2.Women and tobacco
1.But it is also an increasingly important cause of ill health amongst women in developing countries. 在发展中国家，吸烟也日益成为女性健康不佳的重要原因
2. Women's health is also affected by the smoking of others, that is, by passive or involuntary smoking; for example, it has been shown that non-smoking wives of heavy smokers run a higher risk of lung cancer.女性的健康还因其他人吸烟而受到影响，即所谓的被动吸烟。例如，不吸烟的妻子与其烟瘾很大的丈夫一样有较大的患肺癌可能性。
3.The challenge is twofold, to reduce the already high level of smoking among women in the industrialized world and to ensure that the low level of smoking in developing countries does not increase.这要求我们要付出两倍的努力：即要在工业发达国家降低妇女的主吸烟率，又要保证发展中国家妇女低吸烟率不再增长。
4．Smoking amongst women has already reached epidemic proportions and will continue to escalate (16. v. rise one after the other 逐步上升) unless action is taken now. 女性吸烟已经到了四处蔓延的程度，而且如果不采取行动还将继续蔓延下去。
5．Support over these difficult days when the addiction cycle is broken. 在她们烟瘾发作的困难时刻帮助她们。
3.ARE THESE THE BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?
1. The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the ―game of life‖ is really a game of trade-offs. As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So i t is reassuring to note that even if you’ve passed some of your ―prime ‖, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time.生活中的沉浮似乎并没有什么可预见的计划，但现在科学家们知道，几乎所有的人都有一些非常固定的生活模式。今天，当我们比祖辈多活20年的时候，当女性神秘地比男性寿长７岁的时候，―人生的游戏‖实际上就是―交换的游戏‖，这一点比以往任何时候都更加清楚。随着年龄的增长，我们用智慧代替力量，用全面代替速度，用理性代替激情。这些交换似乎并不总是那么公正的，但在每一个年龄段上，人都有各自的某些优势。所以，不妨尽可放心地看到，尽管你已经逾越了生命中的某些黄金时期，你在未来仍然有另外的黄金岁月去度过，某些重要的颠峰时期在时间上出现得比较晚。
5. POLLUTION IS A DIRTY WORD
1. To keep the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities, and, in the process, are rapidly exhausting (v. use up 耗尽) our natural resources. 为了让工业的车轮保持转动，我们大量地生产消费品，并在此过程中迅速地消耗我们的自然资源。
2. Today this harmonious relationship is threatened by man’s lack of foresight (n. ability to see into the future预见力) and planning, and by his carelessness and greed. 现在这种和谐关系正在面临威胁，这是由于人们缺乏远见和计划以及冷漠贪婪造成的。
3. But air pollution, while it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several which attack the most basic life functions. 然而空气污染，虽然仍是最危险
的一种污染，但它只是危害人类最基本生活活动的几种污染之一。
4. Controlling air pollution is another crucial(a. decisive; of deciding importance 决定性的，紧要关头的) objective. 控制空气污染也是件至关重要的事情。
5. We can have a clean world, or we can do nothing. The choice is up to you. 我们可以拥有一个洁净的世界，我们也可以什么都不做。选择权在你
Text 6 KEEPING FOOD ON THE TABLE
Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country’s leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.农业是美国的第一产业，农产品是美国的主要出口产品。美国农民不但要努力为本国所有人提供食品，而且还要为世界其他地区百万人提供食品。仅玉米和大豆两项出口产品就大约占世界市场销售总量的75％。
Text 8 Never be nervous again
1.Preparation for any communicating situation is a must. 不论是什么样的交际场合，准备都是必须的.
2. whether you’re delivering a speech, approaching your boss for a raise or an important social occasion, do you homework. 不论你要发表一篇讲话，还是找你的老板要求加薪，或是出席一次重要的社交活动，你都要预先做准备。
3. By putting energy and resonance into your voice, your will have a positive effect. 通过把活力和悦耳的声调纳入到你的声音中，你就能获得良好的效果。
4. Later I discovered that when you push against wall you contract the muscles that lie just below where your ribs begin to splay. 后来我发现，当你推墙时，你就收缩了你肋骨开始伸展的下方的肌肉。
5. If you entertain only positive thoughts, you will be giving out these vibes; joy and ease, enthusiasm, sincerity and concern, and authority. 如果你只抱有积极的观点，你就会传递出这些令人激动的情绪：欢乐、安宁、热情、真诚、关心与权威。
Text ９Hey, I’m the customer喂，我是顾客
Customers are becoming more demanding. They have more choices as to what they buy and from whom. One way to cause them to remember you favorably is to do something unexpected, out of the ordinary. Simple actions are most memorable -- a small chocolate, a genuine "thank you" just before your customer leaves, an inexpensive gift. Be different; use your imagination. 顾客的要求越来越高，对于买什么以及从谁的手里买，他们有更多的选择。有一个办法可以给他们留下很好的印象，那就是做一些意想不到的、与众不同的事。一些简单的小事也会非常令人难忘——一小块巧克力，顾客离开前说一声真诚的―谢谢您‖，一个并不贵重的小礼品。贵在与众不同，要运用你的想象力。
Text 11 Body Image 外在形象
1. Most teens watch an average of 22 hours of TV a week and are deluged"' with images' of fat-free bodies in the pages of health, fashion and teen magazines. The "standard" is impossible to achieve. 他们每周平均看22小时电视,并且沉迷于健康、时尚和青少年杂志上的瘦身话题.这一标准是根本不可能达到的.
2. How we perceive and internalize these childhood messages about our bodies determines our ability to build self-esteem and confidence in our appearance. 我们怎么看待这些糼年时获得的关于身体的信息,决定着我们能否树立自尊心以及建立对外表的信心.
3. A healthy body image occurs when a person's feelings about his/her body are positive, confident and self caring. This image is necessary to care for the body, find outlets.... for self-expression, develop confidence in one's physical abilities and feel comfortable with who you are.
