高译教育-中山大学考研英语翻译基础真题2010

财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授 训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班2010年中山大学翻译硕士英语真题答案育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。

part I Vocabulary and Grammar6. B 2. D 3. B meteorologist 气象学者 4. D 5. A 6. D except 后排除的内容与主语往往是同一类的,而except for 后所排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的。

例如,试比较:All the buildings are excellent except this one./All the buildings are excellent except for their location. (all 和glimmer 不是同一类事物)7. B8. A9. D10. B 11. B 12. A The child reached out a hand towards the apple . Judy reached into her handbag and handed me a small printed leaflet...朱蒂把手伸进提包，拿出一张小的印刷传单给我。

I reached across the table and squeezed his hand...我把手伸到桌子的另一边，捏住他的手。

13. A 14. B 15. D 16. B apt, liable, prone: 三个词都含“易于的”意思, 它们只能作表语, 不能作定语, 后面都接不定式。

apt 是常用词, 尤其是用在口语中, 表示“有...倾向的”、“易于...的”, 如: He is apt to get excited over trifles.他容易为小事而激动。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题日期：2010-01-09 18:20:09 来源：万学教育【字体：大中小】【打印】【阅读：26195次】Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__ affected __workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __ up ___giving their name to the ―Hawthorne effect‖, the extremely influential idea that the very___ act ___to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __ perplexing ___behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __ accounts ___of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __ matter ____what was done in the experiment; __ so long as _someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___ awareness ___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ___ enough ___to alter workers’ behavior ____ by____itself.After several decades, the same data were _ subjected __ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _ contrary to __the descriptions on record, no systematic _evidence__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ misleading __ interpretation of what happed.__ For example ___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __ duly ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__continue __to rise for the next couple of days.__ but__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ tend __ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __ hit __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect ― is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(T1)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most bit-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were a out. These men believed in journalism as a calling , and were proud to be published in the daily press. 'So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,' Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".'Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save tospecialists.Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its ―one-click‖ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent cou rt appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is ―a very big deal‖, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It ―hasthe potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.‖Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should‖ reconsider‖ its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being uphe ld for ―inventions‖ that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are ―reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court‖ ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word ―about-face‖ (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the ―two step flow of communication‖: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t inter act with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our w ork shows that the principal requirement for what we call ―global cascades‖– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the ―two-step-flow theory‖[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase ―these people‖ in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced the m to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who ―question our motives.‖ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ―the use of judgment by management.‖European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did ―not live in a political vacuum‖ but ―in the real word‖ and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect theparalysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were ―on the wrong planet ‖in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession islooming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink i n Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as ―horeca‖: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.B→F→D→G→E→APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on ―worthless‖ species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.2010年真题答案（多方答案不统一，仅参考）Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。

基础英语·答案详解Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary.01. Unpopular as white has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.句义：白色过去不受人欢迎，现在却成了婚纱的首选。

答案：B考点：倒装分析：as相当于though的意思，使用时可倒装，e.g. Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open. A. Unpopular has as white beenB. Unpopular as white has beenC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. White has been as unpopular02. What the government should do urgently is to take actions to boost the economy.句义：政府的当务之急是采取措施促进经济发展。

答案：D考点：词义辨析分析：A. brook容忍B. blush因羞愧而脸红C. brood焦虑，忧思D. boost促进, 激励03. Windstorms have recently established a record which meteorologists hope will not be equaled for many years to come.句义：近来的暴风雪创造了一个新记录，而气象学家一直认为如此程度的暴风雪在多年之后才会到来。

答案：B考点：语意分析分析：many years to come 意为“在未来的几年里” A. that will comeB. to comeC. that are comingD. coming04. We expect Mr. Smith will take over Class One when Miss White retires.句义：我们希望珍妮小姐退休后，怀特先生能够接管一班。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English1924年美国国家调查委员会派出两名工程师监督在芝加哥附近的霍桑工厂的电话配件生产车间进行实验。

实验旨在了解车间照明是否影响工人的生产效率。

研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念——“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

这种观点之所以产生是因为工厂的女工令人困惑的行为。

根据实验的描述，当灯光变亮或者变暗时，工人每小时的产量都有所提高。

至于实验中做了什么并不重要；只要改变了条件，产量就有所提高。

工人知道自己本身是被研究对象——这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

几十年后，同样的数据也被应用在计量经济学分析中。

霍桑试验在仓储业方面有了另一个令人惊奇的结果。

和记录的描述相反，〖JP+2〗并没有发现系统的证据来证明生产力水平与照明变化有关。

〖JP〗 结果表明，实验中使用的特别方法或许会误导对实验室数据的解释。

举例来说，周日对照明进行改变。

周一再工作时，产量与上周六相比有所提高，这一趋势将会持续几日。

然而，通过对没有做实验前的几周数据对比发现，周一的产量总是提高。

工人们无论在什么状况下在一周的最初几日工作非常勤快，然后就到达平稳水平，最后又懈怠下来。

这表明所谓的“霍桑效应”是很难确定的。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1在过去的25年里发生在英语报纸上的所有变化中，或许最具有深远意义的就是艺术评论报道范围缩小和严肃性上的降低。

