中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
空调节能技术的研究
1、引言
节能可以说是楼宇自动控制系统的出发点和归宿。众所周知，在智能建筑中HV AC (采暖、通风和空调)系统所耗费的能量要占到大楼消耗的总能量的极大部分比例，大致在50%~60%左右。特别是冷冻机织、冷却塔、循环水泵和空调机组、新风机组，都是耗能大户。所以实有必要发展一种有效的空调系统节能方法，尤其用是在改善现有大楼空调系统自动化上方面。
DDC(Dircctdigitalcontrol)直接数字化控制，是一项构造简单操作容易的控制设备，它可借由接口转接设各随负荷变化作系统控制，如空调冷水循环系统、空调箱变频自动风量调整及冷却水塔散热风扇的变频操控等，可以让空调系统更有效率的运转，这样不仅为物业管理带来很大的经济效益，而且还可使系统在较佳的工况下运行，从而延长设备的使用寿命以及达到提供舒适的空调环境和节能之目的。
一般大楼常用的空调系统有CA V、V A V、VWV等，各有不同操控方式，都可以用DDC控制。
（1）定风量系统(CA V)
定风量系统(ConstantAirV olume，简称CA V)定风量系统为空调机吹出的风量一定，以提供空调区域所需要的冷(暖)气。当空调区域负荷变动时，则以改变送风温度应付室内负荷，并达到维持室内温度度于舒适区的要求。常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统(FCU系统)。这两者一般均以定风量(CA V)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷
水阀ON/OFF控制来调节送风温度。
（2）变风量系统(V A V)
变风量系统(VarlableAirV olume，简称V A V)即是空调机(AHU或FCU)可以调变风量。常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统FCL系统。这两者一般均以定风量(CA V)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON/OFF控制来调节送风温度。然而这两者在送风系统上浪费了大量能源。因为在长期低负荷时送风机亦均执行全风量运转而耗电，这不但不易维持稳定的室内温湿条件，也浪费大量的送风运转能源。变风量系统就是针对送风系统耗电缺点的节能对策。
（3）变流量系统(VWV)
所谓变流量系统(VariableWaterV olume，简称VWV)，是以一定的水温供应空调机以提高热源机器的效率，而以特殊的水泵来改变送水量，顺便达成节约水泵用电的功效。变水量系统对水泵系统的节能效率依水泵的控制方式和VWV使用比例血异，一般VWV 的控制方式有无段变速(SP)与双向阀控制方式。以上三种空调系统是日前大楼空调最常被设计的系统。中央空调控制也就是把管路、管件、阀体或阀门集中设定控制流体提供冷气。所以有效组合中央空调控制即能有效控制耗能，设计合乎节能的空调系统。
近年来，我国大部分地区，尤其是东南沿海地区夏季空调能耗正在急剧上升,空调用电激增的趋势己引起电网供电紧张。据统计，近年来我国侮年炎热季节空调耗电己占全社会用电的三分之一，大量电能被工业和民用建筑空调所吞噬，尤其是大型建筑中央空调系统，如各类商业建筑(写字楼、商场、医院、饭店等)的中央空调由其空间大、人流量多、运作日寸间长、管理复杂的特点，使得运行能耗相当.高，商业建筑空调能耗几乎占其总能耗的50%。中央空调的设计容量是按最大负荷计算的，而大部份建筑物一年中只有几十天时间中央空调处于最大负荷状态。中央空调冷负荷始终处于动态变化之中，如每大早晚、每季交替、每年轮回、环境及人文状况，实时影响着中央空调的冷负荷。这给中央空调的节能控制带来了严峻的课题，也给广大的节能控制领域的工作者带来了极大的施展才华的空间。
电力负荷缺口增大，电力供应紧张局而近几年难以得到缓和。因此，节能尤其是节电，不仅其有重大的社会意义向且具有迫切的现实意义。积极研究开发推广绿色环保新型空调技术和设备，抑制空调能耗增加，己成为建筑暖通空调领域一个迫切而热门的研究课题。依靠技术创新、体制创新，节能降耗，提高能源利用效率，保证在“能源消耗
少，环境污染最小”的基础上，实现“节能优先，结构多元，环境友好”的能源发展战略。
在我们电信生产中，空调的节能管理工作较为薄弱，能源浪费现象较为严重，所以加强空调的维护管理和技术改造，可以达到节能的目的。从空调的压焓图来看，只有运行在在最佳的工况和条件，才能发挥空调的最大制冷量，达到空调节能的目的。空调的节能，我们维护部门应该从运行成本、维护保养方而的角度进行考虑。
2、空调节能系统的研究概况
（1）通过负荷控制，达到节能目的
(a)炎热季节新风负荷占到整个冷负荷的25%-40%减少新风负荷，降低新风能耗，选择最小必要新风量，也能达到目的。但是新风量的最小供应一方面国家已有标准，另外新风量不足将影响空气质量，危及人体健康。
(b)优化建筑外围护结构的节能设计，采用保温隔热材料技术，降低空调负荷，实现建筑节能，但同时也一皆致建筑成本上升，推广受到一定的限制。
（2）蓄能空调
通过冰蓄冷，避开白大的用电高峰，夜间将空调冷冻水制冷储存起来，白天不开动空调主机仅使用水系统循环。这种方法本身并不节能省电，而是优化了电网供电，对己经实行分时电价的地区，起到“省钱不节能”的作用，具地区性推广意义。
（3）水源热泵
相对于空气和土壤而言，水是最为理想的空调用冷热源，水源热泵也因此其有环保、高效、节能等众多优点，但我国水源热泵技术研究还不是很成熟，与一些发达国家相比还存在一定的差距。同时，水源热泵尽管其有很多优点，但所受的地质、环境、政策等的限制也比较大，这就使得水源热泵在我国更广泛的应用受到了限制。
