中山大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试
中山大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试第 1 卷：基础英语
Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary. （30 POINTS）
01.____ in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.
A. Unpopular has as white been C. Unpopular has been as white
B. Unpopular as white has been D. White has been as unpopular
02.What the government should do urgently is to take actions to ____ the economy.
A. brook
B. blush
C. brood
D. boost
3.Windstorms have recently established a record which meteorologists hope will not be equaled for many years ____.
A. that will come
B. to come
C. that are coming
D. coming
04.We expect Mr. Smith will ____ Class One when Miss White retires.
A. take to
B. take up
C. take off
D. take over
05.Tom hardly seems middle-aged, ____ old.
A. let alone
B. less likely
C. much worse
D. all else
06.All was darkness ____ an occasional glimmer in the distance.
A. except
B. no more than
C. besides
D. except for
07.The prospect of increased prices has already ____ worries.
A. irritated
B. provoked
C. inspired
D. hoisted
08.Her father is so deaf that he has to use a hearing ____.
A. aid
B. help
C. support
D. tool
09.From the cheers and shouts of ____, I guessed that she was winning the race.
A. stimulus
B. heartening
C. urging
D. encouragement
10.Although the model looks good on the surface; it will not bear close ____
A. temperament
B. scrutiny
C. contamination
D. symmetry
11. It is the first book of this kind ____ I?ve ever read.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. when
12.The kid is reaching ____ a bottle from the shelf when I came in.
A. to
B. for
C. at
D. in
13.The police chief announced that the case would soon be inquired ____.
A. into
B. of
C. after
D. about
14.Her grandfather accidentally ____ fire to the house.
A. put
B. set
C. took
D. got
15.____ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by science fiction.
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A. Anybody
B. Everybody
C. Somebody
D. Nobody
16. The ____ outcome of contest varies from moment to moment.
A. apt
B. likely
C. liable
D. prone
17.Anyone going into a bar, whether they ____ suspicion or not, will be asked to take a test, which highlights any drug use.
A. arise
B. rise
C. raise
D. arouse
18.His accent is ____ to people in that small town.
A. typical
B. peculiar
C. characteristic
D. special
19.Stealing a book or a toy is a minor ____ which, if left uncorrected, will get worse.
A. offense
B. guilt
C. crime
D. sin
20.This book comes as a____ to him who learns a lot from it.
A. revelation
B. replacement
C. resolution
D. revolution
21.He managed to save ____ he could to tend the homeless boy.
A. what little time
B. so little time
C. such little time
D. how little time
22.After reviewing the troops, ____ visiting general commented that he had finally seen the kind of
____ soldier that the nation needs.
A. a/a
B. a/the
C. the/-
D. the/the
23.I never think of fall ____ I think of the hardships I have experienced when I was a child.
A. that
B. when
C. but
D. and
24.Within decades, PAN-type research will transform the
Internet into the Life Net, a
comprehensive ____ environment for human habitation.
A. sensory
B. sensible
C. sensitive
D. sensational
25.Outside people were cheering and awaiting the arrival of the New Year while inside Harry was
lying severely ill in bed feeling thoroughly ____.
A. ignoble
B. compassionate
C. unconscious
D. wretched
26.For most companies and factories, the fewer the injury ____, the better their workman?s
insurance rate.
A. proclamations
B. confirms
C. declarations
D. claims
27.I am ____ grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.
A. excessively
B. much
C. certainly
D. exceedingly
28.It was requested that all of the equipment ____ in the agreed time.
A. erected C. would be erected
B. be erected D. will be erected
29.We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours ____ miracle.
A. is working
B. works
C. will be working
D. worked
30.Within two hours his complexion____ color and his limbs became warm.
A. took on
B. took to
C. took up
D. took down
Part 2: Readings. （40 POINTS）
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Passage A
Children as young as four will study Shakespeare in a project being launched today by the Royal Shakespeare Company.
The RSC is holding its first national conference for primary school teachers to encourage them to use the Bard?s plays imaginatively in
the classroom from reception classes onwards. The conference will be told that they should learn how Shakespearian characters like Puck in A
Midsummer Night?s Dream are “jolly characters” and how to write about them.
