专业学位硕士研究生英语教程05

精选全文完整版2005年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案3Text 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain isas active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control itscourse. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Musicand Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the aut hentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question ofhis subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.”A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house, but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. [A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while2. [A] above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3. [A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4. [A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5. [A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6. [A] even if[B] if only[C] only if7. [A] distinguishing[B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8. [A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] dispersed[D] diffused9. [A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10. [A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11. [A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12. [A] at first[B] at all[C] at large[D] at times13. [A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14. [A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15. [A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16. [A] still[B] also[C] otherwise[D] nevertheless17. [A] sure[B] sick[C] aware18. [A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19. [A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20. [A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attent ion to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de W aal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy o r depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased p eople’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national”doesn’t have to mean that. “National”could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for anational list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency wouldstrengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended afederal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increasefaster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risensince 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, startingwith an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobbybetter that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not aneasy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2005年考研英语真题答案Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part C (10 points)46. 电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1（10points）Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanim als,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthos esmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact5,weareextrem elysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhenthe seare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetot hesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smell receptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ith asbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13to itoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorswork ingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoo urownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newsmellswhen wevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysign als20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although [B]as [C]but [D]while2.[A]above [B]unlike [C]excluding [D]besides3.[A]limited [B]committed [C]dedicated [D]confined4.[A]catching [B]ignoring [C]missing [D]tracking5.[A]anyway [B]though [C]instead [D]therefore6.[A]evenif [B]ifonly [C]onlyif [D]asif7.[A]distinguishing [B]discovering [C]determining [D]detecting8.[A]diluted [B]dissolved [C]determining [D]diffused9.[A]when [B]since [C]for [D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs [B]stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses12.[A]atfirst [B]atall [C]atlarg [D]attimes13.[A]subjected [B]left [C]drawn [D]exposed14.[A]ineffective [B]incompetent [C]inefficient [D]insufficient15.[A]introduce [B]summon [C]trigger [D]create16.[A]still [B]also [C]otherwise [D]nevertheless17.[A]sure [B]sick [C]aware [D]tired18.[A]tolerate [B]repel [C]neglect [D]notice19.[A]availabe [B]reliable [C]identifiable [D]suitable20.[A]similarto [B]suchas [C]alongwith [D]asidefromSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1（40points）Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengiven abiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfine lydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta ,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natu red,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounter parts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”than males.Suchcharact eristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.dewaal's；study.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themo nkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswerepla cedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforit srock,theirbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods（andmuchpreferabletocucumbers）Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverfora merepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,the othereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedto；acceptthesliceofcucumberIndeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber （withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit）wasenoughtoreduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions,inthewild,they areaco-operative,grouplivingspecies,Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfee lsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone ,Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.H owever,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstems formthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicbyA.posingacontrast.B.justifyinganassumption.C.makingacomparison.D.explainingaphenomenon.22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”（Lastline,paragraphl）impliesthatA.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.23.FemalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyareA.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.B.attentivetoresearchers'instructions.C.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.D.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeysA.prefergrapestocucumbers.B.canbetaughttoexchangethings.C.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.D.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph？A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedt hatwedidn'tknowforsure？Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain？Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway？LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves .Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingt hreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteH ouse,totellusthattheEarth'satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made. Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,B ruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointinteprefacetothepanel'srepor“ScienceneverhalltheanswersButsci encedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandthewor ldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequenc esofpresentactions.”Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisinco mplete,thatit'sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.thisisadangerousgame：bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeopl ewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident 'sadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressfo rmoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicrese archButresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congr essshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasuresAbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestV irginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstartManyseethatthe countryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprot ecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.AnargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthatA.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveasA.aprotector.B.ajudge.C.acritic.D.aguide.28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”（Lastline,paragraph4）A.Endlessstudieskillaction.B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.C.prudentplanninghinders.D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutA.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.C.