（4）中央空调系统中单个耗能设备节能改造
(a)风机和水泵通用变频器调速节能，这是目前采用较多的技术。这种方法简便实用，节电效果明显，但水泵、风机等产品属系统辅机部分，占整个系统能耗约为40%，所以挖掘空间有限。
(b)制冷主机，制冷机组的耗电量在空调系统中占有很大份额，节约这部分的耗能是整个空调系统经济运行的关键。目前一般都采用降低室内温度标准、提高冷水初混等措施实现制冷主机的节能。上面几种方法的不足之处是仅考虑了局部的节能，而没有从整个系统的全局去考虑。
动态负荷跟踪的节能控制系统以整个中央空调系统为一体，根据空调区负荷的不断变化的状况，通过改变主机及循环系统内各参数运行变化情况，同步跟踪负荷的变化，以实现在满足负荷需求的前提下及时定量供给冷量，即做到“按需供应”基本达到“不滞后、不多给、不少给”的目的。这种方法不但与恒流量的水泵和风机相比实现了辅机最大幅度的节能，而且优化了主机运行工况，可达到整个系统节能15%-35%。
3、动态负荷跟踪的节能控制方案
传统的中央空调系统的调节方案是：采用恒流量模式或冷源侧恒流量但负荷侧变流量模式，系统所需负荷是按最大负荷、最恶劣的气象条件及最差的使用工作环境来设计，而实际运行时50%以上的时间，系统所需负荷都在50%以下，存在有极大的能量浪费。且当负荷Q在变化时，传统的系统运行参数根本不能做到同步调节，滞后的调节手段除通过主机被功地加载卸载外，几乎没有什么其他的控制手段。
本研究课题将摒弃以往的控制方案，以模型辨识、随动控制系统理论、智能控制系统理论为基础，与中央空调主机制冷技术与冷媒循环系统控制相结合，以变频技术为辅助手段，实现中央空调全系统的整体协调运行和综合性能优化。本研究是空调节能的新理念，代表了节能技术的新的发展趋势。
（1）循环系统节能:以系统的角度，通过对末端负荷参数、中央空调主机、辅机的运行工况变化，采集温度、压力等多种变化参数，然后通过负荷随动计算，改系统冷冻水流量，冷却水流量和冷却塔风机风量来适应空调负荷的变化，同时使主机运行工况始终处于优化的最佳工作点上。对冷冻水系统采用最佳输出能量控制。当环境温度、空调末端负荷发生变化时，各路冷冻水供回水温度、混差、压差和流量亦随之变化，流量计、压差传感器和温度传感器将检测到的这些参数送至智能控制器，控制器依据所采集的实时数据及系统的历史运行数据，实时计算出末端空调负荷所需的制冷量，以及各路冷冻水供回水深度、温差、压差和流量的最佳值，井以此调节各变频器输出频率，控制冷冻水泵的转速，改变其流量使冷冻水系统的供回水温度、温斧、压差和流量运行在控制器给出的最优值。由于冷冻水系统采用了输出能量的动态控制，实现空调主机冷媒流量跟随末端负荷的需求供应，使空调系统在各种负荷情沉下，都能既保证末端用户的舒适性，又最大限度地节省了系统的能量消耗。冷却水系统采用最佳热转换效率控制。冷却水及冷却塔风机系统采用最佳转换效率控制。当环境温度、空调末端负荷发生变化时，中央空调主机的负荷率将随之变化，主机冷凝器的最佳热转换温度也随之变化。智能控制器依据所采集的实时数据及系统的历史运行数据，计算出主机冷凝器的最佳热转换温度(拐
点温度)及冷却水最佳出、入口温度，并以此调节冷却水泵和冷却塔风机变频器的输出频率，控制冷却水泵和冷却塔风机转速，动态调节冷却水的流量和冷却塔风机的风量，使
冷却水的进、出口温度逼近智能控制器给出的最优值，从而保证中央空调主机随时处于
最佳转换效率状态下运行。
（2）由于冷却水系统采用最佳转换效率控制，保证了中央空调主机在满负荷和部份
负荷的情况下，均处于最佳工作状态，始终保持最佳的能源利用率(即COP值)，从而降
低了空调主机的能量消耗，同时因冷却水泵和冷却塔风机经常在低于额定负荷下运行，
也最大限度地节约了冷却水泵和冷却塔风机的能量消耗。
辅机节能：各种泵类(冷冻泵、冷水泵、风机等)的运行节能。采用带有空间矢量控制
的变频调速方式，将定量泵改为变量泵，辅机节能不少40%。
（3）优化辅机运行模式:一般在满负荷时泵机需全速运行，没有节能空间，但采用
冗余技术与变频技术相结合，定量泵与变量泵相配合，优化运行模式，可使辅机机组综
合节能。
（4）多参量非线性控制：本系统为多参量、时变、非线性系统，以计算机为控制手段，设计一套其有自寻优自适应的智能控制、功能完善的稳定安全的控制系统。
本中央空调动态负荷跟踪节能控制系统，与中央空调系统配套使用，可实现中央空
调系统的高效节能，效果显著。经理论计算，与恒流量中央空调系统相比，全年平均节
电率可达20%-30%。该项目技术含量高，是集暖通空调技术、制冷技术、智能控制理论
和计算机控制技术为一体的中央空调高效节能系统。
4、展望
设各系统投入市场后，若每年有超过200套产品全部女装在建筑而积大于5万平方
米的商业建筑中央空调机房内，其节省电量相当于每年新建一座5万千瓦的发电厂，对
夏大电网削峰用电也将起到一定的缓解作用，真正实现社会可持续协调发展。
----------本文摘译自Multi-science Publishing
How Air Conditionersenergy Conservation Technology Research
1. Introductions