At present, the national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeare until secondary school. All it says is that pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions” and “myths, legends and traditional stories”.
However, educationists at the RSC believe children will gain a better appreciation of
Shakespeare if they are introduced to him at a much younger age. “Even very young children can enjoy Shakespeare?s plays,” said Mary
Johnson, head of the learning department. “It is just a question of pitching it for the age group. Even reception classes and key stage one pupils (five-to-seven-year-olds) can enjoy his stories.” For instance, if you build up Puck as a character who skips, children of that age can enjoy the character. They can be inspired by Puck and they could even start writing about him at that age.
It is the RSC?s belief that building the Bard up as a fun playwright
in primary school could counter some of the negative images conjured up about teaching Shakespeare in secondary schools. Then, pupils have to concentrate on scenes from the plays to answer questions for compulsory English national-curriculum tests for 14-year-olds. Critics of the tests have complained that pupils no longer have the time to study or read the whole play—and therefore lose interest in Shakespeare.
However, Ms. Johnson is encouraging teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays—a classroom version of the Reduced Shakespeare
Company?s Complete Works of Shakespeare
(Abridged) which told his 37 plays in 97 minutes—to give pupils a flavor of the whole drama.
The RSC?s venture coincides with a call for schools to allow pupils
to be more creative in writing about Shakespeare. Professor Kate McLuskie, the new director of the University of Birmingham?s
Shakespeare Institute—also based in Stratford—said it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer” to any question about Shakespeare. Her first foray into the world of Shakespeare was to berate him as a misogynist in a 1985 essay but she now insists this should not be interpreted as a criticism of his
works—although she admits: “I probably wouldn?t have written it
quite the same way if I had been writing it now. What we should be doing is making sure that someone is getting something out of Shakespeare.” she said. “People are very scared about getting the
right answer. I know it?s different but I don?t care if they come up with a right answer that I can agree with about Shakespeare.”
1.What is this passage mainly concerned with?
A. How to give pupils a flavor of Shakespeare drama.
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B.The fun of reading Shakespeare.
C.RSC project will teach children how to write on Shakespeare.
D. RSC project will help four-year-old children find the fun in Shakespeare.
2.What?s Puck?s characteristic according to your understanding of the
passage?
A.Rude, rush and impolite.
B.Happy, interesting and full of fun.
C.Dull, absurd and ridiculous.
D.Shrewd, cunning and tricky.
3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A.RSC insists on teaching Shakespeare from the secondary school.
B.Pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions” required by the national curriculum.
C.The national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeare until secondary school now.
D.RSC believes children will gain a better appreciation of Shakespeare if they are introduced to
him at a much younger age.
4.Ms. Johnson encourages teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays in order to ____.
A.introduce them into the world of Shakespeare
B.deal with the final examination on Shakespeare
C.give pupils a flavor of the whole drama
D.strengthen the students with the knowledge of Shakespeare
5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the last paragraph?
A.Professor Kate McLuskie once scolded Shakespeare in her essay.
B.Professor Kate McLuskie insisted on her view on Shakespeare till now.
C.Professor Kate McLuskie has changed her idea now.
D.Ms. Kate thinks it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer” to any question about Shakespeare.
Passage B
Some believe that in the age of identikit computer games, mass entertainment and conformity on the supermarket shelves, truly inspired thinking has gone out of the window. But, there are others who hold the view that there is still plenty of scope for innovation, lateral thought and creative solutions. Despite the standardization of modern life, there is an unabated appetite for great ideas, visionary thinking and inspired debate. In the first of a series of monthly debates on contemporary issues, we ask two original thinkers to discuss the nature of creativity. Here is the first one.
Yes. Absolutely. Since I started working as an inventor 10 or 12 years ago, I?ve seen a big change in attitudes to creativity and
invention. Back then, there was hardly any support for inventors, apart from the national organization the Institute of Patentees and
Inventors. Today, there are lots of little inventors?clubs popping up all over the place, my last count was 19 nationally and growing.
These non-profit clubs, run by inventors for inventors, are an indication that people are once again interested in invention.