当一个人对自己的外表感到满意、有信心而且懂得自我保养时,就会形成积极健康的外在形象.这一形象有助于保养身体,发现自我表现的途径,树立生理能力方面的自信心,以及创造良好的自我感觉.
4. Decide which of the cultural pressures - glamour, fitness, thinness, media, peer group - prevent you from feeling good about yourself. How about not buying fashion .magazines which promote unrealistic body images?
找出是什么压力让你对自己感觉不好—诱惑、健康、胖廋、媒体还是同伴们?可不可以不买时尚杂志呢,因为它提供了不真实的身体形象.
5. Challenge size-bigotry and fight size discrimination whenever you can. Don't speak of yourself or others with phrases like "fat slob," "pig out," or "thunder thighs."
随时对体形偏见提出质疑,并与体形歧视进行斗争.不要对自己或别人说―胖子‖―胖猪‖―粗大腿‖.
Text 12 Baseball in America 美国的棒球
1. Americans did not always regard baseball and other sports in such a benign manner. Rather, sports during the early colonial times were seen as pagan and devilish things to do. 美国人并不是自始至终都以平和的心态看待棒球和其他体育运动。相反在早期限英国殖民时期，体育活动被看作是异教徒邪恶的行为。
2. On days of religious celebration, early Americans joined together to play games. These folk games were unstructured and unruly; however, the unity that these games brought, created a need for professional sporting games. 在宗教庆祝日,早期的美国人聚集在一起开始运动.这些民间的运动是自发的活动没有固定游戏规则，然而这些民间运动为专业体育项目的诞生奠定了基础.
3. However with the transformation of the nation, society and technology, folk games too began to evolve into spectator sports. 然而随着国家、社会和技术的转型,民间运动才开始演变成观众参与的运动.
4. The sport at first excluded the public, but as economic interests infiltrated.... the game, the need for audiences and spectators arose. The audience of baseball was instrumental in the transformation of baseball.棒球在开始时并不是一项被公众关注的体育运动。但随着经济利益进入这一运动，棒球比赛需要吸引观众。观众对棒球的发展起到了推动作用。
5. The concept of baseball as a sport has been forgotten. Rather it has become a business. Television hurt baseball but the sport has recovered. Organized Baseball has remained a fabric of American culture.棒球作为纯体育运动已被人们忘却，变得商业化了。电视的出现影响到棒球商业化的收益，但这一运动还是延续下来了。棒球仍是美国文化的一个组成部分。
Text 14 Walking in space 太空行走
1. Wearing their thick space suits, they learned to deal with an environment where there is neither weight nor gravity, neither "up" nor "down".他们穿着沉重的太空服，学习如何对付一个没有重量、没有引力，也没有―上‖与―下‖的环境。
2. We do not realize how much we depend on the earth's gravity until we are deprived of it. Then our feet no longer stay on the ground, we float around in the air, and the slightest touch may send us drifting off in the opposite direction. 只有在失去地球引力之后，我们才意识到我们是多么依赖它。失去了地球引力，我们的肢下不再站到地面上；我们会在空中飘来飘去；轻轻一触就会使我们向相反的方向飘去。
3. When the spaceship leaves the earth at tremendous speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor. 当宇宙飞船以极快的速度离开地球时，宇航员们会有一种被压在飞船地板上的感觉。
4. The flight lasted less than two hours, but it pointed the way to future developments. 这次太空飞行持续了不足两个小时,然而却为未来的发展指明了道路.
5. He found that the relief of hills and mountains was more easily observed from that distance than from plane flying at a few thousand feet. 他发现从那个距离观察绵延起伏的丘陵山脉要比在飞在几千英尺高度的飞机上还要容易.
Text 15 Quake- Research on Solid Ground 地震研究
1. More than 60 people were killed in each earthquake and thousands were injured. The latter event became one of the costliest natural disasters ever to strike the United States. 这两次地震中,各有超过60人遇难,成千上万的人受伤.1972年的地震成为美国历史上因自然灾害而损失最惨重的一次.
2. Less than two months before that fateful day, Donnellan and colleagues from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology had published a landmark paper in the journal Nature on ground distortion north of LA's San Fernando Valley. 地震发生前不到两个月,唐娜伦各麻省理工学院的同行在《自然》杂志上发表了关于洛杉矶圣费尔南多山谷北部地层发生变形的文章.这篇文章在地震研究领域具有里程碑的意义.
3. "The Northridge GPS measurements solidified in many scientists' minds how valuable data from space-based instruments could be for collecting precise measurements of Earth's crustal movements," said Donnellan. ―GPS(全球定位系统)的测量使科学家们更加确定,来自太空测量仪器的数据可以作为研究地壳运动的原始资料.‖唐娜伦说
4. Called the Southern California Integrated GPS Network, it provides a continuous measurement of ground deformation at 250 locations with a precision of a few millimeters, measuring the slow buildup of deformation along faults. 南加利福尼亚安装了高科技全球定位系统综合网,它可以持续测量250个地点的地层变形,和测量断层缓慢形成的形变,而且能精确的毫米.
5. ―Such data and models will improve our understanding of earthquake and volcanic processes, substantially refining seismic hazard maps and resulting in more appropriate, quake resistant construction codes and more targeted retrofitting strategies,‖ Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif. ―Ultimately those improvements will help to mitigate damage from future earthquakes and save lives.‖―这些数据和模型有助于我们对地震和火山形成过程的理解，大幅度地完善地震高发区域图，并随之制定更适当的建筑抗震法规和制定更新指标策略.‖ 美国地理研究所的高级研究员瓦纳?萨切尔说, ―最终这些都有助于减轻地震造成的的破坏，挽救生命.‖
Text 17 How Homing Pigeons Find Home ?