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.D.Takesomelegislativemeasures.30.TheauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecauseA.theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'snegligence.B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.Text3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowo pensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolut ionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandrears,bythelate1970s .neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”therandombyproductsoftheneural -repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotional therm ostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseint enselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohe lpussleepandfeelbetter,“It'syourdream”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatC hicago's MedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon'tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM（rapideyemovement）sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPi ttsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem（the“emotionalbrain”）isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex（thecenterofintellectandreasoning）isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday ”saysStanfordsleepresearcher Dr,WilliamDement.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontro loverrecurringbaddreamsAssoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowy ouwouldlikeittoendinstead,thenexttimeisoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withm uchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there'sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusf romsleepingof“wewakeuinapanic,”CartwrightsaysTerrorism,economicuncerta intiesandgeneralfee lingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople'sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshoulds eekhelpfromatherapistFortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orr atherdream-onitandyou'llfeelbetterinthemorning.31.ResearchershavecometobelievethatdreamsA.canbemodifiedintheircourses.B.aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.C.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.D.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshowA.itsfunctioninourdreams.B.themechanismofREMsleep.C.therelationofdreamstoemotions.D.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.33.ThenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendtoA.aggravateinourunconsciousmind.B.developintohappydreams.C.persisttillthetimewefallasleep.D.showupindreamsearlyatnight.34.CartwrightseemstosuggestthatA.wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.B.visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontroll.C.dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.D.dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?A.leadyourlifeasusual.B.Seekprofessionalhelp.C.Exerciseconsciouscontrol.D.Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagew ithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing.The DegradationoflanguageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversia listofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsiblefor thedeclineofformalEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech, writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopape rbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthe page.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliv eliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhor terdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslik eBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotc onveycomplexideasHeisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkpr oper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,wh ileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers. Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducat ionreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEngl ish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglishA.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.37.Theword“talking”（Linge6,paragraph3）denotesA.modesty.B.personality.C.liveliness.rmality.38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishCanbestconveycomplexideas.39.ThedescriptionofRussians'loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor'sA.interestintheirlanguage.B.appreciationoftheirefforts.C.admirationfortheirmemory.D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”asA.“temporary”isto“permanent”.B.“radical”isto“conservative”.C.“functional”isto“artistic”.D.“humble”isto“noble”.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoofthenumberedblanktherearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Mar kyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Canada'spremiers（theleadersofprovincialgovernments）,iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaatt heirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceutWhattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare-tosaynothingofreportsfrom otherexpertsrecommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownli stofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,worBut“national”doesn'thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial-provincescombinin geffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,wi thdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince-negotiat eapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinc es.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotia teonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthAsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinat ingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugRev iewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded,predictablyandregrettablyQuebec refusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They （particularlyQuebecandAlberta）justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytPremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow'sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoneyper hapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs.“AnationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoSowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcra ckingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.A.Quebec'sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.Oneofthrstadvocatesfornational listwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec'sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithan nualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent！B.OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport：“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsurance planstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies”C.Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbo dymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.D.Theproblemissimpleandstark：health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.E.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation.prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince19 97attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtorepl aceotherkindsoftreatmentspartofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigh erprices.F.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithanin terprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefr ombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.G.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers,theycanlobbybetterthat way.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovince includesadrugonits,listthepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanatio nalagencyagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslati onshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhi story.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimi sm.（46）Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed-andperhapsneverbeforehas itservedtomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethati snowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.Withthisi nmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.（47）InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogether television,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneIt alianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompetecompletein sucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.（48）Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurviveinafactunderlinedbys tatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecl oselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.（49）Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferent culturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeupth econnectingfabricoftheOldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice-thatofproducingpro gramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogra msrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,doc umentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.（50）Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitywestand,dividedwefall”-a ndifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessre spectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.'SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions：TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&fashions.Butnowyoufindthatthewordisno twhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecisionstati ngyourreason（s）,andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameatthe endoftheletter,use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.（10points）PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethed rawingtheinterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.（20points）SectionIUseofEnglish1.c2.b3.a4.c5.b6.a7.d8.a9.d10.b11.c12.a13.d14.c15.d16.b17.c18.d19.a20bSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA21c22.b23.a24.c25.b26.c27.d28.a29.d30.b31.a32.c33.d34.d35.a36.b37.d38.a39.b40.cPartB41.e42.c43.g44.f45.bPartC46.电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。

Unit 5: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an essential skill for graduate students. Whether it's writing research papers, essays, or dissertations, the ability to conveyplex ideas in a clear and organized manner is crucial for success in academia. In this unit, we will delve into the keyponents of academic writing, including structure, language, and style, and offer practical tips for developing your skills in this area.1. Understanding the Structure of Academic WritingAcademic writing typically follows a specific structure that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the topic and clearly state the purpose of the paper. The body should present evidence, arguments, and analysis to support the m本人n thesis, while the conclusion should summarize the key points and reiterate the significance of the research. Understanding and following this structure is essential for producing coherent and persuasive academic writing.2. Developing an Academic Writing StyleAcademic writing requires a formal and objective tone. This means avoiding colloquial language, personal opinions, and emotional language. Instead, focus on using clear, precise, and formal language to convey your arguments and ideas. Additionally, pay attention to the use of citations and referencing to acknowledge the sources of your information and evidence. Developing a strong academic writing style takes practice, but it is a crucial skill for graduate students to master.3. Using Language Effectively in Academic WritingIn academic writing, it is important to use language that is precise and unambiguous. Avoid vague or ambiguous language, as this can weaken the clarity and effectiveness of your writing. Additionally, pay attention to the use of transitions and cohesive devices to ensure smooth and logical connections between ideas. By using language effectively, you can enhance the coherence and flow of your academic writing.4. Incorporating Research and EvidenceAcademic writing is heavily reliant on research and evidence tosupport arguments and cl本人ms. As a graduate student, it is important to develop strong research skills and the ability to critically evaluate sources. This includes identifying reliable and credible sources, synthesizing information from multiple sources, and effectively integrating evidence into your writing. By incorporating research and evidence, you can strengthen the validity and persuasiveness of your academic writing.5. Editing and Revising Academic WritingEffective academic writing is the result of careful editing and revision. After drafting your paper, take the time to review and revise it for clarity, coherence, and organization. Pay attention to the overall structure and flow of the paper, as well as the language, style, and tone. Additionally, proofread your work for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. By editing and revising your academic writing, you can ensure that it meets the highest standards of clarity and accuracy.ConclusionAcademic writing is a fundamental skill for graduate students, and mastering this skill is key to success in academia. Byunderstanding the structure of academic writing, developing a formal and objective writing style, using language effectively, incorporating research and evidence, and editing and revising your work, you can produce high-quality academic writing that is clear, coherent, and persuasive. With practice and dedication, you can continue to refine your skills in academic writing and excel in your academic pursuits.。

Unit5当人口统计学家最初开始被即将到来的人口膨胀所吸引时，人们认为这个发现是国家事务中的罕见事件，一个可预见的问题。

提前预见当然意味着提前武装。

甚至有个套语专门为此发明，“人口时间炸弹”，看上去像是暗示炸弹可以被拆除。

人口统计上的事实是无法逃避的，因为统计所关注的人已经出生。

同样是婴儿潮一代的人，1945年后他们挤满了托儿所，21世纪30年代时他们还将打包疗养院。

然而至今为止说的仍比做的多。

并且随着最初的婴儿潮一代今年才刚刚满50，在炸弹爆炸前我们还有一段留给争论的缓和空间。

一些争论反复围绕着一个话题：通过增加出生率和人口迁移率来增加未来工作人口，并增大老人抚养资金投入。

目前，甚至还没有几个国家可以生育足够的青少年人口来保持人口稳定，更不用说增加出生率了。

如果人们可以劝妇女有更多的子女，按照这个说法，这将加大工作到退休人口比例（虽然这同样会暂时增加居多的中年人口抚养老人小孩的负担）。

在瑞典这个世界上最“老”的国家出现了一个令人振奋的趋势，那里最近的生育率升高至替换水平。

在世界大的发达国家中，仅有美国有类似的生育率。

但其他国会效仿吗？对于另一个充满幻想的恢复劳动力的方法—人口迁移，在富有的国家中迁移仍是个十分敏感的话题。

允许足够的移民来做一番事情在政治上行不通。

据OECD统计，如果日本、德国和意大利希望补偿在2000到2050年间的工作年龄人口下降，它们将不得不各自引进13,000,000到15,000,000人。

并且到时，移民自身也将老去。

也许最有效的增加劳动力支撑的办法是延迟退休年龄，这能巧妙的将提高税后收入，提高社会安保贡献与缓解社会养老金支出结合起来。

但将来的先锋们会厌烦对他们利益的等待，而且特别是在高失业率的时期，劳动市场会保持对大龄工人的敌意。

最后只剩下最显然的可以保存花销的做法：提高青年人的贡献，或是削减利益，或是两者结合。

在医疗方面，一些国家已经实施改革，并且有的改革在控制支出方面相当成功。

I WAS TALKING BUSINESS with a colleague late one afternoon when the first call came. The voice on the other end was loud and panicked; my colleague looked over at me, horrified.I WAS TALKING BUSINESS with a colleague late one afternoon when the first call came. The voice on the other end was loud and panicked; my colleague looked over at me, horrified.''Natalie, is that you?'' screamed my grandmother. ''Natalie, I need you to do me a favor!''I cupped the telephone mouthpiece. ''What's wrong, Grandma?''She started to cry, her voice heaving and gasping. She told me that she'd been alone since 12 o'clock - for five hours! - and that nobody was scheduled to visit her until 10 that night. She couldn't stand it; she was going crazy; they'd left her all alone, and she was so afraid. She'd been calling everybody, everybody - her son (my uncle), her stepson, her grandsons. And now me.''So what do you want me to do?'' I muttered, although I knew the answer.''Please, darling, come over! Can't you come here? Please Natalie! I'm ALL ALONE!''''O.K., O.K.,'' I said. ''I'm coming over. I'll be up there as soon as I can.''I hung up and told my colleague that I'd have to leave in a few minutes. But I didn't think there was any immediate crisis. My grandmother lives in an apartment building on New York's Upper East Side where plenty of people know her and stop by to see how she is. She just wanted company - and, damn it, I was busy. I continued my business discussion for another 20 minutes. Until the second call came.This time my grandmother was genuinely hysterical. ''Natalie, WHERE ARE YOU?'' she cried. ''You said you were coming right over! Please darling! ''Now I really did hurry, racing out the door and grabbing a cab. But the moment I arrived at her apartment I wanted to run the other way again. She clutched my arm and pulled me inside. Her face was a gray blur of tears and her thin white hair stood up in wild peaks. Her bathrobe had half fallen off; I'd never seen my grandmother's naked body before. The apartment smelled stale. I threw open a window and sat down stiffly on the couch.For the next few minutes I didn't say a word as my grandmother shuffled around the living room, ranting against the world. She complained about my uncle, who had deserted her earlier in the day (he had to go to work). She railed against my mother - her daughter -who was vacationing in Australia. She talked madly about how they were trying to steal her money, how they'd taken away her keys, how they never spent more than 10 minutes at a time with her - although I knew only too well that both her children structured their days and nights around her needs.As she sputtered on, I felt more and more helpless and resentful. Finally, my rage overwhelmed my judgment. I stood up and started yelling at her.I told her that nobody and nothing could help her. ''The only person who could help you is you!'' I said in righteous fury. ''Do you understand me? You've got to stop being so damned dependent on everybody!''At which point she let out a piercing shriek of agony and hurled herself on her bed. The only thing I'd accomplished with my idiotic lecture was to heighten both her hysteria and my sense of impotence.My grandmother is 80, but she seems much older. Although she suffers from a host of physical ailments -mild diabetes, glaucoma, asthma, arthritis - her real problems are neurological and psychological. She may have Alzheimer's, she may have been stricken by a series of