年龄在40岁以下的普通读者无法想象那样一个能够在大部分的大城市报纸上找到高质量的文艺评论的时代。

然而，发表在20世纪的大量的评论集是由大量报纸评论所组成。

如今去读这种书籍会使人们对这样一种事实感到大为惊讶，那就是这些广博的内容曾经被人们认为很适合刊登在面向大众的日报上。

我们离20世纪初期和二战前夕期间在英国发表的东拉西扯的报纸评论甚至更远，当时，新闻用纸非常便宜，而且时髦的文艺评论被认为是一种对刊登这种内容的出版物的装饰。

高译教育-中山大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2011Part 1: Vocabulary and grammar. （30 POINTS）01.Scarcely ____ when she started complaining to me of theterrible living conditions on the campus.A. I arrivedB. I had arrivedC. did I arrivedD. had I arrived02.At that time, this kind of cloth was hard to ____ because the textile technology was not that advanced.A. come up withB. come throughC. come overD. come by03.____ the action stopped did we have time to think what might have happened.A. Only ifB. If onlyC. Only whenD. When only04.____ the fact that he is an adult now, we should give hire more freedom. A. In consideration of C. In light ofB. In comparison with D. In contrast to05.____ of the tires on the motorcycle looks any better than the other. A. Not any B. No one C. None D. Neither06.The air crash led to the ____ of the diplomatic relations between the two countries.A. suspicionB. suspenseC. suppressionD. suspension07.____ he has created striping stage settings for the Martha Graham dance company, artist Isamu Noguchi is more famous for his sculpture.A. But forB. NeverthelessC. In spite ofD. Although08.There is no other man in history than Jefferson who ____ the ideas of democracy with such fullness, persuasiveness and logic.A. foresawB. foreshadowedC. formulatedD. fortified09.Bit by bit, a child snakes the necessary changes to make his language ____ .A. as other people C. like other peopleB. as other people‟s D. like other people‟s10.In the long run, English learning, difficult as it is, is ____ to a learner in his or her career development.A. profitableB. advantageousC. prominentD. rewarding11. It is vitally important that you ____ the international conference on cross-culturalcommunication.A. shall attendB. must attendC. attendD. might attend12. The one pleasure that Einstein ____ his great fame was theability it gave him to help others.A. resulted frontB. stemmed fromC. turned outD. derived from13.You‟d rather not go to the picnic, ____ you?A. shouldB. hadC. mustD. would14.____ he‟s already heard the news.A. Chances are C. Opportunities areB. Chance is D. Opportunity is15.Though this car is more elegant in appearance, its quality ____ that less fancy one.A. more inferior than C. is inferior toB. is more inferior D. is more inferior than16. You can step inside our store for a wide variety of personalized ____ products for business and personal use.A. stationaryB. writingC. stationeryD. written17.If the man is only interested in your appearance, ____ just shows how shallow he is.A. asB. whichC. whatD. that18.Listening to the thrilling stories made my flesh ____.A. climbB. itchyC. creepD. move19.The chairman suggested that everyone be present at the meeting ____ tomorrow morning.A. that heldB. being heldC. to be heldD. held20. A short ____ of stairs adjoins each entrance door and leads down to the central sleeping area.A. lightB. delightC. flightD. fight21.We passed the examination, ____.A. and so he did C. and so did heB. and neither did he D. but he did22.The road is laid ahead of him, a ____ gray line stretching to the horizon.A. constantB. repeatedC. continuousD. wide23.We are ____ with these experienced technicians.A. too pleased to work C. only too pleased to workB. too pleased working D. only too pleased working24.“Where can I find Jim?” “He is ____ his work. He won‟t leavethe lab until 6:30 p. m.”A. onB. overC. atD. under25.All the communists ____ the people instead of being served by the people.A. supposed to serve C. subjected to sewingB. are opposed to serving D. object to serving26.I told him how to get there, but perhaps I ____ him a map.A. should have given C. had to giveB. ought to give D. must have given27.After ____ seemed an endless night, it was time for them to open the boxes of presents.A. itB. thatC. whatD. there28.Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ____ the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance with C. in favor ofB. in terms of D. in honor of29. The prisoner stood there ____.A. with his hands cuffed C. with his cuffed handsB. with his hands cuffing D. with his cuffing hands30. The new edition of the encyclopedia ____ many improvements, which is the result of the persistent effort of all the compilers.A. embeddedB. embodiedC. enchantedD. EnclosedPart 2: Reading Comprehension. （40 POINTS）Passage AAustralia‟s frogs are having trouble finding love. Traffic noise andother sounds of city life, such as air conditioners and construction noise, are drowning out the mating calls of male frogs in urban areas, leading to a sharp drop in frog populations. But, in the first study of its kind, Parris, a scientist at the University of Melbourne has found that some frogs have figured out a way to compensate for human interference in their love lives.A male southern brawn tree fray sends out a mating call when he‟slooking for a date. It is music to the ears of a female southern brown tree frog. But, add the sounds of nearby traffic and the message just is not getting out. Parris spent seven years studying frogs around Melbourne. She says some frogs have come up with an interesting strategy for making themselves heard.“We found that it‟s changing the pitch of its call, so going higherup, up the frequency spectrum, being higher and squeakier, further away from the traffic noise and this increases the distance oven which it can be for heard,” Parris said.The old call is lower in pitch. The new one is higher in pitch.Now, that may sound like a pretty simple solution. But, changingtheir calls to cope with a noisy environment is actually quite extraordinary for frogs. And while the males have figured out how to make themselves heard above the noise, Parris says it may not be what the females are looking for.“When females have a choice between two males calling, they tend to select the one that calls at a lower frequency because, in frogs, the frequency of a call is related to body size. So, the bigger frogs tend to call lower,” she explained. “And so they also tend to be the older frogs, the guys perhaps with more experience, they knowwhat they‟re doing and the women are attracted to those.” Frogpopulations in Melbourne have dropped considerably since Parris began her research, but it is not just because of noise. Much of Australia has been locked in a 10-year drought, leaving frogs and fewer ponds to go looking for that special someone.01. Parris is the first person who made study for ____.A. frog‟s populationB. frog‟s love livesC. frog‟s mating calls and living environmentD. the effects of human noises on frog02.Why do some frogs change the pitch of its calls?A. To be different from others. C. To send out messages.B. To attract a female frog. D. To go against traffic noises.03.Female frogs may not be attracted by the new call because ____.A. it is strange and unusualB. they are used to the old callC.the male frogs don‟t know how to attract themD.lower frequency has special physical meaning4.What does the word “considerably” in the last paragraph