The energy conservation may say is the building character automatic control system starting point and the borne to return to. It is well known, in the intelligent construction, HV AC (heating, ventilates and air conditioning) the system consumes to have to occupy the building consumption total energy enormous partial proportions，approximately about 50%~60%. Specially cold: East the unit, the cooling tower, the circulating water pump and the air conditioning unit, the new atmosphere unit, all are consumes energy the big household. Therefore really has essential develops one effective air-conditioning system energy conservation method, especially uses is in improves in the existing building air-conditioning system automation the aspect.
DDC (Dircctdigitalcontr0l) the direct of numerical control, is a structure simple operation easy control device, it may borrow by the connection switches over the equipment to make the systems control along with the load change, like the air conditioning cold water circulatory system, the air conditioning box frequency conversion automatic amount of wind adjustment and the cooling tower radiation ventilator frequency conversion holds controls and so on, may let an air-conditioning system more effective revolution, like this, not only firings the very big economic efficiency for the estate management, moreover also may cause the system to move under a better operating mode, thus lengthens the equipment the service life as well as achieved provides goal of the comfortable air conditioning environment and the energy conservation.
The general building commonly used air-conditioning system has CA V、V A V、VWV and so on, respectively has differently holds controls the way, all may use DDC to control.
（1）Decides the amount of wind system(CA V)
Decides the amount of wind system (ConstantAirV olume, is called CA V).Decides certainly the amount of wind system the amount of wind which blows out far the air conditioner certainly provides coldly (is warm) the gas which the air conditioning region needs. When air conditioning region load variation, then changes the blast temperature to deal with in the room to shoulder, and achieves the maintenance indoor temperature to the comfortable area request. The commonly used central air-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system (the FCU system). These two generally decides the amount of wind (CA V) to supply the air conditioning area, in order to deal with in the roam the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner blows of processes, controls in the general FCU system by cold water valve ON/OFF adjusts the blast temperature.