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I?ve been a project leader, a croupier, an IT consultant and I?ve
written a motor manual. I spent my teens under a 1950s two-tone Riley RME car, learning to put it together. Back in the Sixties, kids like me were always out doing things, making go-karts, riding bicycles or exploring. We learned to overcome challenges and solve problems. We
weren?t just sitting at a P1ayStation, like many kids do today.
But I think, and hope, things are shifting back. There?s a lot more interest in design and creativity and such talents are getting a much higher profile in the media. It?s evident with TV programmes such as
Channel4?s Scrapheap Challenge or BBC2?s The Apprentice and Dragon?s
Den, where people are given a task to solve or face the challenge of selling their idea to a panel.
And, thankfully, the image of the mad scientist with electrified hair working in the garden shed is long gone—although, there are still a few exceptions!
That?s not to say there aren?t problems. With the decline in manufacturing we are losing the ability to know how to make things. There?s a real skills gap developing. In my opinion, the
Government does little or nothing to help innovation at the lone-inventor or small or medium enterprise level. I would love to see more money spent on teaching our school kids how to be inventive. But, despite everything, if you have a good idea and real determination, you can still do very well.
My own specialist area is packaging closures—almost every product needs it. I got the idea for Squeeze open after looking at an old tin
of boot polish when my mother complained she couldn?t get the lid
off. If you can do something cheaper, better, and you are 100 percent committed, there is a chance it will be a success.
I see a fantastic amount of innovation and opportunities out there. People don`t realize how much is going on. New materials are coming out all the time and the space programme and scientific research are
producing a variety of spin-offs. Innovation doesn?t have to be high-tech: creativity and inventing is about finding the right solution to a problem, whatever it is. There?s a lot of talent out there and, thankfully, some of the more progressive companies are suddenly realizing they don?t want to miss out—it?s an exciting time.
1.What is the debate concerned with?
A.What should we do to inspire people?s creativity?
B.Will people?s invention and inspiration be exhausted in the future?
C.Is there still a future for invention and inspiration?
D.Who will be winner of the future technology?
2.According to the opinion of the interviewer ____.
A.the future for invention depends
B.there is still a future for invention and inspiration
C.there is no future for invention and inspiration in modern society
D.the future for invention and inspiration is unclear
03. Which of the following is NOT true about the kids in the sixties? 120
A. Out doing things, making go-karts.
B. Riding bicycle and exploring.
C.Sitting before computers to play games.
D.Like to overcome challenges and solve problems.
4.Which of the following is the suggestion of the interviewer to the problem?
A.The government should spend more money helping innovation.
B.The kids should cultivate their love of science and invention.
C.More inventors? clubs should be set up.
D.Invention courses are necessary to children.
5.What?s the central idea of the last paragraph?
A.We should miss out the exciting time.
B.A variety of spin-offs are produced by the scientific research.
C. The nature of innovation.
D. The nature of talent.
Passage C
For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with
ABC?s evening newscast. The first order of business was a call to the
assignment desk for a pre-bedtime rundown of latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk editors are logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability, and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems. They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes even before they do—and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC?s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m.
to prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying bureaus and press services are read. There are phone
conversations with the broadcast?s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the
London bureau senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A
pattern emerges for the day?s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer?s first lineup. The lineup tells the staff what
stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials are scheduled; how long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story?s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually
assessed by the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an event. A decline in live coverage could send
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viewers away and drive ratings down, but there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and tags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling
them to fit their reports into the programme?s narrative flow so the audience?s attention does not wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the work, let it.
1.What does the word “rundown” possibly mean?
A.The rehearsal of tomorrow?s programme.
B.A working report or summary to his superior or head.
C.An explanation of the programme.
D.Preparation for the programme.
02. What is the function of the third paragraph?
A.To lustrate the important role and function of the assignment desk.
B.To give us a brief introduction of their working conditions.
C.To exemplify the cooperation of all sections in the company.
D.To emphasize the mission of the correspondent.
3.All the following can be employed to make the report more effective EXCEPT ____.