mean?A. immediatelyB. directlyC. carefullyD. much5.According to Parris, what are the reasons for the dropping of the frog‟s population in Melbourne?A.Air conditioners and construction noise.B.The urban noises and the lack of rainfall.C.The change of the frequency of the mating call.D.Fewer ponds.Passage BA closer observer of the small screen once called it a “vast wasteland of violence, sadism and murder, private eyes, gangsters and more violence—and cartoons.” that is how Newton Minow, a US television regulator, described it in 1961.Since then television language has become more colourful, violence mare explicit and sex more prevalent. Lady Chatterley‟s lover has moved from the banned book shelf to a classic BBC serial.Concern over such charging standards has shaped our view of television—and masked its broader influence in developing countries.To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil. When television there began to show a steady diet of focal soaps in the 1970s, Brazilian women typically had five or more children and were trapped in poverty. As the popularity of the soaps grew, birth rates fell.According to researchers, 72% of the leading female characters in the main soaps had no children and only 7% had more than one. One study calculated that such soaps had the same effect on fertility rates as keeping girls in school for five years more than normal.It is not just birth rates that are affected. Kenny notes: “Kids who watch TV out of school, according to a World Bank survey of young people in the shanty towns of Fortaleza in Brazil, are considerably less likely to consume drugs.”Television appears to have more power to reduce youth drug use than the strictures of an educated mother and Brazilian soaps presenting educated urban women running their own businesses are thought to be compelling role models.Television can also improve health. In China a soap opera line that warred mothers they were feeding their children “mare than just rice” if they did not wash their hands after defecating was followed by a seemingly permanent improvement in personal hygiene.Why do such changes happen? Simple, says Kenny: soap operas, whether local versions of Ugly Betty or vintage imports of Baywatch, open upnew horizons. “Some hours could be better spent planting trees, helping old ladies across the road or playing cricket,” he said. “But watching TV exposes people to new ideas and different people. With that will come greater opportunity, growing equality and a better understanding of the world. Not bad.”01. What does “it” refer to in the first paragraph?A. The small screen.B. A vast wasteland.C. Television language.D. Lady Chatterley‟s Lover.2.Why does the author mention Lady Chatterley‟s Lover?A.To show television has great influence on our daily life.B.To show that television‟s content has new changesC.To show that violence and sex are accepted by the audience.D.To show that the standards of TV regulation have changed.3.What is the meaning of “mask” in the third paragraph?A. suggestB. coverC. discoverD. reveal04.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the effects of TV?A. Lower birth rate C. Less drug users.B. Less poor young people. D. better sanitation habits05.The main idea of this passage is ____.A. the effects of TV in developing countries C. TV has opened up new horizonsB. people begin to receive more information D. the changes of TV languagePassage CShe was glad of the lake. It‟s soft; dark water helped to soothe andquiet her mind. It took her away from the noisy, squawkish world of the cat-walk and let her lie untroubled at its side, listening only to the gentle lapping of its waves.She felt at peace. Alone. Unhindered and free. Free to do nothing but watch and listen and dream.London, Paris, New York—names, only names. Names that had once meant excitement, then boredom, then frustration, then slavery. Names that had brought her to the edge of a breakdown and left her doubting her own sanity.But here everything was at peace. The lake, the trees, the cottage. Here she could stay for the rest of her life. Here she would be happy to die.Across the sun hurried a darkening filter of cloud. The ripples on the mater, chased by a freshening wind, pushed their way anxiously from the far side of the lake until they almost bounced at her feet. And in the East there was thunder.Quickly she gathered her things together and made for the cottage. But already the rain flecked the mater behind her and pattered the leaves as she raced beneath the trees, Sodden and breathless,she ran for the cottage door, and, as she opened it, the storm burst. And there on the hearth, haggard and unwelcome, stood a man.“Hello!”It was or odd way to greet a complete stranger who had invaded her home, but it was all she could think of to say. A casual greeting to someone who seemed to be expecting her, waiting for her. Maybe it was the way they did things down here?“I suppose you had to shelter from the storm too?” she asked.The man said nothing.She ought to have been angry at this rude intrusion on her privacy, but anger somehow seemed pointless. It was as if the cottage was his, the hearth was his, and she had come out of the storm to seek refuge at his door.She watched him, cautiously; waiting for an explanation. He said nothing. Not a word.“Did you get wet?” she asked.He stood, huddled by the open fire, gazing at the dying embers.She walked over, brushing against him as she bent to stir the logs into life, but still he did not move. The flames burst forth,lighting up the sadness in his dank eyes.“And kneeled and made the cheerless grate blaze up and all the cottage warm……”The words, spoken by him in a quiet, toneless voice, took her by surprise.“Pardon?” she said.But he seemed not to hear.She tried once more. “It looks as if it‟s set in for the evening. Would you like to sitdown for a while?”His eyes followed her as she moved to take off her coat and brush out her hair“……and from her form withdrew the dripping cloak and shawl, and laid her soiled gloves by, untied her hat and let the damp lair fall……”Poetry. He was quoting poetry.He looked vaguely like a poet; lean, distressed, with a certain bitterness in his eyes and hopelessness in his form. And his voice was deep and languid, like the middle of the lake where the water ran darkest.Yet those were not his lines. The words were not created by him. They were somehow familiar. Half remembered. Surely she had heard them before?01.What does she think of the lake?A. DarkB. Alone.C. FreeD. Soft02.We can conclude that the main character “She” is a ____.A. modelB. teacherC. singerD. banker03.As to names her profession brought her, she felt all the following EXCEPT ____.A. confinedB. fed upC. agitatedD. stirred04.She wished to stay by the lake for the rest of her life because____.A. sale liked the beautiful scenery there C. she could withdraw from societyB. she enjoyed the solitude there D. she might encounter a stranger05. Which of the following can NOT describe the man?A. DesperateB. ThinC. MiserableD. ConspicuousPassage DGot milk? If you do, take a moment to ponder the true oddness of being able to drink milk after you‟re a baby.No other species but humans can. And most humans can‟t either.The long lists of food allergies some people