small, silent strokes. Her doctor isn't sure, and he says that, frankly, the precise diagnosis doesn't matter: her condition is irreversible. What is clear is that she hates being old, she can't stand being left alone for even minutes at a time, and she'll do anything to surround herself with people.These days, much of the family conversation centers on her. What are we going to do about Grandma? Put her in a nursing home? (Too awful). Hire a live-in companion? (Too expensive). Put her on some new psychotherapeutic medication? (Nothing seems to work). Not only does my grandmother demand companionship during the day; she also needs somebody around every night. So another question my family grapples with is: whose turn is it to sleep over on grandmother's sofa bed?By far the most debilitating consequence of the ordeal is the guilt. Because we can't seem to make my grandmother happy, we feel frustrated. That frustration leads us to either explode in anger or to drop out of sight - immature reactions that come prepackaged with shame. No matter how much she does, my mother worries she's not doing enough. At the same time, she bitterly resents her mother's nonstop demands. The result is that my mother visits and calls my grandmother constantly, but then ends up lashing out in senseless indignation. My uncle usually represses his emotions, but he's starting to gain weight and to look his 56 years.I manage to combine the worst of all worlds. I neglect to call my grandmother for weeks at a stretch. When I do visit, I lapse into the role of boot-camp sergeant. As a fitness fanatic, I tell her it's never too late to take up exercise. I turn away from her tears. My mother accuses me of being heartless; she's right.My grandmother is the first person I have watched grow old. I used to adore her: she still keeps loving poems and letters I wrote to her. She was always a vivid, energetic woman, selling bonds for Israel, working long hours in charity thrift shops. She told stories about her past with the narrative panache of Isaac Bashevis Singer. Wherever she went, she made flocks of friends - a trait that I, a lonely and sullen girl, particularly admired.But then hard times began to pile up around her like layers of choking silt. Although she'd stoutly nursed three husbands through terminal illnesses, she became increasingly depressed when her siblings - all older than she - started to die. After she lost her last remaining sister, in 1982, my grandmother just about lost her mind. She still had many friends, but she clamored for ever more attention from her children and grandchildren. She became an emotional hair-trigger; she'd have temper tantrums at parties, seders, my sister's wedding.As my grandmother has worsened, so too has my response to her. My mother implores me to be decent and stay in touch, and I launch into all the reasons why I don't. But my excuses sound shallow and glib, even to myself. The truth is that my grandmother terrifies me.I have in my mind a pastel confection of the perfect old woman. She is wise and dignified, at peace with herself and quietly proud of the life she has forged. She doesn't waste time seeking approval or cursing the galaxy. Instead, she works at her craft. She is Georgia O'Keeffe painting, Louise Nevelson sculpturing, Marianne Moore writing. Or she is a less celebrated woman, who reads, listens to Bach, and threads together the scattered days into a private whole.Of course, there are many things my fantasy doyenne is not. She's not strapped for money. Her joints don't ache, her breath doesn't rattle. She isn't losing her memory, her reason, her eyesight. Above all, she is not the old woman I know best.I love my grandmother. She still has her good hours, when her mind is quick and clear. Inevitably, though, her mad despair bursts to the surface again. She discovers a new reason to weep, blame and backstab, and I discover a new excuse for staying away.I want to age magnificently, as O'Keeffe and Moore did. I want to be better in half a century than I am at 31, but I doubt that I will. When I look at my grandmother, fragile, frightened, unhappy, wanting to die but clinging desperately to life, I see myself - and I cannot stand the sight.。

新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元本单元主要探讨了研究生学术英语写作的基本技巧和规范，包括摘要、引言、文献综述、研究方法、结果和讨论等部分。

同时，还介绍了学术英语的语言特点，如准确、客观、简洁、专业等。

首先，我们需要明确学术英语的写作目的和读者对象。

学术英语是一种专门用于学术交流的语言，其主要目的是清晰、准确地表达研究思想和研究成果，以便于其他学者理解和交流。

因此，学术英语的读者对象主要是其他领域的专家、学者和相关人员。

其次，学术英语写作需要遵循一定的规范和格式。

在摘要部分，需要简明扼要地介绍研究目的、方法、结果和结论，并避免使用主观评价和解释性语言。

在引言部分，需要简要介绍相关领域的研究现状和发展趋势，引出本研究的必要性和重要性。

在文献综述部分，需要系统地梳理和评价相关文献，为研究提供充分的理论和实践基础。

在研究方法部分，需要详细说明研究设计、样本选择、数据采集和分析方法等，确保研究的科学性和可靠性。

此外，学术英语的语言特点也需要引起重视。

学术英语通常使用简单、直接、客观的语言，避免使用模糊、主观、个人色彩浓厚的语言。

同时，学术英语还强调语言的准确性和专业性，避免使用过于口语化或非正式的语言。

在讨论部分，我们需要进一步思考和研究结果的意义和影响，以及研究的局限性和改进方向。

同时，还需要探讨研究方法的科学性和可靠性，以及文献综述的全面性和准确性。

最后，我们还需要注意一些常见的学术英语写作错误和不当行为。

例如，抄袭、造假、过度引用等行为都是严重的学术不端行为，不仅会影响研究信誉，还会损害整个学术界的利益。

因此，我们需要时刻保持诚实和自律，遵循学术规范和道德准则。

总之，研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元为我们提供了学术英语写作的基本知识和规范，帮助我们更好地进行学术研究和交流。

我们应该认真学习并掌握这些知识和技能，为今后的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。

unit 5（name名称—〉）Naming取名字的学问PreviewIT has been well established that we live in an age of obsessive, even competitive, parenting. The typical parent is led to believe that her every move will greatly influence her child’s future accomplishments. This belief expresses itself in the first official act a parent commits: giving the baby a name。

Many parents seem to think that a child will not prosper unless it is hitched to the right one; names are seen to carry great aesthetic and even predictive powers. If you have kids，you’ve probably thought hard about how to name your child。

Should you choose a "special" kind of name, or rather a very trendy or well—known one?Part I。

Text ReadingWarm-upI. What is a good name？Do you believe a person’s name is very important or even decisive in one’s life，and a so—called good name can bring one good fortune？Work in pairs to decide what elements good names should have。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析日常问候用语是考生必须熟练运用的知识，这与考生的口语操练有很大关系。

说促进听，是许多英语学习者的心得。

而且日常问候要视人而定，如英国人见面谈天气，美国人见面问身体等。

下面作详细介绍：1.问候类(Greetings)英语中的问候用语非常繁多，正式的通常有：How do you do?(初次见面通常用语)How are you?(比较熟悉的人之间用语)How are you getting along with...?(你近来...可好?)How are you doing?(您工作还顺利吧?)How is everything?(一切还好吧?)How is your vacation/holiday(s)/Christmas Day/weekend?(假期怎么样?)当今美国社会流行口语用语，大致有：What's up?(近来可忙?)Hello?Hi?What's going on?(近来可好?)How is life?How is it going?anything new?Pleased to meet you again!对以上问候的对答通常有How do you do!Fine!Thank you，and you?Every is fine!I'm just great!Very(quite)well，thank you!Couldn't be better，thank you!Not bad!Can't complain!Just so so.值得一提的是，随着美语越来越广泛地渗透，听力中用美语朗读且以美国社会为背景的题材的趋势愈加明显。

考生要注意日常口语对话，及时吸取信息，将对听力有很大的帮助。

请看下面的对话：A：Good morning, Ms Lucy. This is Betty, can you still remember me?B：Betty? Is it really? Surely I remember you. You are my good friend, and I haven??t seen you for ages, but how are you?A：Fine, I??m just fine, Ms Lucy...2.告别类(Farewell)有聚总有散。