（2）Changes the amount of wind system (V A V)
Changes the amount of wind system (VarlableAirV olume，is called V A V) is their conditioner（AHU or FCU）may move changes the amount of wind. The commonly used central air-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system FCU system. These two generally decides the amount of wind (CA V) to supply the air conditioning area, in order to deal with in the room the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner blows of processes, controls in the general FCU system by cold water valve ON/OFF adjusts the blast temperature. However these two has wasted the massive energy on the blast system. Because in long-term low load time the air feeder also carries out the entire amount of wind revolution to consume the electricity this not only is not easy to maintain in the stable room humidity the condition, also wastes the massive blasts revolution energy changes the amount of wind system is aims at the blast system to consume the electricity shortcoming the energy conservation countermeasure.
（3）Changes the current capacity system (VWV)
Sa-called changes the current capacity system (VariableWaterV olume，is called VWV) is enhances the heat source machine by the certain water temperature supply air conditioner the efficiency, but changes by the special water pump delivers the water volume, while convenient achieves saves the effect which the water pump uses electricity. Changes the water volume system to depend on the water pump to the water pump system energy conservation efficiency the control mode and the VWV Use proportion but different, whether there is the general VWV
control mode section speed change (SP) and the bidirectional valve control mode. Above three kind of air-conditioning system is the present building air conditioning most often the system which designs. The central air conditioning control also is the pipeline, the fitting, the valve body or the valve centralism hypothesis control fluid provides the air conditioning. Therefore effectively combines the central air conditioning control namely to be able the active control to consume energy, the design conforms with the energy conservation the air-conditioning system In recent years, the our country majority of areas, in particular southeast the coastal area summer the air conditioning energy consumption suddenly was rising, the air conditioning uses electricity the tendency which increases sharply to cause the electrical network power supply to be intense. Statistics have indicated, our country every year the burning hot season air conditioning consumed the electricity to occupy 1/3 in recant years which the entire society uses electricity, the massive electrical energies swallow by the industry and the civil construction air conditioning, in particular large-scale construction central air-conditioning system, like each kind of commercial construction (office, market, hospital, hotel and so on) central air conditioning because its space big, person currant capacity many, operation time long, management complex characteristic, causes the movement energy consumption to be quite high, the commercial construction air conditioning energy consumption nearly occupies its total energy consumption 50%. The central air conditioning design capacity is according to the biggest load computation, but in a major part building year only has several dozens days time control air conditioning to be at the biggest load condition. The central air conditioning cold load throughout is in during the dynamic change, like every day sooner or later, each season in turn, every year samsara, the environment and the humanities condition, real-time will ho affecting the central air conditioning cold load. General it also gives the general energy conservation control domain the worker brought enormously has displayed the talent the space.
The power load gap increases, the electric power supply tense aspect with difficulty obtains in recent years relaxes. Therefore, energy conservation in particular electricity saving, not only has the significant social significance moreover to have the urgent practical significance. Positively studies the development promotion green environmental protection new air conditioning technology and the equipment, the suppression air conditioning energy consumption increases, has become the building warmly to pass air conditioning domain urgent and the popular research topic. The dependence technology innovation, the system innovation, the energy conservation falls consumes, enhances the energy use efficiency, guaranteed are least in the "energy consumption, in the environmental pollution smallest" foundation, realizes the "energy conservation first, structure many Yuan, environment
friendly" energy developmental strategy
In our telecommunication production，air conditioning energy conservation supervisory work weaker, the energy waste phenomenon is serious，therefore strengthens air conditioning the maintenance management and the technological transformations, may achieve the energy conservation the goal.
2. Air conditioning energy conservation system research survey
（1）Through the load control, achieves the energy conservation goal.
(a) The burning hot season new atmosphere load occupies the entire cold load 25%-40%. reduces the new atmosphere load, reduces the new atmosphere energy consumption,the choice smallest essential new amount of wind, also can achieve the goal. But the new amount of wind smallest supply on the one hand the country had the standard. moreover the new amount of wind insufficient will affect the air quality, willed danger the human body health.
(b) Outside the optimized construction the surrounding protection structure energy conservation design. uses the heat preservation thermal insulation material technology, reduces the air conditioning load. the realization construction energy conservation, but simultaneously also causes the building post rise, the promotion to receive the certain limit.
（2）Gathers can the air conditioning.
Gathers coldly throw the ice, avoids the daytime to use electricity the peak, at night stores up the air conditioning freezing water refrigeration, daytime does not start the air conditioning main engine only to use the aqueous system to circulate. This method itself certainly does not conserve energy the province electricity, but optimized the electrical network power supply, to already implemented the time sharing electrovalence the area, played "to economize dots not conserve energy" the role, had the area promotion significance.
（3）Water source heat pump.
Is opposite says to the air and the soil, the water is the most ideal spatial transfer cold heat source, the water source heat pump also therefore has the environmental protection is highly effective, the energy conservation and so on the multitudinous merit，but our country water source heat pump engineering research is not very mature compares with borne developed countries also has the certain disparity. At the same time, the water source heat pump although has very many merits, but receives the geology, environment, the policy and so on the limit quite is also big, this caused the water source heat pump to be restricted in an our country more widespread application.
（4）In the central air-conditioning system individually consumes energy the equipment
energy conservation transformation.
(a) Air blower and water pump general frequency changer velocity modulation energy conservation, this is at present uses more technologies. This method simple practical, electricity saving effect obvious, but product and so on water pump, air blower is the system auxiliary engine partially, occupies the overall system energy consumption approximately is 40%，therefore the excavation space is limited.
(b) The refrigeration main engine, the refrigeration unit's power consumption holds the very big share in the air-conditioning system, saves this part of consuming energy is the entire air-conditioning system economy movement key. At present generally all uses reduces the indoor temperature standard, enhances the cold water temperature and so on the measure realization refrigeration main engine energy conservation. Above several methods deficiency has only considered the partial energy conservation, but had not considered from the overall system overall situation.
The dynamic load track energy conservation control system take the entire central air-conditioning system as a body，unceasingly changes the condition according to the air conditioning area load, through changes in the main engine and the circulatory system various parameters movement change situation, the lock following load change, realizes in meets the load need under the premise the prompt quota supplies cold quantity, namely achieves "according to must supply", basically achieved "does not lag, are not many for, many gives" the goal. This method not only compared with the permanent current capacity water pump gentle breeze machine has realized the auxiliary engine largest scale energy conservation, moreover optimized the main engine movement operating mode, might achieve the overall system conserved energy 15%-35%. This is this topic research key point.
3. Dynamic loads tracks energy conservation control plan
The traditional central air-conditioning system adjustment plan is：uses the permanent current capacity pattern or the heat sink side permanent current capacity but the load side changes the current capacity pattern, the system must shoulder is according to the biggest lead, the worst meteorological condition and the worst use working conditions designs, when actual moves 50% above time, the system must shoulder all below 50%, the existence has the enormous energy dissipation. Also when shoulders Q when the change, the traditional systern movement parameter simply cannot achieve the synchronized adjustment, the lag adjustment method besides passively increase the unloading through the main engine, nearly no other controls method.
文献综述 一、课题国内外现状： 1．美国中央空调发展现状： 美国的中央空调普及率较高，这与其良好的居住条件以及较高的生活水平是分不开的。美国是世界第一经济大国，人民生活水准较高，对居住的舒适性要求也较高，这些都促进了该国中央空调的普及使用。 美国的别墅型住宅具有宽敞、高大的特点，通常由中、高收入的家庭居住。由于其层高较大，具有足够的建筑空间用于布置风道，因此在美国，风管式系统在家用小型中央空调中所占的比重相当大。同时，由于美国居民对家用空调舒适性的要求较高，因此多采用有新风的风管式系统。目前，美国风管式系统的年产量约为600万台/年，占其家用空调产量的一半左右。 美国的公寓型住宅适合于中、低收入的人群居住，其家用空调的型式以窗式空调器为主，也有采用小区供冷/热水的，一般不使用家用小型中央空调。目前美国窗式空调器年产量约为600万台/年，占其家用空调产量的一半左右。 美国的中央空调的型式以风管式系统为主，其具体形式多种多样。风管式单元空调系统和风管式空调箱系统在美国的应 用都很广泛，此外，集成了燃气炉的家用小型中央空调系统在美国的应用也非常普遍。此种家用小型中央空调系统在供冷季由制冷机组提供冷量，在供热季由燃气炉提供热量，对室内回风和新风进行处理，消除房间空调负荷，同时也可以满足家庭生活热水的需求。 2．日本小型中央空调发展现状： 与美国以风管式系统为主的特点不同，日本的家用空调走的是一条"氟系统"为主的发展道路，从窗式空调器到定速分体式空调器，再到变频分体式空调器。同样，日本的家用小型中央空调也以冷剂式空调即VRV系统为主。 在世界冷剂式空调行业中，在二十世纪九十年代以前，60％的市场被日本所占有，并且在设备开发和控制技术上都处于世界最前沿。这为日本发展VRV系统提供了技术保证。同时，日本国土面积小而人口众多，人口密度非常大，其住宅多属于高密度住宅，建筑结构较为紧凑。一般层高均较低，不适合于布置需要占用较大层高的风管式空调系统。而且日本是个国内资源匮乏的国家，其能源消耗
Talking about security loopholes Richard S. Kraus reference to the core network security business objective is to protect the sustainability of the system and data security, This two of the main threats come from the worm outbreaks, hacking attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan horse. Worms, hacker attacks problems and loopholes closely linked to, if there is major security loopholes have emerged, the entire Internet will be faced with a major challenge. While traditional Trojan and little security loopholes, but recently many Trojan are clever use of the IE loophole let you browse the website at unknowingly were on the move. Security loopholes in the definition of a lot, I have here is a popular saying: can be used to stem the "thought" can not do, and are safety-related deficiencies. This shortcoming can be a matter of design, code realization of the problem. Different perspective of security loo phole s In the classification of a specific procedure is safe from the many loopholes in classification. 1. Classification from the user groups: ● Public loopholes in the software category. If the loopholes in Windows, IE loophole, and so on. ● specialized software loophole. If Oracle loopholes, Apach e,
中文3696字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 出处：Infosys Strategic Vision 原文： Insights from Banking Simple By Ashok Vemuri Introduction “A simpler way of banking.We treat with you respect. No extraneous features. No hidden fees.” For the unini tiated, this is the mantra of BankSimple, a Brooklyn-based startup which has positioned itself as a consumer-friendly alternative to traditional banks. BankSimple pushes a message of user experience—sophisticated personal finance analytics, a single “do-it-all” card, superior customer service, and no overdraft fees.Though branchless and primarily online-based, BankSimple is also planning to provide some traditional customer service touches, including phone support and mail-in deposits. Interestingly, BankSimple will also likely not be a bank—at least not in the technical, FDIC sense of the word. Rather, BankSimple’s strategy is to be a front-end focused on the customer experience. The back-end core “bank” component will be FDIC-insured partner banks. Unfettered by years of IT investments and entrenched applications, BankSimple’s team has the freedom to build an innovative, user-friendly online interface, customer service program, and the associated mobile and social bells and whistles that more and more consumers are demanding. One way to look at it is as a wrapper insulating the consumer from the accounting, compliance, and technology challenges that many banks face. Like personal finance sites https://www.doczj.com/doc/548905429.html, and Wesabe before it, BankSimple is looking to tap into a perceived gap between what major banks provide and what consumers want. A recent survey by ForeSee Results and Forbes found that consumers view online banking as more satisfying than banking done offline. Though good news for the industry as a whole, the survey also found that the five largest banks in the country scored the lowest in the study. Cheaper and more customer friendly, digital banking is the future—but many consumers are finding it is better done with credit unions, community banks, and (down-the-road) startups like BankSimple. As you read, significant investments are being made by banks to improve their online, mobile, and IVR customer-friendliness. Major banks are embracing these channels, and customer satisfaction will likely improve over time. Even so, startups like Bank- Simple should be viewed as a learning opportunity. Their ideas are disruptive and often highlight pain points that need to be addressed. BankSimple’s first two stated philosophies are a good place to start: “A simpler way of banking” and “We treat you with respect.”