claim to have can make it seem as if they‟re just finicky eaters trying to rationalize likesand dislikes. Not so. Eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish soy and gluten all can wreak havoc on the immune system of allergic individuals, even causing a deadly reaction called anaphylaxis.But those allergic reactions are relatively rare, affecting an estimated 4% of k‟s different.There are people who have true milk allergies that can cause deadly reactions—But most people who have bad reactions to milk aren‟t actually allergic to it, in that it‟s not their immune system that‟s responding to the milk. Instead, people who are lactose intolerant can‟t digest the main sugar—Lactose—found in milk. In normalhumans, the enzyme that does so—lactase—stops being produced when the person is between two and five years old. The undigested sugars end up in the colon, where they begin to ferment, producing gas that can cause cramping, bloating, nausea, flatulence and diarrhea.If you‟re American or European it‟s hard to realize this, but being able to digest mild as an adult is one weird genetic adaptation.It‟s not normal. Somewhat less than 40% of people in the world retainthe ability to digest lactose after childhood. The numbers are often given as close to 0% of Native Americans, 5% of Asians, 25% of African and Caribbean peoples, 50% of Mediterranean peoples and 90% of northernEuropeans. Sweden has one of the world‟s highest percentages oflactase tolerant people.Being able to digest milk is so strange that scientists say we shouldn‟t realty call lactase intolerance a disease, because that presumes it‟s abnormal. Instead, they call it lactase persistence, indicating what‟s really weird is the ability to continue to drink milk.There‟s been a lot of research over the past decade looking at thegenetic mutation that allows this subset of humanity to stay milk drinkers into adulthood.A long-held theory was that the mutation showed up first in Northern Europe, where people got less vitamin D from the sun and thereforedid better if they could also get the crucial hormone (it‟s notreally a vitamin at all) from milk,But now a group at University College London has shown that the mutation actually appeared about 7,500 years ago in dairy farmers who lived in a region between the central Balkans and central Europe, in what was known as the Funnel Beaker culture.The page was published this week in PLOS Computational Biology.The researchers used a computer is model the spread of lactase persistence, dairy farming, other food gathering practices and genes in Europe.Today, the highest proportion of people with lactase persistence live in Northwest Europe, especially the Netherlands, Ireland and Scandinavia. But the computer model suggests that dairy farmers carrying this gene variant probably originated in central Europe and then spread more widely and rapidly than non-dairying groups.Author Mark Thomas of University College London‟s dept of Genetics,Evolution and Environment says, “In Europe, a single genetic change……is strongly associated with lactase persistence and appears to have people with it a big surviva1 advantage.”The European mutation is different from several lactase persistence genes associated with small populations of African peoples who historically have been cattle herders.Researchers at the University of Maryland identified Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in Kenya and Tanzania. That mutation seems to have arisen between 2,700 to 5,800 years ago. Two other mutations have been found among the Beja people of northeastern Sudan and tribes of the same language family in northern Kenya.1.According to the third sentence of Paragraph 3, which of the following items is INCORRECT?A.Anaphylaxis may cause people to die.B.Eggs can damage all the allergic individuals‟ immune system.C.One who is allergic to gluten cannot eat corn.D.Tune may cause a person who is allergic to fish to die.2.Which of the following is the CORRECT explanation of “enzyme” (Para. 6)?A.A kind of chemical hormone that is produced by human body.B.A kind of protein that act as catalyst in diagnosing lactose.C.A kind of fungus that can be used to decompose lactase.D.A kind of gene hat is called lactase.3.What is the relationship between “lactase” and “lactose” according to the passage?ctase is indispensable to decomposing lactose.B.They both can act as a kind of enzyme.C. Lactase is the physical form of lactose.D. Lactase can be used to synthesize lactose.4.According to Mark Thomes, we can infer that ____.A.in Europe, people with longevity must not be lactase persistenceB.a genetic mutation on lactase persistence charged people's lifeC.the European people benefit from genetic changeD.the Europeans have superior survival advantage to other human rapes5.What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?A.To stop people from drinking milk.B.To refute the theory that milk is load far health.C.To introduce us a new discovery on genetic mutation.D.To infer the declination of the cattle industry.Passage EGeorge had stolen some money, but the police had caught him and he had been put in prison. Now his trial was about to begin, and he felt sure that he would be found guilty and sent to prison for a long time.Then he discovered that an old friend of his was one of the members of the jury at his trail. Of course, he didn‟t tell anybody, but hemanaged to see his friend secretly one day. He said to him, “Jim, I know that the jury will find me guilty of having stolen the money. I cannot hope to be found not guilty of taking it—that would be too much to expect. But I should be grateful to you for the rest of my life if you could persuade the other members of the jury to add a strong recommendation for mercy to their statement that they consider me guilty.” “Well, George,” answered Jim, “I shall certainly try to do what I can for you an old friend, but of course I cannot promise anything. The other eleven people on the jury look terribly strong-minded to me.” George said that he would quite understand if Jim was not able to do anything for him, and thanked kiln warmly foragreeing to help.The trial went on, and at last the time came for the jury to decide whether George was guilty or not. It took them five hours, but in the end they found George guilty, with a strong recommendation for mercy.Of course, George was very pleased, but he didn‟t have a chance tosee Jim for some time after the trial. At last, however, Jim visited him in prison, and George thanked him warmly and asked him how he had managed to persuade the other members of the jury to recommend mercy. “Well, George,” Jim answered, “as I thought, those eleven men were very difficult to persuade, but I managed it in the end by tiring them out. Do you know, those fools had all wanted to find you not guilty!”QutstionsHow do you define “jury”? What did George expect Jim to do? What did Jim do to help George? How long did the jury spent on making a decision? What do you think is the biggest fool?Part 3: Writing. （30 POINTS）Plagiarism in graduation thesis is becoming an indisputable fact. What do you think about it? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view on the topic: Plagiarism in Graduation Thesis.。

