Chapter 2 The Need for Stylistic Study
Review
●STYLE是使用语言的一种方式，它属于言语(parole)，而不属于语言(langue)。
●STYLE体现在语言运用的各个层面，体现在语音、书写、词汇、句法结构
乃至语篇类型的选择上。
●任何类型的语篇都具有特定的文体特征；任何一个语篇也都具有特定的文体
特征。
●STYLE的涵义颇多，既可指“文体”，“语体”，也可指“风格”或“文风”。广义
的文体学成为普通文体学或语体学，狭义的文体研究称作文学文体学。
●不论是从事广义的文体研究，还是进行狭义的文体研究，我们都需要借助于
相关学科的理论和知识、尤其是修辞学、语用学、余篇分析和文学批评领域的知识。
What is context?
Definition:
Context refers to the conditions in which something exists or occurs. Linguistically, this is the part of a discourse surrounding a word or passage that helps make its meaning clear.
语境是人们运用语言进行言语交际的言语环境。言语交际有成效的进行（即说话人恰当地表达话语的意义和听话人准确地理解话语意义）必须依赖言语环境。
Classifications:
Classification 1:
1)内部语境(lingual/ linguistic context)
Rules concerning the language itself such as grammar
2)外部语境(extra-lingual/non-linguistic context)
The speaker?s and the audience?s mood, age, position, occupation, cultural background, etc.
Classification 2:
1) 指语篇内部的上下文(co-text; linguistic context)
2) 指言语事件发生时的社会情境特征(socio-situational features)以及交际双方的社会历史文化和风俗习惯，乃至价值观念等。主要分为两类：一种与语言使用者有关；一种与语言使用者对语言的使用有关。
Examples 1:
Sam committed theft and was caught red-handed by Mary. Sam offered Mary $2 000 to hush the matter up. But she turned it down.
Example 2:
“一秀才买柴曰：…荷薪者过来。?因…过来?二字明白，（柴夫）担到前面。问曰：…其价几何？?因…价?字明白，（柴夫）说了价钱。秀才曰：…外实而内虚，烟多而焰少，请损之。?买柴者不知说甚，荷薪去了。”
（《笑赞》赵南星（明））
Exercise 1: Fill in the following blanks with the right word based on the context.
1. The (preceding/proceeding) message was brought to us by General Motors.
2. The whole audience was (affected/infected) by her sad story and many burst into tears.
3. If you put too many potatoes in that bag, it will (burst/crack).
4. I cannot (tolerate/suffer) any more of your nonsense.
5. I didn?t say anything like that at all. You are purposely (revising/distorting) my ideas to prove your point.
6. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must (enhance/gear) the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.
Exercise 2: Fill in the following blanks with the right word based on the context.
1. Mother Teresa is notorious for her work with the poor and sick in India.
2. Because he did not know either party, the arbitrator was able to take an uninterested view of the dispute.
3. The businessperson has upheld a reputation for deception and deceit.
4. Propaganda is very important for the success of this activity.
5. Premier Zhou is a very prominent politician.
言语交际的适合性是言语交际的“灵魂”。任何言语交际活动，都是由特定的人在特定的场合、为特定的目的、围绕特定的题材、向特定的对象进行的。（Who Speaks What Language to Whom and When)
言语交际既受社会情境的制约，又受具体的交际环境的制约，因此语言在其行使社会交际工具这一职能的过程中，不能不产生各种变体。
Example 3:
Where?s the salt? I?d like some, please.
Would you pass me the salt, please?
Would you be so kind as to pass me the salt, please?
Example 4:
1) Out!
2) Run along, now.
3) Would you mind leaving the room a moment, please?
4) The audience is required to kindly leave the room for a few moments.
5) The management respectfully required the conferees to vacate the auditorium between sessions in order to facilitate the operations of the custodial staff.
The significance of learning English stylistics: (P.15-23)
Three processes of literary criticism: (P.18) description – interpretation – evaluation Foregrounding: (P.18)
e.g. a month ago (normal)
a grief ago (abnormal)
a joy ago (abnormal)
a happiness ago (abnormal)
Exercises:
1 Appreciation of Henry Reed’s poem Naming of Parts
Biography of Henry Reed
Henry Reed was a British poet, translator, radio dramatist and journalist. He was born in Birmingham and educated at King Edward VI School, Aston, followed by the University of Birmingham. He went on to study for an MA and then worked as a teacher and journalist. He was called up to the Army in 1941, spending most of the
war as a Japanese translator.