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 附录1： 英文原文 Selection of optimum tool geometry and cutting conditions using a surface roughness prediction model for end milling Abstract Influence of tool geometry on the quality of surface produced is well known and hence any attempt to assess the performance of end milling should include the tool geometry. In the present work, experimental studies have been conducted to see the effect of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on the machining performance during end milling of medium carbon steel. The first and second order mathematical models, in terms of machining parameters, were developed for surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of experimental results. The model selected for optimization has been validated with the Chi square test. The significance of these parameters on surface roughness has been established with analysis of variance. An attempt has also been made to optimize the surface roughness prediction model using genetic algorithms (GA). The GA program gives minimum values of surface roughness and their respective optimal conditions. 1 Introduction End milling is one of the most commonly used metal removal operations in industry because of its ability to remove material faster giving reasonably good surface quality. It is used in a variety of manufacturing industries including aerospace and automotive sectors, where quality is an important factor in the production of slots, pockets, precision moulds and dies. Greater attention is given to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of products by the industry these days. Moreover, surface finish influences mechanical properties such as fatigue behaviour, wear, corrosion, lubrication and electrical conductivity. Thus, measuring and characterizing surface finish can be considered for predicting machining performance. Surface finish resulting from turning operations has traditionally received considerable research attention, where as that of machining processes using multipoint cutters, requires attention by researchers. As these processes involve large number of parameters, it would be difficult to correlate surface finish with other parameters just by conducting experiments. Modelling helps to understand this kind of process better. Though some amount of work has
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：建筑工程学院 专业：建筑环境与设备工程 姓名： ***** 学号： ******** 外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗 摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。 关键词：建筑环境暖通空调能耗 浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗 能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％。这样的形势要求我们必须节能。建筑能源消耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6％。建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的注意，并且针对不同的国家、地区的能源特点和不同建筑的采暖、通风、空调要求发展者相关的节能技术。研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。 暖通空调能耗的组成 为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。 室内环境的影响 暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
论文题目：关于巴塞尔II：新巴塞尔资本协议的影响 学院名称：财经学院专业班级：金融0814班学生姓名：王庆贺 外文题目：Dealing with Basel II: the impact of the New Basel Capital Accord 出处：Balance Sheet,2003,Vol.11(No.4) 作者：Thomas Garside and Jens Bech 译文： 关于巴塞尔II：新巴塞尔资本协议的影响 托马斯·加赛德和杰尼斯·伯克 摘要：国际监管机构在2003年完成新资本协议，银行决定在2006年底执行这个协议。巴塞尔协议是对全球银行业改革的监管。在本文中，我们回顾新巴塞尔资本协议内容以及一些我们所期望对欧洲银行业发生的重要影响。正如在第一届巴塞尔协议修正案（Basel I）中，我们得出结论，新巴塞尔协议不仅对持有资本额的数量做了规定，还对银行业的战略格局进行展望。 关键词：银行，流动性，监管，风险管理 新巴塞尔资本协议的新规则 巴塞尔委员会虽然只是公布了三分之一，但这很可能是协商的最后新资本协议（Basel II）文件。这项建议如获通过，将会深刻地改变银行的偿付能力的方式，监管机构监管银行风险管理实施过程和银行必须对市场参与者公布的风险信息量，经过讨论会，巴塞尔委员会预计将在2003年底发布的新资本协议的最后草案。 目前的巴塞尔资本协议（Basel I）对达到加强国际金融体系的稳定的既定目标已经有了显著成效，通过在不同国家持续应用本协议的同时，增加了资本水平，创造了一个更公平的竞争领域。总的来说，目前的全球一级资本的平均水平从1993年的约6%升至8%，此外，巴塞尔资本协议已经应用于100多个国家，远远超过最初的预期。 尽管实现其最初目标的成效很明显，很显然，对于巴塞尔我有一些意想不到的不