2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。

英语（一）即原统考“英语”。

英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷包括试题册和答题卡。

答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。

考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。

（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。

第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。

共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。

在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。

A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。

本部分有3种备选题型。

每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。

要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

[考研类试卷]2010年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、阅读理解0 My father was a justice of the peace, and I supposed he possessed the power of life and death over all men and could hang anybody that offended him. This was distinction enough for me as a general thing; but the desire to be a steamboat man kept intruding, nevertheless. I first wanted to be a cabin boy, so that 1 could come out with a white apron on and shake a tablecloth over the side, where all my old comrades could see me. Later I thought I would rather be the deck hand who stood on the end of the stage plank with a coil of rope in his hand, because he was particularly conspicuous.But these were only daydreams—too heavenly to be contemplated as real possibilities. By and by one of the boys went away. He was not heard of for a long time. At last he turned up as an apprentice engineer or "sinker"on a steamboat. This thing shook the bottom out of all my Sunday-school teachings. That boy had been notoriously worldly and I had been just reverse—yet he was exalted to this eminence, and I was left in obscurity and misery. There was nothing generous about this fellow in his greatness. He would always manage to have a rusty bolt to scrub while his boat was docked at our town, and he would sit on the inside guard and scrub it, where we could all see him and envy him and loathe him.He used all sorts of steamboat technicalities in his talk, as if he were so used to them that he forgot common people could not understand them. He would speak of the "labboard" side of a horse in an easy, natural way that would make you wish he was dead. And he was always talking about "St. Looy" like an old citizen. Two or three of the boys had long been persons of consideration among us because they had been to St. Louis once and had a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory was over now. They lapsed into a humble silence, and learned to disappear when the ruthless "cub" engineer approached. This fellow had money, too, and hair oil, and he wore a showy brass watch chain a leather belt, and used no suspenders. No girl could withstand his charms. He "cut out"every boy in the village. When his boat blew up at last, it diffused a tranquil contentment among us such as we had not known for months. But when he came home the next week, alive, renowned, and appeared in church all battered up and bandaged, a shining hero, stared at and wondered over by everybody, it seemed to us that the partiality of Providence for an undeserving reptile had reached a point where it was open to criticism.This creature's career could produce but one result, and it speedily followed. Boy after boy managed to get on the river, four sons of the chief merchant, and two sons of the country judge became pilots, the grandest position of all. But some of us could not get on the river—at least our parents would not let us.So by and by I ran away. I said I would never come home again till I was a pilot and cold return in glory. But somehow I could not manage it. I went meekly aboard a few of the boats that lay packed together like sardines at the long St. Louis wharf, and very humbly inquired for the pilots, but got only a cold shoulder and short words from mates and clerks. I had to make the best of this sort of treatment for the time being, but I had comforting daydreams of a future when I should be a great and honored pilot, with plenty of money, and could kill some of these mates and clerks and pay for them.1 The author makes the statement that" I supposed he ... offended him"(Para. 1, Lines 1 -2)primarily to suggest______.（A）the power held by a justice of the peace in a frontier town（B）the naive view that he held of his father's importance（C）the respect in which the townspeople held his father（D）the possibility of miscarriages of justice on the American frontier2 The author decides that he would rather become a deck hand than a cabin boy because______.（A）he believes that the work is easier（B）he wants to avoid seeing his old friends（C）deck hands often go on to become pilots（D）the job is more visible to passersby3 The author most likely mentions his "Sunday-school teachings"(Para. 2)to emphasize______.（A）the influence of his early education in later life（B）his sense of injustice at the engineer's success（C）his disillusionment with longstanding religious beliefs（D）determination to become an engineer at all costs4 The author most likely concludes that the engineer is not " generous"(Para. 2)because he______.（A）has no respect for religious beliefs（B）refuses to share his wages with friends（C）flaunts his new position in public（D）takes a pride in material possessions5 The author mentions the use of "steamboat technicalities"(Para. 3)in order to emphasize the engineer's______.（A）expertise after a few months on the job（B）fascination for trivial information（C）inability to communicate effectively（D）desire to appear sophisticated6 According to the passage, the glory of having visited St. Louis was overbecause______.（A）the boys' knowledge of St. Louis was much less detailed than the engineer's （B）St. Louis had changed so much that the boys' stories were no longer accurate （C）the boys realized that traveling to St. Louis was not a mark of sophistication （D）the engineer's account revealed that the boys' stories were lies7 The author's response to the engineer's survival(Para. 3)is one of______.（A）thankfulness for what he believes is God's providence（B）astonishment at the engineer's miraculous escape（C）outrage at his rival's undeserved good fortune（D）sympathy for the extent of the engineer's wounds8 The major purpose of the passage is to______.（A）sketch the peaceful life of a frontier town（B）relate the events that led to a boy's first success in life（C）portray the unsophisticated ambitions of a boy（D）describe the characteristics of a small-town boaster8 The ozone layer, the fragile layer of gas surrounding our planet between 7 and 30 miles above the earth's surface, is being rapidly depleted. Seasonally occurring holes have appeared in it over the Poles and, recently, over densely populated temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The threat is serious because the ozone layer protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to all living organisms.Even though the layer is many miles thick, the atmosphere in it is tenuous and the total amount of ozone, compared with other atmospheric gases, is small. Ozone is highly reactive to chlorine, hydrogen , and nitrogen. Of course chlorine is the most dangerous since it is very stable and long-lived. When chlorine compounds reach the stratosphere, they bond with and destroy ozone molecules, with consequent repercussions for life on Earth.In 1958, researchers began noticing seasonal variations in the ozone layer above the South Pole. Between June and October the ozone content steadily fell, followed by a sudden increase in November. These fluctuations appeared to result from the natural effects of wind and temperature. But while the low October levels remained constant until 1979, the total ozone content over the Pole was steadily diminishing. In 1985, public opinion was finally aroused by reports of a"hole"in the layer.The culprits responsible for the hole were identified as compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. CFCs are compounds of chlorine and fluorine. Nonflammable, nontoxic and noncorrosive, they have been widely used in industry sincethe 1950s, mostly as refrigerants and propellants and in making plastic foam and insulation.In 1989 CFCs represented a sizable market value at over $1.5 billion and a labor force of 1.6 million. But with CFCs implicated in ozone depletion, the question arose as to whether we were wiling to risk an increase in cases of skin cancer, eye ailments, even a lowering of the human immune defense system—all effects of further loss of the ozone layer. And not only humans would suffer. So would plant life. Phytoplankton, the first link in the ocean food chain and vital to the survival of most marine species, would not be able to survive near the ocean surface, which is where these organisms grow.In 1990, 70 countries agreed to stop producing CFCs by the year 2000. In late 1991 , however, scientists noticed a depletion of the ozone layer over the Arctic. In 1992, it was announced that the layer was depleting faster then expected and that it was also declining over the northern hemisphere. Scientists believe that natural events are making the problem worse. The Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines, which erupted in June 1991, released 12 million tons of damaging volcanic gases into the atmosphere.Even if the whole world agreed today to stop all production and use of CFCs, this would not solve the problem. A single chlorine molecule can destroy 10, 000-100, 000 molecules of ozone. Furthermore, CFCs have a lifespan of 75 - 400 years and they take ten years to reach the ozone layer. In other words, what we are experiencing today results from CFCs emitted ten years ago.Researchers are working hard to find substitute products. Some are too dangerous because they are highly flammable; others may prove to be toxic and to contribute to the greenhouse effect—to the process of global warming. Nevertheless, even if there is no denying that atmosphere is in a state of disturbance, nobody can say that the situation will not improve, either in the short or the long term, especially if we ourselves lend a hand.9 As it is described in the passage, the major function of the ozone layer is closest to that of______.