A.providing more vivid pictures and details
B.changing the style to cater for the audience?s appetite
C.more live coverage to replace the linguistic explanation
D.interval shifts of the materials of the coverage
04. What will the executive producer mostly be concerned with?
A. The cost and the effect. C. The audience?s interest.
B. The truth of the coverage. D. The form of the coverage.
5.What is the text mainly about?
A.Ways to cut down the cost of the coverage.
B.How to make the report more attractive.
C.To describe the work of the executive producer.
D.To introduce the style and feature s of the news programme. Passage D
It?s nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles.
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This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.
Partly, it?s that American hegemony. Dither Bench mol, CEO of a
French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors,
possessors of the world?s deepest pockets.
The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something mare enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of
reasons, they?ve decided upon English as their common tongue.
So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name—and settled on
English as the company?s common language. When monetary policymakers
from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euro land, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.
How did this happen? One school attributes English?s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It?s a Germanic language, brought to
Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1966, the Language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents.
What?s more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change—
foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts—in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academia Francoise, has not.
So it?s a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language?s ability to economically
express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition—first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German—faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of
the Industrial Revolution, and London the world?s most important financial center, which made English a key language for business. England?s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world?s preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.
In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use
English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn?t studied English in school was leaving the
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stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along.
The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.
None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation.
That?s a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don?t speak the language. If
you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U. S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets—CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.
But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the
secondary schools of the European Union?s non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the
transition to English as the language of European business hasn?t
been all that traumatic, and it?s only going to get easier in the future.
1.In the author?s opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is
____.
A.American dominance in the Internet software business
B.a practical need for effective communication among Europeans
C.Europeans? eagerness to do business with American businessmen
D.the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other
02. Europeans began to favor English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its ____.
A. inherent linguistic properties C. links with the United States
B. association with the business world D. disassociation from political changes
3.Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?
A.About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.
B.U. S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.
C.Most secondary school students in Europe study English.
D.Most Europeans continue to use their own language.
04. The passage has discussed the rise in English use on the Continent from the following perspectives EXCEPT ____.
A. economics
B. national security
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C.the emergence of the Internet
D.the changing functions of the European Community
5.The passage mainly examines the factors related to ____.
A.the rising status of English in Europe
B.English learning in non-English-speaking E.U. nations
C.the preference for English by European businessmen
D.the switch from French to English in the European Commission Passage E
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coat-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.
No activity affects more of the earth?s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet?s land area, not counting Antarctica,
and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and I980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough.
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the
soil?s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a
programme to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertilizer subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertilizer use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and overstocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of
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subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce
new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidized and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.
A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 percent in the average levels of faun subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of the
world?s food production will move from Western Europe to regions
where subsidies are lower or nonexistent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.
Questions
What did the research completed in 1982 find? What increased in New Zealand after 1984?
Why does the author refer to some rich countries as being “less enlightened” than New Zealand?
What does the author believe that the Uruguay Round agreements on trade will achieve? What do you think the most suitable title for this passage could be?