刀具术语中英文对照大全（3） 本文选自：主题名品网 指甲抠（Mark Side）：这是一个专门的刀具术语，刀片上有一个小突出物，通过这个突出物，可以将刀片从刀柄中抠出来。 粗面制作（Matte Finish）：刀片或者刀柄表面是磨砂或者起绒的，而不是完全的镜面。 米卡塔（Micarta）：最常见的是一种亚麻布，经过树脂的浸泡，形成一种质地轻盈并且坚固耐用的刀柄材料，它的表面没有特别清晰的纹理，摸起来非常的顺滑，因为其非常的柔软，处置不当的话会将其刮坏。 镜面加工（Mirror Finish）：通过接连不断的细致打磨和一系列的抛光工序，可以使得打磨面非常的光滑明亮，反光度非常的高。 指沟（Nail Mark/Nail Nick）：这是在口袋刀上的一个沟状设计，，可以将大拇指指甲插入后与食指合力将刀片夹住开启，是一种比较早期的开启机制。 镍（Nickel）：是参入到不锈钢制作中的一种合金，可以增加钢材的可塑性，同时，也可以增加钢材的抗腐蚀性。 镍黄铜（Nickel Silve）：是一种铜合金，一般含有10-45%的锌和5-30%的镍，通常用来制作刀具的衬垫。 非铁（Nonferrous）：一种不含任何铁的金属，比如说铝和钛。 正面（Obverse）：刀具的正视图。 反面（Pile Side）：是指一个刀具的反面，和上述的正视图是相反的那一面。 柄角（Pinky Shelf）：刀柄末端那个突出的角，是放小拇指的位置，刀柄的这个部位是为了提供一个杠杆支点，可以更好的掌握刀具。 平刃（Plain Edge）：是一个平缓的刀锋，刀刃上没有任何的锯齿或者其他齿状构造。 口袋夹（Pocket Clip）：一个夹子，可以将刀具固定在口袋的上部位置，方便取出。 刀尖（Point）：是刀刃和刀背的交汇处，即最尖锐的那部分。 粉末涂层（Powder Coating）：将干燥的粉末涂料涂在金属表面，然后将金属置于炉子里面，高温将粉末涂料融化，附于刀片的表面，可以增加刀片的抗腐蚀性。根据各种不同的需要，可以选择不同颜色的粉末图层。这种制作工艺是于1967年，产生于澳大利亚。 倒“S”刀（Reverse "S" Blade）：刀片的形状是一个倒的“S”，刀尖是向内弯曲的，靠下的刀腹和刀尖是一样的弯曲方向。 刀颈（Ricasso）：护手前或者刀刃开锋的初始部分，没有开锋的刀片。 洛克硬度测试（Rockwell Hardness Test）：是一种计量钢材硬度的标准测试。在特定的压力下，用金刚石抵住已完成的刀片，通过测量刺入的深度来判别钢材的硬度。硬度超过60RHC,.刀刃的开锋是比较难，然而低于56HRC的话，刀刃的锋利保持度却不高。 滑锁（Rolling Lock）：是刀具上的一个锁，利用轴承滑动的方法，滑向锁定的位置。 铁锈（Rust）：铁制品受到腐蚀，水合氧化物和铁发生反应，生成了氧化铁等物质，外观相应地发生了一些变化。 马刀（Sabre）：马刀的边缘非常的厚，可以胜任很多砍削任务和极端的环境下作业，刀背开始于刀刃的中部位置 磨光（Brushed Finish或Satin Finish）：是一种有别于镜面加工的打磨方式，通常是用一定规格的砂纸，对金属进行打磨，但是没有非常彻底的打磨，金属还保留原有的那种金属度。 斯克林肖（Scrimshaw）：是指在刀柄上雕刻装饰性图文的技艺。
中文2300字 Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm Summary: The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. Keyword: Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consume Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development. In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy. The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order. The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation, region is warm, well ventilated, the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique .The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and
专业外文翻译 题目JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties 系（院）计算机系 专业计算机科学与技术 班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 职称讲师 二〇一三年五月十六日
JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties The JSP (Java Server Pages) technology is used by the Sun micro-system issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention; get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced. The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together. The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technologies, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical JSP the development background and development history In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions. Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multilayer application. The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of
Improve the concept of financial supervision in rural areas1 Xun Qian Farmers in China's vast population, has some large-scale production of the farmers, but also survival-oriented farmers, huge differences between the financial needs of rural finance intermediation makes complex, together with agriculture itself is the profit low, natural and market risks high risk decision to weak agricultural industry characteristics, resulting in the cost of rural financial transactions is far higher than the city, also decided to organize the rural financial system in terms of operation or in the market has its own special characteristics. 20 years of financial reform, financial development while the Chinese city made impressive achievements, but the rural finance is the entire financial system is still the weakest link. Insufficient supply of rural finance, competition is not sufficient, farmers and agricultural enterprises in getting loans and other issues is also very prominent, backward rural financial system can no longer effectively support the development of modern agriculture or the transformation of traditional agriculture and the building of new socialist countryside, which to improve the rural financial supervision new topic. China's rural financial regulatory problems (A) the formation of China's financial regulatory system had "a line three commission " (People's Bank, the Securities Regulatory Commission, Insurance Regulatory Commission and the Banking Regulatory Commission) financial regulatory structure. Bank These stringent requirements, different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role, but it also had some negative effects. First, inefficient supervision, supervision of internal consumption of high costs, limited financial industry business development and innovation space. Second, the regulatory agencies, regulatory bodies and the information asymmetry between central banks, banking, securities, and insurance mechanisms of coordination between regulatory bodies are not perfect. Information between central banks and regulatory agencies is difficult to share, is difficult to create effective monitoring force. Basically between the various 1American Journal of Agricultural Economics，2009.