（A）an emergency evacuation place for a skyscraper（B）a central information desk at a convention centre（C）the filtering system for a city water supply（D）the structural support for a suspension bridge10 The word "tenuous"(Para. 2)most nearly means______.（A）hazy（B）tense（C）clear（D）thin11 Which of the following does the passage imply about the"seasonal variations in the ozone layer"(Para. 3)observed by scientists in 1958?（A）They were caused by industrial substances other than CFCs.（B）They created alarm among scientists but not the public.（C）They were least stable in the months between June and November.（D）They opened the public eyes to the threat of ozone depletion.12 The author mentions market and workforce figures related to CFC production in order to point out that______.（A）responsibility for the problems of ozone depletion lies primarily with industry （B）the disadvantages of CFCs are obvious while the benefits are not（C）the magnitude of profits from CFCs has turned public opinion against the industry's practices（D）while the economic stakes are large, they are overshadowed by the effects of CFCs 13 In Para. 6, the author cites the evidence of changes in the ozone layer over the northern hemisphere to indicate that______.（A）the danger of ozone depletion appear to be intensifying（B）ozone depletion is posing an immediate threat to many marine species（C）scientists are unsure about the ultimate effects of ozone loss on plants（D）CFCs are not the primary cause of ozone depletion in such areas14 Which of the following scientists apparently believe about the" volcanic gases" mentioned in Para. 6?（A）They are hastening ozone loss at present.（B）They contribute more to global warming than to ozone loss.（C）They pose a greater long-term threat than CFCs.（D）They contain molecules that are less destructive of ozone than CFCs.15 The author's reference to the long life of chlorine molecules(Para. 7)is meant to show that______.（A）there is more than adequate time to develop a long-term strategy against ozone loss（B）the positive effects of actions taken against ozone loss will be gradual（C）the long-term effects of ozone loss on human health may never be known（D）it is doubtful that normal levels of ozone can ever be reestablished16 In the final paragraph, the author tries to emphasize that______.（A）researchers are unlikely to find effective substitutes for CFCs（B）human action can alleviate the decline of the ozone layer（C）people must learn to line with the damaging effects of industrial pollutants（D）atmospheric conditions are largely beyond human control16 Maman-Nainaine said that when the figs were ripe Babette might go to visit her cousin down on the Bayou-Lafourche where the sugar cane grows. Not that the ripening of the figs had the least thing to do with it, but that is the way Maman-Nainaine was.It seemed to Babette a very long time to wait; for the leaves upon the trees were tender yet, and the figs were like little hard green marbles.But warm rains came along and plenty of strong sunshine; and though Maman-Nainaine was as patient as the statue of la Madone, and Babette as restless as a hummingbird, the first thing they both knew it was hot summertime. Every day Babette danced out to where the fig trees were in a long line against the fence. She walked slowly beneath them, carefully peering between the gnarled, spreading branches. But each time she came disconsolate away again. What she saw there finally was something that made her sing and dance the whole day long.When Maman-Nainaine sat down in her stately way to breakfast, the following morning, her muslin cap standing like an aureole about her white, placid face, Babette approached. She bore a dainty porcelain platter, which she set down before her godmother. It contained a dozen purple figs, fringed around with their rich, green leaves. "Ah, "said Maman-Nainaine arching her eyebrows, " how early the figs have ripened this year!""Oh, "said Babette. "I think they have ripened very late. "" Babette, " continued Maman-Nainaine, as she peeled the very plumpest figs with her pointed silver fruit-knives, "you will carry my love to them all down to Bayou-Lafourche. And tell your Tante Frosine I shall look for her at Toussaint—when the chrysanthemums are in bloom.17 Which of the following does the phrase "but that is the way Maman-Nainaine was" suggest about Maman-Nainaine?（A）She was not aware of the seriousness of the situation.（B）She was an overtly strict woman.（C）Her actions had their own logic.（D）She gave out punishment for no reason.18 All of the following pairs of words illustrate the difference between Maman-Nainaine and Babette EXCEPT______.（A）patient and "restless"（B）ripe and "bloom"（C）purple and green（D）early and late19 Which of the following does the word "though"(Line 1 , Para. 3)imply in the context of the sentence?（A）The two women were in disagreement.（B）Patience is a virtue when waiting for something.（C）Maman-Nainaine's patience was annoying to Babette.（D）Their patience and impatience had no effect on nature.20 The narrative point of view of the passage as a whole is that of______.（A）a third-person objective observer（B）a first-person impartial observer（C）the protagonist（D）a disapproving observer二、句子改错21 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a" √" or write "No error"on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Very convincing was the saleswoman's pitch about the value of the used car that Herbert nearly missed the fallacy in its logic.22 Barbara Walters distinguished herself as journalist by asking famous people the kinds of questions that other reporters shied away from.23 Because the ancient Egyptians defined the hour as one-twelf of the time from dawn to dusk, its length varied during the course of the year.24 Moira forced herself to eat every morsel on her plate, although she found the food practically inedible, she wanted to avoid protesting her kind hosts.25 Because of her conservative views the professor frequently found herself defending traditional values and the status quo in arguments with her more radical students.26 Although the whale shark is found in equatorial waters around the world, it is rarely encountered by divers in spite of its low numbers and solitary nature.27 The British social philosopher Thomas Malthus predicted that population growth would eventually surpass world food production, resulting massive famine and political unrest.28 In the early nineteenth century, some British agricultural workers felt that newly invented farm machinery risked their jobs, and they displayed their fear of technology by smashing machines.29 The famous movie star regarded her mountain cabin as a haven; she felt safe there from the annoying intrusions of reporters and photographers.30 The features of Noh, the oldest fonn of Japanese drama, are highly prescribed; verse sections must be sung, and the vocal style in the prose passages has to base on the chanting of specific Buddhist prayers.三、写作31 Read the following quote and write an argumentation of about 400 words on the true reader." Ignorant of the daily news, though versed in the catalogues of the second hand booksellers, in whose dark premises he spends the hours of sunlight—the true reader is essentially young—he is open minded and communicative, to whom reading is more of the nature of brisk exercise in the open air than of sheltered study; he trudges the high road. "by Virginia Woolf, British writerIn the first part of your writing you should introduce your argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the final part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.四、英译汉32 Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Although art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh's legend, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains * ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls. So complete is Van Gogh's global * apotheosis that Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives' ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artists' painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool.* ubiquitous;existing or found everywhere* apotheosis; the raising of a person to the highest possible honour and glory五、汉译英33 接读朋友的来信，尤其是远自海外犹带着异国风情的航空信件，如果无需回信的话，确是人生一大快事。