Part 3: Writing. （30 POINTS）
Please write a composition of 400 words on the following topic: Some people believe that visitors to other countries should follow local customs and behavior. Others disagree and think that the host country should welcome cultural differences. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
中山大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试第 2 卷：英汉互译
一、词汇翻译（30 POINTS）
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CIF brain drain自由撰稿人
DJ Industrial Average Oedipus complex温室效应
The Renaissance Force Majeure贸易顺差
meteor storm multilateral cooperation货币贬值
intangible asset epidemic disease高血压
insurance policy半导体违约责任
immune system disorders知识产权可再生能源
exchange rate酸雨主权国家
fiscal deficit人均国内生产总值扩大内需
Silicon Valley外资企业民意调查
二、篇章翻译（120 POINTS）
Text A
What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature. So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded. For
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
历年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析38 英译汉：考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。 2014年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析 Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Most people would define optimism as endlessly happ y, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and wh at doesn’t. Final ly, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter. 翻译 大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。 Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一
常用翻译技巧总结 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 二、 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) (4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) (5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light
2012年考研英语翻译真题及答案 Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (1)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is beco mi ng less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (2)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering
考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案解析 (1)Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education, often defined as personal growth. Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term“education” as being all-embracing, including as subsets within it academic and nonacademic components. This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education. Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education. The majority of colleges and universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years. (2) If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge, the term of studies could undoubtedly be reduced. Yet the terms of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways. Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports, student government, musical and dramatic organizations, and countless other organized and individual activities designed to enhance one’s personal growth and provide some recreation
2021考研英语：历年翻译解析一考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：历年翻译解析一”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯! 2021考研英语：历年翻译解析一 考研英语翻译及答案 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 将下列句子译成英语：(本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分) 1. 水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。 2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。 3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。 4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。 5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。 6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。 7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。 翻译： Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points) 1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils. 2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march
onward, march forward) withgreater strides in 1980’s. 3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made). 4. The result is much (far) better than we expected. 5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy). 6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology. 7. It is impossible to accomplish (carry out, fulfill, materialize) the socialist modernization of our country (our socialist modernization) without the leadership of the Party. Section VII English-Chinese Translation将下列短文译成汉语：(本大题30分)(文科各类专业译第1段，理、工、医、农、体各类专业译第2段) (1) The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. He firmly believed as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe,”and through painstaking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible” in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts
1980考研英语翻译真题及答案 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分） 1. 水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。 2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。 3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。 4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。 5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。 6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。 7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。 翻译： Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points) 1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils. 2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with grea ter strides in 1980’s.
3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made). 4. The result is much (far) better than we expected. 5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy). 6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology. 7. It is impossible to accomplish (carry out, fulfill, materialize) the socialist modernization of our country (our socialist modernization) without the leadership of the Party. Section VII English-Chinese Translation将下列短文译成汉语：（本大题30分）（文科各类专业译第1段，理、工、医、农、体各类专业译第2段） (1) The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. He firmly believed as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe,”and through painstaking work, explained many of t he phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible” in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong. Second, Einstein’s contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to
2021考研英语翻译题做题技巧？ 一、理解英语原文，拆分语法结构 由于英语语言具有“形合”的特点，也就是说，英语句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“像葡萄藤一样”的结构。如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构，考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。因此在翻译句子之前，须先通读全句，一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构，这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。但是考英语一的同学们要注意，英语一翻译题没有要通读全文，一般只读需要翻译的句子就可以。 那么怎么拆分呢？具体来讲，大家可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。 1.基本原则： 把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。 2.连词： 如and，or，but，yet，for等并列连词连接着并列句还有连接状语从句的连接词，如：when，as，since，until，before，after，where，because，since，thought，although，sothat，......等等，它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。 3.关系词： 如连接名词性从句的who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whichever 等关系代词和when，where，how，why等关系副词还有连接定语从句的关系代词，如who，which，that，whom，whose等等，它们是第二大拆分点。 4.标点符号： 标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分，也是一个明显的拆分点。 5.除此之外，介词on，in，with，at，of，to等引导的介词短语，不定式符号to，分词结构也可以作为拆分点。 二、运用翻译策略，组合汉语译文 正确理解原文后，接下来就是翻译。翻译时，关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实地表达出来。主要有如下翻译技巧。 1.词汇的增减转
考研英语阅读翻译文章示例 考研英语阅读翻译文章示例考研英语中，阅读一直都是考试重点，它考察大家很多方面的能力，其中包括单词量和阅读能力等等。复习的时候大家一定会接触到历年的真题，对于自学的考生来说，历年考研英语阅读译文就显得非常重要的，因为大家需要正确的译文，才能更好的了解文章。现在书店也有很多关于历年考研英语阅读译文的书籍。 面对众多的书籍，大家往往都不知道该怎样去选择一本真正有用的参考书，给大家推荐一 本历年考研英语阅读译文的书籍，叫做《考研英语阅读与翻译（附历年真题分析+答案）》。这本书中有历年考研英语阅读译文，有了这本书，大家在阅读的时候遇到一些难长句就不用担心了，只要对照上面的译文就能很好的理解了。下面就是2011 年阅读真题的译文以及答案的解析： Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving to pursue my goal of running a company. Broadcasting his ambition was very much my decision, McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. 当八月份，Liam McGee 以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白。他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标。McGee 说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定。两周后，他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group 的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9 月29 日提名他为董事会主席和CEO. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives atAvonand American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. 他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位（下家），使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家
第 1 页 共 1 页 考研英语翻译练习题：全球变暖 2016考研备考已经开始进入紧张的阶段，考研英语翻译部分在考试中大约占有10%的分值，是考生们需要重视的部分，考生只要每天稍微付出一点精力在这上面，就能把这部分的分数收入囊中，下面，凯程老师为大家整理了一些考研英语翻译的练习题，供大家平时练习使用，希望能够帮助到大家! Global warming, a natural phenomenon,has been aheated topic in recent years. Global warming willredistribute global rainfall, make glacier andpermafrost melt and sea level rise, which not onlydoes harm to the balance of natural ecosystem, butalso threats human's food supply and livingenvironment. It's interesting that global warming is bad for some plac es but good for otherregions. For example, because temperature in cold areas in Antarctic and Arctic goes up,glacier will melt, thus making the habitat of animals decrease. While in the northeast ofChina, becoming warm means being able to plant grains of winter, thus raising agriculturalrevenue. 参考翻译 全球气候变暖是近年来全球一直热议的话题,是一种“自然现象”。全球变暧会使全球降水量重新分配，冰川(glacier)和冻土(permafrost)消融，海平面上升等，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。有一个有趣的现象，就是全球变暧对有些地区是坏事，而对其他地区却是好事，比如，南北极的寒冷地区由于温度升高，导致冰川融化，动物栖息地减少。而在中国东北地区，天气变暖意味着可以种植冬季农作物，从而增加农业收入。 1.危害自然生态系统的平衡:可译为do harm to thebalance of natural ecosystem 。 2.威胁:可直接译为threat ，也可译为cause negativeeffect on 。 3.有一个有趣的现象:此处可以使用It's interesting that 引导的从句来翻译。 4.对于…是坏事/好事:可译为be bad/good for... 5.种植冬季农作物:可译为plant grains of winter 。 6.增加农业收入:可译为raise agricultural revenue 或increase agricultural income 。其中revenue 和income 都意为“收入，收益”。
2018年考研英语翻译练习题汇总 要攻克考研英语翻译就必须要练习对句子的拆分解读能力，加强对词汇多义的把握，踩准得分点，最好的方法就是大家多练习对单句的细分解读，日积月累，翻译能力必定提升。凯程网考研频道以真题为例，和大家分享句子的细分解读，从词汇到句式，希望大家多练练。 He assert,also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, //for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. (33 words) 词汇要点： 1) assert//v. 肯定地说，断言，维护，坚持。 2) train//n. 火车;一系列 结构要点： 1) 主句部分是He assert that…，that后面连接一个宾语从句; 2) that宾语从句的主干是his power…was verylimited; 3) which引导一个非限定性定语从句，which先行词是前面his power…was limited这个宾语从句; 4) hefelt certain后面还有一个that宾语从句。 汉译逻辑要点： 1) that his power…was very limited是that宾语从句的主干，可以翻译为：他的能力十分有限。 2) train ofsth. 是“一系列”的意思，train of thought是指“一系列思维”，就是“思路”。 3) to follow atrain of thought直译是“跟随自己的思路”，就是“进行思维”的意思。所以，to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought就可以翻译为：进行长时间纯抽象思维。因为这个不定式短语修饰power(能力)，可以放到“能力”前面去翻译：进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力。 4) for which reason中的which修饰的是上文“his power…was limited，他进行长时间抽象思维的能力非常有限”，可以翻译为“由于这个原因”。 5) he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics中never could have succeeded…是英语的一种虚拟语气“本来就不该成功”;never否定程度很重，可以用汉语的“根本不可能会成功”来表达。 完整译文： 他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。 He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior //to the common run of men //innoticing things which easily escape attention, //and in observing them carefully.”(26 words) 词汇要点： 1) humbly//adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 2) superior//adj. 优秀的，优等的 结构要点： 1) 主句部分是He adds …that…， 2) that宾语从句的主干是he was superior to…;