Reed?s most famous poem is Lessons of the War, a witty parody of British army basic training during World War II, which suffered from a lack of equipment at that time. Comment:
This is a beautiful war poem in which the cruelty of war in the foreground comes in contrast with the beauty and fragility of nature in the background. It depicts while the nature is reviving and grolifying in spring, human being is thinking of nothing but killing and destructing life which is really shameful.
2Choose one word that is appropriate based on the context.
1. The young ladies of the public relations service gave out boxes of exquisite chocolate to the children and then led the ( ) kids upstairs to join their anxious parents.
a. content
b. contented
c. joy
d. please
2. The old professor went to the examinee?s desk, looked over his shoulder and ( ). Evidently the examinee was not doing well.
a. grimaced
b. pouted
c. frowned
d. glowered
3. Street fights broke out in may places around the city as the frustrated fans of the defeated team left the pubs and turned more and more ( ) towards the supporters of the rival team.
a. belligerent
b. bellicose
c. unfriendly
d. Alien
4. When the southern states declared that they would choose to secede from the Union, all the observers knew that a civil war became ( ) between the South and the North.
a. necessary
b. needed
c. obligator
d. inevitable
5. The occupying forces have set up a ( ) government that will represent the country till a legitimate government is formed after the general election.
6. After the public debate the jury went into a closed session to ( ) on the matter and its decision will not be known before the end of the day.
a. think
b. reason
c. deliberate
d. muse
7. In the general unrest following the death of the young conscript the retired botanist was assailed on the street by an enraged ( ) who mistook him for an army officer.
a. crowd
b. mob
c. host
d. throng
8. Even after his polar adventures made him famous all around the world he still appeared ( ) and reserved in public.
a. shy
b. submissive c, timorous d. diffident
9. The modern DNA technique has provided on decisive piece of evidence against the defendant who was finally convicted of the ( ) of murder.
a. sin
b. crime
c. offense
d. vice
10. Many inexperienced investors were allured to his complex project without noticing that the ( ) deal he proposed was full of traps.
a. roundabout
b. oblique
c. crooked
d. abnormal
Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
Chapter 1 Introduction ·What is the English Stylistics？ It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language. ·What are language functions? a) To deliver some infor to other people b) To communicate with each other in society ·How do we express ourselves in a proper way? Several factors do work. a)Phonetics b)Vocabulary c)Grammar d)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics ·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why? Four examples: a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ” b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ” c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..” d) See next page d) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ” ·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ” b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ” c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ” d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ” e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylistics? a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly. b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles. c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes. d) It will help us to go at literary criticism. e) It will help us to do the translation work well. Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis ·There are 4 phonetic means in English: 1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality. ·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions. (1) The first function is for emphasis. (2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both. (3) The third function is to differ some English words (4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics: (1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness. (2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness. (3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning. (4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock. (5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two. 精品文档
Unit 5 Formal vs Informal Language 英教0901班董宜之程雅洁田冬雪
Contents 5.1 The interpersonal function of language 5.2 Degrees of formality 5.3 Functional tenor and degrees of formality 5.4 Martin Joo’s Classification 5.5 Speech situation and formality 5.6 Formality and linguistic features 5.7 Sets of co-occurring features 5.8 Involved vs informational texts 5.9 Tenors, field, and mode
5.1 The interpersonal function of language 1.Functions of language: ●the ideational / referential function ●the interpersonal / social / expressive function ●the textual function 2. Tenors of discourse: the relationship between participants in the situation, their roles and status. The participant relations that determine the tenor of discourse range through varying degrees of permanence.