中山大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试中山大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试第 1 卷：基础英语Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary. （30 POINTS）01.____ in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white been C. Unpopular has been as whiteB. Unpopular as white has been D. White has been as unpopular02.What the government should do urgently is to take actions to ____ the economy.A. brookB. blushC. broodD. boost3.Windstorms have recently established a record which meteorologists hope will not be equaled for many years ____.A. that will comeB. to comeC. that are comingD. coming04.We expect Mr. Smith will ____ Class One when Miss White retires.A. take toB. take upC. take offD. take over05.Tom hardly seems middle-aged, ____ old.A. let aloneB. less likelyC. much worseD. all else06.All was darkness ____ an occasional glimmer in the distance.A. exceptB. no more thanC. besidesD. except for07.The prospect of increased prices has already ____ worries.A. irritatedB. provokedC. inspiredD. hoisted08.Her father is so deaf that he has to use a hearing ____.A. aidB. helpC. supportD. tool09.From the cheers and shouts of ____, I guessed that she was winning the race.A. stimulusB. hearteningC. urgingD. encouragement10.Although the model looks good on the surface; it will not bear close ____A. temperamentB. scrutinyC. contaminationD. symmetry11. It is the first book of this kind ____ I‟ve ever read.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. when12.The kid is reaching ____ a bottle from the shelf when I came in.A. toB. forC. atD. in13.The police chief announced that the case would soon be inquired ____.A. intoB. ofC. afterD. about14.Her grandfather accidentally ____ fire to the house.A. putB. setC. tookD. got15.____ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by science fiction.116A. AnybodyB. EverybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody16. The ____ outcome of contest varies from moment to moment.A. aptB. likelyC. liableD. prone17.Anyone going into a bar, whether they ____ suspicion or not, will be asked to take a test, which highlights any drug use.A. ariseB. riseC. raiseD. arouse18.His accent is ____ to people in that small town.A. typicalB. peculiarC. characteristicD. special19.Stealing a book or a toy is a minor ____ which, if left uncorrected, will get worse.A. offenseB. guiltC. crimeD. sin20.This book comes as a____ to him who learns a lot from it.A. revelationB. replacementC. resolutionD. revolution21.He managed to save ____ he could to tend the homeless boy.A. what little timeB. so little timeC. such little timeD. how little time22.After reviewing the troops, ____ visiting general commented that he had finally seen the kind of____ soldier that the nation needs.A. a/aB. a/theC. the/-D. the/the23.I never think of fall ____ I think of the hardships I have experienced when I was a child.A. thatB. whenC. butD. and24.Within decades, PAN-type research will transform theInternet into the Life Net, acomprehensive ____ environment for human habitation.A. sensoryB. sensibleC. sensitiveD. sensational25.Outside people were cheering and awaiting the arrival of the New Year while inside Harry waslying severely ill in bed feeling thoroughly ____.A. ignobleB. compassionateC. unconsciousD. wretched26.For most companies and factories, the fewer the injury ____, the better their workman‟sinsurance rate.A. proclamationsB. confirmsC. declarationsD. claims27.I am ____ grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.A. excessivelyB. muchC. certainlyD. exceedingly28.It was requested that all of the equipment ____ in the agreed time.A. erected C. would be erectedB. be erected D. will be erected29.We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours ____ miracle.A. is workingB. worksC. will be workingD. worked30.Within two hours his complexion____ color and his limbs became warm.A. took onB. took toC. took upD. took downPart 2: Readings. （40 POINTS）117Passage AChildren as young as four will study Shakespeare in a project being launched today by the Royal Shakespeare Company.The RSC is holding its first national conference for primary school teachers to encourage them to use the Bard‟s plays imaginatively inthe classroom from reception classes onwards. The conference will be told that they should learn how Shakespearian characters like Puck in AMidsummer Night‟s Dream are “jolly characters” and how to write about them.At present, the national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeare until secondary school. All it says is that pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions” and “myths, legends and traditional stories”.However, educationists at the RSC believe children will gain a better appreciation ofShakespeare if they are introduced to him at a much younger age. “Even very young children can enjoy Shakespeare‟s plays,” said MaryJohnson, head of the learning department. “It is just a question of pitching it for the age group. Even reception classes and key stage one pupils (five-to-seven-year-olds) can enjoy his stories.” For instance, if you build up Puck as a character who skips, children of that age can enjoy the character. They can be inspired by Puck and they could even start writing about him at that age.It is the RSC‟s belief that building the Bard up as a fun playwrightin primary school could counter some of the negative images conjured up about teaching Shakespeare in secondary schools. Then, pupils have to concentrate on scenes from the plays to answer questions for compulsory English national-curriculum tests for 14-year-olds. Critics of the tests have complained that pupils no longer have the time to study or read the whole play—and therefore lose interest in Shakespeare.However, Ms. Johnson is encouraging teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays—a classroom version of the Reduced ShakespeareCompany‟s Complete Works of Shakespeare(Abridged) which told his 37 plays in 97 minutes—to give pupils a flavor of the whole drama.The RSC‟s venture coincides with a call for schools to allow pupilsto be more creative in writing about Shakespeare. Professor Kate McLuskie, the new director of the University of Birmingham‟sShakespeare Institute—also based in Stratford—said it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer” to any question about Shakespeare. Her first foray into the world of Shakespeare was to berate him as a misogynist in a 1985 essay but she now insists this should not be interpreted as a criticism of hisworks—although she admits: “I probably wouldn‟t have written itquite the same way if I had been writing it now. What we should be doing is making sure that someone is getting something out of Shakespeare.” she said. “People are very scared about getting theright answer. I know it‟s different but I don‟t care if they come up with a right answer that I can agree with about Shakespeare.”1.What is this passage mainly concerned with?A. How to give pupils a flavor of Shakespeare drama.118B.The fun of reading Shakespeare.C.RSC project will teach children how to write on Shakespeare.D. RSC project will help four-year-old children find the fun in Shakespeare.2.What‟s Puck‟s characteristic according to your understanding of thepassage?A.Rude, rush and impolite.B.Happy, interesting and full of fun.C.Dull, absurd and ridiculous.D.Shrewd, cunning and tricky.3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A.RSC insists on teaching Shakespeare from the secondary school.B.Pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions” required by the national curriculum.C.The national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeare until secondary school now.D.RSC believes children will gain a better appreciation of Shakespeare if they are introduced tohim at a much younger age.4.Ms. Johnson encourages teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays in order to ____.A.introduce them into the world of ShakespeareB.deal with the final examination on ShakespeareC.give pupils a flavor of the whole dramaD.strengthen the students with the knowledge of Shakespeare5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the last paragraph?A.Professor Kate McLuskie once scolded Shakespeare in her essay.B.Professor Kate McLuskie insisted on her view on Shakespeare till now.C.Professor Kate McLuskie has changed her idea now.D.Ms. Kate thinks it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer” to any question about Shakespeare.Passage BSome believe that in the age of identikit computer games, mass entertainment and conformity on the supermarket shelves, truly inspired thinking has gone out of the window. But, there are others who hold the view that there is still plenty of scope for innovation, lateral thought and creative solutions. Despite the standardization of modern life, there is an unabated appetite for great ideas, visionary thinking and inspired debate. In the first of a series of monthly debates on contemporary issues, we ask two original thinkers to discuss the nature of creativity. Here is the first one.Yes. Absolutely. Since I started working as an inventor 10 or 12 years ago, I‟ve seen a big change in attitudes to creativity andinvention. Back then, there was hardly any support for inventors, apart from the national organization the Institute of Patentees andInventors. Today, there are lots of little inventors‟clubs popping up all over the place, my last count was 19 nationally and growing.These non-profit clubs, run by inventors for inventors, are an indication that people are once again interested in invention.119I‟ve been a project leader, a croupier, an IT consultant and I‟vewritten a motor manual. I spent my teens under a 1950s two-tone Riley RME car, learning to put it together. Back in the Sixties, kids like me were always out doing things, making go-karts, riding bicycles or exploring. We learned to overcome challenges and solve problems. Weweren‟t just sitting at a P1ayStation, like many kids do today.But I think, and hope, things are shifting back. There‟s a lot more interest in design and creativity and such talents are getting a much higher profile in the media. It‟s evident with TV programmes such asChannel4‟s Scrapheap Challenge or BBC2‟s The Apprentice and Dragon‟sDen, where people are given a task to solve or face the challenge of selling their idea to a panel.And, thankfully, the image of the mad scientist with electrified hair working in the garden shed is long