1. It may be taken away in a covered-up cage, even a cage that is turned round and round to purposely mix up any sense of direction. 它可能会被装进遮盖着的箱子带走,箱子甚至被翻过来调过去，故意混淆它的各种方向感.
2. Much of the study of homing pigeons leads to the idea that pigeons need the same kinds of information. 对信鸽的深入研究得出了这样结论：信鸽需要同样种类的信息。
3. They have picked a direction that would be correct for the position of the sun and the time of day according to their shifted clocks. 它们选择了根据太阳的位置本来应该是正确的方向，同时根据变化了的生物钟选择了时间。
4.But on very overcast days those clock-shifted pigeons are just as good as normal pigeons in starting out in the right directions. So it seems that pigeons also have some extra sense of directions to use when they cannot see the sun. 可在乌云蔽日这时那些生物钟已经改变了的信鸽在沿正确的方向起飞前行方面仍像正常的鸽子那样，做得非常好。因而，在看不到太阳时，鸽子似乎还可以利用其所具有的某种别的方向感。
5. Another is to put a little coil of wire on top of a pigeon's head and use an electric current from a small battery to make an electro-magnet. 另一项实验是在鸽子的头顶端绕上一个小金属线圈并用一小块电池发出的电流制成的一个电磁体。
Text 18 An African Pet 非洲宠物
1. I may as well add here some particulars of the little fellow who excited all this surprise and enjoyment. He lived five months, and became as tame and docile as a cat. I called him Tommy, to which name he soon began to answer.
我最好在这儿说明，小家伙让所有人感到吃惊和兴奋。他生活了五个月，慢慢变得像小猫一样温顺听话。我给他起名叫托米，不久他就开始适应这个名字的。
2. He ran about the camp, and when he went back to the town, found his way about the village and into the huts just as though he had been raised there. 它围着营地乱跑，回到小镇上，找到回村子的路，又回到小屋子里，就好像它是在这儿被养大的一样。
3. He watched very carefully till all had left the house, and it was difficult to catch him in the act. 它很小心地观察，当所有人都离开小屋后，它才行动。
4. My hut had no door, but was closed with a mat, and it was very funny to see T ommy gently raising one corner of this mat to see if I was asleep. 我的小屋子没有门，但是用帘子遮掩着。很可笑的是，托米会轻轻掀起帘子的一角，看我有没有睡觉。
5. If by any chance it was lost, the whole camp knew it by his howls, and sometimes I had to send people to look for it when he had mislaid it on some forest trip, so that he would stop his noise. 如果碰巧哪次把枕头给丢了，整个营地的人都会听到它的叫声，都会很快知道这件事情。当它把枕头遗失在森林里时，我会派人去寻找，只有这样才能使它停止哭叫。
Text 20 Kofi Annan's Speech at the United Nations General Assembly 科菲?安南在联合国大会的演讲
1. Subject to security considerations, the United Nations system is prepared to play its full part in working for a satisfactory outcome in Iraq, and to do so as part of an effort by the whole international community, pulling together on the basis of a sound and viable policy.
出于安全的考虑，联合国准备在伊拉克取得令人满意的结果中充分发挥作用，以合理的可行的政策为基础，作为整个国际社会做出努力的一部分。
2. In fact, all these struggles are linked. We now see, with chilling clarity, that a world where many millions of people endure brutal oppression and extreme misery will never be fully secure, even for its most privileged inhabitants. 其实所有这些都是相互联系的。我们今天清楚地看到，在这个世界上千千万万的人遭受着残酷的压迫，忍受着极度的悲痛，所以世界是永远不可能彻底安全的，即使是对有特权的人。
3. Since this Organization was founded, States have generally sought to deal with threats to the peace through containment and deterrence, by a system based on collective security and the United Nations Charter. 自从联合国成立以来，各国通常都是通过牵制政策和阻止的方法来解决危害和平的诸多危险，这些政策都是以共同维和和联合国宪章为基础的。
4. Now, some say this understanding is no longer tenable , since an "armed attack" with weapons of mass destruction could be launched at any time, without warning, or by a clandestine group. 如今有人认为，秘密组织随时有可能使用大规模杀伤性武器发动进攻，而没有任何警告，那么以上这一理解就站不住脚了。
5. At that time, a group of far-sighted leaders, led and inspired by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, were determined to make the second half of the twentieth century different from the first half. They saw that the human race had only one world to live in, and that unless it managed its affairs more prudently, all human beings might perish. 那是一些很有远见的领袖，在弗兰克林?罗斯福总统的带领下决定让20世纪的后50年不同于前半个世纪。他们认识到人类只有一个共同的世界，如果人们在处理事务时不够谨慎，人类可能会全部灭亡。
Text 21 Me, Stephen William Hawking 我，史太芬?威廉?霍金
The realization that I had an incurable disease, that was likely to kill me in a few years, was a bit of a shock. How could something like that happen to me? Why should I be cut off like this? However, while I had been in hospital, I had seen a boy I vaguely knew die of leukemia, in the bed opposite me. It had not been a pretty sight. Clearly there were people who were worse off than me. At least my condition didn’t make me feel sick. Wh enever I feel inclined to be sorry for myself I remember that boy. 我意识到自己患了不治之症，也许几年后就会告别人世，这让我十分震惊。这样的事情怎么会发生在我身上？为什么我应该这样死亡？然而我在医院时，我曾亲眼看见一个男孩死于白血病，他就死要我对面的床上。那一幕真的很可怕。显然有些人比我还要惨。至少我的情况没有让我不舒服。当我对自己感到绝望时，就会想起那个男孩。
23 the consumerr消費者
1. Their purchases account for almost two-thirds of all the money spent each year, with government and business responsible for the rest. 他们购买物品的花销差不多占每年总花销的２/3，剩下的部分是政府部门和企业部门花出去的。
2. Nearly every household owes some money or debts perhaps in the form of a car loan, a house mortgage or charges on credit cards. On these loans, people pay an interest fate, usually so much per year based on the amount loaned. 几乎家家都欠了一些钱或赊了一些账，有的时以购车贷款形式赊欠的，有的是以住房抵押贷款形式赊欠的或是以信用卡付账
而欠下的。人们要付贷款利息，利息每年有多少通常要依据贷款数目而定
3. When the economy slackens and employers lay off workers, families that lose breadwinners often fail to make the payments on their debts. 经济不景气雇主裁减工人的时候，失去养家糊口之人的家庭常常不能支付债务。
4. Socialist countries also put much more stress on evening out the distribution of wealth than does the united States. Many services such as health care, housing and vacation trips are provided at little direct cost to citizens.社会主义国家比美国更强调平分财富。提供的许多公共事业如医疗、住房和假日旅游直接花费市民的钱很少。
5. The U.S. economy has been plagued periodically with two major problems: high unemployment and the rising cost of living -- inflation. 美国的经济不时受到两大主要问题的困扰：高失业和生活费上涨－通货膨胀。
２４MORE PEOPLE AND MORE PRODUCTS更多的人口更多的产品
1. It took only 75 years for the figure to double once more, so that now the population figure stands at approximately three and one half billion. 仅75年之后这个数字又翻了一番。现在人口总数为35亿左右。
2. Progress in medicine and hygiene has made it possible for people to live longer. People in Europe and North America live, on the average, twice as long as they did a hundred years ago. .医疗卫生事业的进步使人们更加长寿。欧洲和北美居民的寿命已是100年前的2倍。
3. The possibility of earning a fixed salary in a factory or office was more attractive than the possibility of staying on the farm and having one’s work destroyed by frost, storms, or droughts. 在工厂或机关工作就可能赚得固定的工资，在农场，自己的劳动就很可能毁于霜冻、暴风雨和干旱。
4. These methods have enabled French farmers, for example, to get five times as much wheat as was obtained from the same land two centuries ago. 这些方法使法国农民在同一块土地上收获的小麦是两个世纪前的５倍。
5. Thus, nowadays we see more and more trade agreements making it easier to exchange raw materials and more trade agreements making it easier to exchange raw materials and manufactured goods between countries, and great advertising campaigns helping industries sell more goods. 所以现在我们见到越来越多的贸易协定，这使地区间原材料及制成品的交换更为容易，同时大量的广告活动也使工业销售更多的产品。
Text 26 The Information Age Has Improved Everyday Life (Part 1)
1.Today, there’s scarcely an aspect of our life that isn’t being upended by the torrent of information available on the hundreds of millions of sites crowding the Internet, not to mention its ability to keep us in constant touch with each other via electronic mail. 今天信息的浪潮席卷了我们生活的各个角落，人们可以从因特网上百万个网站上搜寻信息，更不用说人们通过电子邮件来保持联系。
2. And even after you’ve moved on to your final resting place, there’s no reason those you love can’t keep in touch.即使你到了最后的归宿，也不会和你所喜欢的东西失去联系。
3. This is not surprising since a hallmark of the Cyber Age is connectivity and sharing of information. 这也不足为奇，因为网络时代的特点就是沟通和信息共享。
4. Even today, the adult-entertainment industry still drives the Internet, with profit margins
of 30% or more, even though they have no off-line revenue stream generated by magazines, books, videocassettes, etc. 即使今天，成人娱乐产业依然推动着因特网的发展。尽管在脱机时不可能从杂志，书籍，录像带中获得收入，但即使如此，其利润率达到30%甚至更多。
5. Napster has outraged everyone connected with the record business, from artists whose creative work was being hijacked to the Recording Industry Association of America, which brought a lawsuit seeking an injunction aimed at ending Napster’s brief, if notorious life. 纳普斯特使唱片业的每个人感到震惊，从搞创作的艺术家到美国唱片业协会，并起诉纳普斯特，禁止其做法。
Text 27 The Information Age Has Improved Everyday Life (Part 2) 信息时代改变了人们的生活
1. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready. 在因特网上咨询和解答问题的网站纷纷涌现，自称专家的人时刻准备着解答问题。
2. However, if your question is about something other than ―Who invented the light bulb?‖, the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri of personal opinions. 然而如果你的问题不是―谁发明了灯泡？‖之类的问题，答案可能是五花八门，都是个人的见解。
3. It’s a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lost the business. 这是一个全新的世界，大大小不的公司联合起来，促使供应商降低价格，否则就会丢掉生意。
4. The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody William’s one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. 快速发展的网络时代带给我们新发现的力量，这在卓迪威廉身上有所体现，她成立了单个女子机构，用电子邮件的形式，呼吁全世界禁止陆地采煤。
5. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what’s ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation. 其实这仅仅是那些沉迷于网络的人头脑中的一小部分，这场变革是伟大而迅速的。
Text 29 Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection (Part 1) 可敬的工作：社会包容和社会保护
1. True to this spirit, they have been innovators, catalysts and leaders of the many initiatives taken during the year.与之相应，他们都是许多创新活动的开创者，推动者有其领导者。
2. As the number of older persons increase, so will the need to ensure their social inclusion, based on an income from decent work or retirement and a chance to participate in community life through employment, volunteer work or other activities. 随着老年人口数量的增加，对于为确保他们社会包容性的需求也相应随之增加了。这种社会包容是基源于―可敬的工作‖或退休基金的收入，和能够通过雇佣关系、自愿无偿或其他活动而获取的到的参与社区活动的机会。
3. Over the past several decades, most industrialized countries have experienced a substantial drop in the average age at which individuals retire from the labour market. 在过去的几十年中,，大多数工业国家都经历了从人才市场上退休的个体劳力其平均年龄显著下降的过程。
4. A key challenge for these countries is to mitigate the effects of a drop in the working age population by increasing and prolonging the participation of older people in the labour market. 这些国家所面临的一个关键性挑战就是通过增加或延长劳动力市场上老年人的工作年限来减缓工作年龄段人口数量减少所引起的系列效应问题。
5. Some have developed strategies for caring for themselves and for each other, and are thus able to receive and give care and support, to remain independent and to have control over their own lives. 有些人已经想出了某些方法来照顾他们自己或相互照顾，因此也能够受到或给予照顾或支持，以保持独立和料理自己的生活。
Text 30 Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection (Part 2)
1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills, less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible for pensions — where they are available. 迄今为止，在了年纪的人群中最脆弱的就是老年妇女，她们比男性更缺少读写能力和计算技能，她们得到有偿工作、获得养老金的机会更小。
2. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. 由于种种原因，女性，尤其是在发展国家，更容易在老年陷入贫困境地。
3. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. 对于新技术和新知识的需求使这些老龄从业者处于劣势，因为他们在早年积累的技术已经过时。
4. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. 但是年龄歧视也给老龄人在职场中设置了障碍。人们的偏见影响了老龄人找份新的工作，也使雇主不愿意为他们提供培训的机会。
5. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. 远程办公作为一种工具，有助于老龄从业者继续融入经济和社会当中。
Text 32 The Most Important Thing You Can Do For Your Child 你可以为你的孩子做的最重要的事情
1. Numerous studies, including recent reports by the Center for the Study of Reading and the National Council of Teachers of English, confirm that reading to children builds vocabulary, stimulates imagination, stretches the attention pan, nourishes emotional development, and introduces the textures and nuances of the English language. 大量的研究，包括阅读研究中心和全国英语教师委员会的最近报告都证实，给孩子阅读既可以构建和扩大词汇量，又可以激发其想像力；既可以拓宽孩子的注意力范围，又可以培养其情感的发展；还可以帮助他们了解英语语言的结构及其细微差别。
2. Lest there be any doubt about the stakes involved, Trelease makes a bold claim. 为了不让人们对以上所述各种利害关系产生任何怀疑，特里斯做出大胆断言。
3. Trelease found his calling not because it spoke to his intellect, but because it nurtured his emotions. 特里斯具有这样强烈的责任感，不是因为它证明了他的智慧，而是因为它培育了他的情感。
4. In professional reading journals Trelease found a wealth of research to support his
hunch. 在专业期刊的阅读中，特里斯发现了大量的研究都在支持他的设想和观点。
5. Now a ten-year-old in a regular fourth-grade class in Concord, Mas., Jennifer Thomas is a voracious reader with a vocabulary one of her teachers describes as ―phenomenal.‖ 珍妮弗现在已十岁了，在康科德的一所正规学校读四年级，珍妮弗·托马斯是个非常嗜好读书的学生，好的词汇套用她老师的话说是―相当出众‖。
Text 33 Computers Cannot Teach Children Basic Skills 计算机教不会孩子们基本技能1. In practice, however, computers make our worst educational nightmares come true. While we bemoan the decline of literacy, computers discount words in favor of pictures and pictures in favor of video. While we fret about the decreasing cogency of public debate, computers dismiss linear argument and promote fast, shallow romps across the information landscape. While we worry about basic skills, we allow into the classroom software that will do a student’s arithmetic or c orrect his spelling. 然而在实践中，计算机使我们最糟糕的教育噩梦变成现实。当我们哀叹学生的读写能力在衰退时，计算机对文字的运用大打折扣，取而代之的是图画，进而是影像。当我们对辩论中说服力的下降感到苦恼时，计算机消除了线性论据，而代之以快捷、浅显的信息表达。当我们对学生的基本技能表示担忧时，我们又在教室中引进了软件，帮助学生算算术、改正拼写错误。
Text 35 Juvenile Crime (Part 1) 青少年犯罪( 第一部分)
1. Judging from countless media reports in newspapers from coast to coast, it would surely seem that we have finally got a handle on the Nation’s crime problem. 从各州无数的报纸媒体所报道的信息来看，显然我们已经对全国的犯罪问题进行了有效的控制。
2. While many police officials can legitimately feel gratified about the arrested crime rate—better that it be down than up—there is much more to the great crime drop story. 当许多警察对犯罪率感到很满意时—当然降低要比升高好得多—在犯罪率降低的背后隐藏有许多故事。
3. Conventional wisdom in criminology –that young adults generally represent the most violence-prone group –apparently needs to be modified in light of these disturbing changes. 犯罪学的传统理论认为，青年人是最有可能实施暴力犯罪的人群，鉴于以上这些变化，如今看来这一观点有待修改了。
4. There may be little to live for and to strive for, but plenty to die for and even to kill for. 没有什么值得活下去，并为之奋斗的，但却有很多东西值得他们去死，甚至是杀人。
5. Although juveniles may be untrained in using firearms, they are more willing to pull the trigger over trivial matters —a leather jacket, a pair of sneakers, a challenging remark, or no reason at all — without fully considering the consequences. 尽管青少年没有接受过训练如何使用枪支，但他们会为了一点鸡毛蒜皮的小事情，比如一件皮衣、一双运动鞋、一句挑衅的话、或者根本就没有理由而扣动扳机，完全不考虑后果。
Text 36 Juvenile Crime (Part 2) 青少年犯罪( 第二部分)
1. Given the difficult conditions in which many of these youngsters grow up —with inferior schools and violence-torn neighborhoods —many more teenagers will be at risk in the years ahead. 考虑到许多年轻人在成长过程中遇到的各种困境—例如在教学质量不高的高校就读，遭遇具有暴力倾向的邻居—更多的青少年会在未来遇到危险。
2. However, given the worsening conditions in which children are being raised, given the
breakdown of all our institutions as well as of our cultural norms, given our wholesale disinvestment in youth, our Nation faces the grim prospect of a future wave of juvenile violence that may make the coming years look like ―the good old days.‖ 然而考虑到孩子们成长在日益恶化的环境中，考虑到我们的所有机构以及文化规范的瓦解，考虑到对青少年投资的大规模缩减，我们的国家面临着暗淡的前景，青少年暴力行为会像浪潮席卷而来，这使将要到来的年代像是―值得回忆的旧时光。‖
3. Besides the significant drain on court resources as many more felons demand jury trials, disputing second and third strike calls more vociferously than Billy Martin ever did, besides the long-term effects of filling our prisons with aging lifers whose criminal history is really history, and besides the inevitable miscarriages of justice when certain petty felons get sent up the river inappropriately, why do we need this kind of automatic provision? 这要消耗大量的法庭资源，因为更多的重刑犯需要陪审团审判，长期的结果就是监狱里尽是上了年纪的无期徒刑犯，他们的犯罪史真的可以称作是真正的历史，有些并不严重的罪犯因误判而被关进监狱，我们为什么需要这种预防性措施呢？
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养 的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”
句子翻译题30分（每题3分） 1. He talked to the foreigner in hesitant English. 他结结巴巴地用英语同那个外国人交谈。 2. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 3. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass. 美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。 4. They asked long lists of questions, numerically arranged, about the climate, products, laws, business chances, and statistics of the country in which the consul had the honor of the representing his government. 他们一、二、三、四地列了一个很长的问题表，向那位领事问了一连串的问题，诸如领事派驻国的气候、物产、法律、贸易机会以及种种的统计资料。 5. As the temperature increases, the volume of water become greater. 温度增高，水的体积就增大。 6. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是在文体上。 7. He is a complicated man----- moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
43. I‘m wondering why he hasn’t turned _____ at the meeting. A. down B. up C. out D. over 44. Contrary _____popular belief，moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. A. on B. at C. against D. to 45. _____ the storm，we have to postpone the flight. A. Owing to B. Thanks to C. Because D. As 46. By using both ears one can tell the direction _____ a sound comes. A. in which B. from which C. over which D. with which 47. When she worked with the government，she _____ the difficult task of monitoring elections. A. overworked B. overtook C. underwent D. undertook 48. Apparently，it wasn‘t an accident. Someone must have done it on _____. A. intention B. determination C. purpose D. reason 49. _____ conclusion，walking is a cheap，safe and enjoyable form of exercise. A. In B. On C. By D. As
TEXT 41 The bane ofItaly 祸起意大利（陈继龙编译） Jun29th 2006 FromThe Economist print edition ALEXANDER STILLE'S new book on Silvio Berlusconi, the flamboyant[1]former Italian prime minister, is neither a b________①nor a work of investigative journalism.Its real value is that it represents the first attempt, in English at least, to recount in a readable fashion the story, not of Mr Berlusconi himself, but of Berlusconi-ism. （1）That gives it a wide appeal, for, as its author argues persuasively, Berlusconi-ism is the extrapolation[2]to grotesque[3] extremes of a phenomenon that has gradually, and all too imperceptibly, become widespread. 亚历山大·斯蒂莱的新作写的是个性张扬的意大利前任总理西尔维奥·贝鲁斯科尼，但它并非是一本传记，也不是新闻调查作品。其真正的价值在于，它首次尝试以一种可读性较强的风格，记述了“贝鲁斯科尼主义”而不是贝鲁斯科尼的生平。这也是本书独具魅力之所在，因为诚如作者很有说服力地论证的那样，“贝鲁斯科尼主义”是对某种现象怪诞至极时的推论，这种现象日趋普遍而所有人却都浑然不觉。 Mr Stille is at his best when he describes how a man with a corporation with billions of dollars of d_______②succeeded in less than eight months, between 1993 and 1994, in turning himself into his country's leader. （2）Along the way, he identifies various keysto Mr Berlusconi's success. 斯蒂莱先生最出彩的描写是，一个拥有一家债台高筑的公司的人，如何在1993年至1994年间的短短8个月内，成功地使自己成为国家领导人。他在书中一一揭示了贝鲁斯科尼的成功要诀。 TEXT 40 Selling the sage of Qufu 推销孔圣人（陈继龙编译） Jul6th 2006 | TOKYO FromThe Economist print edition
1. 主语的确定 ?主语的三种处理方法： ?①以原句主语作译文主语 ?直接法 ?②重新确定主语 ?间接法 ?③增补主语 ?添加法 ?①直接法 ?例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 ?Our house was built over a hundred years ago. ?例句2：我是地球人。 ?I come from the earth. ?例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 ?Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. ?例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 ?If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing. ?例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 ?China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. ?例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。 ?As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. ?非常简单
?文化差异 ?应用有限 ?②间接法 ?中英文表达的习惯不同 ?语言地道，句式多样 ?例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ?译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ?译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. ?例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 ?译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. ?译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. ?例句9：胎又瘪了。 ?译法1：We’ve got another flat tire. ?译法2：Our tire is flat again. ?例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 ?译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. ?译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints. ?回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。 ?③增补法 ?推敲语境 ?考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
20个重点汉译英句型 1、There be 有迹象表明，不少工厂正面临着十分困难的局面。 There are indications that numerous factories are faced with a very difficult situation 二、形式主语 例：玛丽觉得毕．靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。 Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself. 三、Not h i n g b ut··· 例：艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 四、发现(看见＼听见)谁做什么 例：亚当斯先生发现他1 3岁的儿子正从他的皮夹子里偷钱时大为震惊。 Mr. Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet. 五、动词不定式的否定式 例：他努力控制住自己的感情，假装没有听见那个令人悲痛的消息。 With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news. 1、表手段 例：作者想通过这篇文章向读者传达她对赞扬与批评的看法。 Through the article the author wants to convey to the readers her views on praise and criticism. 七、比较结构 例：他比任何对手的得分都高得多，证明他不愧为一个胜利者。 He scored far more points / much higher than any of his rivals and proved himself a worthy winner 例：我们常常发现，运用一个规律比懂的它要难的多。 We often find it much more difficult to apply a rule than to know it 八、Ca n，t h e I p···d o i n g a b o ut 例：她读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。 When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside. 九、连续性动词。 例：我正忙着做一种新的捕鼠装置时，马克走来拖着我出去看花展了。 I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flowers show. 十、b efo r e句型 例：我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。 .Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news gets around quickly. 11.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 .It’s time I got down to some serious work. 12.我该认真干点正事了。 .I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through. 13.昨天我试着给你打过几次电话，但是没有打通。 .A man in confusion (confuse) cannot focus on the required work. 14.思绪混乱的人不可能集中精力做他被要求做的工作。 ③The confused look on his face suggested that he was confused about the confusing questions asked by his parents.(confuse) 15.他脸上迷惑的表情表明他对父母问的那些令人迷惑的问题感到困惑。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do.
如何做好xx 英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。而英译汉的过程则是正确理解英语原文和创造性地用汉语再现英语原文的过程，在英译汉的过程中，有两点值得我们特别地注意： （1）汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构； （2）在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。 英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段，理解是表达的前提，若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达，但理解与表达通常是互相联系，往返反复的过程，在进行汉语表达的时候，又可以进一步加深对原文的理解，因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。 一、理解 理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文，弄清原文的意思。 （1）通读全文。 （2）分析句子结构。中国的英语学习者往往具有非常好的英语语法知识，在做翻译试题时也应充分发挥和利用这一优势。在分句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，这样句子的骨干结构也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干结构时还应该注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。 （3）理解句子含义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外，还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题：A.句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词，如果有，应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么；B.句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法，那么，在该句中它们的具体含义是什么；C.按照你的理解，该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致，有无相互矛盾。总之，在动手翻译之前，首先要读懂原文，不要一上来就急于动
2019英译汉浪漫的句子集锦 1."As You Wish." -The Princess Pride《公主新娘》 如你所愿这是一句魔咒，会勾去人心哦 2."You make me want to be a better man." 一As Good As It Gets《尽善尽美》 你让我想成为一个更好的人女人能让男人，妻子能让丈夫达到的最高境界 3、我喜欢你，很久了，等你，也很久了，现在，我要离开，比很久很久还要久。 Ilike you，for a long time，wait for you，also long，now，I want to leave，longer and longer than long. 4、曾经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云。取次花丛懒回顾，半缘修道半缘君。
Have sailed the seven seas for water，except Wushan not cloud.Take the second flower bush laziness review，half margin monarch monarch. 5、我不知道遇见你是对是错，只知道遇见你我开心过。 I don't know it's right to meet you.I just know I'm happy to meet you. 6、与卿同一身，此生愿足矣。 The same as the Qing，this life is enough. 7、想牵你的手，一起到一个叫永远的地方，看天长地久的风景，尝海枯石烂的味道。 Want to hold your hand，go to a place called forever，see enduring as the universe scenery，taste the taste of the solid. 8、不是完美情人，就是精神病人。 It is not a perfect lover，or a mental patient.
1. 她生气了吗？ 2. 你在和谁说话？ 3. 今天早上他离开了这里。 4. 今年暑假你打算做什么？ 5. 为什么我们不听听音乐呢？ 6. 树上的鸟儿在歌唱。 7. 当我回来时，我会给你打电话。 8. 我要为他举行一次大聚会。 9. 你的寒假怎么样？ 10. 你在北京多久了？
11. 去年暑假我去了那儿。 12. 对我来说说好英语很难。 13. 昨天下午你为什么不在家？ 14. 这里经常下雨，因此我很少出门。 15. 昨天下午我看到他和他的朋友在树林里玩。 16. 商店里有很多新玩具。 17. 他去哪儿了？ 18. 树上的苹果又大又红。 19. 昨天的英语课怎么样？ 20. 你读完这本书了吗？
21. 这些天你在做什么？ 22. 今天早饭你吃了什么？ 23. 如果我步行去那儿，我会迟到。 24. 第一次到达这个小岛时，我什么都没有。 25. 我有太多的作业，因此我没有时间做我喜欢的事情。 26. 商丘是一个拥有悠久历史的城市。 27. 我不知道该怎么办。 28. 自从我生病，他就对我精心照顾。 29. 你的生日是什么时候？ 30. 广场上有很多人在跳舞。
31. 这个人我认识。 32. 这个周日有一场关于如何学好英语的报告。 33. 这恰恰是我所需要的。 34. 许多孩子擅长打电脑游戏而对学习不感兴趣。 35. 这是一个例子。 36. 老师让我们尽可能认真地写作业。 37. 做听力练习是学好英语的秘诀之一。 38. 如果你不能清楚地看到黑板上的每一个单词，你可以坐到前面。 39. 你喜欢在业余时间里做什么？ 40. 对他来说做出一个决定很难。
汉英句子翻译 Structural difference 汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis); 英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis) 汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列，呈链状； 英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。 1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。 ……在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。…… 2. 掌握内在联系正确断句 我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。 3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。 大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报名上电大英语班时，招来了多少惊讶的目光。 语篇意识 语篇意识是指把整个语篇视为一个整体，注重其内在连贯性(coherence)，也就是注重文章思路和逻辑，注意上下文联系。连贯性是通过Cohesion来实现的，就是把上下文联系起来的那些词汇和语法手段，如连词、代词、指示词以及起连接作用的短语和句式等。 如果缺乏整体观，翻译中只会盯住一个个孤立的句子，译出来的句子语法正确，但上下文无法串联或明显累赘，头绪混乱，看不出来龙去脉。 离开道路数十丈处有座大屋，屋檐下站着一个中年文士，一个十一二岁的小孩。那文士见到这等情景，不禁长叹一声，眼眶也红了，说道：“可怜，可怜！” 《The Deer And the Cauldron》---John Minford 译文欣赏： 北风如刀，满地冰霜。 江南近海滨的一条大路上，一队清兵手执刀枪，押着七辆囚车，冲风冒寒，向北而行。 Along a coastal road somewhere south of the Yangtze River, a detachment of soldiers, each of them armed with a halberd, was escorting a line of seven prison carts, trudging northwards in the teeth of a bitter wind. 前面三辆囚车中分别监禁的是三个男子，都作书生打扮，一个是白发老者，两个是中年人。后面四辆囚车中坐的是女子，最后一辆囚车中是个少妇，怀中抱着个女婴，女婴啼哭不休。她母亲温言相呵，女婴只是大哭。囚车旁一清兵恼了，伸腿在车上踢了一脚，喝道：“再哭，再哭，老子踢死你！”那女婴一惊，哭得更加响了。 In each of the first three carts a single male prisoner was caged, identifiable by his dress as a member of the scholar class. One was a white-haired old man. The other two were men of middle years. The four rear carts were occupied by women, the last of them by a young mother holding a baby girl at her breast. The little girl was crying in a continuous wail which her mother's gentle words of comfort were powerless to console. One of the soldiers marching alongside, irritated by the baby's crying, aimed a mighty kick at the cart. 'Stop it! Shut up! Or I'll really give you something to cry about!' The baby, startled by this sudden violence, cried even louder. 确定主语 就句法结构而言，英语的主语显然是很重要的句子成分。在翻译中，如何选择、如何处理主语，
Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
句子英译汉 I t is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. 当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。 He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩. A continuous increase in the trade volume of China’s exports has led to a continuous demand from some major developed countries of the increase in the value of China’s currency. 中国出口贸易额度持续增加,已导致了一些主要发达国家不断要求中国货币升值. He is a great liar. 他老说谎. In spite of the growth of other kinds of transport, railroads continue to be, as they used to be over years, the backbone of the transportation industry. 尽管其他各种交通工具都发展了，铁路仍然是运输业的骨干，正如它多年来一直是运输业的骨干一样。 The developed countries are full of skilled labor and capital, while developing countries which are lack of skilled workers and capital need to import technology-intensive products from these countries. 发达国家拥有大量的熟练劳动力和资本，而缺乏熟练工人和资本的发
英译汉重点句子 英译汉重点句子 Lesson 8 1. I've always loved exploring old cities, and Prague is one of the most beautiful in terms of architecture. There are fantastic castles and museums that are relatively unknown to most tourists。我一直喜欢寻访古老的城市．布拉格是建筑方面最为漂亮的城堡之一，那里有不同寻常的城堡和博物馆，而且鲜为人知。 2．I spent New Year's Eve there once, and I remember watching the sun set over the sand dunes. When the stars come out, they were incredibly bright. 我在那里度过一次新年夜。记得太阳落在远方的沙丘上, 繁星点点(繁星出现时)是格外的明亮。 3. Chinese is so very different from the languages I've studied, and of course the writing system is completely different. I had to use a lot of gestures and sign language. 汉语跟我学过的其它语言是很不相同的，书写形式则完全不同、我只得借助于动作和态势语。 4. I go with an open mind, I like to try new things. The first thing I always do when I get to a new place is to buy a map. Then I'm ready to start on my new adventure. 我去的时候就思想比较开放。我喜欢尝试新鲜的东西。在新的地方我做的第一件事就是买一张地图，然后就可以开始我新的历险了。 Lesson 22 1. Fellini is known for combining realism and fantasy, often making up the story as he goes along. 费里尼以现实和幻想的完美结合而著名, 常常是一边拍摄一边构思他的故事。 2. Welles made his first and most influential film Citizen Kane, when he was only 25. Considered by some film historians to be the greatest movie ever made, it is famous for unusual sound and camera techniques. 威里斯在二十五岁的时候执导了他的第一部也是最有影响的电影《公民凯思》，这部电影以它那不同寻常的声音和摄像技术而闻名于世，被一些电影史学家们评论为最伟大的电影。 3. When Fellini was a young boy, he ran away to join the circus. Even though he had to return to school, the experience greatly influenced his films, many of which are autobiographical. 费里尼很小的时候就离开家里去参加马戏团。虽然他还是不得不返回了学校，但是，这个经历对他的电影产生了巨大影响。他的很多电影都是自传性的。
一、汉译英（1~8题局部翻译每句1分，整句翻译每句2分） 1、使我们惊讶的是，他什么也没说就走了。 ，he left without saying anything. 2、作为学生，我们很有必要更专心于学习。 As students, for us our study. 3、以前你做作业总是用很长时间吗？ a long time ？ 4、她似乎对电脑更感兴趣。 She in computers. 5、我打算休五天假。 I’m going to. 6、台湾(Tibet)属于中国。 Tibet ________________________________ China. 7、他们对时间非常放松。 They are pretty time. 8、她的爷爷习惯于早起。 His grandfather early. 9、他所说的话使我很悲伤。 _______________________________________________________.
in an out-of-school activity. Why were they asking him now? Nobody seemed to like him. （2）In fact, he had been so lonely that he drowned his feeling with food. As a result, he had put on a lot of weight, and this gave the kids something more to make fun of him. 二、汉译英（1~8题局部翻译每句1分，整句翻译每句2分） 1、我想和他交朋友。 I want to 2、人类和动物应该和睦相处。 Humans should animals. 3、由于大雨，他们停止了打篮球。 the heavy rain,they basketball. 4、青少年应该远离火。 Teenagers should 5、你在考虑明年去香港吗？ Hong Kong next year? 6、Paris是最有活力的城市之一。 Paris is _______________________________________________________. 7、过度的看电视对眼睛有害处。 Watching TV too much_________________________ your eyes. 8、请不要把书借给他人。 Please don’t the book others.