88152 学科教育论文 英语文体学知识在大学英语教学中的应 用 中图分类号：H319 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-1578（2016）06-0009-02 1 引言 长期以来，英语文体学是大学英语专业学生的一门专业课，非英语专业的学生对英语文体学理论及问题分析方法则比较陌生。在英语学习中学生往往因缺乏识别不同英语文体能力而造成语域误用。在大学英语授课过程中教师往往感到，学生在掌握了语法和常用词汇，有了基本的听说读写能力之后，对于文体风格的辨别则成了一个重要的问题，他们往往不注意在不同场合应使用不同语域的语言。如写论述文时使用十分口语化的句式，而翻译正式文体时用词又过于通俗等，这是在我国高校大学生英语学习过程中普遍存在的现象。因此，在大学英语教学中，教师要有意识地引导学生了解、学习、掌握各类文体的不同特
点，从而提高学生的文体意识，学会正确使用英语，提高学生的英语综合应用能力及文学鉴赏力。 2 文体学理论 文体学（stylistics）是一门运用现代语言学理论和方法研究文体，研究语言表达方式和表达效果的学科。Style（文体）指某种语体的风格特征，即适用于某特定语言环境的一整套语言变异形式。文体学（stylistics）是指“对（style）变异的研究，语言风格变异取决于语言使用的场合，也取决于作者或说话者希望能对读者或听者作成的影响”。[1]随着语言学研究的开展，文体学吸取了传统的风格学与修辞学的某些成分，以语言学的理论和方法为依据，从日常谈话到正式演讲，从诗歌到散文，从新闻、广告到小说、戏剧，进行系统的分析研究，探讨语言风格上的特点，并寻求其规律。 文体学在大学英语教学中的运用主要体现在文体分析上。英语文体分析主要采用比较语言学的方法，通过对语音、词汇、语法、句法及语篇结构等的文体及社会功能、英语的变异现象和各种变体的描述与分析，帮助学生初步掌握各种描述分析语言的方法，以及了解语言在特定环境中的文体特征、社会功能，同时要通过作品的描述和分
英语语言学基础知识 一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征 几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是 语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the
An Stylistics analysis on the Poem the Road Not Taken by Robert Frost 英语文体学结课论文
摘要 罗伯特·弗罗斯特是一名美国著名诗人，本诗《未选择的路》是他的一篇名作，诗中以作者面对森林中两条道路时的思想活动展开描写，引出了深刻的哲理——面对人生的选择要慎重考虑，且无法回头。本诗语言朴实，全文通俗易懂，且采用传统的诗歌文体，读来朗朗上口，但意味深长。本文从诗歌的文体，作者，以及思想三个方面对此诗做了简略分析。 关键词: 道路，选择，通俗，文体 Abstract The Road Not Taken is a famous poem written by the notable American poet Robert Frost. This poem is started from the psychological activity of the writer when he was facing the two roads in the forest, and then lead to a profound philosophy——people must keep cautious when facing choices, and could never come back. The language is and traditional and easy to understand. This paper makes a brief analysis on this poem from three aspects: literary form, writer, and clou. Key words: roads, choice, easy to understand, literary form
Stylistic Analysis of An Extract of Conversation Introduction Conversation is the most commonly used kind of language. Therefore , it is especially a variety familiar to the majority of English -speaking people . This variety is used in everyone’s daily life . And it has its own distinct stylistic features . Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels. Causal style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants. It is the language used among intimate friends, acquaintances, insiders, and people with shared knowledge. In casual visits ,chance meetings ,casual talks, or letters between friends this style is often found . Colloquial words, clipped words, clipped words, phrasal verbs, blend words are often used. Sentences are usually short, elliptical, with a lot of contractions. And the tone tends to be friendly and informal. This passage possesses almost all characteristics of conversation. It could be an appropriate material for stylistic analysis. This is a conversation between two housewives who are in the same age range
英语文体学学期论文范文 英语文体学学期论文范文-Stylistic Analysis of Brack Obamas Victory SpeechAbstract: Public speech is an art. It presents the features of formal written language while exhibiting characteristics of the spoken. Barack Obama ,an excellent speaker, addressed his victory speech on NOV 5, 2008 in Chicago. This speech, which is very convincing, is considered a classic. This paper analysis the speech from four aspects: content, grammatical features, lexical features and semantic features. Through the essay, we can have a better understanding of the public speech.Key Words: Obama, victory speech; stylistic analysisOn NOV 5,2008,Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of America, becoming the first national leader in American history. On the evening, Obama addressed his victory speech in Chicago. The theme of Obamas victory speech is change is coming to America in response to the special period of US. Form the perspective of stylistics, the speech can be analyzed form four aspects: content, grammatical features, lexical features and semantic features.1.Introduction of the contentIn terms of the main idea of the speech, it can be divided into five parts, including:celebration(para.1-5),thanks(para.6-10),challenge(para.3
English Stylistics 英语文体学 Course Introduction Course title: English Stylistics Course hours: 2 per week, 34 in total Assessment: 1. Attendance 2. After-class preparation for related topics 3. In-class performance and involvement 4. Quiz 5. Final exam Teaching Objectives: Have a systematic knowledge of the features of different varieties of language Make appropriate use of language in our communication Familiarize ourselves with the stylistic features of the different genres of literature Deepen our understanding and appreciation of literary works Offer useful ideas on translation and language teaching Textbook: English Stylistics(英语文体学) Other reference books: Introduction to English Stylistics《英语文体学引论》（丁往道王佐良）
The analysis of Americans and the land from the perspective of stylistics This essay mainly talks about the fact that Americans who treat the nature without responsibility and mercy just like their early settlers. The author John Steinbeck, who is one of the winners of the Nobel Prize for literature, described how people pillaged the country vividly from different perspectives. He tries to express the idea that human should live with nature harmoniously. This paper is going to do the stylistic analysis from the aspects of vocabulary, syntax and the context. In terms of vocabulary, there exists an intimate relationship between vocabulary and stylistics. Jonathan swift defined stylistics as ”putting proper words in proper order”. Different words have different emotive tendency. In this essay, the author uses the pronoun “they”–meaning the Americans, six times, expressing his dissatisfaction of everything their ancestors have done to the continent. In the second paragraph, the word “our” is used nine times, functioning in the following two aspects. The first is to state his sorrow for the environment we has to live with has been severely polluted. The repeatedly presentation of the word empathized the effect. The second is to satirize the pillagers’ arrogancy and ignorance. These two pronouns well conveyed the idea that man should not conquer and change the environment but maintain the balance of the eco-system. He also uses the figure of personification for example ”Then the plows went in and ripped off the protection water and slow drought and the mischievous wind that roamed through the Great Central Plains.” Sentences are the basic units of language, which have different structures. In the first paragraph, the author used parallelism to strengthen the tone and ellipsis which briefly and intensely expressed the author’s idea. The combination of parallelism and ellipsis such as “They burned “successfully exhibits how fast people destruct the environment. The figure of simile has also been used for example “they come as though” and “… as though they held”. The American treat the country as a quarry not
Chapter one: Introduction to Stylistics（4hrs） Definition of stylistics: Stylistics is a special kind of subject, which applies the techniques and concepts of modern linguistics to the study of literary texts. And it is based upon the idea that the examination or analysis of the language of a literary text can be a means to a fuller understanding and appreciation of the writer’s artistic achievement. So stylistics studies language as it is used in literary texts, with the aim of relating it to the artistic functions of language use. Stylistics is based upon the idea that all artistic works have content and form, usually the content can decide the form, but the other way round, the form can have counter-effect upon the content. It is also true of literary works. This definition does not mean that the learning of stylistics demands a great deal of linguistic knowledge. In stead, it requires the learner to be familiar with some basic concepts and traditional terms in grammar, phonetics, and rhetoric. And of course, the learner should also be curious and make full use of an explicit understanding of language——not just language used in the given literary context. Stylistic study/analysis Stylistics makes for a widening and deepening of the aesthetic taste. Leo Spitzer’s insistence is that the smallest detail of the used by in a particular literary text can unlock the soul of a literary work. That is, by noticing the smallest detail, the reader can understand and explain how a particular effect or meaning is achieved. Then the reader is more likely to appreciate the creation of the writer’s. Leo Spitzer: the only way to get out of the state of un-productivity is to read and reread. Summing up: Any stylistic study of a literary text starts from some curiosity or the curious noticing of some details or some special features of a particular case of language use, or such uses in a literary text. For in both linguistic and literary spheres, much rests on the intuition and personal judgment for which a system, however good, is an aid rather then a substitute. So interest and curiosity is the mother of stylistic discovery. And the method of getting some interest or insight is to read and reread the text you are going to analyze. It goes through the linguistic analysis of these details and comes to the realization of the special effects realized thereby.
Text analysis for the Course of Stylistics Topic 1: Register Analysis and relevant features This essay is due to analyze the text “What does i t mean to be a digital native?”. (https://www.doczj.com/doc/5416427045.html,/2012/12/04/business/digital-native-prensky/index.html) Firstly, author will analyze the register of the text, and then discuss three significant features of the text in different aspects which related to the register. 1.Register To analyze the register, it is necessary to know the definition of register. Here is the description from Wiki-pedia: In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, when speaking in a formal setting, an English speaker may be more likely to adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of analveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choose more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and refrain from using contractions such as ain't, than when speaking in an informal setting. We can get the register’s definition clearly from above sentences. To say it popularly, it is different types of texts. Back to the text “What does i t mean to be a digital native?”, without stylistic feature, it is better to consider in three aspects: the text’s publication site, text’s content and its