gone—although, there are still a few exceptions!That‟s not to say there aren‟t problems. With the decline in manufacturing we are losing the ability to know how to make things. There‟s a real skills gap developing. In my opinion, theGovernment does little or nothing to help innovation at the lone-inventor or small or medium enterprise level. I would love to see more money spent on teaching our school kids how to be inventive. But, despite everything, if you have a good idea and real determination, you can still do very well.My own specialist area is packaging closures—almost every product needs it. I got the idea for Squeeze open after looking at an old tinof boot polish when my mother complained she couldn‟t get the lidoff. If you can do something cheaper, better, and you are 100 percent committed, there is a chance it will be a success.I see a fantastic amount of innovation and opportunities out there. People don`t realize how much is going on. New materials are coming out all the time and the space programme and scientific research areproducing a variety of spin-offs. Innovation doesn‟t have to be high-tech: creativity and inventing is about finding the right solution to a problem, whatever it is. There‟s a lot of talent out there and, thankfully, some of the more progressive companies are suddenly realizing they don‟t want to miss out—it‟s an exciting time.1.What is the debate concerned with?A.What should we do to inspire people‟s creativity?B.Will people‟s invention and inspiration be exhausted in the future?C.Is there still a future for invention and inspiration?D.Who will be winner of the future technology?2.According to the opinion of the interviewer ____.A.the future for invention dependsB.there is still a future for invention and inspirationC.there is no future for invention and inspiration in modern societyD.the future for invention and inspiration is unclear03. Which of the following is NOT true about the kids in the sixties? 120A. Out doing things, making go-karts.B. Riding bicycle and exploring.C.Sitting before computers to play games.D.Like to overcome challenges and solve problems.4.Which of the following is the suggestion of the interviewer to the problem?A.The government should spend more money helping innovation.B.The kids should cultivate their love of science and invention.C.More inventors‟ clubs should be set up.D.Invention courses are necessary to children.5.What‟s the central idea of the last paragraph?A.We should miss out the exciting time.B.A variety of spin-offs are produced by the scientific research.C. The nature of innovation.D. The nature of talent.Passage CFor the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often begins at midnight as mine did during seven years withABC‟s evening newscast. The first order of business was a call to theassignment desk for a pre-bedtime rundown of latest developments.The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk editors are logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability, and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems. They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes even before they do—and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down by false alarms.The studio staff of ABC‟s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m.to prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying bureaus and press services are read. There are phoneconversations with the broadcast‟s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with theLondon bureau senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. Apattern emerges for the day‟s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer‟s first lineup. The lineup tells the staff whatstories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials are scheduled; how long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.Each story‟s relative value in dollars and cents must be continuallyassessed by the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an event. A decline in live coverage could send121viewers away and drive ratings down, but there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to a satellite blocked by a competitor.The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and tags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enablingthem to fit their reports into the programme‟s narrative flow so the audience‟s attention does not wander and more substance is absorbed.Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the work, let it.1.What does the word “rundown” possibly mean?A.The rehearsal of tomorrow‟s programme.B.A working report or summary to his superior or head.C.An explanation of the programme.D.Preparation for the programme.02. What is the function of the third paragraph?A.To lustrate the important role and function of the assignment desk.B.To give us a brief introduction of their working conditions.C.To exemplify the cooperation of all sections in the company.D.To emphasize the mission of the correspondent.3.All the following can be employed to make the report more effective EXCEPT ____.A.providing more vivid pictures and detailsB.changing the style to cater for the audience‟s appetiteC.more live coverage to replace the linguistic explanationD.interval shifts of the materials of the coverage04. What will the executive producer mostly be concerned with?A. The cost and the effect. C. The audience‟s interest.B. The truth of the coverage. D. The form of the coverage.5.What is the text mainly about?A.Ways to cut down the cost of the coverage.B.How to make the report more attractive.C.To describe the work of the executive producer.D.To introduce the style and feature s of the news programme. Passage DIt‟s nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles.122This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.Partly, it‟s that American hegemony. Dither Bench mol, CEO of aFrench e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors,possessors of the world‟s deepest pockets.The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something mare enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number ofreasons, they‟ve decided upon English as their common tongue.So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name—and settled onEnglish as the company‟s common language. When monetary policymakersfrom around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euro land, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.How did this happen? One school attributes English‟s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It‟s a Germanic language, brought toBritain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1966, the Language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents.What‟s more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change—foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts—in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academia Francoise, has not.So it‟s a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language‟s ability to economicallyexpress the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition—first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German—faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace ofthe Industrial Revolution, and London the world‟s most important financial center, which made English a key language for business. England‟s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world‟s preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to useEnglish. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn‟t studied English in school was leaving the123stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along.The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation.That‟s a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don‟t speak the language. Ifyou want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U. S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets—CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In thesecondary schools of the European Union‟s non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that thetransition to English as the language of European business hasn‟tbeen all that traumatic, and it‟s only going to get easier in the future.1.In the author‟s opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is____.A.American dominance in the Internet software businessB.a practical need for effective communication among EuropeansC.Europeans‟ eagerness to do business with American businessmenD.the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other02. Europeans began to favor English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its ____.A. inherent linguistic properties C. links with the United StatesB. association with the business world D. disassociation from political changes3.Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?A.About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.B.U. S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.C.Most secondary school students in Europe study English.D.Most Europeans continue to use their own language.04. The passage has discussed the rise in English use on the Continent from the following perspectives EXCEPT ____.A. economicsB. national security124C.the emergence of the InternetD.the changing functions of the European Community5.The passage mainly examines the factors related to ____.A.the rising status of English in EuropeB.English learning in non-English-speaking E.U. nationsC.the preference for English by European businessmenD.the switch from French to English in the European Commission Passage EThe role of governments in environmental management is difficult inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coat-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.No activity affects more of the earth‟s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet‟s land area, not counting Antarctica,and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and I980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough.All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish thesoil‟s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon aprogramme to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertilizer subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertilizer use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and overstocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of125subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce。