesses 目击证人；experienced) the proliferation (n. 增加; increasing) of TV channels.
2. I tried to take in what he was saying about (nu-: = new) nuclear fission (n. 裂变), but most of it went (beyond) over my head (understanding).
3. This chair may be aesthetic but it's not very comfortable.
4. The painting looked old but was a recent fake.
5. He has an obsession (着迷) with looking good.
6. She sent her resume to fifty companies, but didn't even get an interview.
7. The boy's bad (behave->) behavior is a manifestation (sign迹象) of his unhappiness.
8. I came across (=meet) this book in an old bookstore.
9. Such behavior was sheer (only/ pure) (fool: n./vt.-> foolish->) foolishness.
10. He mixed up the addresses so that no one got the right letters.
Translation
Put the following paragraphs into Chinese.
Every generation seems to produce a few marquee academics who advance the thinking on black culture. Roland G. Fryer Jr., the young black economist who analyzed the "acting white"(模仿) phenomenon and the black-white test score gap, may be among the next (topic).
In addition to economic and social disparity between blacks and whites, Fryer had become intrigued by the virtual segregation of culture. Blacks and whites watch different television shows. They smoke different cigarettes. And black parents give their children names that are starkly different from white children's.
参考译文：
几乎每一代都会产生一些能够推动黑人文化研究的学者。黑人经济学家小罗兰德·弗立叶就是这些学者当中的一位。正像我们前面谈到的那样，他曾经分析过“模仿白人行为”和“黑人与白人之间的成绩差异”问题。
除了黑人和白人之间的经济以及社会地位上的差距之外，弗立叶还对二者之间文化上的隔阂进行了研究。黑人和白人喜欢看不同的电视节目。他们抽不同的香烟。而且黑人父母也往往会给孩子取一些截然不同于白人的名字。
Part II. Reading for Amusement
I have a friend named Monty Roberts who owns a horse ranch in San Ysidro. He has let me use his house to put on fund-raising events to raise money for youth at risk programs.
The last time I was there he introduced me by saying, "I want to tell you why I let Jack use my house. It all goes back to a story about a young man who was the son of an itinerant horse trainer who would go from stable to stable, race track to race track, farm to farm and ranch to ranch, training horses. As a result, the boy's high school career was continually interrupted. When he was a senior, he was asked to write a paper about what he wanted to be and do when he grew up."
That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his goal of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote about his dream in great detail and he even drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch, showing the location of all the building, the stables and the track. Then he drew a detailed floor plan for a 4,000-square-foot house that would sit on a 200-acre dream ranch.
He put a great deal of his heart into the project and the next day he handed it in to his teacher.
Two days later he received his paper back. On the front page was a large red F with a note that read, "See me after class."
The boy with the dream went to see the teacher after class and asked, "Why did I receive an F?"
The teacher said, "This is an unrealistic dream for a young boy like you. You have no money. You come from an itinerant family. You have no resources. Owning a horse ranch requires a lot of money. You have to buy the land. You have to pay for the original breeding stock and later you'll have to pay large stud fees. There's no way you could ever do it." Then the teacher added, "If you will rewrite this paper with a more realistic goal, I will reconsider your grade."
The boy went home and thought about it long and hard. He asked his father what he should do. His father said, "Look, son, you have to make up your own mind on this. However, I think it is a very important decision for you."
Finally after sitting with it for a week, the boy turned in the same paper, making no changes at all. He stated, "You can keep the F and I'll keep my dream."
Monty then turned to the assembled group and said, "I tell you this story because you are sitting in my 4,000-square-foot house in the middle of my 200-acre horse ranch. I still have that school paper framed over the fireplace."
He added, "The best part of the story is that two summers ago that same schoolteacher brought 30 kids to camp out on my ranch for a week. When the teacher was leaving, he said, 'Look, Monty, I can tell you this now When I was your teacher, I was something of a dream stealer. During those years I stole a lot of kids' dreams. Fortunately you had enough gumption not to give up on yours.'"
Don't let anyone steal your dreams. Follow your heart, no matter what.
Vocabulary
Assemble
floor plan
gumption
itinerant: adj.
original
ranch: n.
unrealistic adj.
Part III. Grammar
非谓语动词(一)——动词不定式
非谓语动词(the Non-finite Verb)在英语中不能单独用作谓语，而是担任其他语
法功能。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)和分词(the Participle)。
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。动词不
定式在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保持动词的一些特征。
一、语法功能
1.作主语。
(1)To err is human，to forgive divine
(2)To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get
2. 作表语。
(1)Being creative is to improve our lobs
(2)That little girl’s wish is to become a great sin ger
3.作宾语和宾语补足语。
(1) I can’t afford to buy a big house
(2)The man asked me to give him a chance to appreciate Chinese art
4.作定语。
(1)There will be a lot of difficulties for us to overcome in the reformation
(2)In our country all the children have the chance to go to school
5.作状语。
(1)We must be careful in order not to do anything that might endanger the
economic recovery(目的状语)
(2)He opened his lip，as if to say something(方式状语)
(3)I am delighted to meet you(原吲状语)
(4) The public advocate votes only to break a tie(结果状语)
(5)You will do well to speak more carefully．(条件状语)
二、时态和语态
1.不定式的进行时：不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
Well I came in，he pretended to be doing his homework carefully．
2.不定式的完成时：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
You are lucky to have won the girl’s heart.
3不定式的完成进行时：不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之前一直进行。
I am glad to have been working with you
4. 动词不定式的被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，用被动式
(1) The novel is said to have been translated into many languages
(2) to be invited to the banquet is a great honor．
三、不定式的使用要点
1.感官动词和使役动词后的不定式作宾语补足语省略to：
(1) I watch them play on the playground
(2) He made us use a series of releasers in our conversation
2. 以why引导的疑问句中不定式不用to。
Why not customize a schedule for your own training needs?
3. had best，had better, would rather, would better, rather than，no sooner than等
短语后的不定式不用to：
(1)I prefer to go out rather than stay at home
(2)You had better learn some essential information about it.
Exercise
Put the verbs in brackets into appropriate verb forms.
1. China encourages foreign investors to build (build) highways (公路# free/ express way高速公路), bridges and tunnels (隧道#channel渠道/ 频道)
either through joint venture (合资) or in sole proprietorship (独资).
2. I would love (want) to have gone (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to
3. The of China's costal harbors has created favorable conditions for large American ships (hand->handle=load<->unload) to be handled (handle) directly.
4. Rather than travel (travel) by air, he preferred a train on his tour (n./vt. Travel; prefer A to B).
5. This novel is said to have been translated (translate) into more than ten languages in the past few years.
6. He looked too young to have been publishing (publish) books for six years.
7. (mon/ Ma=my; dame=wife) Madame Curie is believed to have discovered (discover) the radium (镭).
8. Each of us should have a role to play (to play a role/ part) in making the earth a better place to live in.
9. Mrs. Brown is supposed to (should) have left (leave) for Italy last week.
10. He had no (alter->change) alternative (n. choice/ option选项) but (except) to go (go) to see him.
Translation
增词法（二）
上一单元我们主要是从词类的增补人手的，本章我们将重点放在词义的增补上。在翻
译时为了能够让译文更加简单易懂，有时需要补足词语本身含义或是补足其在修辞方面欠
缺的部分来达到目的。下面是几种常见的增词方法和技巧：
一、补足语法意义
在英语中，动词时态和名词的复数含义往往表现在词语本身的屈折变化上，因此统称
为结构意义或语法意义；在汉语中，这类含义则需要通过相应的词语来表达．如副词，助
词等。因此，对于原文中的各种语法意义，要根据具体情况来使用增词法，例如对于不同
时态的再现就可以通过这种方式来得以实现：
1 I treated you as my brother, but not now．
我曾经把你当成兄弟，但是现在不是了：
2 I WAS，and remain，grateful for the part be played in my release.
我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。
3. The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
4 The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。
又如，汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词后面加“们”字．如“the teachers”为“教师们”，或在该名词前面加上“诸位”、“各(位)”，如“ladies and gentlemen”为“诸位(各位)女士和先生”。
此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，这样做可以让译文更加通顺，更加完整。
1. 增加重叠词表示复数
(1) Flowers bloom all over the yard
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
(2)Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。
(3)There were lows of houses which he had never seen before
一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。
2.增加数词或其他词表示复数
(1)The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。
(2)We have to face different problems
我们得面对各种不同的问题。
(3)The very earth trembled as with tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
二、补足背景知识
有些原文，如果直译，会使读者感到意义含混不清。因此，译者在理解原文之后，挖掘原文的内在精神，在译文中添加一些反映背景情况或解释性的词语，把原文的内在精神传达出来。
1. Le Monde，the BBC，the New York Times，the entre Arab press，all quote Heikal
at length
法国的《世界报》、英国广播公司、美国《纽约时报》及整个阿拉伯报界，都经常
大量引用海卡尔的话。
2 In Apra，there was the “ping” heard around the world in July, the ping “ponged”
4月里，全世界听到主旦“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了7月，美国“乓”的
一声把球打了回采。——
注：这句话讲的是20世纪70年代中国与美国之间进行乒乓外交的事。如直译为"4
月里，全世界听到乒的一声；7月里，这乒声却乓了一下”，读来就不知所云了, 译文中
加上反映背景情况的词，意思便一目了然
三、补足附加意义
在英语中常只出现名词，而没有动词修辞．但译成汉语时要译出相应的动词．否则表
意就不明确了，如：
In the evening，after the banquets，the conceits and the table tennis exhibitions，he would work oil the drafting of the final communiqué.
晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他得起草最后公报。
汉语中，我们常在动词前加上修辞词来加强表达的程度，而英语就没这个习惯了。如：
1 As he sat down and began talking，words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
2 The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐地散开了。
四、补足原文中的省略部分
尽管英汉两种语言在使用过程中都有省略的语法现象，但是它们省略的程度却并不一样。因此．在翻译过程中我们就必须补足目标语言中不能随意省略的部分来增强译文表达的效果。例如：
1 Do you like sport? Yes，l do.
你喜欢体育运动吗? 是的，我喜欢体育运动。
2 Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both、please.
给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来?请把两样都带来。
3 Are you tired? Not very.
你累了吗?不太累。
Exercise
Turn the following sentences into Chinese.
1. I had known (experienced) two great social systems.
2. Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
3. There were rows (
4. Three cobblers (鞋匠
the mastermind (大师
5. This little boy always washes his hands before meals and then dries them with napkins (餐巾). [take a nap睡午觉->kidnap绑架]
参考译文：
1. 那以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。
2. 人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。
3. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。
4. 三个臭皮匠,胜过一个诸葛亮。
5. 这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。
Bonus
Below are some expressions about economy.
international (money->) monetary fund (n./ vt.) 国际货币基金组织
consumer price index消费(者物价)指数
经济指标
economy of scale (n.称/ 规模)规模经济
(acquire->) acquiring company收购公司
(author作者->authority权威->authorities政府当局) authorized dealer授权交易商
clearly-established ownership产权清晰[(1)adj.某人的; (2)vt. 拥有]
opening price开市价/ 开盘价
foreign exchange外汇交易
monetary crisis货币危机
考试须知 1、本次考试试卷有试题册（试卷一）和答题纸（Answer Sheet)两种，答题时间 为120分钟。 2、请考生用钢笔在Answer Sheet上写上姓名、学号、专业班级。 3、请考生在Answer Sheet上答题，写在试题册上的答案一律作废。 4、选择题每题只能选一个答案，多选作废。选定答案后，在Answer Sheet中找到相应题号，将答案对应字母（A\B\C\D）填写在题号后的括号里。注意保持字迹清晰工整，容易识别。由于字迹潦草、答案模棱两可甚至无法识别者，一律判为0分，责任由考生本人负责。 5、简答题、翻译和作文等主观题部分的答题请考生用钢笔书写在Answer Sheet 指定位置上。 6、考试结束，考生不得将试题册和答题纸带出考场。请把试题册和答题纸分别 上交监考老师。 Test 29 Part I Situational Conversations (10%) Directions:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue．Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center of the corresponding letter． 1. Robert: How annoying. I can’t figure out a solution to this problem. Can you help me? Anderson: __________. A. How stupid you are. The problem is too easy to disturb me. B. Well, I’m afraid I can’t at the moment. C. You shouldn’t feel annoyed. After all,it’s your own problem. D. OK. Though it’s beyond me, let me try. 2. Speaker A: Excuse me. Could you show me the way to the nearest post office? Speaker B: ________ A. OK. I’d like to go with you. B. Of course. Go down this street and turn le ft. C. Sorry. I’m busy now. Go away. D . No problem. It’s my pleasure to direct you. 3. Customer: I need some aspirin, please, and I'd also like to get this prescription filled．
《旅游专业英语》复习题及答案 一、单项选择题 Ⅰ. Choose the best answer for each blank Part A ：In this part, you are given 50 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Y ou are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the questions. 1. Both the teachers and students can get a ________ on air fares during vacations. A．discount B．advantage C．profit D．bargain 2. Hearing the noise outside, the man went cautiously to the steel sheathed door, which was ______ by the heavy iron outer grille. A. included B. reinforced C. made D. prevented 3. WTO is ______ that represents all national and official tourism interests. A. the only organization B. one of the organizations C. a regional international organization D. a national organization 4. According to WTO′s definition of tourism, outbound tourism refers to ______. A. visits to country by nonresidents B. visits by residents of a country to another country C. visits by residents of a country to their own country D. internal tourism plus outbound tourism 5. Learning difficulty ______ in detail in Chapter 4. A. will be dealt B. is going to be dealt C. will be dealt with D. will deal with 6. On that holiday, I brought my niece to the office with me so she could experience many ______ of being a social worker. A. respects B. ideas C. reasons D. aspects 7. The tourist tried ______ something funny to get rid of the embarrassment. A. to talk about B. talked about C. talking about D. even talks about 8. As the domestic industry ______, competition will become increasingly ______. A. grows, intent B. develop, intent C. matures, intense D. strengthens, intense 9. I try to ________ a few dollars each month in order to buy a new bike. A. set up B. set out C. set off D. set aside 10. The instructor forbade ______ mobile phones in the classroom. A. to use B. using C. for students’ using D. for students to use 11. The instructor forbade the students ______ mobile phones in the classroom. A. use B. used C. to use D. for use
0501 戒严与其说是个人的选择, 不如说是对自己毅力的考验, 因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的. 尽管专家的建议和药物疗法确实能增加永久戒严的可能性, 但是避免这种困境的最好的方法就是不要涉猎吸烟. 吸烟的负面影响在各个程度上是不同的, 它与吸烟的数量以及烟龄的长短, 还有开始吸烟的年龄有关. 这份报告向以下观点提出了质疑, 这种观点认为吸烟几年不会产生永久的危害性的后果. 我们希望阻止这种普遍的但是却是生死攸关的习惯, 并且提醒大家戒烟的时间越长, 和吸烟有关的健康问题就会大幅度地减少. It is increasingly realized that ( There is a growing realization /awareness that ) developing environment-protecting products really count. To fulfill the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago. 0506 本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶.它基于以下观
非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程 考试大纲 (试行稿) 《非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲》(Non English Major Graduate Stu dent English Qualifying Test，简称GET)是根据《非英语专业研究生英语(第一外语)教学大纲(试行稿)》制定的。本大纲规定了硕士生英语学位课程通过考试的内容、形式、时间和计分。考试目的在于考核已修完研究生英语课程的学生是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求，以及实际掌握和运用英语的能力。 一、基础英语部分 本考试共有六个部分：听力理解(占15%)、词汇(占10%)、完形填空(占15%)、阅读理解(30%)、翻译(占20%)、写作(占10%)。分两份试卷：试卷一(Paperl)包括前四个部分，共80题；试卷二(Paper2)包括翻译和写作，共3题。全部题目按顺序统一编号。 第一部分听力理解(Part I Listening Comprehension)；听力理解部分主要测试考生掌握听力材料中心思想和主要内容的能力，判断对话情景、场合、人物关系、身份和说话人的意图及话语含义的能力。共15题，考试时间为15分钟左右。主要测试考生能否一遍听懂语速为每分钟120个词的对话和短文。本部分共有二节： A节(Section A)：共9题，每题为一段对话。问句后有15秒间隙，要求考生从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。 B节(Section B)：共6题，题目或为问句或为未完成的句子，分别安排在2—3篇听力材料之后。要求考生在15秒的间隙中从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。 第二部分词汇(Part I Vocabulary)：词汇部分主要测试考生运用词汇和短语的能力。测试教学大纲的词汇表、词组表及词根词缀表所覆盖的内容。着重测试研究生阶段所学的词和基础词的多种词性及词义搭配、易混词的区别及难词的认知。词汇与词组的比例为7∶3。共20题，分A、B两节，考试为10分钟。 A节(Section A)：共10题。每题为一英文句，句中有一词或固定词组下面划有横线，要求从所给的四个选择项中选出该划线词或词组的最佳同义词或最佳释义。 B节(Section B)：共10题。每题为一英文句，句子中有一个空白，要求从所给的四个选择项中选出最恰当的词或词组使该句成为逻辑合理、表达正确的英文句。 第三部分完形填空(Part III Cloze Test)：主要测试考生在语篇水平上的理解能力和实际运用语言的能力。测试内容可以是句型、结构，也可以是词汇、词组和习惯用语。共15题。考试时间为10分钟。测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文(约200—250词)
选矿书籍大全 1. 大学教材 1.1 冶金工业出版社高校统编教材 《矿石学基础（第2版）》 《工艺矿物学》 《选矿概论》 《碎矿和磨矿》 《重力选矿（修订版）》（孙玉波主编，1993） 《磁电选矿》（王常任主编，1986出版；有书签） 《浮选[已经补齐]》（胡为柏版） 《矿物化学处理》 《选厂设计合集》 《化学选矿》 《化学选矿（原理、工艺及实践）》 《选矿电磁学》（昆工版，pdf，有书签） 《碎矿与磨矿(第二版)》 《碎矿与磨矿》 1.2 近年来新式教材（淡化专业性教材） 《矿物加工颗粒学》（选矿专业研究生教材之一） 《矿物颗粒分选工程》 《选矿学》(其实是选煤学，没有电选、化选内容，磁选和浮选一般) 《资源加工学》 《固体物料分选理论与工艺》 《选矿厂设计》（周龙廷高清第2版+书签+水印） 1.3 冶金行业职业教育培训规划教材 《碎矿与磨矿技术》 《磁电选矿技术》 《浮游选矿技术》 《重力选矿技术》 《化学选矿》黄尔君（高清） 1.4 其他经典教材 《浮游选煤与选矿》(蔡璋) 《浮选》（郭梦熊） 《矿石可选性研究(邱,超星)》 《矿石可选性研究（pdf）》（中南版） 《矿石可选性研究方法（pdf）》（邱版） 《老版的：矿石可选性研究》 《矿物浮选原理(书签+水印）》（卢版） 《重选原理》（老版教材） 《选矿厂设计（铁矿）》 《选矿厂设计(有色矿) 》（中南版） 《金与有色金属矿选矿厂设计》（徐正春版)
《大学生毕业设计指导教程（冶金，选矿，化工分册）》 《国外选矿设计名著 《选矿工艺》(侧重洗煤) 《选矿工艺与设备的概论.doc》 《[To] win_zw , 关于选矿工艺学方面教程》 《选矿工艺学(书签+水印）》 《很实用的浮选教材》 【基础化学丛书】《无机化学》《有机化学》《物理化学》《分析化学》1.5 专业英语 《选矿工程专业英语》 《选矿英语教材》 《简明英汉矿业词典》(在学校没有认真学专业英语的人有福了！）《汉英－英汉图解矿物加工词典》 《汉英-英汉矿物加工图解词典\邹志毅》 《矿物加工科技英语》 2 专著类书籍 2.1 选矿总论部分（不分矿种） 【数学模型】 《选矿数学模拟与模型》 《数学模型在矿物工程中的应用》（胡为柏李松仁著，1983） 【磁电选矿】 《磁种分选理论与实践》 《磁选理论及工艺（书签+水印）》 《高梯度磁力分离》 《铁矿石电选新工艺新技术-摩擦电选工艺理论（word版）》 《超导磁选及其进展》 《矿物电选》 【化学选矿】 《化学冶金（英文版）》 《有关选冶联合方面的名著-化工冶金(化学选矿)原理与实践》 《堆浸的原理和工艺》 《浸矿技术》 《加压浸出吸附萃取》 《矿浆电解原理》 《资源微生物技术》 《生物技术在矿物加工中的应用》-2008新书 《化学分离富集方法及应用》 【重力选矿】 《矿物分离过程动力学》 《微细与超细难选矿泥射流流膜离心分选法》 《悬浮液选矿理论与工艺新发展》 《水力旋流器分离技术》作者：赵庆国 《水筛理论及应用》文书明著 【浮游选矿】
Unit one World Tourism Organization Teaching Objectives 1.Become familiar with World Tourism Organization 2. Become familiar with Key Benefits of Tourism 3.Be able to make the conversations at the Guests’Arrival 4. Understand some sentence structures and patterns Teaching Approaches 1.Introduce the history of the Tourism 2.Tell them something about the World Tourism Organization 3.Describe briefly the benefits of tourism 4.Let the students read the materials about tourism 5.Discuss the process of Guests’Arrival at the airport 6.Homework Focus on 1．World Tourism Organization & Key Benefits of Tourism 2.Guests’Arrival Time Allocations World Tourism Organization A Conceptual Framework： World Tourism Organization & Key Benefits of Tourism (3 periods) Guests’Arrival (3 periods) Teaching Difficulties The new words Usages Some useful expressions Difficulties Teaching Methods Teacher’s Explanations Questions Discussing Exercises Teaching Procedures World Tourism Organization & Key Benefits of Tourism
关于2016年硕士研究生英语学位课程 水平考试的通知 各有关学院： 根据《云南农业大学非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程水平考试 管理办法（试行）》（校办发[2005]45号），学校定于2016 年5月21日(星期六)上午9:00—11:30举行硕士研究生英语学位课程水 平考试。现将有关事项通知如下： 一、考试内容 本考试共有六个部分：听力理解（占20%）、词汇（占10%）、完形填 空（占10%）、阅读理解（占30%）、翻译（占20%）、写作（占10%）。 试卷分两份：试卷一 (Paper 1) 包括前四个部分，共80---90题； 试卷二 (Paper 2) 包括翻译和写作，共三题。 二、考试对象 1. 未通过硕士学位英语水平考试的在校全日制硕士研究生(含全日 制硕士专业学位研究生)； 2. 2012级毕业后未通过硕士学位英语水平考试的全日制硕士研究 生。 三、报名程序 1. 网上报名。参加硕士学位英语水平考试的硕士研究生，必须登录 云南农业大学研究生教务管理系统进行网上报名。学生登录研究生教务 管理系统， 点击“学期选课”→“选课申请”→“公共课选课”→“学位英语考试” →“选定”完成报名。网上报名时间为2016年4月23日—5月12日。 2. 请各学院研究生教学秘书通知本院所有未通过硕士学位英语水
平考试的研究生，务必在规定时间报名，逾期教务系统关闭不再受理补报。 四、学位英语免考 1．按照《云南农业大学关于印发研究生第一外语课程学习规定的通知》（校政发［2008］16号），大学英语六级考试成绩达425分及其以上，或研究生招生入学考试成绩在70分以上，可申请免考学位英语水平考试。 2．已提交过学位英语免考申请且获得免考资格的同学不需在网上报名，未提供英语六级证书原件的同学请尽快持证书原件和复印件到培养科审核，否则不予登记成绩。 3．已通过英语六级考试但未办理过学位英语免考手续的同学填写《云南农业大学第一外语免修申请》，于2016年5月12日前持证书原件和复印件到培养科办理免考手续，不需在网上报名。 五、考试地点另行通知。 云南农业大学研究生处 2016年4月19日
2017年研究生英语学位课统考真题 Part II. Vocabulary ( 10minutes, 10 points) Section A ( 0.5point each) 21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovation, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up. A investment B resource C inspiration D stimulus 22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions. A bewildering B exasperating C dismaying D upsetting. 23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography. A all at once B by and by C to some extent D on the whole 24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences. A optimistic B anxious C uncertain D scared. 25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents’ wishes. A enhanced B revised C alternated D modified 26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery. A arisen from B contributed to C patched up D participated in 27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed. A resigned B compromised C persisted D dominated 28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural. A inclined B struggled C argued D competed. 29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company. A on occasion B at present C by now D for sure 30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims’families. A briefly B quickly C accurately D earnestly Section B (0.5point each) 31. New York probably has the largest number of different language ___in the world. A neighborhoods B communities C clusters D assemblies 32. Nuclear waste are considered to ___ a threat to human health and marine life. A compose B impose C expose D pose 33. Some states in the US have set ___ standards concerning math and science. A energetic B vigorous C rigorous D grave 34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___. A presentation B instruction C conviction D obligation 35. Because of ___ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other. A incomprehensible B incomparable C inconceivable D incompatible 36. As ___China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum. A in the light of B in the event of C in the case of D in the course of 37. According to an Australian research , moderate drinkers ___ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.
近年汉译英试题 2004年1月 考研的人在英语上花的时间远远多于其它学科，希望英语分数越高越好。许多人坚信成功地秘诀是参加短训班和多背范文，结果却发现此招不灵。他们为提高英语水平做出的努力很难得到回报。 参考译文： Those who take the entrance examination for graduate schools spend much (/far) more time on English than on other subjects, hoping for the highest possible scores of English. Many people are convinced that the secret to success is to attend training courses (/classes) and learn many sample writings by heart, only to find that doesn’t work. Their efforts to improving their English can’t pay off easily. 2004年6月 计算机被认为是有史以来对人类生活影响最大的发明。它的神奇之处在于其运算速度和准确性优于人类。计算机能在几秒钟内完成几十年前可能需要数天才能完成的事。这是人类第一次感到自己作为最高级物种的地位受到了挑战。 参考译文： The computer is believed (/regarded /considered) to be the invention that has exerted the greatest influence on human lives in history. What is remarkable about it is that it can calculate with better speed and accuracy than man. The computer can finish in seconds what might have taken days decades ago. This is the first time that man has felt that his position (/status) as the highest species has been challenged. 2005年1月 人们越来越意识到开发环保型产品的重要性。为实现长期可持续发展，发达国家不惜代价减少温室气体的排放。如果目前全球变暖的速度保持不变，东京和伦敦等大城市从地球上消失的可能性将是20前的10倍。 参考译文：
《旅游专业英语》教学大纲 一、课程性质和任务 本课程是旅游英语专业学生的核心职业能力模块的课程。本课程主要任务是培养、训练学生在旅游工作环境下英语听、说、读、写、译语言能力；并掌握系统的旅游、导游基础知识；熟悉了解国内外丰富的旅游资源。 该课程通过听、说、读、写、讨论、解决问题和角色扮演等教学手段培养学生从事旅游或涉外旅游管理专业所需的英语听力、口语、阅读理解和写作的基本专业英语技能。通过教学，不仅要让学生全面了解旅游行业服务人员在各种相关涉外工作背景下，如：机场、旅行社、导游、酒店等常见的规范英语表达范例和常用表格、旅游文书写作指南，还要让学生从多角度了解中国灿烂的传统文化精髓。此外，还应注重对学生进行中西方文化知识拓展和综合素质训练所涉及的知识结构，如：历史文化，民族民俗风土人情和社交礼仪等知识。 二、课程教学目标 1．本课程的教学总目标： 使学生掌握基本的听、说、阅读、翻译、口语等技能，为学习专业知识、掌握专业技能、提高英语整体水平打下基础，并注意培养学生用英语思考的习惯，提高学生在旅游语境中运用英语的综合技能。 2. 基本知识教学目标： 1）掌握基本的听力、阅读、口语、写作、翻译等技能。 2）在旅游语境中对话和翻译的训练。 3. 能力教学目标： 1）听力能力要求：能基本听懂正常语速(每分钟120-160个单词)的一般旅游活动中的电话、对话等，并能结合具体语言环境，理解所听内容的深层含义，把握说话者的态度和意图。2）阅读能力要求：能读懂中等难度的旅游英语文章，了解作者的观点和态度。阅读速度为每分钟100-140个单词，理解准确率在75%以上。 3）口语能力要求：能用英语熟练在各种旅游工作场景下与相关人士沟通，解决问题。语音、语调正确，语流连贯顺畅，表达基本得体。 4）写作能力要求：能够运用所学语言知识，写出符合国际旅游惯例、格式规范的一般性旅游实用文书等。要能够做到中心思想明确、结构合理、语言得体。 5）英汉互译能力要求：能够翻译一般性旅游阅读材料。英译汉，要求速度每小时200－250个单词；汉译英，要求速度每小时180－220个汉字。能够承担一般性旅游活动中的口译工作。 6）词汇要求：认知词汇达到5,000左右单词，熟练掌握其中约2,500个词。 4．素质教育目标： 1）初步具有辨证思维的能力； 2）具有乐观、积极、向上的心理素质；。 3）勇于创新、不断更新自身知识体系的精神； 4）加强职业道德知识。 三、教学内容和要求 1. 基础语言知识教学 1) 流利地用每课书中出现的单词和句型进行对话；
授予博士、硕士学位和培养研究生的学科、专业目录（中英文对照） (资料来源:国务院学位委员会办公室、教育部研究生工作办公室编.授予博士硕士学位和培养研究生的 学科专业简介.北京:高等教育出版社，1999年.) 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 01 哲学 Philosophy 0101 哲学 Philosophy 010101 马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism 010102 中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy 010103 外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies 010104 逻辑学 Logic 010105 伦理学 Ethics 010106 美学 Aesthetics 010107 宗教学 Science of Religion 010108 科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology 02 经济学 Economics 0201 理论经济学 Theoretical Economics 020101 政治经济学 Political Economy 020102 经济思想史 History of Economic Thought 020103 经济史 History of Economic 020104 西方经济学 Western Economics 020105 世界经济 World Economics 020106 人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 0202 应用经济学 Applied Economics 020201 国民经济学 National Economics 020202 区域经济学 Regional Economics 020203 财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation) 020204 金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)
2007-1 PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points) Section A (0.5 point each) 21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up. A. investment B. resource C. inspiration D. stimulus 22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions. A. bewildering B. exasperating C. dismaying D. upsetting 23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography. A. all at once B. by and by C. to some extent D. on the whole 24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences. A. optimistic B. anxious C. uncertain D. scared 25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes. A. enhanced B. revised C. alternated D. modified 26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery. A. arisen from B. contributed to C. patched up D. participated in 27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed. A. resigned B. compromised C. persisted D. dominated 28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural. A. inclined B. struggled C. argued D. competed 29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company. A. on occasion B. at present C. by now D. for sure 30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families. A. briefly B. quickly C. accurately D. earnestly Section B (0.5 point each) 31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world. A. neighborhoods B. communities C. clusters D. assemblies 32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life. A. compose B. impose C. expose D. pose 33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests. A. energetic B. vigorous C. rigorous D. grave 34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________. A. presentation B. instruction C. conviction D. obligation 35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.
2013级机械设计制造及其自动化专业人才培养方案 一、培养目标 本专业培养社会主义建设需要的，德、智、体全面发展的，具有从事机电一体化产品和系统的运行、维护、设计、制造及开发基本能力的高级应用型专门人才。学生通过必须的理论课程及实践教学环节的学习，获得工程师的基本训练，毕业生达到本科基本要求。在政治思想道德方面：热爱祖国，拥护党的基本路线，具有全心全意为人民服务的精神。遵纪守法，有良好的社会公德和职业道德。 二、培养规格 本专业采用：“通识教育，厚基础，宽口径，分类培养”的教学管理模式，具有机电一体化的特色。学生主要学习机械设计与制造的基础理论，学习微电子技术的基本知识，受到现代机械工程师的基本训练，具有进行机械产品设计、制造及设备控制、生产组织管理的基本能力。 毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力： 1、具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，拥护中国共产党的领导，掌握马列主义、毛泽东思想和 邓小平理论的基本知识；树立科学的世界观、人生观和价值观，具有崇高的爱国主义精神和共产主义的道德品质； 2、具有较扎实的自然科学和人文社会科学基础，具有良好的身体素质和心理素质； 3、具有一定的英语听说读写能力，能阅读本专业英文书刊； 4、具有计算机应用基本能力，受到计算机辅助设计制造的基本训练，掌握资料查询、文献检 索及运用现代信息技术获取相关信息的基本方法； 5、较系统地掌握本专业领域宽广的技术理论基础知识，具有本专业必需的制图、计算、实验、 测试、文献检索和基本工艺操作等基本技能； 6、具有较强的自学能力和创新意识，具有初步的科学研究、科技开发及组织管理能力和团队 协作精神，了解其学科前沿及其发展趋势。 三、专业方向 1. 机械设计与制造方向 2.机械电子方向
一. 旅游概述 China's catagory A travel agency 一类社China's category B travel agency 二类社China's category C travel agency 三类社Clothes,bearing and appearance 服装仪表guidebook 旅游指南 guild practice 导游实践 international tourism 国际导游 itinerary 旅行计划,节目 local guide 地陪,地方导游 local tourist organization 地方旅游组织low season 淡季
minimum tour price 最低旅游价格multilingual guide 会多种语言的导游national guide 全陪,全程导游 national tourist organization 全国旅游组织off-peak season 淡季 off season 淡季 on season 旺季 peak season 旺季 professional （staff）旅游专业人员programme 节目 receiving country 旅游接待国
regional tourist organization 区域旅游组织 season-high 旺季 season-low 淡季 selling season 旺季 shoulder period/season 平季 sightseeing 游览 slack season 淡季 state-list famous historical and culture cities 国家级历史文化名城 tour arrangement 旅游安排 tour brochure 旅游小册子